Answers For Maths in Focus 3u

756
Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
Answers
Chapter 1: Basic arithmetic
8.
o (b) 0.07
oo (c) 0.13
oo (d) 0.16
o
(a) 0.83
o
oo
o
(g) 0.142857 or 0. 142857 (h) 1.18
9.
(a)
8
9
(h)
13
60
Problem
5
Exercises 1.1
1.
2.
(a) Rational (b) Rational

(e) Rational (f) Irrational
(i) Rational (j) Irrational
(e) - 4.3
(a) 18 (b) 11 (c) 6 (d) 11

(h) 1
3.
(c) Rational
(g) Irrational
19
20
(i) 2
(j) 3
(d) Irrational
(h) Rational
(f) 1
(g) 2
7
15
1
3
(f) 0.17 (g) 0.36 (h) 1.20 (i) - 4.27

1300
8.
600
5. 950
16. 1.7
6. 3000
(j) 8.16
1.
7. 11 000
8.
17. 79 cents 18. 2.73 19. 1.1 20. 3.6 m
21. $281.93
22. 1.8 g
(b) 2
3
20
(d)
12. 0.73 13. 33 14. 3.248 15. 4.21
23. $3.20
24. (a) 7.95 (b) 30.03 (c) 0.37 (d) 5.74 (e) 0.52 25. 0.2
1.
6.
- 1.2
10. - 2
15. 5
3. - 56
4. 10
(a)
7. - 7.51
8. - 35.52
9. 6.57
11. - 7
12. 23
13. 10
16. 3
16
25
(b)
17. 1
51
1000
(c) 5
1
20
(d) 11
14. 1
4
5
7
20
3
(e)
5
3.
(a)
4.
(a) 0.27 (b) 1.09 (c) 0.003 (d) 0.0623
5.
1
(a) 35% (b) 33 %
3
6.
(a) 124% (b) 70%
7.
(a) 0.52;
13
25
(d) 1.09; 1
oo
(d) 0.68
8
11
7
18
(c)
67
99
(f)
6
11
(g)
7
45
(d) 2
oo
(e) 1.72
4
45
(e)
14. 17.5%
15. 41.7%
1
20
7
4. $547.56 5. 714.3 g 6.
24
2.
3
28
17
20
3. (a)
(b)
7
10
(c) 1
7. $65
179 cm 9. (a) 11.9 (b) 5.3 (c) 19 (d) 3.2 (e) 3.5
(f) 0.24 (g) 0.000 18 (h) 5720 (i) 0.0874 (j) 0.376
14. 5.9%
15. 402.5 g
19. 573
12. 1152.125 g
16. 41.175 m
13. $10.71
17. $30.92
20. $2898
3
8
(c)
1
1000
Exercises 1.5
(d) 1
(a) 500
(b) 145
(c)
2.
(a) 13.7
(b) 1.1
(c) 0.8
3.
(a) a 17
(e) 0.434;
(c) 0.168;
217
500
(h) x 21
4.
21
125
(f) 0.1225;
(h) p - 1
5.
49
400
(a) x14
(a) p5q15
(f) x4y10
(d) 3
(d) 2.7
(c) a - 4
(i) 4x 10
(d) w
(j) 81y - 8
(o) x -3
(n) p 5
(q) x - 5 y 2 or
(c) 40.5% (d) 127.94%

7
100
(b) y 0 = 1
(m) w 10
97
1000
(d) 0.1%
1
64
1.
oo
(d) 0.63
2
(c) 226 %
3
(b) 0.07;
9
100
5
minutes after 1 oclock.
11
(g) y 6
o
(a) 0.4 (b) 1.875 (c) 0.416
(b)
o
(c) 0.73
11. 54.925 mL
18. 60 19. 20 20. 9
2.
1
50
(e)
37
495
10. $52.50
5. - 4
Exercises 1.3
1.
(j) 1
7
9
Problem
2. - 11
4
15
1
8
(d) 3
13. 77.5%
18. 3.2 m
Exercises 1.2
217
990
5
9
Exercises 1.4
9. $8 000 000 10. $34 600 000
11. 844 km
5
8
(c) 1
(b) 7.4
12. 74%
(a) 16.36 (b) 21.87 (c) 8.80 (d) 22.71 (e) - 13.20
4.
(i)
o
10. (a) 0.5
11. (a)
2
9
(b)
oo
(f) 0.15
o
(e) 0.6
(e) 2
(e) - 2.6
(e) x 5
(k) a
(p) a - 2 b 3 or
(f) 0.5
(f) p 10
(l)
x 10
b3
y 45
a2
x5
(b) a -7
(c) m4 (d) k10 (e) a -8
(f) x
(g) mn2
(i) 9x22 (j) x21

(b)
a8
8
b
2k 23
(g)
27
(c)
64a 3
b 12
(d) 49a10b2 (e) 8m17
(h) 16y47 (i) a3 (j) 125x - 21 y 18
ANSWERS
6.
1
2
7. 324
8. 2
10
27
9. (a) a3b
1
25
(b)
1
2
5.
(a) x 2
6.
(a) x + x 2 + 2x 2
(b) x
(c) x 3
(d) x 3
(e) x 4
7
(b)
32
10. (a) pq r
2 2
14.
1
81
4
11.
9
1
108
15.
1
12.
18
1
12
16.
4
13.
27
5 22
17.
49
3888
18.
2 58
(d) x + x - 1 + 2
7.
Exercises 1.6
1.
2.
3.
(d)
1
1
1
1
1
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f) 1
4
27
343
10 000
256
1
1
1
1
1
1
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m) 1
7
64
9
32
81
81
1
1
1
1
(n)
(o)
(p)
(q)
(r) 1
36
125
100 000
128
1
1
(s)
(t)
64
64
1.
(e) x
1
2
- 3x
^ y - 3 h2
(e)
3 4 ^ x + y h5
(b)
a - 2b
3
2
+x
(c)
5
2
] 6a + 1 g4
7 9 ] 3x + 8 g2
(a) m - 3
(b) x - 1
-4
(h) 3y
(c) p - 7
2
2.
(d) d 9 (e) d 5 (f) x - 2

3t - 8
(j)
5
1
z- 6
(i) z - 6 or
2
2
2x - 1
(k)
7
2y - 7
5m
(m)
(n) ] 3x + 4 g- 2 (o) ] a + b g- 8
2
3
(p) ] x - 2 g- 1 (q) ^ 5p + 1 h- 3 (r) 2 ] 4t - 9 g- 5
]x + 1g
4
(a)
(h)
1
5
t
5
x7
(m)
(t)
1
(b)
(c)
x
1
(i)
5 ] a + 3b g
9
1
y
1
n
(e)
1
w
(k)
2
x
(f)
10
(g)
1
(l)
8y + z
] x + 1 g6
(n)
]k - 3g
(d)
1
(j)
4n
8x 3
(o) x5 (p) y10 (q)
^ 3x + 2y h
x-y
3x + y 7
o
(s)
(t) e
x+y
2w - z
(r) ] a + b g2
3
m
(a) 2.19 (b) 2.60 (c) 1.53 (d) 0.60 (e) 0.90 (f) 0.29
3.
(a) 3 y
(b) 3 y 2 or _ 3 y i
(c)
(f) 3 6q + r
(g)
(a) t 2
(b) y 5
(c) x 2
(f) ] 2t + 3 g
(i) ] x - 2 g
2
3
1
2
2a 2
2
y - 1k
3
3
2
(d)
1
] x + 7 g2
1
(j)
(d) ] 9 - x g 3
(g) ^ 5x - y h
(l)
(e) 8.67 # 10 9
(f) 4.16 # 10 5
(h) 1.376 # 10
(a) 5.7 # 10 - 2
-4
-6
(i) 2 # 10 7
(b) 5.5 # 10 - 5
(e) 2 #10
-6
(h) 2.3#10
(j) 8 #10 4
(c) 4 # 10 - 3
(f) 8#10 - 8
-1
(i) 8.5#10 - 3
(j) 7#10 - 11
3.
(a) 36 000 (b) 27 800 000 (c) 9 250 (d) 6 330 000
(e) 400 000 (f) 0.072 3 (g) 0.000 097
(h) 0.000 000 038 (i) 0.000 007 (j) 0.000 5
4.
(a) 240 000 (b) 9 200 000 (c) 11 000 (d) 0.36
(e) 1.3 (f) 9.0 (g) 16 (h) 320 (i) 2900 (j) 9.1
5.
(a) 6.61
6.
1.305 # 10 10
(b) 0.686
(c) 8.25
(d) 1.30
7. 6.51 # 10 - 10
Exercises 1.9
1.
(a) 7 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 0 (e) 2 (f) 11 (g) 6 (h) 24

(i) 25 (j) 125 2. (a) 5 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 14 (e) 4
(f) 67 (g) 7 (h) 12 (i) 6 (j) 10 3. (a) 3 (b) 3
(c) 1 (d) 3 (e) 1 4. (a) a (b) - a (c) 0 (d) 3a
(e) 3a (f) 0 (g) a + 1 (h) -a - 1 (i) x - 2
(j) 2 - x
5.
(a) | a + b | = 6
(b) | a + b | = 3
(c) | a + b | = 1
(d) | a + b | = 1
(e) | a + b | = 10
6.
(a)
x2 = | x | = 5
(b)
x2 = | x | = 2
(d)
x2 = | x | = 4
(e)
x2 = | x | = 9
2.
(d) 1.2 #10 7
(g) 7.6#10
(a) 9 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 2 (e) 7 (f) 10 (g) 2 (h) 8

(i) 4 (j) 1 (k) 3 (l) 2 (m) 0 (n) 5 (o) 7 (p) 2
1
1
(q) 4 (r) 27 (s)
(t)
2
16
3x - 1
(c) 6.19 # 10 4
(d) 6.2 #10
Exercises 1.7
(e)
(b) 1.23#10 6
-7
- 11
(s)
(a) 3.8 # 10 3
(g) 9 #10
(l)
4.
(c) p 2 + p - 1 + 2p 2
Exercises 1.8
1
11
1
(a) 1 (b) 16 (c) 1
(d) 1
(e) 1 (f) 125 (g) 1
2
25
3
3
13
19
1
(h) 49 (i) 3
(j) 32 (k) 2
(l) 1 (m) 1
(n) 1
8
3
36
81
5
16
7
(o) 1 (p) 16 (q) - 15
(r) (s) 1 (t)
8
23
25
-6
1.
1
3
(a)
(g) 2x
4.
(a)
(b) a 3 - b 3
2x + 5
or
|a | + | b |= 6 ` | a + b | # | a | + | b |
|a | + | b |= 3 ` | a + b | # | a | + | b |
|a | + | b |= 5 ` | a + b | # | a | + | b |
|a | + | b |= 9 ` | a + b | # | a | + | b |
| a | + | b | = 10 ` | a + b | # | a | + | b |
(c)
x2 = | x | = 3
7.
(a) x + 5 for x 2 - 5 and - x - 5 for x 1 - 5

(b) b - 3 for b 2 3 and 3 - b for x 1 3
(c) a + 4 for a 2 - 4 and - a - 4 for a 1 - 4
(d) 2y - 6 for y 2 3 and 6 - 2y for y 1 3
(e) 3x + 9 for x 2 - 3 and - 3x - 9 for x 1 - 3
(f) 4 - x for x 1 4 and x - 4 for x 2 4
1
1
(g) 2k + 1 for k 2 - and - 2k - 1 for k 1 2
2
2
2
(h) 5x - 2 for x 2 and - 5x + 2 for x 1
5
5
(i) a + b for a 2 - b and - a - b for a 1 - b
(j) p - q for p 2 q and q - p for p 1 q
8.
x = !3
1
^ 5 x + 7 h2
1
(e) ] 4s + 1 g 2
5
(h) ] 3x + 1 g 2
1
1
^ y + 7 h 2 (k) 5 ] x + 4 g 3
2
3
3
4
(m) _ x 2 + 2 i
5
9. !1
10. !1, x ! 2
757
758
Test yourself 1
1.
(a)
9
20
(b) 0.14 (c) 0.625

2. (a)
(f) 73.3%
3.
Chapter 2: Algebra and surds
1
49
(b)
157
200
1
(c)
3
(d)
1
5
Exercises 2.1
(e) 1.2%
(a) 8.83 (b) 1.55 (c) 1.12 (d) 342 (e) 0.303 4. (a) 1
(e) - 10 (f) - 1 (g) 4 5. (a) x 9
8x 18
29
(b) 25y 6 (c) a 11 b 6 (d)
(e) 1 6. (a)
27
40
1
1
1
(b) 3
(c) 12 (d) 2
(e) 12
7. (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 19
7
2
2
1
1
(d)
(e) 4 (f) 3 (g)
(h) 2 (i) 1 (j) 4
7
64
(b) 1 (c) 39 (d) 2
8.
30 18
(a) a
(b) x y
(c) p
(g)
1 -3
x
2
36
11
(d) 16b
(d) ] x + 1 g
(b) x - 5 (c) ^ x + y h- 1
(f) 2x - 1
(e) 8x y
1
4
9. (a) n
3
4
1
] 4t - 7 g4
1
1
(f) 5 a + b (g)
(h) 4 b 3 (i) 3 ] 2x + 3 g4 (j)
3
x
x3
11. | a + b | = 2 | a | +| b | = 8 ` | a + b | # | a | + | b |
10. (a)
a5
(b) 4 n
1
13.
192
12. 1
x+1
(d)
(c) ] x + 3 g 6
(b) y - 1
(d) ] 2x - 3 g- 11
20. (a) 1.3 # 10 - 5
(b) 1.23 # 10 11
b 5
(c) c m
a
(e)
7
14. 689 mL 15. (a) 6 h (b)
12
22. (a)
1
(c)
8
(b)
1
2a + 5
21. (a)
7
9
(e) y 3
(b)
41
330
23. 14 500
24. LHS = | -2 + - 5 | = 7, RHS = | -2 | + | -5 | = 7.

So | a + b | # | a | +| b | since 7 # 7.
1.
4.
1
1
53 % 5.
3
16
9.
18 h
11.
2. 1
11
18
3. 0.502, 51%,
6. 3.04 # 10
14
51
o
, 0. 5
99
3271
7. 83% 8. 1
9990
10. 1.98
LHS = 2 ^ 2 k - 1 h + 2 k + 1
= 2k+1 - 2 + 2k+1
= 2:2 k + 1 - 2
= 2 ^ 2k+1 - 1 h
= RHS
` 2 ^ 2k - 1 h + 2k+1 = 2 ^ 2k+1 - 1 h
o , 0,
12. 24 35 13. - 0.34, 2, 1. 5
3
7
2
14. 6 %
3
1
1
15.
when x 2 - 1,
when x 1 - 1 16. 0.73
x-1
1-x
17. 0.6%
7.
-y
3. z
8. 5x
13. - m
9. 0
14. - x
19. 6x - 6y
4. 6a
10. 3k
15. 0
20. a - 3b
23. m 2 - 6m + 12
26. - 2ab + 10b
5. 3b
6. 3r
11. 9t
16. 5b
12. 10w
17. 11b
21. 4xy + 2y
24. p 2 - 2p - 6
27. 2bc - ac
29. x 3 - 2xy 2 + 3x 2 y + 2y 3
18. - 10x
22. - 6ab 2
25. 8x + 3y
28. 2a 5 - 9x 3 + 1
30. 3x 3 + x 2 - 7x - 6
1.
10b
2. 8xy
3. 10p 2
5.
15ab 6. 14xyz 7. 48abc 8. 12d 2
9.
12a3
10. - 27y3
12. 6a 2 b 3
19. - 14m
11. 32x10
13. - 10a 3 b 2
15. 5a 3 b 3
4. - 6wz
14. 21p 3 q 4
16. - 8n 10 17. k 3 p 3
20. 24x y
11
18. 81t 12
Exercises 2.3
1.
2. 2
6x
3. 4a 2
4. 8a
5. 4a
6.
7. 3p
ab
4
1
-2
9.
10. - 3x 3 11. 3a 12.
13.
qs
3y
2
3ab 2
4 7
6
2
a b
2
z
b
14.
15.
16. 6p 4 q 17.
18.
4c
2a
3c 2 d
2x 2
8.
19. -
x3 z3
3y
a 13
20.
2b 6
Exercises 2.4
Challenge exercise 1
278
303
2. 3a
16. $38 640 17. 70% 18. 6.3 # 10 23
(d) 33.3%
19. (a) x 2
(c)
1
x-y
(j) m
7x
Exercises 2.2
(e) ] a + b g 7
(i) ] 5x + 3 g 7
(h) x 3
1
2
1.
18 4.54 19. 4.14 # 10 - 20
20. | a + b | = | a | + | b | when a 2 0, b 2 0 or a 1 0, b 1 0;
| a + b | 1 | a | + | b | when a 2 0, b 1 0 or a 1 0, b 2 0;
` | a + b | # | a + b | for all a, b
1.
2x - 8
5.
x 2 - 2x 6. 6a 2 - 16ab 7. 2a 2 b + ab 2 8. 5n 2 - 20n
2. 6h + 9
3. - 5a + 10
9.
3x3 y2 + 6x2 y3
10. 4k + 7
11. 2t - 17
12. 4y + 11y
13. - 5b - 6
15. - 3m + 1
16. 8h - 19 17. d - 6
19. 3x - 9x - 5
2
22. - 7y + 4
14. 8 - 2x
20. 2ab - 2a b + b
2
23. 2 b
4. 2xy + 3x
24. 5t - 6
18. a 2 - 2a + 4
21. 4x - 1
25. 2a + 26
Exercises 2.5
1.
a 2 + 7a + 10
2. x 2 + 2x - 3
4.
m 2 - 6m + 8
5. x 2 + 7x + 12
7.
2x 2 + x - 6
8. h 2 - 10h + 21
3. 2y 2 + 7y - 15
6. y 2 - 3y - 10
9. x 2 - 25
10. 15a 2 - 17a + 4 11. 8y 2 + 6y - 9 12. xy + 7x - 4y - 28

13. x 3 - 2x 2 + 3x - 6
16. 16 - 49y 2
20. y 2 - 36
14. n 2 - 4
17. a 2 - 4b 2
21. 9a 2 - 1
15. 4x 2 - 9
18. 9x 2 - 16y 2
22. 4z 2 - 49
19. x 2 - 9
ANSWERS
23. x 2 - 2xy + 11x - 18y + 18 24. 2ab + 2b 2 - 7b - 6a + 3
Exercises 2.8
25. x + 8
1.
]x + 4g]2 + bg
4.
]m - 2g]m + 3g
5. ] d - c g ] a + b g 6. ] x + 1 g ^ x 2 + 3 h
7.
] 5a - 3 g ] b + 2 g
8. ^ 2y - x h ^ x + y h
26. a - 27
27. a + 18a + 81
28. k - 8k + 16
29. x + 4x + 4
33. 9a + 24ab + 16b

35. 4a + 4ab + b
2
32. 4t 2 - 4t + 1
38. a - 2ab + b
30. y - 14y + 49
31. 4x 2 + 12x + 9
34. x - 10xy + 25y
36. a - b
39. a + b
10. ] x + 5 g ] x - 1 g
37. a + 2ab + b
40. a - b
3
1.
t + 8t + 16
4.
y 2 + 16y + 64
7.
n 2 + 2n + 1
5. q 2 + 6q + 9
6. k 2 - 14k + 49
25. ^ y + 7 h ] x - 4 g
8. 4b 2 + 20b + 25
9. 9 - 6x + x 2
10. 9y - 6y + 1
11. x + 2xy + y
2
13. 16d + 40de + 25e

2
21. 16a 2 - 1
24. x + 10x + 25
4
27. a 2 -
28. x 2 - ^ y - 2 h2 = x 2 - y 2 + 4y - 4
1
a2
28. 3 (a + 2b) (a + 3)
29. 5 (y - 3) (1 + 2x)
30. ] r + 2 g ] rr - 3 g
23. x 4 - 4
4
26. x + 4 + 2
x
26. (x - 4) (x 3 - 5)
19. 4a 2 - 9
22. 49 - 9x 2
25. 9a b - 16c
15. x 2 - 9
18. x 2 - 100
24. ] a - 3b g ] 4 + c g
27. (2x - 3) (2x + 4) = 2 (2x - 3) (x 2 + 2)
12. 9a - 6ab + b
17. ] x - 3 g ^ 7 - y h
20. ] a + 3 g ] 2 - b g
14. t - 16
17. r 2 - 36
20. x 2 - 25y 2
14. ^ a + b h ] ab - 4 g
22. ^ q - 3 h ^ p + q h
23. ] x - 2 g ^ 3x 2 - 5 h
12. (m - 2) (1 - 2y)
18. ] d + 3 g ] 4 - e g 19. ] x - 4 g ^ 3 + y h
3. x - 2x + 1
2. z - 12z + 36
2
9. ^ y + 1 h ] a + 1 g
15. ] 5 - x g ] x + 3 g 16. (x + 7) (x 3 - 4)
21. (x - 3) (x 2 + 6)
3. ] x + 5 g ] x + 2 g
11. (y + 3) (1 + a)
13. ^ x + 5y h ^ 2x - 3y h
Exercises 2.6
16. p 2 - 1
2. ^ y - 3 h ] a + b g
29. ] a + b g2 + 2 ] a + b g c + c 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 + 2ac + 2bc + c 2
Exercises 2.9
1.
]x + 3g]x + 1g
4.
] t + 4 g2
7.
]v - 3g]v - 5g
2. ^ y + 4 h ^ y + 3 h
5. ] z + 3 g ] z - 2 g
8. ] t - 3 g
3. ] m + 1 g2
6. ] x + 1 g ] x - 6 g
9. ] x + 10 g ] x - 1 g
30. ] x + 1 g2 - 2 ] x + 1 g y + y 2 = x 2 + 2x + 1 - 2xy - 2y + y 2
10. ^ y - 7 h ^ y - 3 h
11. ] m - 6 g ] m - 3 g
12. ^ y + 12 h ^ y - 3 h
13. ] x - 8 g ] x + 3 g
31. 12a
14. ] a - 2 g
32. 32 - z
34. x 2 + 3xy + y 2 - 2x
33. 9x + 8x - 3
2
35. 14n 2 - 4
36. x - 12x + 48x - 64

3
37. x
38. x - 2x y + y
4
15. ] x - 2 g ] x + 16 g
16. ^ y + 4 h ^ y - 9 h
17. ] n - 6 g ] n - 4 g 18. ] x - 5 g 2
19. ^ p + 9 h ^ p - 1 h
20. ] k - 2 g ] k - 5 g 21. ] x + 4 g ] x - 3 g
39. 8a + 60a + 150a + 125
22. ] m - 7 g ] m + 1 g 23. ^ q + 10 h ^ q + 2 h
40. 4x + 16x + 15x - 4x - 4
24. ] d - 5 g ] d + 1 g 25. ] l - 9 g ] l - 2 g
Problem
Exercises 2.10
a = 2, b = 7, c = 9, d = 4, e = 3, f = 8, g = 0, h = 6, i = 1
1.
(2a + 1) (a + 5) 2. ^ 5y + 2 h ^ y + 1 h
3.
(3x + 7) (x + 1) 4. (3x + 2) (x + 2) 5. (2b - 3) (b - 1)
6.
(7x - 2) (x - 1) 7. ^ 3y - 1 h ^ y + 2 h
9.
^ 5p - 2 h ^ p + 3 h 10. ] 3x + 5 g ] 2x + 1 g
Exercises 2.7
2. 5 ] x - 2 g 3. 3 ] m - 3 g 4. 2 ] 4x + 1 g
1.
2^y + 3h
5.
6 ^ 4 - 3y h
9.
3a ] 5 - a g 10. ab ] b + 1 g 11. 2xy ] 2x - 1 g
6. x ] x + 2 g 7. m ] m - 3 g 8. 2y ^ y + 2 h
12. 3mn ^ n 2 + 3 h
13. 2xy ] 4x - z g 14. a ] 6b + 3 - 2a g
15. x ^ 5x - 2 + y h
17. 5b 2 ] b + 3 g
16. q 2 _ 3q 3 - 2 i
18. 3a b ] 2b - a g 19. (m + 5) (x + 7)
2
20. ^ y - 1 h ^ 2 - y h
21. (7 + y) (4 - 3x)
22. ] a - 2 g ] 6x + 5 g
23. ] 2t + 1 g ^ x - y h
24. ] 3x - 2 g ] a + 2b - 3c g
25. 3x ] 2x + 3 g
2
28. 4x 2 ] x - 6 g
26. 3q _ pq 2 - 2 i
3
29. 5m 2 n ^ 7mn 3 - 5 h
31. 2rr ] r + h g 32. ] x - 3 g ] x + 2 g

34. - ] a + 1 g
27. 3ab ^ 5a 3 b 2 + 1 h
35. (a 2 + 1) (4ab - 3)
30. 4ab 2 ^ 6ab 3 + 4 h
33. (x + 4) (y 2 + 2)
8. ] 2x + 3 g ] x + 4 g
11. (2y + 1) (y - 6)
12. ] 5x - 1 g ] 2x + 1 g
13. (4t - 1) (2t - 3)
14. (3x + 4) (2x - 3)
15. ^ 6y - 1 h ^ y + 8 h
16. ] 4n - 3 g ] n - 2 g
17. ] 4t - 1 g ] 2t + 5 g 18. ^ 3q + 2 h ^ 4q + 5 h
19. ] 4r - 1 g ] 2r + 6 g = 2 ] 4r - 1 g ] r + 3 g
20. ] 2x - 5 g ] 2x + 3 g
21. ^ 6y - 1 h ^ y - 2 h
22. ^ 2p - 3 h ^ 3p + 2 h
23. (8x + 7) (x + 3)
24. ] 3b - 4 g ] 4b - 9 g
25. (6x + 1) (x - 9)
26. ] 3x + 5 g2
27. ^ 4y + 3 h2
29. ] 6a - 1 g2
30. ] 7m + 6 g2
28. ] 5k - 2 g2
759
760
Exercises 2.11
1.
^y - 1h
5.
(x - 6)
9.
] 5x - 4 g2
Exercises 2.14
2. (x + 3)
3. (m + 5)
6. ] 2x + 3 g
8. ] 3a + 2 g
7. ] 4b - 1 g
10. ^ 7y + 1 h2
2
13. ] 5x + 1 g
14. ] 9a - 2 g
12. ] 4k - 3 g
11. ^ 3y - 5 h
15. ] 7m + 6 g2
1 2
19. c x + m
x
4. (t - 2)
16. d t +
1
n
2
17. d x -
18. d 3y +
2
n
3
1
n
5
2 2
20. d 5k - n
k
(a + 2) (a - 2)
2. (x + 3) (x - 3)
4.
]x + 5g]x - 5g
5. (2x + 7) (2x - 7)
7.
(1 + 2z) (1 - 2z) 8. ] 5t + 1 g ] 5t - 1 g 9. ] 3t + 2 g ] 3t - 2 g
3. (y + 1) (y - 1)
6. (4y + 3) (4y - 3)
10. ] 3 + 4x g ] 3 - 4x g
11. (x + 2y) (x - 2y)
12. ^ 6x + y h ^ 6x - y h
13. ] 2a + 3b g ] 2a - 3b g
18. ] z + w + 1 g ] z - w - 1 g
1
1
19. d x + n d x - n
2
2
+ 1oe
5 ] a - 1 g2 6. - ] 2x - 3 g ] x - 4 g 7. 3z ] z + 5 g ] z + 4 g
8.
ab ] 3 + 2ab g ] 3 - 2ab g 9. x ] x + 1 g ] x - 1 g
10. 2 ] 3x - 2 g ] x + 2 g 11. ] m - 5 g ] 3 + n g
12. - 7 ] 2x + 1 g
14. ] x - 1 g ] x + 2 g ^ x 2 - 2x + 4 h
13. ^ y + 5 h ^ y + 4 h ^ y - 4 h
19. 3 ] 2 - b g ^ 4 + 2b + b 2 h
18. y (2xy + 1) (2xy - 1)
20. 3 ] 3x - 2 g ] 2x + 5 g 21. 3 ] x - 1 g2
23. z ] z + 3 g2
22. (x + 2) (x + 5) (x - 5)
24. ] x + 1 g ] x - 1 g ] 2x + 3 g ] 2x - 3 g
27. 5x ] 2 - x g ^ 4 + 2x + x 2 h
28. (a + 2) (a - 2) (a + 3) (a - 3)
29. 4k (k + 5) 2
30. 3 (x + 1) (x - 1) (x + 3)
Exercises 2.15
- 1 o 21. ^ x + 2y + 3 h ^ x - 2y + 1 h
22. (x 2 + 1) (x 2 - 1) = (x 2 + 1) (x + 1) (x - 1)
23. _ 3x 3 + 2y i _ 3x 3 - 2y i 24. _ x 2 + 4y 2 i ^ x + 2y h ^ x - 2y h
25. (a 4 + 1) (a 2 + 1) (a + 1) (a - 1)
1.
x 2 + 4x + 4 = ] x + 2 g2
2. b 2 - 6b + 9 = ] b - 3 g2
3.
x 2 - 10x + 25 = ] x - 5 g2
5.
m - 14m + 49 = ] m - 7 g
7.
x 2 + 2x + 1 = ] x + 1 g2
9.
x 2 - 20x + 100 = ] x - 10 g2
4. y 2 + 8y + 16 = ^ y + 4 h2
6. q 2 + 18x + 81 = ^ q + 9 h2
8. t 2 - 16t + 64 = ] t - 8 g2
10. w 2 + 44w + 484 = ] w + 22 g2
Exercises 2.13
2. ] x + 3 g ^ x 2 - 3x + 9 h
1.
(b - 2) (b 2 + 2b + 4)
3.
]t + 1g^t - t + 1h
5.
(1 - x) (1 + x + x )
7.
(y + 2z) (y 2 - 2yz + 4z 2)
9.
^ 2x + 3y h _ 4x 2 - 6xy + 9y 2 i 10. ] ab - 1 g ^ a 2 b 2 + ab + 1 h
11. x 2 - 32x + 256 = ] x - 16 g2
6. ^ 2 + 3y h _ 4 - 6y + 9y 2 i
12. d
x
x 2 3x
- 3ne +
+ 9o
4
2
2
10 1 100 10
1
13. d
+ ne 2 + o
a
b
ab b 2
a
15. ^ 5xy + 6z h _ 25x y - 30xyz + 36z i

2
14. a 2 + a +
15. x 2 + 9x +
81
9 2
= dx + n
4
2
16. y 2 -
17. k 2 -
11k 121
11
n
+
= dk 4
2
16
5y
2
1
1 2
= da + n
4
2
25
5 2
= dy - n
4
16
16. - 9 ^ a - a + 1 h
20. p 2 - 8pq + 16q 2 = ^ p - 4q h2
Exercises 2.16
x
x x
ne1 + + o
9
3
3
18. ^ x + y + 3 h _ y 2 - 3y - xy + 9 + 6x + x 2 i
19. ^ x + y - 1 h _ x 2 + 4x - xy + y 2 - 5y + 7 i
20. (2a + 6 - b) (4a + 24a + 2ab + 6b + b + 36)
2
49
7 2
= dx - n
4
2
3 2
9
= dy + n
4
2
18. x 2 + 6xy + 9y 2 = ^ x + 3y h2 19. a 2 - 4ab + 4b 2 = ] a - 2b g2
14. ^ x + 1 - y h _ x 2 + 2x + 1 + xy + y + y 2 i
2
13. x 2 - 7x +
8. (x - 5y) (x 2 + 5xy + 25y 2)
11. (10 + 2t) (100 - 20t + 4t 2)
12. y 2 + 3y +
4. (a - 4) (a + 4a + 16)
17. d 1 -
5.
26. 4a (a + 3) (a - 3)
15. ] 2a + 9b g ] 2a - 9b g
17. (a + b - 3) (a - b + 1)
20. e
5 ^ y - 1 h _ y 2 + y + 1 i 4. 2ab ^ a + 2b) (2a - 1 h
25. 2 ] x + 2 g ] x - 2 g ^ x + y h _ x 2 - xy + y 2 i
16. ^ x + 2 + y h ^ x + 2 - y h
3.
16. x ] x + 2 g ] x - 5 g 17. ] x + 3 g (x - 3) 2
1.
2 ] x + 3 g ] x - 3 g 2. 3 ^ p + 3 h ^ p - 4 h
15. ] x + 1 g ^ x 2 - x + 1 h ] x - 1 g ^ x 2 + x + 1 h
Exercises 2.12
14. ^ x + 10y h ^ x - 10y h
1.
1.
a+2
2. 2t - 1
6.
1
y-4
7.
10.
14.
p+5
3
2 ] b - 2a g
a-3
11.
a+1
a+3
p-2
4p - 2p + 1
2
3.
15.
4y + 1
3
s-1
s+3
8.
12.
4.
4
2d - 1
9.
3+y
x + 2x + 4
a+b
2a - b
5.
x
5x - 2
b2 + b + 1
b+1
13. x - 3
ANSWERS
Exercises 2.17
1.
2.
(a)
(a)
(d)
3.
5x
4
(b)
Exercises 2.20
13y + 3
b
2a - 1
(b)
a+8
12
(d)
^ p - 2 h _ q2 - q + 1 i
ab
a+b+3
(c)
a+b
-x + 2
(b)
x ]x - 1g
(a)
x - 13
6
b 2 ^ x + 2y h
10 ] 2b - 1 g
2 _ 3y 2 + 14y + 13 i
^y + 2h^y + 3h^y - 1h
x2 ] x + 2 g
(b)
8 _ y 2 - 3y + 9 i
1. 3 5
(e)
3p 2 + 5pq - 2q 2
pq ^ p + q h ^ p - q h
9. - 4 2
10. 4 5
13. - 3
14.
15. 5 7
16.
- ] 5x + 22 g
(j)
]x + 4g]x - 4g]x + 3g
1.
5.5 7. 377
2.
15y
2. 47
8. 14
14.
3
4
9. 60
14. - 84
16. 28
18. - 2 105
17.
30
25. 2 3
26.
31.
2 2
3 10
3
32.
(a)
4. 375
5. - 196
17. 2 3
18. 23.987 19. 352.47 20. 93 21. 4
10 + 6
3
4
2.
2.
(n) 9 3
(p) 6 3
(q) 3 11
(r) 5 5
(a) 6 3
(b) 20 5
(c) 28 2
(f) 8 14
3.
4.
(a)
18
(f)
160
(g) 72 5
(b)
(g)
20
117
(d) 4 7
(h) 30 2
(c)
176
(h)
98
2 2
2
3
35.
5
7
(c) 12 + 8 15
(e) 16 5
(j) 24 5
(d)
128
(e)
75
(i)
363
(j)
1008
(a) x = 45 (b) x = 12 (c) x = 63 (d) x = 50

(e) x = 44 (f) x = 147 (g) x = 304 (h) x = 828
(i) x = 775 (j) x = 960
(h) 5 - 5 15
(l) 210 - 14 15
(n) - 10 - 2 2
(o) 4 3 - 12
(h) - 1
(i) - 12
(n) 7 + 2 10
(j) 43
(k) 3
(o) 11 - 4 6
(l) - 241
(p) 25 + 6 14
(r) 27 - 4 35
(s) 77 - 12 40 = 77 - 24 10
(t) 53 + 12 10
3.
(a) 18
(d) 19 + 6 2
4.
(a) a = 21, b = 80
5.
(a) a - 1
6.
k = 25
9.
a = 107, b = - 42
(o) 7 5
(i) 14 10
34.
(f) 15 - 15 + 18 10 - 6 6
(j) 3 6
(i) 4 2
(c) 2 10 - 6 + 10 15 - 15 6
(d) 12 20 + 18 60 - 8 10 - 12 30 =
24 5 + 36 15 - 8 10 - 12 30
(q) 57 + 12 15
(h) 5 3
2 5
33.
3 5
1
2
(a) 10 + 3 6 + 3 5 + 9 3
(b) 10 - 35 - 2 + 14
(e) 6 2
(m) 8 2
29.
(g) - 6 - 12 6
1.
(g) 4 3
2 5
(j) 2 54 + 6 = 6 6 + 6
(m) - 6
(l) 10 3
28.
24.
(f) 5 33 + 3 21
(g) 4
(k) 4 7
23. 1
(e) - 6 + 4 18 = - 6 + 12 2
Exercises 2.19
(f) 10 2
22. 4 3
(b) 2 6 - 15
(e) 52 - 13 10
(d) 5 2
19. 18
(d) 5 14 - 2 21
(m) 10 6 - 120
15. 15 16. 10
(c) 2 6
27.
6. 30
15. 2
21. 2 6
5. - 6 6
12 = 2 3
12. 15 28 = 30 7
(e) 0.6
13. 1838.8
(b) 3 7
10.
11. 2 48 = 8 3
1.
12. 22.4
(a) 2 3
7-5 2
Exercises 2.22
10. 51.935 11. - 1
8. 284 9. - 40
4. 10 14
(k) - 8 + 12 12 = - 8 + 24 3
(d) - 37.7
3. - 7
21.
24. - 2 - 2 3
13. 2 20 = 4 5
30.
a 2 - 2ab - b 2 + 1
]a + bg]a - bg
(c) 48.1
3. 3 6
15
(i) 6 + 30
(f) 2.3 (g) - 5.3

6.
21
7. - 12 55
^x + yh^x - yh
(b) - 6.9
12. 5 3
17. 13 6
20. 5 2 - 2 3
23. 7 6 + 3 5
20. 30 50 = 150 2
y ^x + y + 1h
(a) - 7.1
19. 47 3
11.
6. 3 6
Exercise 2.21
2]x - 1g
(f)
]x + 1g]x - 3g
Exercises 2.18
1.
5. - 3 5
25. - 17 5 + 10 2
2x
(d)
x+2
^y + 2h^y + 1h
(d)
4. 3 3
8. 8 5
22. - 2 3 - 4 5
x 2 + 10x - 24
3b 2 - 5b - 10
(d)
(e) x
2 ]x - 3g]x - 4g
2b ] b + 1 g
3x - 13
3 - 5x
(a)
(b)
]x - 5g]x - 2g]x + 3g
]x + 2g]x - 2g
(c)
3. 6 3
7. - 7 2
(c)
5.
2.
18. - 9 10
a+2
(h)
] a + 1 g2
- 3x + 8
(g)
]x + 2g]x - 2g
4.
(e)
]x - 3g]x - 1g
(e)
]x - 5g]x - 2g
^ p + qh^ p - qh + 1
p2 - q2 + 1
=
(e)
p+q
p+q
(i)
4p + 3
(c)
q+1
x 2 - xy + y 2
5
(a)
x
(c)
15
(b) 108 2
(c) 432 2
(e) 9
(b) a = 19, b = - 7
(b) 2p - 1 - 2 p ^ p - 1 h
7. 2x - 3y - 5 xy
8. a = 17, b = 240
10. 9 + 5 units 2
761
762
Exercises 2.23
1.
(a)
(e)
(h)
2.
7
7
8.
6
4
(b)
3+ 6
3
(f)
3 14 - 4 7
14
(c)
2 15
5
(d)
12 - 5 2
2
(i)
6 14
3 14
=
5
10
(g)
(a) 4 3 - 4 2 = 4 ^ 3 - 2 h
(b)
(j)
4 15 - 2 10
35
6 15 - 9 6 + 2 10 - 6
2
3.
So rational
9.
1.
2.
(j)
(l)
4.
(i)
2-1
28 - 2 6 - 7 3
13
(b) a = 1, b = 8
8
5
(d) a = - 1 , b = 9
9
(k)
2 15 + 2 10 - 2 6 - 3 - 5
2
(a) a = 45, b = 10
5.
4 6+9 3
21
15 30 - 30 5 - 4 3
30
+
2+1
2-1
2
2-1
2+1
2-1
^ 2 - 1h^ 2 - 1h
+
+
4
2
(a) 4 (b) 14
7.
3 5 - 2 - 15 - 3
3
4 2
2
^ 2 h2 - 1 2
2- 2- 2+1
=
+2 2
2-1
3-2 2
=
+2 2
1
=3-2 2+2 2
=3
So rational
6.
1
1
(c) a = - , b =
2
2
(e) a = 5, b = 32
x = -^ 3 + 2h
10.
2
2
(a) - 2y
(b) a + 4
b+4 b+4
b-4
(f) 6 2
(g) 4 5
(c) - 6k 5
(d)
5x + 3y
(e) 3a - 8b
15
(b) ] a + 3 g ] a - 1 g (c) 4ab ] b - 2 g
(a) ] x + 6 g ] x - 6 g
(e) 2 ^ 2n - p + 3 h
(d) (y - 3) (5 + x)
(f) (2 - x) (4 + 2x + x 2)
3.
20 12 + 19 6 + 25 3 - 6
19 6 + 65 3 - 6
(g)
=
15
15
6+9 2+2 3
6
Test yourself 2
(a) 2 2
(b) - ^ 2 + 6 - 3 2 + 3 3 h = - 2 - 6 + 3 2 - 3 3
22 5 + 14 2
(c)
39
^
(d) - 6 6 - 16 - 3 84 + 8 14 h
10
- 3 6 + 8 + 3 21 - 4 14
=
5
(e) - 4 (f) 4 2
(h)
6-4 2
+4 2
9-4#2
6-4 2
=
+4 2
1
=6-4 2+4 2
=6
(c)
(f)
2
3-2 2
8
=
#
+
#
3+2 2
3-2 2
2
2^3 - 2 2 h 8 2
+
=
2
2
32 - ^ 2 2 h
=
-^ 6 + 7 3 h
47
- ^ 2 15 - 4 18 h
- 2 ^ 15 - 6 2 h
=
19
19
- ^ 19 - 8 3 h
8 3 - 19
=
(d)
(e) 6 + 2 + 5 3 + 5 2
13
13
5 + 2 10
5
8 5 + 3 10
20
2
3+2 2
(b) 2x 2 + 5x - 3
(a) 4b - 6
(d) 16x - 24x + 9

(g) 2 6 - 5 3
(a)
5.
V = 157.464
(f) - 1 - 7a
(h) 3 3 - 6 + 21 - 2 7
4.
(c) 4m + 17
(e) p 2 - 25
(b)
b 2 ^ a 2 + 3a + 9 h
6. (a) 17
15
] m - 2 g2
(b)
6 15 - 9
17
4x + 5
8. (a) 36 (b) - 2
]x + 3g]x - 2g
1
9. (a)
(b) 8 10. d = 11.25
5
2 3
2+ 6
11. (a)
(b)
15
2
7.
12. (a) 3 6 - 6 - 4 3 + 4 2
(c) 2
(d) 216
(b) 11 + 4 7
(b) 6 ] x - 3 g ] x + 1 g
13. (a) 3 (x - 3) (x + 3)
(c) 5 ^ y + 2 h _ y 2 - 2y + 4 i
14. (a)
x3
(b)
3y 4
15. (a) 99
1
3x - 1
(b) 24 3
16. (a) a 2 - b 2
(b) a 2 + 2ab + b 2
17. (a) ] a - b g2
(b) ] a - b g ^ a 2 + ab + b 2 h
18.
3 3+1
2
20.
21 5 - 46 - 2
7
(c) 16
19. (a)
4b + 3a
ab
(c) a 2 - 2ab + b 2
(b)
3x - 11
10
(e) 2
ANSWERS
21. (a) 6 2
(f)
(b) - 8 6
24. (a)
(d)
3 7
7
6
15
5+1
2
(c)
(e)
x + 10
10
17a - 15
21
1
k-1
(b)
(e)
71
121
20 + 3 15 + 4 10 + 3 6
53
(c)
3 - 2x
(x + 1) (x - 1)
15 - 6 - 15 3 - 15 2
3
(b) n = 175
(d) n = 5547
27. (b), (c)
(c) n = 392
28. (d)
33. (a)
29. (a), (d)
34. (d)
30. (c)
35. (b)
(b) y 4 - 4
2.
4.
x2 +
2
3.
or
4
2 2
b
b2
b 2
n
x + 2 = dx +
a
a
2
4a
4x 2 + 12x + 9 = ] 2x + 3 g2
]a + 1g
a2 - a + 1
10. d
11. w = 13
7.
(d) ] b - 2 g ] a + 2 g ] a - 2 g
y+1
2]x - 1g
8. 2 5
13. x = 14
16. p = 3
5. k = 5
5
8
24. y = 1
14. x = - 1
17. t = 8.2
20. x = - 3
1.
t = 8.5
6.
r = 6.68
21. b = 0.8
2
25. t = - 1
3
18. x = - 9.5
22. a = - 0.375
2x 1
1 2
+ = dx + n
9
3
3
20. r =
21. s = 2 + 6 3
4. a = 41
3
4 r
71
121
3 r
4r
(b) a =
8. n = 15
11. (a) BMI = 25.39

12. r = 0.072
19. x = 5.5
20. r = 3.3
5. y = 4
9. y 1 = 3
2
3
(b) w = 69.66
13. x 1 = - 9
17. r = 10.46
14. t = 2.14
18. x = 1.19
Exercises 3.4
1.
2.
16. x = 2
(a) 3
7. x = 6.44
16. r = 2.12
(a) x 2 3
-4
- 66 6 + 4 2 - 15 + 4 5 - 65 3
13
18.
3. b = 8
-3
-2
-1
-2
-1
(b) y # 4
3x + 4
(b)
] 2x - 1 g2
400 - 59 5
10
2. l = 122
15. x = ! 2
-4
13. x 3 - 7x 2 + 15x - 9
1
2
12. t = 30
15. x = - 0.4
2 a 2 a
+ nd - n
x b x b
12. (a) 8x - 12x + 6x - 1
19. i = 1
9
35
x = 36 7. t = 0.6 8. x = - 3 9. y = - 1.2 10. x = 69
]x - 3g]x + 3g]x - 2g
3
17.
4. x = 1
6.
3x 3 - 6x 2 + 3x + 4xy - 6y
15. x 2 +
2. x = 35 3. y = 4
4
9
b =3
(c) h = 1.94
(a) ] x + 4 g ] x + 9 g
14.
1
3
1.
10. h = 3.7
(c) ] 5x + 7 g ^ 25x 2 - 35x + 49 h
11.
30. x Z 4.41
(b) _ x 2 - 3y i _ x 2 + 2y i = (x + 3 y) (x - 3 y) _ x 2 + 2y i
9.
29. p = 5
17 3 + 2 5 + 20
17
6.
16. x = 20 17. m = 20 18. x = 4 19. a = - 7 20. y = 3

2
21. b = - 4 22. x = 3 23. a = - 1
24. t = - 4
3
1
25. x = 1.2 26. a = 1.6 27. b =
28. t = 39
8
Exercises 3.3
(c) 8x - 60x + 150x - 125
5.
2. z = - 5.6 3. y = 1 4. w = 6.7 5. x = 12
1
8. b = 35 9. n = - 16 10. r = 4
6. x = 4 7. y =
15
11. y = 9 12. k = 6 13. d = 2 14. x = 5 15. y = 15
23. x = 3
(a) 2a 2 b - 8ab 2 + 6a 3
3
t = -5
19. q = 22
1.
1.
Exercises 3.2
(e) n = 1445
32. (b)
Chapter 3: Equations
Exercises 3.1
12 - 2 6
15
31. (c)
(e) 30a 2 b
(b) 10 14 - 5 21 - 6 10 + 3 15
(b)
25. (a) n = 48
26. 3
(d) 43 (e) 65 - 6 14
(c) 7
(d)
(d)
(g) 2x - 3y
3n 4
22. (a) 2 6 + 4
23. (a)
(c) 2 3
17
14
, b=23
23
-3
(a) t 2 7 (b) x $ 3 (c) p 2 - 1 (d) x $ - 2 (e) y 2 - 9

1
2
(f) a $ - 1
(g) y $ - 2
(j) y 1 12
(k) b 1 - 18
(l) x 2 30
(n) m 2 14
2
3
1
4
(o) b $ 16
(h) x 1 - 2
(i) a # - 6
(m) x # 3
(p) r # - 9
3
4
(q) z 2 8
763
764
(r) w 1 2
4
5
(s) x $ 35
2
3
(v) x 2 - 1
3.
(t) t $ - 9
(w) b # - 11
(u) q 2 - 6
(e) y = 1.89 (f) d = ! 2.55 (g) k = ! 4.47 (h) x = 2.22
2
5
(i) y = ! 3.81
1
4
3.
(a) 1 1 x 1 7
1
4.
(b) - 2 # p 1 5
-3
-2
-1
(c) 1 1 x 1 4
-3
-2
-1
-3
-2
-1
1
2
(e) 1 y 1 1
6
3
-1
-2
2.
(a) x = ! 5
(b) y = ! 8
(c) - 4 1 a 1 4
(d) k $ 1, k # - 1
(e) x 2 6, x 1 - 6
(f) - 10 # p # 10
(g) x = 0
(i) - 12 1 y 1 12
(j) b $ 20, b # - 20
(a) x = 5, - 9
(g) - 3
1
1y 12
2
(a) x = 1
1
4
(b) a = 3, -
3
1
(h) d = 2 , -1
4
2
(a) x = 2, -
1
2
(d) x = 4, -7
5.
1
3
2
(a) t = 3, -1
5
-3
-2
-1
2.
(a) x = 3
(f) a = 2 (g) x = ! 2 (h) b = 9

2
3
1
3
(c) b = 2
2
7
(c) m = 9
(h) x = 2
(a) x = 2
(b) x = 1 (c) x = - 2 (d) n = 2 (e) x = 0

1
(g) y =
(h) x = 2 (i) x = 2 (j) a = 0
3
(i) x = ! 12
(b) y = 3, 2
1
3
1
3
2
3
(c) a = - 10, 1
(b) y = ! 8
(e) p = 10
(f) x = ! 5
(i) n = ! 4
(j) q = - 2
(f) n =
(i) k = -
1
6
(j) x = 1
(a) x = - 1
(c) n = ! 2
(g) y = ! 3
(c) x =
3
4
2
3
(d) x = 5
(i) x = 1
1
3
(g) x = 1
(d) k = -
1
2
(h) n =
2
3
1
2
(b) x = - 1
1
3
(c) k = - 4
(f) x = -
2
3
(g) x = - 4
1
2
10. (a) m =
1
4
(b) k = - 2
(e) n =
1
18
(f) n = 1
7
(e) m = 0
(j) k = 2
2
3
(j) x = 18
(i) x = - 1
1
3
4
5
3
5
2
(b) - 1 1 t 1 3
5
1
(b) x =
(e) k = -
(i) x = 1
(e) d = 4, -5
1
2
(a) m =
(e) x = - 2
(j) No solutions
1
2
(b) y = 5
8.
(f) x = 7 (g) m = 5, 1
4
, -2
5
(i) y =
(j) b = ! 1
1
7
(a) x =
(f) x = 6
3
4
1
2
(c) x = 2
(g) x =
4
5
3
8
(d) n = 3
1
2
(h) x = - 1
(d) k = 1
1
2
(h) b = - 3
1
6
7
11
(j) m = 5
Puzzle
3
1.
All months have 28 days. Some months have more days

as well. 2. 10 3. Bottle $1.05; cork 5 cents
4.
16 each time
Exercises 3.6
1.
2
3
(d) x = !
(g) x = 2
9.
(d) No solutions (e) y = - 2
4.
(e) n =
(c) y =
(f) x = 3
7.
(j) 2 # a # 10
3.
(b) a =
(a) n = 4
5
(f) x = 5, -4
7
(h) x $ 9, x # - 6
1
2
1
5
6.
(c) a 2 2, a 1 - 2
(e) x = 3, -6
1
2
(h) y = 27
(a) x =
(h) a 2 14, a 1 - 14
(b) n = 4, -2
(d) 4 # x # 6
(j) t = 81
(g) b = 216
1
1
1
1
(b) x = 6
(c) a =
(d) k =
4
512
81
625
19
1
(e) x =
(f) x = 4 (g) y = 8 (h) n = 7
8
32
127
(i) b = 8 (j) m = 1
216
Exercises 3.5
1.
(i) a = 128
(d) t = 8
5.
5
(c) x = 32
(f) m = 625
(b) t = 16
(e) p = 243
(i) x = !
(d) - 3 # y # 5
-3
(a) n = 27
(j) y = 3.01
(d) x = ! 2 5
(h) w = 2
(a) p = ! 6.71 (b) x = 4.64 (c) n = 2.99 (d) x = ! 5.92
5. Friday
Exercises 3.7
1.
y = 0, -1
5.
x = -2, -7
2. b = 2, -1
6. q = !3
3. p = 3, -5
7. x = !1
4. t = 0, 5
8. a = 0, -3
ANSWERS
9.
x = 0, - 4
12. y = 1, -1
16. x = 1, 2
10. x = !
1
2
20. x = 3, 4
11. x = -1, -1
3 1
,
4 2
13. b =
1
2
1
2
17. x = 0, 5
10. x 1 2, x 2 2
14. x = 5, -2 15. x = 0,
18. y = - 1, 2
21. m = - 6, 1
23. y = 1, -5, -2
1
3
2
3
19. n = 3, 5
22. x = 0, -1, -2
24. x = 5, -7
25. m = 8, -1
(b) a = ! 7 + 3
(d) x = ! 13 - 1
(c) y = ! 23 + 4
(e) p = ! 44 - 7 = ! 2 11 - 7
(f) x = ! 28 + 5 = ! 2 7 + 5
(g) y = ! 88 - 10 = ! 2 22 - 10 = 2 ^ ! 22 - 5 h
(h) x = ! 2 + 1
2.
(i) n = ! 137 - 12
! 5+3
2
(a) x = 3.45, -1.45
(b) x = - 4.59, -7.41
(c) q = 0.0554, -18.1
(d) x = 4.45, - 0.449
(e) b = - 4.26, -11.7
(f) x = 17.7, 6.34
(g) r = 22.3, - 0.314
(h) x = - 0.683, -7.32
(i) a = 0.162, - 6.16
(j) y = 40.1, - 0.0749
(a) y = - 0.354, - 5.65

(c) b = 3.54, - 2.54
(f) n = 0.243, -8.24
- 1 ! 17
2
(c) q =
4 ! 28
= 2! 7
2
(b) x =
(e) s =
8 ! 40
4 ! 10
=
6
3
(f) x =
- 11 ! 133
2
(j) x =
(i) x = 1, - 6
5 ! 13
6
(g) d =
2 ! 32
=1!2 2
2
4.
01m #
7.
11x 11
2
7
1
4
1.
-3 1 x 1 0
- 5 ! 73
12
1
2
4.
x # - 2, x $ 2
7.
c 1 - 1, c 2 2
3
5. x 1 - , x > 0
5
8. - 3
2
4
1x 17
3
1
2
9. 2 1 x # 2
3
4
3. n # 0, n $ 1
5. n 1 - 1, n 2 1
6. - 5 # n # 3
8. - 4 # x # - 2
1
2
2
5
9. 4 1 x 1 5
11. a 1 - 1, a 2
13. x #
15. - 1
1
3
2
,x $1
3
1
1
#x #2
3
17. x 1 - 4, x 2 4
18. - 1 # a # 1
19. - 2 1 x 1 3
20. x # - 1, x $ 3
21. 0 1 x 1 2
1
2
23. y # - 2, y $
1
2
4
5
4
5
25. 1 # x # 1
27. x 1 0, x $
28. y 1 - 1, y 2 -
6. - 2 # b 1 0
1
1 z 1 -3
5
29. x 1 - 4, -
16. - 4 # y # 3
26. 0 1 x 1
1! 5
2
3. x 1 0, x 2 1
27. x $ 3, - 1 # x 1 2
2. 0 1 y 1 4
30. x # - 8, x 2 - 5
2. 0 1 x 1
25. x # - 1, 3 1 x # 4
1
,11x #7
2
2
1
24. m 1 - 1 , m 2 1
3
2
Exercises 3.10
y 2 1, y 1 0
1
2
#x 1
2
3
22. 1 # a # 1
(i) t =
23. x 2 5, - 3 1 x 1 0
24. m # - 2, - 1 1 m # 6
14. b 1 - 3, b 2
7 ! 41
4
1.
22. 0 1 n # 2, n $ 4
10. b # - 2, b $ -
- 12 ! 128
-3 ! 2 2
(d) h =
=
8
2
(h) x =
1
2
2
19. t # , t 2 2
5
5
3
1
12. y 1 - 1 , y 2 2
2
(a) x =
1
1 p 1 26
2
Exercises 3.11
(b) x = 1, 1.5
(h) x = 0, 7
17. 4
8
1 m 1 0 21. x 1 - 5, 0 1 x 1 1
9
30. x #
(j) y = 2.62, 0.382

2.
15. y 1 - 2, y 2 - 1
28. n 1 - 1, 3 1 n 1 5
(d) x = 1, - 0.5
(e) x = - 0.553, 0.678

(g) m = - 2, - 5
20. -
26. x # - 2,
Exercises 3.9
1.
5
1
1x 1
9
2
5
# x 1 -4
9
1
1
13. a 1 - 3 , a 2 - 2
4
2
1
7
1x 11
3
15
18. x # - 1, x 2 -
(a) x = ! 5 - 2
(j) y =
14.
11. - 4
7
16. x # - , x 2 4
8
Exercises 3.8
1.
12. 1
1
6
1
2
29. 3 1 n # 3
31. x 1
1
3
1
2
3
2
,x 2
5
7
1
32. x # 4 , x 2 5
5
1
33. x # - 1 , x 2 - 1
4
34. x 1 - 3, x 2 2
35. -
3
3
#x 14
5
765
766
Exercises 3.12
1.
a = 1, b = 3
4.
x = 6, y = 17
7.
x = - 3, y = 2
10. m = 2, n = 3
2. x = 2, y = 1
3. p = 2, q = - 1
5. x = - 10, y = 2
11. w 1 = - 1, w 2 = 5
9. x = 3, y = - 4
15. x = - 1, y = - 4 16. s = 2, t = - 1
18. k = - 4, h = 1
19. v 1 = - 2, v 2 = 4
4.
(a) x = - 2, y = 5
5.
(a) x = 2
6.
(a) b = 2, -1
7.
(a) A = 36
20. x = 2, y Z 1.41
9.
-1 1 y # 3
1
3
1
4
(b) g = 2,
(b) b = 12
10. (a) x = - 0.298, -6.70
Problem
1
4
(c) x $ 4, x # 3
8. x =
1
,1
2
(b) y = 4.16, -2.16
(c) n = 0.869, -1.54
23 adults and 16 children.
Exercises 3.13
11. (a) V = 764.5
(b) r = 2.9
13. x 1 2, x 2 9
14. x = 2.4, y = 3.2
(b) r = 3.9
1.
x = 0, y = 0 and x = 1, y = 1
2.
x = 0, y = 0 and x = - 2, y = 4
3.
x = 0, y = 3 and x = 3, y = 0
4.
x = 4, y = - 3 and x = 3, y = - 4
6.
x = 3, y = 9
8.
m = - 4, n = 0 and m = 0, n = - 4
9.
x = 1, y = 2 and x = - 1, y = - 2
13. x = 1, y = 5 and x = 4, y = 11
1
14. x = , y = 4 and x = - 1, y = - 1
4
16. (a) ii (b) i
18. n 2 0, n 1 - 3
5. x = - 1, y = - 3
7. t = - 2, x = 4 and t = 1, x = 1
11. x = 2, y = 1 and x = - 1, y = - 2
19. x = - 4
20. x = - 2
(c) x = 2
15. (a) V = 2100

(d) iii
(d) x = 2
(g) - 4 # x # 2
21. (a) y 2 3
(e) x = 3, -1
(h) x = - 3
12. x = 0, y = 1
(k) x =
(j) x # - 1, x $ 1
1
1
15. t = - , h =
4
2
(m) No solutions
(e) iii
18. x = 0, y = 0 and x = 1, y = 1 and x = - 1, y = 1
(s) 2 1 n # 2
5
12
,y =13
13
2
5
2
5
(b) - 3 # n # 0
(f) t $ 1, t # - 2
(i) y 2 2, y 1 - 2
5
6
(l) -
1 3
(n) t = 2 ,
3 5
(p) m # - 3, m $ 2
17. x = 0, y = 0 and x = - 2, y = - 8 and x = 3, y = 27
20. x = -
(c) ii
1
4
1
3
16. x = 2, y = 0
3
1
,y =2
4
2
12. x 2 71
17. a = 3, b = 2, c = - 4
10. x = 0, y = 0 and x = 1, y = 1
19. x =
(b) k 2 + 4k + 4 = ] k + 2 g2
1
(b) x = 4, y = 1 and x = - , y = - 8
2
(b) y =
12. a = 0, b = 4
14. x 1 = 1, x 2 = - 1
17. a = - 2, b = 0
(a) x 2 - 8x + 16 = ] x - 4 g2
6. t = 3, v = 1
8. x = - 64, y = - 39
13. p = - 4, q = 1
3.
1
#b #2
2
(o) - 1 1 x 1 3
(q) t 1 - 1, t 2 0
(t) -
(r) 1 1 y 1 3
1
1
1x #
5
2
Exercises 3.14
2. a = - 2, b = - 1, c = 2
1.
y =1
4.
x = 2.56, -1.56
2. x 1 - a, x 2 a
3. a = 3, b = !2
1.
x = - 2, y = - 8, z = - 1
3.
a = - 4, b = 2, c = 7
4. a = 1, b = 2, c = - 3
6.
5.
x = 5, y = 0, z = - 2
6. x = 0, y = - 5, z = 4
] x + 3 g ] x - 3 g ] x - 2 g ^ x 2 + 2x + 4 h; x = ! 3, 2
7.
7.
p = - 3, q = 7, r = 4
8. x = 1, y = - 1, z = 2
x = 1, y = 2 and x = - 1, y = 0
8.
9.
h = - 3, j = 2, k = - 4
b = 4; x = ! 17 + 4 Z 8.12, - 0.123
10. a = 3, b = - 1, c = - 2
10. - 1 1 t 1 1
Test yourself 3
13. r = 2.31
1.
16. y # - 2,
2.
(a) b = 10
(b) a = - 116 (c) x = - 7

1
(d) x # - 4 , x 2 - 3 (e) p # 4
3
(a) A = 1262.48
(b) P = 8558.59
18. x =
5. y # - 2, 0 1 y # 3
11. - 3 # x # 8
14. No solutions
1
2
#y 1
2
3
2 ^ 4 ! 10 h
3
20. y 1 -1, y 2
3
5
9. x = ! 1
1
12. x =
4
15. x = ! b + a 2 + a
17. P = 2247.36
19. x 1 - 4, - 2.2 1 x 1 0.7
ANSWERS
Chapter 4: Geometry 1
10. +AEB + +BEC + +CED

= 50 - 8y + 5y - 20 + 3y + 60
= 90c
Exercises 4.1
1.
4.
7.
So +AED is a right angle.
(a) y = 47c (b) x = 39c (c) m = 145c (d) y = 60c

(e) b = 101c (f) x = 36c (g) a = 60c (h) x = 45c
(i) y = 40c (j) x = 80c 2. (a) 121c (b) 72c 29l
(c) 134c 48l 3. (a) 42c (b) 55c 37l (c) 73c 3l
(a) (i) 47c (ii) 137c (b) (i) 9c (ii) 99c (c) (i) 63c
(ii) 153c (d) (i) 35c (ii) 125c (e) (i) 52c (ii)142c
(f) (i) 15c7l (ii) 105c7l (g) (i) 47c36l (ii) 137c36l
(h) (i) 72c21l (ii)162c21l (i) (i) 26c11l (ii) 116c11l
(j) (i) 38c51l (ii) 128c51l 5. (a) x = 49c (b) 41c
(c) 131c 6. (a) y = 15c, x = z = 165c
(b) x = 142c, y = 48c, z = 28c
(c) a = 43c, b = 137c, c = 101c
(d) a = 97c, b = d = 41c, c = 42c
(e) a = 68c, b = 152c, c = 28c (f) a = 10c, b = 150c
8x - 10 + 2x - 10 + x + 10 + 7x + 10 = 360
(angle of revolution)
18x = 360
x = 20
+ABE = 8x - 10
= 8 (20) - 10
= 150c
+EBC = 2x - 10
= 2 (20) - 10
= 30c
+ABE + +EBC = 150c + 30c
= 180c
` +ABC is a straight angle
+DBC = 7x + 10
= 7 (20) + 10
= 150c
+DBC + +EBC = 150c + 30c
= 180c
` +DBE is a straight angle
` AC and DE are straight lines
8.
+DFB = 180c - (180 - x) c

(+AFB is a straight angle)
=x
` +AFC = x
(vertically opposite angles)
+CFE = 180c - (x + 180c - 2x)

(+AFB is a straight angle)
=x
` +AFC = +CFE
` CD bisects +AFE
9.
+ABD + +DBC
= 110 - 3x + 3x + 70
= 180c
So +ABC is a straight angle.
AC is a straight line.
Exercises 4.2
1.
(a) a = b = e = f = 148c , c = d = g = 32c

(b) x = z = 70c , y = 110c
(c) x = 55c , y = 36c , z = 89c
(d) y = 125c , x = z = 55c
(e) n = e = g = a = c = z = x = 98c,
o = m = h = f = b = d = y = w = 82c
(f) a = 95c , b = 85c , c = 32c
(g) a = 27c , b = 72c , c = 81c
(h) x = 56c , y = 124c , z = a = 116c , b = 64c
(i) x = 61c
2.
(a)
(j) y = 37c
+CGF = 180c - 121c
(FGH is a straight angle)
= 59c
` +BFG = +CGF = 59c
These are equal alternate angles.
` AB < CD
(b) +BAC = 360c - 292c = 68c
` +BAC + +DCA = 68c + 112c

= 180c
These are supplementary cointerior angles.
` AB < CD
(c) +BCD = 180 - 76
(+BCE is a straight angle)
= 104c
+ABC = +BCD = 104c
` AB ; CD
(d) +CEF = 180 - 128
(+CED is a straight angle)
= 52c
+CEF = +ABE = 52c
These are equal corresponding angles.
`AB ; CD
(e) +CFH = 180 - ] 23 + 115 g (+EFG is a straight angle)
= 42c
`+BFD = 42c (vertically opposite angles)
+ABF + +BFD = 138c + 42c
= 180c
` AB ; CD
767
768
Exercises 4.3
1.
(a) x = 60c
(b) y = 36c
(c) m = 71c
(e) x = 30c
(f) x = 20c
(g) x = 67c
(d) x = 37c
(h) a = 73c
10. +OQP = 180 - ] 75 + 73 g (angle sum of triangle)

= 32c
` +MNO = +OQP = 32c
(i) a = 75c , b = 27c , c = 46c
` MN ; QP
(j) a = 36c , b = 126c , c = 23c

(k) x = 67c , y = z = 59c , w = 121c
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exercises 4.4
All angles are equal. Let them be x.

(angle sum of D)
Then x + x + x = 180
3x = 180
x = 60
AB = EF = 5cm
(given)
(given)
So all angles in an equilateral triangle are 60c.
AC = DE = 8 cm
(given)
] 90 - x g c
` D ABC / DDEF
(SSS)
(b)Yes

+ACB = 50c
+ABC = 180c - (50c + 45c) (angle sum of D)
= 85c
` +DEC = +ABC = 85c
XY = BC = 4.7 m
(given)
+XYZ = +BCA = 110c (given)

YZ = AC = 2.3 m
(given)
` AB < DE
` D XYZ / DABC
(SAS)
+ACB = 180c - 124c

= 56c
+CBA + 68c = 124c
+CBA = 124c - 68c
= 56c
` +CBA = +ACB = 56c
` D ABC is isosceles
(c) No
y = 38c
7.
(a) x = 64c
(DCB is a straight angle)
(b) x = 64c , y = 57c
+HJI = 180c - (35c + 25c)

= 120c
+IJL = 180c - 120c
= 60c
+JIL = 180c - (90c + 30c)
= 60c
+ILJ = 180 - (60c + 60c)
= 60c
(d) Yes
(exterior angle of D)
2.
(angle sum of D HJI)
(angle sum of D IKL)

(angle sum of D JIL)
(given)
(given)
`DPQR / DSTU
(AAS)
(given)
(a) AB = KL = 4
(given)
+B = +L = 38c
(given)
BC = JL = 5
` by SAS, D ABC / D JKL
(given)
(d) +Y = +T = 90c
(given)
+Z = +S = 35c
(given)
XY = TR = 1.3
` by AAS, D XYZ / D STR
(angle sum of D JKL)
` +JLK = +JKL = 30
` D JKL is isosceles
(given)
(e) BC = DE = 4
(given)
+C = +E = 90c
(given)
AC = EF = 7
` by SAS, D ABC / D DEF
BC = BD
` AB ; ED
+PRQ = +STU = 52c

QR = TU = 8 cm
(given)
(c) MN = QR = 8
(given)
NO = PR = 8
(given)
MO = PQ = 5
` by SSS, D MNO / D PQR
(KJI is a straight angle)
`+BDC = 46c (base angles of isosceles triangle)

+CBD = 180 - 2 # 46
= 88c
`+CBD = +BDE = 88c
(given)
(given)
(b) +Z = +B = 90c
(given)
XY = AC = 7
(given)
YZ = BC = 2
` by RHS, D XYZ / D ABC
(HJL is a straight angle)
Since +IJL = +JIL = +ILJ = 60c,

D IJL is equilateral
+KJL = 180c - 60c
= 120c
+JLK = 180c - (30c + 120c)
= 30c
+PQR = +SUT = 49c
(e) No
(c) x = 63c
(d) a = 29c , b = 70c
9.
(a) Yes
BC = DF = 6 cm
6.
8.
1.
3.
(a)
+B = +C
(base angles of isosceles D)
+BDA = +CDA = 90c (given)
AD is common
` by AAS, D ABD / D ACD
ANSWERS
4.
(b) ` BD = DC (corresponding sides in congruent Ds)

` AD bisects BC
But +OBA + +OBC = 180c
+ABD = +BDC
OB is perpendicular to AC.
(corresponding sides in congruent Ds)
5.
(a)
OA = OC
(equal radii)
OB = OD
(similarly)
+AOB = +COD
So +OBA = +OBC = 90c
(alternate angles, AB < CD)
(alternate angles, AD < BC)

+ADB = +DBC
BD is common
` by AAS, D ABD / D CDB
` AD = BC
10. (a) AD = BC
+ADC = +BCD = 90c
DC is common
`DADC / DBCD
(b) AC = BD
`DAOB / DCOD
(SAS)
(b) AB = CD
(corresponding sides in congruent
(given)
BC = DC
(given)
1.
`DABC / DADC
(SSS)
(b) +ABC = +ADC
(corresponding angles in congruent
`DOAB / DOBC
(SAS)
(b) +OCB = +OBC
(base angles of OBC, an isosceles
4.
right angled triangle)

(angle sum of triangle)
5.
So +OCB = +OBC = 45c

Similarly +OBA = 45c
` +OBA + +OBC = 45c + 45c = 90c
So +ABC is right angled
(a) +AEF = +BDC = 90c
(given)
AF = BC
(given)
FE = CD
(given)
`DAFE / DBCD
(RHS)
(b) +AFE = +BCD
(corresponding angles in
(e) b = 4.5
(g) p = 9.7
(alternate angles, AB < ED)

(similarly)
(given)
+GFE = +EFD
1.5
GF
o
=
= 0.5
EF
2.7
2.7
EF
o
=
= 0.5
DF
4.86
GF
EF
`
=
EF
DF
Since two pairs of sides are in proportion and their
included angles are equal, then DDEF ||| DFGE
1.3
AB
=
= 0.714
DE
1.82
4.2
AC
=
= 0.714
DF
5.88
4.9
BC
=
= 0.714
EF
6.86
AC
BC
AB
=
=
`
DE
DF
EF
Since three pairs of sides are in proportion,
D ABC ||| D DEF
y = 41c
6.
congruent triangles)
(a) OA = OC
(c) m = 6.6
(f) a = 115c , x = 19c , y = 3.2
+BAC = +EDC
+ABC = +DEC
+ACB = +ECD
+AOB = +COB = 90c (given)
9.
(d) a = 76c , i = 23c , b = 81c
3.
OB is common
8.
(b) x = 4.4
a = 1.81, b = 5.83
(equal radii)
But +OCB + +OBC = 90c
(SAS)
` since 3 pairs of angles are equal, DABC ||| DCDE
triangles)
(a) OA = OC
(a) x = 15.1
2.
AC is common
7.
(given)
Exercises 4.5
(a) AB = AD
(given)
triangles)
triangles)
6.
(ABC is a straight angle)
(equal radii)
OB is common
(a) OA = OB
OC = OD
OA
OB
`
=
OD
OC
+AOB = +COD
(equal radii)
(similarly)
AB = BC
(given)

included angles are equal, 3 OAB ||| 3 OCD
`DOAB / DOBC
(SSS)
(b) AB = 5.21 cm
(b) +OBA = +OBC
(corresponding angles in
congruent triangles)
7.
(a) +A is common
+ABC = +ADE
+ACB = +AED
(corresponding angles, BC < DE)

(similarly)
769
770
6.
` since 3 pairs of angles are equal, D ABC ||| D ADE

(b) x = 2.17, y = 2.25
8.
+ABF = +BEC
+CBE = +BFA
` +C = +A
YZ 2 = XY 2 = 1, XZ 2 = 2
YZ 2 + XY 2 = 1 + 1
=2
= XZ 2
` D XYZ is right angled
(alternate angles, AB z CD)

(similarly, BC z AD)
(angle sum of Ds)
` since 3 pairs of angles are equal, D ABF ||| DCEB

9.
+A is common
1.2
AD
=
= 0.4
AB
3
0.8
AE
=
= 0.4
AC
2
AD
AE
`
=
AB
AC
included angles are equal, D AED ||| D ABC, m = 4.25
AB
10.
CD
BC
AC
AC
AD
AB
`
CD
=
=
=
=
XY = YZ = 1
` D XYZ is isosceles
7.
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
2
2 2 = ^ 3 h + BC 2
4
1
`1
AC
8.
2
= 0.769
2.6
3
= 0.769
3.9
3.9
= 0.769
5.07
BC
AC
=
AD
AC
= 3 + BC 2
= BC 2
= BC
=2
=2#1
= 2BC
(a) AC = 5
(b) AC 2 = 25, CD 2 = 144,
AD 2 = 169
AC 2 + CD 2 = 25 + 144
= 169
= AD 2
` D ACD has a right angle at +ACD
` AC is perpendicular to DC
9.
D ABC ||| D ACD, x = 109c, y = 47c
11. d 2 = ] 20 - 3t g 2 + ] 15 - 2t g 2
= 400 - 120t + 9t 2 + 225 - 60t + 4t 2
= 13t 2 - 180t + 625
11. (a) x = 7.8
(b) m = 4.0, p = 7.2
(d) x = 6.2, y = 4.4

AB
AD
12. (a)
=
DE
BC
AD
AF
Also
=
DE
FG
AB
AF
`
=
BC
FG
(c)
(c) x = 6.5
(e) x = 1.4, y = 9.2
Also
`
16. 4.3 m
14. y = 0.98
(a) x = 6.4
2.
(a) p =
3.
s = 6.2 m
5.
AB 2 = 81, CB 2 = 144, CA 2 = 225

AB 2 + CB 2 = 81 + 144
= 225
= CA 2
` D ABC is right angled
61
(c) b = 5.7
(b) t =
(c) x =
58
15. 134.6 cm
17. 42.7 cm
20. (a) BC 2 = 6 2 - 4 2
= 20
BC = 20
AO = 6 cm
(equal radii)
So AC 2 = 6 2 - 4 2
= 20
AC = 20
Since BC = AC, OC bisects AB
(b) +OCA = +OCB = 90c
(given)
OA = OB
(equal radii)
OC is common
` DOAC / DOBC
(RHS)
So AC = BC (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)
` OC bisects AB
(d) m = 6.6
65
14. 12.6 m
19. No. The diagonal of the boot is the longest available

space and it is only 1.4 m.
15. x = 3.19, y = 1.64
(b) y = 6.6
13. 683 m
18. 1.3 + 1.1 2 = 2.9 and 1.5 2 = 2.25

1.3 2 + 1.1 2 ! 1.5 2 so the triangle is not right angled
` the property is not a rectangle
Exercises 4.6
1.
10.
BD
AD
=
AE
CE
AD
DF
Also
=
AE
EG
BD
DF
`
=
CE
EG
13. a = 4.8, b = 6.9
3b
12. 1471 mm
AB
AD
=
AE
AC
AD
AF
=
AE
AG
AB
AF
=
AC
AG
(b)
AB =
x2 + y2
x
Since three pairs of sides are in proportion,
(d) y =
33
4. CE = 15.3 cm
Exercises 4.7
1.
(a) x = 94c (b) y = 104c (c) x = 111c (d) x = 60c

(e) y = 72c (f) x = 102, y = 51 (g) x = 43, y = 47
ANSWERS
2.
9.
D ABE is isosceles.
` +B = +E = 76c
(base +s equal)
+CBE = +DEB = 180c - 76c
= 104c (straight +s)
+D + 62c + 104c + 104c = 360c (angle sum of quadrilateral)
+D + 270c = 360c
+D = 90c
` CD is perpendicular to AD`
3.
(a)
+D = 180c - x
(+A and +D cointerior angles, AB < DC)
+C = 180c - (180c - x)
(+C and +D cointerior angles, AD < BC)
= 180c - 180c + x
=x
`+A = +C = x
+B = 180c - x (+B and +C cointerior angles, AB < DC)
`+B = +D = 180c - x
(b) Angle sum = x + x + 180c - x + 180c - x
= 360c
4.
a = 150c , b = 74c
5.
(a) a = 5 m, b = 3 m, x = z = 108c, y = 72c

(b) x = 53c, y = 56c, z = 71c
(c) x = y = 5 cm, a = b = 68c
(d) a = 121c, b = 52c, i = 77c
(e) x = 60c (f) x = 3, y = 7
6.
+ADB = +CDB
+CDB = +ABD
+ADB = +DBC
` +ABD = +DBC
` BD bisects +ABC
7.
(a) AD = BC = 3.8 cm
AB = DC = 5.3 cm
(BD bisects +ADC)

(alternate angles, AB < DC)
(alternate angles, AD < BC)
(given)
(given)
Since two pairs of opposite sides are equal, ABCD is a

parallelogram.
(b) AB = DC = 7cm
(given)
AB < DC
(given)
Since one pair of opposite sides is both equal and
parallel, ABCD is a parallelogram.
(c) +X + +M = 54c + 126c
= 180c
` XY < MN
Also, XM < YN
(given)
` XMNY is a parallelogram
(d) AE = EC = 5 cm
DE = EB = 6 cm
(given)
(given)
Since the diagonals bisect each other, ABCD is a

parallelogram.
8.
(a) x = 5 cm, i = 66c (b) a = 90c, b = 25c, c = 65c

(c) x = 3 cm, y = 5 cm (d) x = 58c, y = 39c
(e) x = 12 cm
6.4 cm
11. 4 2 cm
10. +ECB = 59c, +EDC = 31c, +ADE = 59c

12. x = y = 57c
Exercises 4.8
1.
(a) 540c (b) 720c (c) 1080c (d) 1440c (e) 1800c
(f) 2880c 2. (a) 108c (b) 135c (c) 150c (d) 162c
(e) 156c 3. (a) 60c (b) 36c (c) 45c (d) 24c
4.
128c34l 5. (a) 13
8.
2340c
(b) 152c18l 6. 16
7. 3240c
9. 168c23l
10. Sum = 145n = (n - 2) # 180c

145n = 180n - 360
= 35n
10.3 = n
But n must be a positive integer.
` no polygon has interior angles of 145c.
11. (a) 9
(b) 12
(c) 8
(d) 10
(e) 30
12. (a) ABCDEF is a regular hexagon.

AF = BC
(equal sides)
FE = CD
(equal sides)
+AFE = +BCD
(equal interior angles)
` D AFE / D BCD
(SAS)
S = ] n - 2 g # 180c
= (6 - 2) # 180c
= 720c
720c
+AFE =
6
= 120c
Since AF = FE, triangle AFE is isosceles.
So +FEA = +FAE
(base angles in isosceles triangle)
180 - 120c
` +FEA =
2
= 30c
+AED = 120 - 30c
= 90c
Similarly, +BDE = 90c
(b)
So +AED + +BDE = 180c

These are supplementary cointerior angles
`AE < BD
13. A regular octagon has equal sides and angles.
AH = AB
(equal sides)
GH = BC
(equal sides)
+AHG = +ABC
(equal interior angles)
` D AHG / D ABC
(SAS)
So AG = AC
(corresponding sides in congruent triangles)
S = ] n - 2 g # 180c
= (8 - 2) # 180c
= 1080c
1080c
` +AHG =
8
= 135c
+HGA = +HAG
771
772
180 - 135c
2
= 22c30l
+GAC = 135 - 2 # 22c30l
= 90c
We can similarly prove all interior angles are 90c and
adjacent sides equal.
So ACEG is a square.
`+HAG =
2.
3.
118.28 cm2
4.
(common)
(a) +DAE = +BAC
(corresponding angles, DE < BC)
+ADE = +ABC
(similarly)
+AED = +ACB
` D ABC and D ADE are similar (AAA)
] 5 - 2 g # 180c
5
= 108c
(b) x = 3.1 cm, y = 5.2 cm

162c
8.
(a) AB = AD
BC = DC
(adjacent sides in kite)

(similarly)
AC is common
` ABC and ADC are congruent (SSS)
(b)
AO = CO
BO = DO
+AOB = +COD
(equal radii)
(similarly)
` AOB and COD are congruent (SAS)

9.
11.
73.5 cm2
AF
AD
=
AE
AG
AD
AB
=
AE
AC
AF
AB
`
=
AG
AC
12. (a) AB = AC
+B = +C
BD = DC
Exercises 4.9
1.
(a) 26.35 m 2 (b) 21.855 cm 2 (c) 18.75 mm 2 (d) 45 m 2

(e) 57 cm 2 (f) 81 m 2 (g) 28.27 cm 2 2. 4.83 m 2
3.
(a) 42.88 cm 2 (b) 29.5 m 2 (c) 32.5 cm 2 (d) 14.32 m 2

(e) 100.53 cm 2 4. (a) 25 m 2 (b) 101.85 cm 2
(c) 29.4 m 2 (d) 10.39 cm 2 (e) 45 cm 2
5.
7 51 + 98 = 7 ^ 51 + 14 h cm 2
7.
$621.08
9.
(a) 48 cm (b) 27 cm 10. 12w units 2
6. 22.97 cm 2
(b) 89 m 2
(similarly)
(given)
(base +s of isosceles D)
(AD bisects BC, given)
(b) +ADB = +ADC

(corresponding +s in congruent Ds)
(straight +)
But + ADB + +ADC = 180c
So +ADB = +ADC = 90c
So AD and BC are perpendicular.
13.
+ACB = 68c
+CAD = 68c - 34c
= 34c
` +CAD = +ADC = 34c
So ACD is isosceles
14.
(a) x = 43c, y = 137c, z = 147c (b) x = 36c

(c) a = 79c, b = 101c, c = 48c (d) x = 120c
(e) r = 7.2 cm (f) x = 5.6 cm, y = 8.5 cm (g) i = 45c
(equal ratios on intercepts)
` D ABD / D ACD ] SAS g
(c) 10.5 m
Test yourself 4
1.
6. 1020.7 cm3 7. 36 m
5.
2
10. 6 2 + ^ 2 7 h = 36 + 28 = 64 = 8 2
` ABC is right angled (Pythagoras)
360
p
(b) Each interior angle:
360
180 p
180p 360
=
p
p
180p - 360
=
p
180 ^ p - 2 h
=
p
15. (a)
8. (a) 161.665 m 2
(vertically opposite +HGB)
So +AGF = +CFE = i
These are equal corresponding +s.
` AB < CD
14. +EDC =
ED = CD
(equal sides in regular pentagon)
So EDC is an isosceles triangle.
`+DEC = +ECD
180 - 108c
+DEC =
2
= 36c
+AEC = 108 - 36c
= 72c
Similarly, using triangle ABC, we can prove that
+EAC = 72c
So EAC is an isosceles triangle.
(Alternatively you could prove EDC and ABC congruent
triangles and then AC = EC are corresponding sides in
congruent triangles.)
+AGF = i
(exterior + of D)
^ base +s equal h
ANSWERS
+DAC = +ACB
+BAC = +ACD
(alternate +s, AD < BC)

(alternate +s, AB < DC)
7.
AC is common
` D ABC / D ADC (AAS)
(corresponding sides in congruent Ds)
`
AB = DC
Similarly, AD = BC
` opposite sides are equal
15. (a) 24 cm2 (b) 5 cm
Let ABCD be a square with diagonals AC and BD and

+D = 90c
(adjacent sides of square)
AD = DC
` D ADC is isosceles
(base angles of isosceles D)
`+DAC = +DCA
(angle sum of D)
+DAC + +DCA = 90
`
+DAC = +DCA = 45
Similarly, +BAC = +BCA = 45
16. 9
17. +BFG + +FGD = 109c - 3x + 3x + 71c

= 180c
These are supplementary cointerior +s.
` AB < CD
18. 57 cm2
(other angles can be proved similarly)
19. +ACB = 180c - ] +A + +B g

= 180c - x - y
+ACD = 180c - +ACB
z = 180c - (180c - x - y)
= 180c - 180c + x + y
=x+y
20. (a)
+A
AC
EF
AB
DE
AC
`
EF
= +E
2.97
=
= 1.1
2.7
3.96
=
= 1.1
3.6
AB
=
DE
(+sum of D)
(straight +)
8.
^ given h
Let ABCD be a kite

(given)
AD = AB
(given)
DC = BC
So ABC and DEF are similar (two sides in proportion,

included +s equal).
(b) x = 4.3 cm
AC is common
` by SSS, D ADC / D ABC
`
+DAC = +BAC
1.
94c
2. x = 75c , y = 46c , z = 29c
4.
+BAD = +DBC
+ABD = +BDC
` +ADB = +DCB
(corresponding angles in congruent Ds)

(given)
(found)
3. 1620c, 32c 44l
AD = AB
+DAE = +BAE
(given)
(alternate angles, AB < DC)
(angle sum of D)
AE is common
` by SAS, D ADE / D ABE
` +DEA = +BEA
(corresponding angles in congruent Ds)
But +DEA + +BEA = 180c
(DEB is a straight angle)
` +DEA = +BEA = 90c
` the diagonals are perpendicular
` since 3 pairs of angles are equal,

D ABD <; D BCD
d = 6.74 cm
5.
AB = DC
(given)
+A + +D = 131c + 49c
= 180c
+A and +D are supplementary cointerior angles
` AB < DC
Since one pair of opposite sides are both parallel and
equal, ABCD is a parallelogram.
6.
27.36 m 2
9.
(exterior angle of D MNZ)

+MNY + 84c = (15c + 112c)
`
+MNY = 43c
(exterior angle of D XYZ)
+XYZ + 69c = 112c
`
+XYZ = 43c
`
+MNY = +XYZ = 43c
These are equal corresponding angles.
` MN < XY
10. x = 2.12 m
11. (a) 6 m 2
12. x = 28.7 cm, y = 3.8 cm
(b) 10 + 2 5 = 2 ^ 5 + 5 h m
13. x = 7.40 m, y = 4.19 m
773
774
14. (a)
(adjacent sides in square)

AB = BC
+ABE = +CBE = 45
(diagonals in square make 45c with sides)
34. x = 22c, y = 29c, w = z = 90c 35. 56.7 cm 2

36. a - 21 b 10 =
EB is common.
b 10
a 21
37. x 2 6, x 1 -2
2
5
` by SAS, D ABE / DCBE

`
AE = CE (corresponding sides in congruent Ds)
39. - x - 7
Since AB = BC and AE = CE, ABCE is a kite.
43. Given diagonal AC in rhombus ABCD:
40. x =
1
4
1
8
38.
41. x # -3, x $ 3
42.
1
6
(adjacent sides in rhombus)

AB = BC
(alternate +s, AD < BC)
+DAC = +ACB
(base +s of isosceles D ABC)
+BAC = +ACB
` +DAC = +BAC
` diagonal AC bisects the angle it meets.
Similarly, diagonal BD bisects the angle it meets.
44. ] x + 3 g-1 45. x 3 + 6x 2 + 12x + 8 46.

(b) BD =
x2 + x2
=
=
2x 2
2x
48. x = 98c, y = 41c
1
BD
2
2x
=
units
2
DE =
51. (a) 12x - 8y
2. 2 ^ 5 + y h ^ x - y h
p =9
25 + 5 2
5.
23
(b) x 3
7.
x=
9.
(given)
+ABC = +EDC = 90
+ACB = +ECD
(given)
AB = ED
` by AAS D ABC / DEDC
(corresponding sides in congruent triangles)
` AC = EC
` D ACE is isosceles
10. 231.3
14. 3 10 - 4
6. x 3 + 2x 2 - 16x + 3
2
x-3
11. - 3
12. 135c
13. 7.33 # 10 - 2
15. 3.04 16. x + 3
17. x = 1.78, -0.281
52. x = 2.7, y = 3.1
21. x =
4 ! 12
=2! 3
2
28.
26. 7.02 cm
6 15 + 2 6
43
22.
1
49
24. x = 2, y = -1
27. ] 2x - 1 g ^ 4x 2 + 2x + 1 h
29. 7
(d) 3 2 + 1
53. x = 25
54. r =
2
3
cm
57.
2
5
58. 5%
61. 9xy y
59. 2.2 # 10 8 kmh -1
60. k = 20
62. 147c 16l 63. 5.57 m 2
64. (a) 5 ] a + 2b - 2 g ^ a 2 - 4a - 2ab + 4b 2 + 4b + 4 h

(b) ] 3a + 4b g ] a - 6b + 2c g
23. x = 4, y = 11 or x = -1, y = - 4
25. 7
x-3
x 2 - 3x + 9
56. Let +DEA = x

Then +EAD = x
+CDA = x + x (exterior + of DEAD)
= 2x
`
+ABC = 2x (opposite +s of < gram are equal)
`
+ABC = 2+DEA
65. - 1
7
15
3x + 2
55. 17.3 cm
18. r = 1.55 19. x 2 1
20.
50.
3. (a) x - 1
6y - 10
8.
(c)
47. x = 53c
y7
- ]x + 5g
11 3
(f)
(g) x - 14 y 7 z -11 = 14 11
]x + 1g]x - 1g
6
x z
3
1
(h)
(i) 8 5 (j) 13
2
5a ] a + b g ] 1 + 2b g
4.
2
7
(b) 2 31
2 17
(e)
Practice assessment task set 1

1.
49. 0 1 x 1 5
54
30. $643.08 31. 1.1
32. -2 10 + 3 5 - 2 2 + 3
66.
3
1
#x 15
4
8
BC < AD
(ABCD is a < gram)
BC < FE
(BCEF is a < gram)
` AD < FE
Also BC = AD ^ opposite sides of < gram h
BC = FE
^ similarly h
` AD = FE
Since AD and FE are both parallel and equal, AFED is a
parallelogram.
67. b = 11.95 m
33. $83.57
68. (a)
34 cm
(b) 30 cm2
ANSWERS
69.
18 3 + 31 2 - 25 5
75
70. 20 71. 32 m
(g) x-intercepts 3, 5, y-intercept 15
72. BD bisects AC
So AD = DC
+BDC = +BDA = 90c (given)
BD is common
` DBAD / DBCD
(SAS)
` AB = CB
(h) x-intercept - 3 5 , y-intercept 5

(i) x-intercept -3, no y-intercept
(j) x-intercept !3, y-intercept 9
2.
triangles)
3.
So triangle ABC is isosceles

73.
x2 + y2
2
79. (d)
74. (b)
75. (c)
76. (a) 77. (b)
78. (b)
4.
Chapter 5: Functions and graphs

5.
Exercises 5.1
Yes
2. No
3. No
8.
Yes
9. Yes
10. No
4. Yes
5. Yes
11. Yes
6. Yes
12. No
7. No
6.
13. Yes
14. No 15. Yes
7.
Exercises 5.2
1.
f ] 1 g = 4, f ] -3 g = 0
3.
f ] 5 g = -25, f ] -1 g = -1, f ] 3 g = -9, f ] -2 g = -4
5.
-35
6. x = 9
2. h ] 0 g = -2, h ] 2 g = 2, h ] -4 g = 14
7. x = !5
8. x = -3
4. 14
9. z = 1, -4
8.
10. f ^ p h = 2p - 9, f ] x + h g = 2x + 2h - 9
11. g ] x - 1 g = x 2 + 2
12. f ] k g = ] k - 1 g ^ k 2 + k + 1 h
13. t = -1; t = 2, -4
14. 0
9.
15. f ] 5 g = 125, f ] 1 g = 1, f ] -1 g = -1
18. 7
25. (a) 2 (b) 0
2
, y-intercept -2
3
(b) x-intercept -10, y-intercept 4
(c) x-intercept 12, y-intercept 4
(d) x-intercepts 0, -3, y-intercept 0
(e) x-intercepts !2, y-intercept -4
(f) x-intercepts -2, -3, y-intercept 6
(a) x-intercept
f ] - x g = - x = -f ] x g
` odd function
f ] - x g = ] - x g2 - 1
= x2 - 1
= f (x)
` even function
f ] -x g = 4 ] -x g - ] -x g 3
= - 4x + x 3
= - ^ 4x - x 3 h
= - f ]xg
` odd function
f ] -x g = ] -x g 4 + ] -x g 2
= x4 + x2
= f ]xg
` even function
f ]xg - f ]- xg = 0
(a) Odd (b) Neither (c) Even (d) Neither (e) Neither
(c) n 4 + n 2 + 2
(b) Yes, when n is odd (1, 3, 5, )
12. (a) (i) x 2 0
(ii) x 1 0
(iii) Even
(b) (i) x 1 2
(ii) x 2 2
(iii) Neither
(c) (i) -2 1 x 1 2
(d) (i) All real x ! 0
22. 4x + 2h + 1
Exercises 5.3
1.
g ] - x g = ] - x g + 3 ] - x g4 - 2 ] - x g 2
= x 8 + 3x 4 - 2 x 2
= g (x)
` even function
11. (a) No value of n
20. (a) 3 (b) x - 3 = 3 - 3 = 0

Denominator cannot be 0 so the function doesnt exist
for x = 3. (c) 4
23. 5] x - c g 24. 3k 2 + 5
(d) Neither odd nor even
(b) Odd values i.e. n = 1, 3, 5, f
19. -28
21. f ] x + h g - f ] x g = 2xh + h 2 - 5h
(b) 7 f ] x g A 2 = x 6 + 2x 3 + 1
10. (a) Even values i.e. n = 2, 4, 6, f
16. f ] 2 g - f ] -2 g + f ] -1 g = 0 - 4 + 1 = -3
17. 10
(a) f ^ x 2 h = x 6 + 1
(c) f ] - x g = - x 3 + 1
80. (d)
1.
f ] -x g = ] -x g 2- 2
= x2 - 2
= f (x)
` even function
(e) (i) None
(ii) x 1 -2, x 2 2
(ii) None
(ii) All real x
(iii) Odd
(iii) Neither
Exercises 5.4
1.
(iii) Neither
(a) x-intercept 2, y-intercept -2

1
(b) x-intercept -1 , y-intercept 3
2
1
(c) x-intercept , y-intercept 1
2
(d) x-intercept -3, y-intercept 3
2
1
(e) x-intercept , y-intercept 3
3
775
776
2.
(a)
(e)
5
5
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
3 4
-2
-3
-4
-5
2 3 4
(f)
(b)
1
21
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
2 3
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-2
-3
1 2 3 4
-4
-5
5
4
3
2
2
- 1
(c)
5
4
3
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
5
4
3
2
1
y
5
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1 2 3 4
(h)
-5
(d)
(g)
1 2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1 2 3 4
ANSWERS
Exercises 5.5
(i)
5
1.
(a) x-intercepts 0, -2, y-intercept 0

(b) x-intercepts 0, 3, y-intercept 0
(c) x-intercepts !1, y-intercept -1
(d) x-intercepts -1, 2, y-intercept -2
(e) x-intercepts 1, 8, y-intercept 8
2.
(a)
4
3
2
1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
6
5
4
3
2
1
-2
-3
-4
-5
y
(j)
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
5
4
3
2
1
111
2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
3.
4.
2 3
-2
-3
-4
-5
2
1
(a) " all real x ,, " all real y , (b) " all real x ,, " y: y = 2 ,
(c) ! x: x = -4 +, " all real y , (d) ! x: x = 2 +, " all real y ,
(e) ! all real x +, " y: y = 3 ,
(a) Neither
(b) Even
5.
(c) Neither
(d) Odd
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
2
1
-4
-5
-3
(c)
-3
-4
-2
-5
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
(e) Odd
(3, -1)
(b)
1 2 3 4 5
111 2
2
6
5
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1 2 3 4
777
778
(d)
6
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-2
-3
-4
-5
y
(e)
1 2 3 4
(i)
5
4
3
2
1
6
5
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1 2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
1112 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
-3
-4
-5
-6
y
(f)
(h)
(j)
12
10
8
6
4
2
5
4
3
2
1
1 2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
-4
-6
-8
3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-10
3.
5
4
3
(a) (i) x-intercepts 3, 4, y-intercept 12 (ii) {all real x},

1
( y: y $ - 2
4
(b) (i) x-intercepts 0, -4, y-intercept 0 (ii) {all real x},
" y: y $ -4 ,
2
1
(c) (i) x-intercepts -2, 4, y-intercept -8

" y: y $ - 9 ,
(g)
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
1 2 3 4
(ii) {all real x},
(d) (i) x-intercept 3, y-intercept 9 (ii) {all real x}, " y: y $ 0 ,
(e) (i) x-intercepts ! 2, y-intercept 4

" y: y # 4 ,
4.
(a) {all real x}, " y: y $ -5 ,
(ii) {all real x},
(b) {all real x}, " y: y $ - 9 ,
ANSWERS
1
(c) {all real x}, ( y: y $ -2 2
4
(d) {all real x}, " y: y # 0 ,
(e) {all real x}, " y: y $ 0 ,

5.
(a) 0 # y # 9
6.
5
4
(b) 0 # y # 4
(c) -1 # y # 24
1
(e) -18 # y # 2
4
(d) -4 # y # 21
(a) (i) x 2 0 (ii) x 1 0
3
2
1
(b) (i) x 1 0 (ii) x 2 0
(c) (i) x 2 0 (ii) x 1 0 (d) (i) x 1 2 (ii) x 2 2

(e) (i) x 2 -5 (ii) x 1 -5
7.
8.
(c)
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
f ] -x g = - ] -x g 2
= -x2
= f (x)
` even
-3
-4
-5
(a) Even (b) Even (c) Even (d) Neither

(e) Neither (f) Even (g) Neither
(h) Neither (i) Neither (j) Neither
(d)
5
4
3
Exercises 5.6
1.
2.
(a) x-intercept 0, y-intercept 0

(b) No x-intercepts, y-intercept 7
(c) x-intercepts ! 2, y-intercept -2
(d) x-intercept 0, y-intercept 0
(e) x-intercepts ! 3, y-intercept 3
(f) x-intercept -6, y-intercept 6
2
(g) x-intercept , y-intercept 2
3
4
(h) x-intercept - , y-intercept 4
5
1
(i) x-intercept , y-intercept 1
7
(j) No x-intercepts, y-intercept 9
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
5
4
3
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-4
-5
-3
(f)
-4
y
5
-5
3
2
5
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-3
-2
(b)
(e)
(a)
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
1 2 3 4 5
-2
-3
-4
-5
779
780
(g)
3.
5
4
3
2
1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
4.
(a) (i) x 2 2 (ii) x 1 2 (b) (i) x 2 0 (ii) x 1 0

1
1
(d) (i) x 2 0 (ii) x 1 0
(c) (i) x 2 1 (ii) x 1 1
2
2
(e) (i) x 1 0 (ii) x 2 0
5.
(a) 0 # y # 2
-3
(a) {all real x}, " y: y $ 0 ,

(b) {all real x}, " y: y $ -8 ,
(c) {all real x}, " y: y $ 0 ,
(d) {all real x}, " y: y $ -3 ,
(e) {all real x}, " y: y # 0 ,
(b) - 8 # y # -4
(d) 0 # y # 11
-4
-5
6.
(a) x 2 -3
(e) x 1 -2
(b) x 1 0
7.
(a) x = !3
(b) x 2 1, x 1 -1
(h)
5
(c) 0 # y # 6
(e) -1 # y # 0
(c) x 2 9
(d) x 2 2
(c) -2 # x # 2
(d) x = -1, -3 (e) x = 3 (f) x = 1, 2 (g) -3 1 x 1 5
(h) - 4 # x # 2
(j) x # 2, x $ 4
1
(k) - 4 # x # 1 (l) x # 0, x $ 1 (m) x = 2, 2
(n) No solutions (o) x = 0 (p) x = 1 (q) x = 0, -2
1
(t) x = 0, 6
(r) No solutions (s) x =
3
3
2
1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
Exercises 5.7
-4
1.
-5
(i) x 2 4, x 1 0
(a) (i) {all real x: x ! 0}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) no y-intercept

y
(iii)
y
(i)
1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-4
-3
-5
-4
-5
(j)
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
(b) (i) {all real x: x ! 0}, {all real y: y ! 0}

(ii) no y-intercept
5
4
(iii)
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-2
-1
-1
-2
ANSWERS
(c) (i) {all real x: x ! -1}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) 1

y
(iii)
(iii)
5
4
3
2
-2
-1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
2 3
-2
-1
-3
-4
-2
-5
1
(d) (i) {all real x: x ! 2}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) -1
2
(g) (i) {all real x: x ! 1}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) -4
(iii)
(iii)
5
4
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
1 2
-2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-3
-2
-4
-3
-5
-4
(e) (i) {all real x: x ! -2}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii)
-5
1
6
(h) (i) {all real x: x ! -1}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) -2
(iii)
(iii)
2
5
4
-2
-1
-1
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
(f) (i) {all real x: x ! 3}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii)
-2
2
3
-3
-4
-5
781
782
(i) (i) ' all real x: x !
1
2
1, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) 2
3
Exercises 5.8
1.
(iii)
(a) (i)
1
2
-1
-2
-1
-3
2
3
-3
-2
(ii) ! x: -3 # x # 3 +, " y: -3 # y # 3 ,
(j) (i) {all real x: x ! -2}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) -3
(b) (i)
y
(iii)
5
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-4
x
-2
-4
-3
-4
-5
2.
3.
4.
(ii) ! x: -4 # x # 4 +, " y: -4 # y # 4 ,
f ] -x g =
2
-x
2
=x
= - f (x)
` odd function
(c) (i)
5
4
3
(a)
1
#y #1
9
(b)
1
#y #1
3
(d)
3
#y #3
7
(e) - 2 # y # -
(a) 1 # x # 3
(b) 1 # x # 4
(d) 1 # x # 4
(e) 1 # x # 2
(c) -2
1
1
#y #2
2
1
8
(c) - 6 # x # 0
(2, 1)
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
ANSWERS
(ii) ! x: 0 # x # 4 +, " y: -1 # y # 3 ,
(iii) ! x: -5 # x # 5 +, " y: -5 # y # 0 ,
(d) (i)
(b) (i) Above x-axis

y
(ii)
5
4
3
1
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-1
-3
(iii) ! x: -1 # x # 1 +, " y: 0 # y # 1 ,
-4
-5
(c) (i) Above x-axis
(ii) ! x: -4 # x # 2 +, " y: -3 # y # 3 ,
(ii)
(e) (i)
5
4
3
2
(-2, 1)
-6
1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
(iii) ! x: -6 # x # 6 +, " y: 0 # y # 6 ,
(d) (i) Below x-axis
-2
(ii)
(ii) ! x: -3 # x # -1 +, " y : 0 # y # 2 ,
2.
(a) (i) Below x-axis

(ii)
-8
-8
-5
-5
(iii) ! x: -8 # x # 8 +, " y: -8 # y # 0 ,
783
784
6.
(e) (i) Below x-axis

y
(ii)
(a) {y: - 9 # y # 3}
(b) {y: 0 # y # 9} (c) {y: -8 # y # 1}
1
(d) ' y: # y # 1 1 (e) {y: 0 # y # 4}
5
(f) {y: -1 # y # 15} (g) {y: -1 # y # 0}
(h) " y: - 1 # y # 8 , (i) {y: - 4 # y # 21}
1
(j) ' y: - 6 # y # 6 1
4
- 7
7.
(a) {all real x: x ! -1}

(b) x-intercept: y = 0
3
0=
x+1
0=3
This is impossible so there is no x-intercept
(c) {all real y: y ! 0}
8.
(a) {all real x: x ! 0}
(b) {all real y: y ! !1}
9.
(a)
- 7
(iii) " x: - 7 # x #
3.
7 , , # y: - 7 # y # 0 -
(a) Radius 10, centre (0, 0) (b) Radius
5 , centre (0, 0)
25
(c) Radius 4, centre (4, 5) (d) Radius 7, centre (5, -6)

(e) Radius 9, centre (0, 3)
4.
20
15
10
(a) x 2 + y 2 = 16
(b) x - 6x + y - 4y - 12 = 0
(c) x 2 + 2x + y 2 - 10y + 17 = 0
(d) x 2 - 4x + y 2 - 6y - 23 = 0
(e) x 2 + 8x + y 2 - 4y - 5 = 0
(f) x 2 + y 2 + 4y + 3 = 0
(g) x 2 - 8x + y 2 - 4y - 29 = 0
(h) x 2 + 6x + y 2 + 8y - 56 = 0
(i) x 2 + 4x + y 2 - 1 = 0
(j) x 2 + 8x + y 2 + 14y + 62 = 0
2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-5
5.
(a) {all real x}, {all real y} (b) {all real x}, {y: y = -4}
(c) {x: x = 3}, {all real y} (d) {all real x}, {y: y $ -1}
1
(e) {all real x}, {all real y} (f) {all real x}, ' y: y # 12 1
4
(g) {x: -8 # x # 8}, {y: -8 # y # 8}
(h) {all real t: t ! 4}, {all real f (t): f (t) ! 0}
(i) {all real z: z ! 0}, {all real g ^ z h: g ^ z h ! 5}
(j) {all real x}, {y: y $ 0}
(a) {x: x # - 1, x $ 2}
(b) {t: t # - 6, t $ 0}
1.
(a) x = 0, 5 (b) x = -3, 1, 2 (c) x = 0, 2, 4

(d) x = 0, ! 4 (e) x = !7 4. (a) -1 # x # 1
(b) {x: -1 # x # 1}
(b)
3.
-15
(a) {x: x $ 0}, {y: y $ 0} (b) {x: x $ 2}, {y: y $ 0}

(c) {all real x}, {y: y $ 0} (d) {all real x}, {y: y $ -2}
1
(e) ' x: x $ -2 1, {y: y # 0}
2
(f) {all real x}, {y: y # 5} (g) {all real x}, {y: y 2 0}
(h) {all real x}, {y: y 1 0}
(i) {all real x: x ! 0}, {all real y: y ! 1}
(j) {all real x: x ! 0}, {all real y: y ! 2}
-10
Exercises 5.9
2.
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
-4
-6
-8
y
(c)
25
20
15
10
5
-4 -3 -2 -1
-5
-10
-15
ANSWERS
(d)
(g)
8
6
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
-4
-1
-1
-6
-8
10. (a) " x: x $ 1 , " y: y $ 0 ,

y
(b)
y
(e)
2
1
8
6
-1
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
11.
6
-4
-6
-8
3
2
1
-1
(f)
12. (a) (i) {all real x}, {all real y} (ii) All x (iii) None
(b) (i) {all real x}, " y: y 2 -2 , (ii) x 2 0 (iii) x 1 0
(c) (i) {all real x: x ! 0}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) None
(iii) All x ! 0
(d) (i) {all real x}, {all real y} (ii) All x (iii) None
(e) (i) {all real x}, " y: y 2 0 , (ii) All x (iii) None
13. (a) - 2 # x # 2 (b) (i) {x: - 2 # x # 2}, { y: 0 # y # 2}
(ii) {x: - 2 # x # 2}, { y: - 2 # y # 0}
10
-10
-1
10
Exercises 5.10
1.
-10
(b) -10 (c) 8 (d) 3 (e) 3 (f) 75

1
(j) 1 (k) - 7 (l) x 2 - 3x
(h) - 6 (i)
4
(a) 21
(m) 2x 3 + 3x - 5
2.
(g) 0
(n) 3c 2
(a) Continuous (b) Discontinuous at x = - 1

(c) Continuous (d) Continuous (e) Discontinuous at
x = !2
785
786
3.
5.
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
Exercises 5.11
1.
(a) 0 (b) 0 (c) 0 (d) 2 (e) 1

(h) 0 (i) 5x (j) 3
2.
(a) RHS = 1 +
=
(f) 6 (g)
3
1
+ 2
x
x
x2 + x + 3
x2
= LHS
(b) 1 from above (c) 1 from below
3.
(a) 2 from below (b) 2 from above
4.
(a)
x
3
(b)
5x 2
4
2
3
(e)
ANSWERS
(f)
7.
21x #2
9.
x#
2
5
2
,x 21
3
8. x 1 - 6, x 2 - 3
10. - 2
2
# x 1 -2
3
Exercises 5.13
1.
(a)
6
(g)
5
4
3
2
1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
(h)
-3
-4
(b)
6
5
(i)
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
(j)
-3
-4
y
(c)
6
5
4
3
2
1
Exercises 5.12
1.
1
1x 10
2
2. 0 1 x 1
1
3
4.
1
#x 10
2
5. 1 1 x 1 1
3. 0 1 x # 1
1
3
6. x $ -1, x 1 - 2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
787
788
(d)
(g)
x+y = 1
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
-4
-4
y
(e)
1
1
2 3
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
-4
-4
3x - y - 6 = 0
-5
(f)
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
y = x +1
(h)
-6
(i)
y = 2x -3
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
x
x + 2y - 2 = 0
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
ANSWERS
(j)
(c)
6
1
5
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-1
x
-2
-1
-3
-4
-5
x=
-6
2.
(a) x 2 -3
(e) y $ 2
3.
(b) y $ -2
1
2
(d)
5
(d) y 2 x 2 - 4
(c) y $ x + 1
y=x2
(a)
2
1
5
4
-4 -3 -2 -1
y = x2 - 1
-1
-2
-3
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-4
-5
-2
(e)
-3
-4
-5
6
4
(b)
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
-4
y = x3
-3
-3
x
4.
(a) y 1 3x - 2
(b) y 2 x 2 + 2
(c) x 2 + y 2 1 49
(d) x 2 + y 2 2 81
(e) x 1 5, y 2 2
-6
-8
789
790
5.
(a)
(b)
3
2
1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
y=x -3
-4
-2
-3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
(b)
-4
-5
-6
3
2
(c)
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
y = 3x 5
-2
3
2
(c)
5
4
-4 -3
-1
-1
-2
-3
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-4
-5
-6
-2
6.
-2
(d)
(a)
5
4
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
y=x+1
-4
-3
-2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
y=3x
ANSWERS
(e)
(h)
x = -2
y = x3
y=3
4
2
y=1
-3
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
-4
-6
-8
-3
(f)
(i)
1
1
-2
-1
-2
-1
-1
x=1
y
(g)
(j)
y=4
y = x2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
x - y = -1
2
1
x-y=2
-2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-3
-2
-4
-3
-5
-4
-5
-6
791
792
7.
(a)
(d)
y = x2
5
4
3
2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-1
2
y= x
-2
-2
-3
-4
-5
(e)
(b)
8
y = x3
6
4
y=1
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
-4
y=
-4
-3 -2
-1
-1
1
x+2
-2
-6
-8
8.
y
(c)
(a)
y
y = x2
y=5
4
3
-2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-2
-4
x=1
-5
x=2
ANSWERS
(e)
(b)
y = |x|
y=3
x
-4 - 3 - 2 - 1
-1
-2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
y = -1
-3
-3
-5
x=2
Test yourself 5
-6
(c)
-2
x=3
-4
y=x-2
793
1.
(a) f ] - 2 g = 6
2.
(a)
(b) f ] a g = a 2 - 3a - 4
(c) x = 4, -1
y = 2x + 1
6
5
4
3
2
2x - 3y = 6
(b)
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
(c)
y
(d)
y=2
(d)
-3
(e)
x = -3
Answer S1-S5.indd 793
-3
8/11/09 11:31:52 AM
794
8.
(f)
9.
(g)
(h)
10.
3.
4.
1
4
(b) Domain: all real x; range: all real y
(c) Domain: - 1 # x # 1; range: - 1 # y # 1
(d) Domain: - 1 # x # 1; range: 0 # y # 1
(e) Domain: - 1 # x # 1; range: - 1 # y # 0
(f) Domain: all real x ! 0; range: all real y ! 0
(g) Domain: all real x; range: all real y
(h) Domain: all real x; range: y $ 0
(a) Domain: all real x; range: y $ - 6
15
5. (a) 4 (b) 5
(c) 9
(d) 3
11. (a) y # 3
(b) y 2 x + 2
(c) y $ - x 2, y # 0
12. (a) Domain: all real x ! 3, range: all real y ! 0

(b)
(e) 2
6.
13. (a)
7.
(b) (i) x = 2, -4 (ii) - 4 1 x 1 2 (iii) x 2 2, x 1 - 4
ANSWERS
14. (a) 2
(b) x = 3
2
3
1
3
(c) 1
(b)
15. (a) x-intercept -10, y-intercept 4

(b) x-intercepts - 2, 7, y-intercept
y
-14
16. (a) i (b) iii (c) ii
17. (a) 4
(b)
2
5
(c) - 1
(d) i
1
2
(e) iii
(d) 3
-1
18.
(c)
19. (a) Domain: x $ 2, range: y $ 0
(b)
(d)
f (x) = x 4 3x 2 1
f ( x) = ] - x g4 3 ] x g2
= x 4 3x
3x 2 1
= f (x)
So f ] x g is even.
-4
20. (a)
1
1
x
f (x) = x 3 x
f ( x) = ] - x g3 ( )
= - x3 + x
= -( 3
)
= - f (x)
So f ] x g is odd.
(b)
(e)
21. (a
a)
1
x
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
4
-2
795
796
1.
6.
f ] 3 g = 9, f ] -4 g = 16, f ] 0 g = 1
7.
Domain: all real x ! ! 1; range: y # - 1, y 2 0
2
b=- ,3
3
2.
3.
8.
-2
9.
Domain: x $ 0; range: y $ 0
10. x = 0, 3, - 2
11.
4.
12. h ] 2 g + h ] -1 g - h ] 0 g = - 3 + 0 - ] -1 g = - 2
5.
ANSWERS
13.
18.
14.
19.
15. f ^ (-a) h = 2 (-a ) - 1

= 2a 2 - 1
= f (a 2)
2
16. x =
17. (a)
20. Domain: x $ 3; range: y $ 0 21. Domain: - 2 # x # 2
22.
1 ! 41
4
1
x+3
2]x + 3g
1
=
+
x+3
x+3
2x + 6 + 1
=
x+3
2x + 7
=
x+3
= LHS
2x + 7
1
=2+
`
x+3
x+3
RHS = 2 +
23. (a) 0
(b)
(b) Domain: all real x ! - 3; range: all real y ! 2

(c)
24.
797
798
Chapter 6: Trigonometry
Exercises 6.1
cos i =
2.
3
5
4
sin b = , cot b = , sec b =
5
4
3
3.
sin b =
4.
cos x =
5
, tan x =
9
5.
cos i =
3
4
, sin i =
5
5
6.
5
5
3
tan i =
, sec i = , sin i =
2
2
3
7.
cos i =
35
, tan i =
6
8.
tan i =
51
51
, sin i =
7
10
9.
(a)
10. (a)
7
74
7
, cos b =
5
, tan b =
(a) 17c 20l (b) 34c 20l (c) 34c 12l
1.6 m
5.
(a) 18.4 cm
7.
47.4 mm 8. 20.3 m
(c) 9.0 cm
9
56
3. 20.3 cm
4. 13.9 m
(b) 13.8 cm
6. 10 cm and 10.5 cm
9. (a) 7.4 cm
(b) 6.6 cm
1
10. (a) 6.8 cm
35
(b) 6.5 cm
1.
(a) x = 39c 48l (b) a = 35c 06l (c) i = 37c 59l

(d) a = 50c 37l (e) a = 38c 54l (f) b = 50c 42l
(g) x = 44c 50l (h) i = 30c 51l (i) a = 29c 43l
(j) i = 45c 37l (k) a = 57c 43l (l) i = 43c 22l
(m) i = 37c 38l (n) i = 64c 37l (o) b = 66c 16l
(p) a = 29c 56l (q) i = 54c 37l (r) a = 35c 58l
(s) i = 59 2l (t) c = 56c 59l
2.
37c 57l 3. 22c 14l
3
1
1
, cos 30c =
, tan 30c =
2
2
3
3
6.
(a) 11.4 cm
13. tan 48c = cot 42c = 1.11
14. (a) 2 cos 61c or 2 sin 29c
8.
(a) 13 m
(e) 2
15. x = 80c
16. y = 22c
19. t = 20c
20. k = 15c
11. 38 cm
Exercises 6.4
3
1
, cos 60c = , tan 60c =
2
2
(d) 1
(e) 1.393
2.
74
12. sec 82c = cosec 8c = 7.19
(c) 0
(d) 0.928
(a) x = 6.3 (b) y = 5.6 (c) b = 3.9 (d) x = 5.6

(e) m = 2.9 (f) x = 13.5 (g) y = 10.0 (h) p = 3.3
(i) x = 5.1 (j) t = 28.3 (k) x = 3.3 cm (l) x = 2.9 cm
(m) x = 20.7 cm (n) x = 20.5 mm (o) y = 4.4 m
(p) k = 20.6 cm (q) h = 17.3 m (r) d = 1.2 m
(s) x = 17.4 cm (t) b = 163.2 m
11. sin 67c = cos 23c = 0.92
(b) 0
(c) 0.339
1.
5
(b) 45c
1
1
(c) sin 45c =
, cos 45c =
, tan 45c = 1
2
2
(c) sin 60c =
6.
(b) 0.697
Exercises 6.3
56
, cosec x =
5
(b) sin 30c =
(a) 0.635
(d) 46c 34l (e) 79c 10l
5
12
12
, sin i =
, tan i =
5
13
13
1.
5.
4. 36c52l 5. 50c
(b) 37c 52l 7. a = 31c 58l, b = 45c 44l
(b) 65c 17l 9. (a) 11c 19l (b) 26 cm
10. 4.96 cm and 17.3 cm
17. p = 31c
18. b = 25c
11. (a) 12.9 m
(b) 56c 34l
Exercises 6.5
1.
(a)
North
Exercises 6.2
1.
(a) 47c
2.
(a) 47c 13l (b) 81c 46l (c) 19c 26l
(b) 82c
(c) 19c
(d) 77c
(e) 52c
(d) 76c 37l (e) 52c 30l

3.
4.
(a) 77.75c
(b) 65.5c
(c) 24.85c
(d) 68.35c
(e) 82.517c
(a) 59c 32l (b) 72c 14l (c) 85c 53l

(d) 46c 54l (e) 73c 13l
Beach
house
100c
Boat
ANSWERS
North
(b)
(f) North
Farmhouse
Jamie
12c
Campsite
Dam
(g)
320c
North
North
(c)
House 160c
Jetty
200c
Mohammed
(h)
North
Seagull
(d) North
Alistair
Mine shaft
80c
Town
50c
(i)
Bus stop
Yvonne
North
North
(e)
Plane
349c
B Hill
285c
School
799
800
North
(j)
4.
(a) 2nd
6.
(a) 1st
(e) -
8.
Boat ramp
Island
280c
2.
(a) 248c
3.
080c
7.
4. 210c 5. 160c 6. 10.4 m
12. 1.8 km
(g)
3
2
1
2
(b)
13. 12 m 14. 242c
15. 035c
25. 198 m 26. 4.8 km 27. 9.2 m 28. 217c
3+1
2
(g) 1
1
4
(b) 1 (c)
6+ 2
=
4
(h)
(k) 0
(d) 4
2 ^ 3 + 1h
4
(l) 1
(q) 2 3
3 2
2
9 3
2
(a) x =
3.
60c
7.
(a) 6 2 m
4.
(b) y =
2m
5.
3m
4 3
3
(i)
(f)
(r) -
1
2
(s) 6
2 3
3
(n)
2
3
(t)
6
2- 3
2
(c) p = 2 3
6.
10 3
m
3
(b) 4 m 8. 0.9 m
9.
5^3 + 3 h
m
3
10. 100 3 m
(a) 1st, 4th (b) 1st, 3rd (c) 1st, 2nd

(e) 3rd, 4th (f) 2nd, 3rd (g) 3rd
(h) 3rd (i) 2nd (j) 4th
2.
(a) 3rd
(b) -
1
2
3. (a) 4th (b) -
1
2
3
2
(c)
(d) 1
(i)
(i) 1
5
21
(d) 2nd, 4th
65
(d)
(j)
2
1
2
(c) - 3
3
2
(i) 3
2
1
2
(j) -
(e) -
(j) -
(e) -
(d)
1
2
3
2
1
2
1
2
(f)
1
2
, cot x = -
, sec i =
3
10
20. (a) sin i
2
21
21
2
, tan x = -
9
65
(b) cos x = -
5
18. cot a = - , sec a =
6
19. sin i =
89
5
55
8
8
, sec x = - , cosec x = 3
3
55
17. (a) sin x =
91
3
, tan x = 10
91
61
61
, cosec a = 5
6
51
7
, cot i = 10
51
(b) cos x
(f) - sin i (g) cos a
(c) tan b
(d) - sin a
(e) - tan i
(h) - tan x
Exercises 6.8
1.
Exercises 6.7
1.
(c)
, cosec x = -
15. tan i = 16. tan x =
(m) 2 ^ 2 - 1 h
(p) 3 - 2 2
2.
(e)
3
2
7 74
5 74
, sin x = 74
74
14. cos x = -
(j) - ^ 2 + 3 h
1
3
89
(b) 7.2 km 30. (a) 13.1 m (b) 50c26l
(a)
(o) 1
13. cosec x = -
Exercises 6.6
1.
(h) -
2
1
33
4
, tan i = 7
33
11. cos i = 12. cos x =
22. 1931.9 km 23. 34.6 m 24. 149c
29. (a) 1.2 km
3
2
(b)
(g)
(h) -
(h)
16. 9.2 m 17. 171 m 18. 9.8 km 19. 51c 41l 20. 2.6 m
21. 9c21l
1
2
(b)
3
4
10. sin i = - , cos i = 5
5
10. (a) 1056.5 km (b) 2265.8 km (c) 245c

11. 83.1 m
(b) -
5. (a) 2nd
7. (a) 1
1
2
(f) -
(a) (g)
8. 126.9 m 9. 72c48l
21 m
1
2
(a) -
3
2
(b)
(f) - 3
9.
(b) 145c (c) 080c (d) 337c (e) 180c
(b) - 3
(a) i = 20c 29l, 159c 31l (b) i = 120c, 240c

(c) i = 135c, 315c (d) i = 60c, 120c (e) i = 150c, 330c
(f) i = 30c, 330c
(g) i = 30c, 120c, 210c, 300c ] 0c # 2i # 720c g
(h) i = 70c, 110c, 190c, 230c, 310c, 350c
] 0c # 3i # 1080c g
ANSWERS
(i) i = 30c, 150c, 210c, 330c

(j) i = 15c, 45c, 75c, 105c, 135c, 165c, 195c, 225c,
255c, 285c, 315c, 345c
2.
(a) i = !79c 13l (b) i = 30c, 150c

(d) i = - 60c, -120c
16.
(c) i = 45c, -135c
(e) i = 150c, -30c
(f) i = !30c, !150c

(g) i = 22c 30l, 112c 30l, -67c 30l, -157c 30l
(h) i = !15c, !45c, !75c, !105c, !135c, !165c
(i) i = 135c, -45c
(j) i = !30c, !60c, !120c, !150c
3.
17.
4.
-1
5.
Exercises 6.9
1.
(a) cos i (b) - tan i (c) cos i (d) tan i (e) - sec a
2.
(a) sin i (b) sec i (c) cosec x

(f) cosec x
2
(j) sin2 x
3.
6.
x = 0c, 180c, 360c
9.
x = 0c, 360c
7. - 1
8. 1
(g) sec x
(k) 1
(l) sin i cos i
(a) LHS = cos x - 1

= 1 - sin 2 x - 1
= - sin 2 x
= RHS
So cos 2 x - 1 = -sin 2 x
2
(b) LHS = sec i + tan i

sin i
1
=
+
cos i
cos i
1 + sin i
=
cos i
= RHS
1 + sin i
So sec i + tan i =
cos i
10.
(c) LHS = 3 + 3 tan 2 a
11. 0
12. x = 270c
14. x = 0c, 180c, 360c
13. x = 0c, 180c, 360c

15. x = -270c, 90c
= 3 (1 + tan 2 a )
= 3 sec 2 a
3
=
cos 2 a
3
=
1 - sin 2 a
= RHS
So 3 + 3 tan 2 a =
(d) cos2 x
(e) sin a
(h) tan i (i) 5 cosec 2 i
3
1 - sin 2 a
801
802
(d) LHS = sec 2 x - tan 2 x

= tan 2 x + 1 - tan 2 x
=1
= cosec 2 x - cot 2 x
= RHS
(j) LHS =
=
(e) LHS = ] sin x - cos x g 3

= ] sin x - cos x g ] sin x - cos x g 2
= ] sin x - cos x g ^ sin 2 x - 2 sin x cos x + cos 2 x h
= ] sin x - cos x g ] 1 - 2 sin x cos x g
= sin x - 2 sin 2 x cos x - cos x + 2 sin x cos 2 x
= RHS
So ] sin x - cos x g 3 = sin x - 2 sin 2 x cos x - cos x
+ 2 sin x cos 2 x
RHS =
1 - sin 2 i + 2 sin i
sin i cos i
cos 2 i + 2 sin i
=
sin i cos i
2 sin i
cos 2 i
=
+
sin i cos i sin i cos i
cos i
2
=
+
sin i cos i
= cot i + 2 sec i
= LHS
(g) LHS = cos 2 ] 90c - i g cot i

= sin 2 i cot i
cos i
= sin 2 i #
sin i
= sin i cos i
= RHS
So cos 2 ] 90c - i g cot i = sin i cos i
So
4.
So
cos 2 i
= tan 2 i + cos 2 i
sin b cos b
+
cos b sin b
sec b
sin 2 b + cos 2 b
sin b cos b
sec b
1 + cot b
cosec b
- cos b = sin b
LHS = x 2 + y 2
= ] 2 cos i g 2 + ] 2 sin i g 2
= 4 cos 2 i + 4 sin 2 i
= 4 (cos 2 i + sin 2 i)
= 4 ]1g
=4
= RHS
So x 2 + y 2 = 4
1 - sin 2 i cos 2 i
1 - sin 2 i cos 2 i
tan b + cot b
sec b
LHS = RHS
So ] cosec x + cot x g ] cosec x - cot x g = 1

cos 2 i
sin 2 i cos 2 i
=
cos 2 i
cos 2 i
= sec 2 i - sin 2 i
= tan 2 i + 1 - (1 - cos 2 i)
= tan 2 i + 1 - 1 + cos 2 i
= tan 2 i + cos 2 i
= RHS
sec b
1
sin b cos b
cos b sin b
= sec b #
1
cos b sin b
1
=
#
1
cos b
= sin b
1 - sin i + 2 sin i
sin i cos i
cosec b
1 + cot b - cot b
(i) LHS =
cosec b
cosec b
1
=
cosec b
= sin b
(f) RHS =
(h) LHS = ] cosec x + cot x g ] cosec x - cot x g

= cosec 2 x - cot 2 x
= 1 + cot 2 x - cot 2 x
=1
= RHS
- cos b
cosec b
1 + cot b - cos b cosec b
1 + cot b - cos b #
So sec 2 x - tan 2 x = cosec 2 x - cot 2 x
So cot i + 2 sec i =
1 + cot b
5.
LHS = x 2 + y 2
= ] 9 cos i g 2 + ] 9 sin i g 2
= 81 cos 2 i + 81 sin 2 i
= 81 (cos 2 i + sin 2 i)
= 81 ] 1 g
= 81
= RHS
So x 2 + y 2 = 81
1
sin b
ANSWERS
Exercises 6.10
1.
(a) x = 8.9
Exercises 6.13
(b) y = 9.4 cm
(d) b = 10.7 m
2.
(c) a = 10.0
1.
(a) 7.5 cm 2 (b) 32.3 units 2 (c) 9.9 mm 2

(d) 30.2 units 2 (e) 6.3 cm 2
2.
15 3 2
m
2
6.
1.2 m 2
9.
(a) 7.8 cm
(e) d = 8.0
(a) i = 54c 57l (b) a = 61c 23l (c) x = 43c 03l

(d) a = 87c 04l (e) i = 150c 56l
3.
126c 56l 4. (a) 13.5 mm
5.
(a) 1.8 m
7.
(a) 10.3 m
9.
(a) 14.1 cm (b) 15.6 cm
(b) 2.7 m 6. 5.7 cm

(b) 9.4 m 8. (a) 60c 22l (b) 57c 9l
(b) b = 10.4 m
(d) n = 16.4
2.
7. 42 cm 2
(c) h = 7.4 cm
(e) y = 9.3
(a) i = 51c 50l (b) i = 60c 27l (c) x = 57c 42l

(d) b = 131c 31l (e) i = 73c 49l
10. (a) 5.6 cm
(c) 19.1 cm 2
1.
(a) 2 m (b) 2.2 m (c) 65c 21l 2. (a) 1.9 m (b) 49c 46l
3.
(a) 109 cm 2
5.
(a) 9 m
7.
(a) 48 m
(b) 128.6 m
9.
16c 50l
10. 11c 10l
(b) 16c 20l 4. 65c 9l
(b) 25c 7l 6. (a) 56 m
Exercises 6.15
5.
(a) 11.9 cm (b) 44c 11l (c) 82c 13l
1.
9.
8. 247.7 mm 2
(b) 18.5 cm 2
32.94 mm 4. 11.2 cm and 12.9 cm
7.
+XYZ = +XZY = 66c 10l, +YXZ = 47c 40l

(a) 18.1 mm (b) 80c49l 8. (a) 6.2 cm
(c)
(b) 12.7 cm
(b) 30c
tan a + tan b
1 - tan a tan b
(b) 89.7 m
(c) 97.7 m 8. 84 m
(a) sin a cos b - cos a sin b
(e)
12.9 cm 10. (a) 11 cm
(b) cos p cos q - sin p sin q
(d) sin x cos 20c + cos x sin 20c
tan 48 + tan x
1 - tan 48c tan x
(f) cos 2i cos a + sin 2i sin a
(g) cos x cos 75c - sin x sin 75c
(h)
Exercises 6.12
1.
12.5 cm and 4.7 cm 2. (a) 040c (b) 305c 3. 16.4 m
4.
103c
7.
(a) 1.21 km
5. 1.97 m 6. 11c
(i) sin 4a cos b - cos 4a sin b (j)

2.
(b) 1 minute 8. 32 m 9. 107 m
12. 7.7 km
13. 5.7 km and 5.4 km
14. 1841 km
15. 35.8 m 16. 89c 52l 17. 9.9 km
18. 163.5 km
19. 64.1 m 20. 3269 km
21. (a) 11.3 cm (b) 44c 40l 22. 141c

23. (a) 11.6 cm (b) 73c 14l
(a) sin ] a + b g (b) tan 65c

(e) tan 2i (f) sin 32c
(i) 2 sin x sin y
5.8 sin 42c 29l

10. (a) AC =
(b) i = 74c 50l
sin 101c 36l
11. h = 8.5
3.
(a)
(c)
(d)
(e)
24. (a) 265.5 km (b) 346c 33l

25. (a) 35c 5l (b) (i) 4.5 m
S6.indd 803
5. 34.8 cm 2
(b) 180.8 cm 2
3.
6.
4. 15.5 cm 2
Exercises 6.14
Exercises 6.11
(a) m = 5.8
3. 7.5 cm 2
(b) 25 mm
10. (a) 54.7 mm (b) 35.1 mm
1.
803
(ii) 0.55 m
(g)
1+ 3
2 2
1+ 3
2 2
(c) cos 55c
(d) sin ^ 2x + 3y h
(g) 2 sin a cos b
(h) 2 cos x sin y
(j) 2 cos m cos n

2+ 6
4
(b)
1+ 3
2+ 6
4
2 2
-^2 3 + 4h
= -^ 3 + 2h
2
2 2
1+ 3
1 + tan a tan 3b
2 3+4
=
2
1- 3
1- 3
tan a - tan 3b
3-1
1+ 3
tan 5x - tan 7y
1 + tan 5x tan 7y
2- 6
4
(f)
3+2
3-1
2 2
6- 2
4
2+ 6
4
8/11/09 11:38:03 AM
804
(h)
1+ 3
1- 3
15. (a) sin 6x
-^4 + 2 3 h
= -^2 + 3 h
2
(e)
3-1
1+ 3
o + cos x e
o
(i) sin x e
2
2
(j)
4.
2
2
cos y =
(c)
2 cos y
5. (a)
6 + 35
3 5-2 7
6 + 35
12
3 5+2 7
12
(b)
6.
(a) 2 sin i cos i (b) cos 2 i - sin 2 i (c)
7.
(a) 3 sin i cos 2 i - sin 3 i
8.
9.
(g)
32 5 + 27 7
17
(b) cos 3 i - 3 sin 2 i cos i (c)
2 tan i
1 - tan 2 i
3 tan i - tan 3 i
3
(c) 2
11. (a)
4
5
(b)
3
(d) 2
12
13
(c) -
(e)
33
65
10. (a)
1
2
18. (a)
(b)
(d)
12
5
(e) - 3
(b) -2 sin x sin y
21.
15
16
(c) 2 cos x sin y
(f)
2 tan y ^ tan 2 x + 1 h
1 - tan 2 x tan 2 y
2 tan i
1 - tan 2 i
(c) cos 2 i - sin 2 i
(d) sin x cos 2y + cos x sin 2y

= sin x _ cos 2 y - sin 2 y i + 2 cos x sin y cos y
(e) cos 2a cos b - sin 2a sin b
= ^ cos 2 a - sin 2 a h cos b - 2 sin a cos a sin b
(f)
tan x + tan 2y
1 - tan x tan 2y
tan x - tan x tan 2 y + 2 tan y
=
1 - tan 2 y - 2 tan x tan y
(g) sin 2i cos d - cos 2i sin d
= 2 sin i cos i cos d - cos 2 i sin d + sin 2 i sin d
(h) cos i cos 2c + sin i sin 2c
= cos i _ cos 2 c - sin 2 c i + 2 sin i sin c cos c
tan x - tan 2z
tan x - tan x tan 2 z - 2 tan z
=
1 + tan x tan 2z
1 - tan 2 z + 2 tan x tan z
(j) sin 2x cos 2y - cos 2x sin 2y
= 2 sin x cos x _ cos 2 y - sin 2 y i
- 2 sin y cos y ^ cos 2 x - sin 2 x h
(i)
(b)
(h) 1
63
65
(b)
1
2
(c)
1
(i)
2 2
(d)
3
(j) -
1
2
5 39
7
, sin 2x =
32
32
7
25
(c)
120
169
(d) -
33
56
(b)
1
2+ 3
=2- 3
2-1
(d) cos x cos y - sin x sin y + sin x cos y - cos x sin y
(b)
2
4
22. (a)
13. (a) 2 sin x cos y
14. (a) 2 sin b cos b
2 2
17. cos 2x = -
1
[cos 115c + cos ] - 15c g]
2
1 - tan 2 x tan 2 y
20. (a) tan x
(b)
2 tan x _ 1 + tan 2 y i
(g) cos 6a
12. (a) 2 cos x cos y
(e)
1
sin 12i (f) 1 + sin 2x
2
19. 4 sin i cos i ^ cos 2 i - sin 2 i h =

4 sin i cos 3 i - 4 sin 3 i cos i
1 - 3 tan 2 i
(a) tan 4i (b) sin 7i cos 3i - cos 7i sin 3i

cos 2x cos 7x - sin 2x sin 7x
(c) tan 10i (d) cos 2y

(h) cos 80c
(i) tan 2b (j) 1 - sin 6x

16. (a)
tan 2x
(b) cos 14y
(b)
1
sin 2i tan i
2
1
= (2 sin i cos i) tan i
2
sin i
= sin i cos i
cos i
= sin 2 i
= LHS
1
2
` sin i = sin 2i tan i
2
RHS =
RHS =
1 - cos i
sin i
i
i
- sin 2 n
2
2
=
i
i
cos
2 sin
2
2
i
i
1 - cos 2 + sin 2
2
2
=
i
i
cos
2 sin
2
2
i
i
sin 2 + sin 2
2
2
=
i
i
2 sin
cos
2
2
i
2 sin 2
2
=
i
i
2 sin
cos
2
2
i
sin
2
=
i
cos
2
i
= tan
2
= LHS
i
1 - cos i
` tan =
2
sin i
1 - d cos 2
1
2
(e)
(f)
3
2
ANSWERS
23. RHS = sin 11i sin 3i

= sin (7i + 4i) sin (7i - 4i)
= (sin 7i cos 4i + cos 7i sin 4i)
(sin 7i cos 4i - cos 7i sin 4i)
= sin 2 7i cos 2 4i - cos 2 7i sin 2 4i
= sin 2 7i (1 - sin 2 4i) - (1 - sin 2 7i) sin 2 4i
= sin 2 7i - sin 2 7i sin 2 4i - sin 2 4i + sin 2 7i sin 2 4i
= sin 2 7i - sin 2 4i
= LHS
` sin 2 7i - sin 2 4i = sin 11i sin 3i
5.
6.
7.
24. LHS = cos 3i

= cos (2i + i)
= cos 2i cos i - sin 2i sin i
= (cos 2 i - sin 2 i) cos i - 2 sin 2 i cos i
= cos 3 i - sin 2 i cos i - 2 sin 2 i cos i
= cos 3 i - 3 sin 2 i cos i
= cos 3 i - 3 (1 - cos 2 i) cos i
= cos 3 i - 3 cos i + 3 cos 3 i
= 4 cos 3 i - 3 cos i
= RHS
8.
(a)
1 + t2
2t
(i)
4.
LHS =
1
2
1.
1 - t2
(f)
(c)
1+t
1-t
2.
(j)
(a)
2 sin ] i - 45cg (b)
34 sin ] i + 59c 2lg
5 sin ] i - 63c 26lg
29 sin ] i - 21c 48lg
10 cos ] i - 18c 26lg 9. 2 cos ] i + 60cg

85 sin ] i + 12c 32lg
(b)
85 cos ] i - 77c 28lg
(a) x = 45c, 225c
(b) x = 30c, 210c
(f) x = 0c, 60c, 300c, 360c
(d)
1 + t2
3 - 3t + 8t
2
1+t
(h)
3.
1
t
(b) a = 180n + 60c
(c) i = 360n ! 30c
(d) x = 180n - ] -1 gn # 30c
(e) i = 180n - 45c
(f) b = 360n ! 45c

(h) i = 180n + 30c
(i) i = 360n ! 75c 49l (j) a = 180n + ] -1 gn # 23c 31l
1 + t2
1 + t 2 + 2t + 1 - t 2
1 + sin i - cos i
=t
1 + sin i + cos i
(a) i = 180n + ] - 1 gn # 30c
(g) c = 180n ! 60c
1 - t2
(d) i = 180c, 270c
(i) i = 51c 2l, 190c 54l (j) i = 160c 32l, 270c
2t + 1 - t 2
^1 + t h
2t
(a) i = 126c 52l, 306c52l (b) i = 35c58l, 189c16l
(g) i = 90c, 340c 32l (h) i = 56c 34l, 176c 34l
1 - t2
2t
(g)
(h) x = 0c, 180c, 360c
(j) x = 0c, 360c
(e) i = 240c 43l, 327c 21l (f) i = 90c, 180c
2 2
1+t
2t 2 + 2t
=
2 + 2t
2t ] t + 1 g
=
2]1 + t g
=t
= RHS
`
41 sin ] i + 38c 40lg
65 sin ] i + 60c 15lg
(d) cos 50c
4t ^ 1 - t 2 h
1+t
1+t
1 + t 2 + 2t - 1 + t 2
(i)
10 sin ] i + 18c 26lg
(f)
(i) x = 30c, 135c, 150c, 315c
(d) 0
1 + sin i - cos i
1 + sin i + cos i
2t
1 - t2
1+
2
1+t
1 + t2
1+
(h)
(c) i = 60c, 240c
1 + t2
(j)
13 sin ] i + 56c 19lg
(e) x = 90c, 210c, 330c
(c)
1 - t + 2t
1+t
1-t
(g)
29 sin ] i + 21c 48lg
(g) x = 0c, 45c, 180c, 225c, 360c
(b)
1-t
(e)
17 sin ] i + 14c 2lg
(d) x = 0c, 45c, 180c, 225c, 360c
(e)
2 sin ] i + 45cg (d)
Exercises 6.17
(e) sin 2i (f) cos i
3.
(c)
(b) 2 sin ] i + 60cg
(c) x = 0c, 60c, 180c, 300c, 360c
(a) tan i (b) cos i (c) tan 20c
(b)
5 sin ] i + 26c 34lg
10. (a)
Exercises 6.16
2.
(a)
(e)
25. 3 sin x - 4 sin 3 x
3
(a)
2
^ 1 + t 2 h2
(c) 2 sin ] i - 60cg (d) 2 sin ] i - 30cg
` cos 3i = 4 cos 3 i - 3 cos i
1.
4t - 4t 3 - 1 + 6t 2 - t 4
4.
x = 52c 30l, 82c 30l, -97c 30l, -127c 30l
5.
x = 180n + ] - 1 gn # 30c, 360n ! 90c
6.
x = -180c, 0c, 90c, 180c
7.
(a) i = 180n
(b) x = 360n
(d) i = 180n + (-1) 270c

n
8.
(a) (i) x = 30c, 150c
(c) x = 180n
(e) 360n ! 90c
(ii) x = 180n + ] - 1 gn ! 30c
(b) (i) x = 41c 25l, 318c 35l (ii) x = 360n ! 41c 25l
(c) (i) x = 71c 34, 251c 34l (ii) x = 180n + 71c 34l
(d) (i) x = 161c 34l, 341c 34l (ii) x = 180n - 18c 26l
(e) (i) x = 45c
(ii) x = 180n + (-1) n 90c - 45c
805
806
9.
x = 180n + ] -1 g n # 30c, 180n + (-1) n 270c
10. (a) x = 0c, 120c, 240c, 360c
cos i =
2.
(a) cos x
(b) 2
34
, sin i =
34
(c) cosec A
(d) cos i
(e) cos 20i
(a) i = 46c 3l (b) i = 73c 23l (c) i = 35c 32l
5.
LHS =
8.
(b) -
2 2
2 ^ 3 + 1h
4
2 ^1 - 3 h
4
(c)
1
2 2
2
4
(b) x = 180n + 45c
24. a = 51c 40l
23. i = 0c, 120c, 360c
(b) cos ] x + x g = cos x cos x - sin x sin x

= cos 2 x - sin 2 x
= ^ 1 - sin 2 x h - sin 2 x
= 1 - 2 sin 2 x
2 cos 2 i
So
= 2 + 2 sin i
1 - sin i
25. (a) cos ^ x + y h
2 cos 2 i
1 - sin i
2 ^ 1 - sin 2 i h
=
1 - sin i
2 ] 1 + sin i g ] 1 - sin i g
=
1 - sin i
= 2 (1 + sin i)
= 2 + 2 sin i
= RHS
2 2
3+1
22. (a) x = 360n ! 60c
(b) 1.84 (c) 0.95
7. (a)
1- 3
(b) 8.5 m
(c) x = 180n + ] - 1 gn # 60c
4.
1
(d) 2
21. (a)
(b)
(a) 0.64
b = 40c
20. 2951 km
3.
6.
20 sin 39c
sin 99c
(b) 360n ! 120c, 360n
Test yourself 6
1.
19. (a) AD =
3
2
1.
92c 58l 2. 50.2 km
4.
(a) AC =
25.3 sin 39c 53l

(b) h = 25.2 cm
sin 41c 21l
6.
- cos x
7. 16 3 cm 2
9.
x = 22c 30l, 112c 30l, 202c 30l, 292c 30l 10. i = 75c 45l
3. x = 12.7 cm
8.
(c) - 3
140
(e) 221
11. 5.4 m
x = 120c, 240c
14. -
56
9
12. i = 110c, 230c

15. 31 m
1
2
13. 6.43 km
16. LHS =
9.
5. 4.1 km
cos i ] sin i + cos i g
= cos i
1 - sin 2 i
] sin i + cos i g
cos 2 i
sin i + cos i
=
cos i
= tan i + 1
= RHS
17. x 2 + y 2 + 4y - 5 = 0
x = 90c, 270c
10. 122 km
11. 5 3
19. (a) 52c 37l (b) 9 m

12. (a) 6.3 cm
(b) 8.7 m
13. (a) i = 65c 5l (b) i = 84c 16l (c) i = 39c 47l

14. 65.3 cm 2
15. (a) x = !60c, !120c
(b) x = 15c, 105c, -75c, -165c

(c) x = 0c, !180c, 30c, -150c
3
4
16. sin i = - , cot i =
5
3
17. (a) 209c
18. i = 180n + ] -1 gn 30c + 53c 8l
(b) 029c
18. (a) 65 m
(b) 27c 42l
20. 30c 8l
21. LHS = cos 6i cos 4i - sin 6i sin 4i

= cos (6i + 4i)
= cos 10i
= cos 2 5i - sin 2 5i
= cos 2 5i - (1 - cos 2 5i)
= 2 cos 2 5i - 1
= RHS
` cos 6i cos 4i - sin 6i sin 4i = 2 cos 2 5i - 1
22. 30.1 m, 0.5 ms - 1
23. i = 30, 150, 270
24. i = 180n + (-1) n 270c
25. - t
ANSWERS
Chapter 7: Linear functions
7.
1 1
Midpoint of AC = midpoint of BD = d 2 , 3 n .
2 2
Diagonals bisect each other
8.
AC = BD =
Exercises 7.1
1.
2.
(a) 5 (b) 10
(c) 13
(c)
52 = 2 13
85
(d)
(a)
13
(b)
65
3.
(a) 9.85 (b) 6.71 (c) 16.55 4. 12 units
5.
Two sides =
6.
Show AB = BC =
7.
Show points are
8.
Radius = 3 units, equation x 2 + y 2 = 9
9.
Distance of all points from ^ 0, 0 h is

x 2 + y 2 = 11
34 , 1 side =
AC =
11 , equation
11. a = ! 6 - 2
37 , QP = MN =
15. BD = AC =
98
19. AB =
29 , BC =
(b) XY =
17 units from ^ 7, -3 h
14. MQ = NP =
20 , so parallelogram
16. (a) AB = AC =
17. 2 101
18.
116 , AC =
145
65 , YZ =
130 , XZ =
1.
40 , BC = 4
61 units
3.
12. x 2 + y 2 = 1
(b) 1
(g) - 4
1
2
x = 1.8
1
3
(c) - 1
(h) -
2
3
4. x = 9
(-2, 1)
7.
^ 4, 3 h 6. x = 3 is the vertical line through

midpoint ^ 3, 2 h.
(f) -
2. y 1 = 21
(3, 4)
(7, 2)
1
1
2 3 4
(2, -1)
Gradient of AB = gradient of CD = 1
1
2
Gradient of AB = gradient of CD = -1
Gradient of BC = gradient of AD =
1
3
3
4
1
Gradient of AC = - 5 ,
2
1
gradient of BD = 2
(c) a = -1, b = - 2 (d) a = -1, b = - 2
5.
(j) - 2
Gradient of BC = gradient of AD = 0
(b) a = - 5, b = 6
4. P = Q = ^ 2, -1 h
2
3
(e)
-3 -2 -1
-1
1
1
(e) ^ -1, 1 h (f) ^ - 3, 2 h (g) d 3, n (h) d 1 , 1 n
2
2
1 1
1
(i) d , 2 n (j) d 0, 5 n
2 2
2
3 + ]-3g
-4 + 4
= 0,
=0
2
2
1
4
2
5
Exercises 7.2
3.
(d) - 2
5. (a) Show m 1 = m 2 =
-2
(e) a = 6, b = 1
1
3
(i) 2
(Pythagoras theorem)
(a) ^ 2, 4 h (b) ^ 1, -1 h (c) ^ - 2, 1 h (d) ^ - 3, 2 h
6.
(a) a = 9, b = - 3
(a) 2
65
30.2
2.
2
, AB =
2
(b) Lines are parallel.
Problem
1.
34 ; YZ =
34
,
2
40 = 2 10 ; XZ =
Exercises 7.3
Since XY = YZ, triangle XYZ is isosceles.

XY 2 + XZ 2 = 65 + 65
= 130
= YZ 2
So triangle XYZ is right angled.
10 , BC =
11. x 2 + y 2 = 4
AB 2 + BC 2 = 29 + 116
= 145
= AC 2
So triangle ABC is right angled (Pythagoras theorem)
20. XY =
9. ^ - 8, 13 h
1 1
1 1
10. (a) X = d - , 3 n , Y = d , n , Z = ^ 1, 1 h
2 2
2 2
128
12. All 3 sides are 2 units. 13. a = 10, - 2
(b) OC = OB = 2
1
BD = d 4, - n ; rectangle
2
85
10. a = 3
125 , midpoint AC = midpoint
8.
Gradient of AC = 1, gradient of BD = -1
9.
(a) Show AB 2 + BC 2 = AC 2
(b) Gradient of AB =
gradient of BC = -
4
5
5
,
4
3
5
1
8
807
808
10. (a) F = ^ 1, - 2 h, G = d 4,
Exercises 7.6
1
n
2
(b) Gradient of FG = gradient of BC =
1.
5
6
11. 4x - 3y - 11 = 0 12. Gradient of ^ 2, - 4 h and

^ 3, -1 h = gradient of ^ 3, -1 h and ^ 5, 5 h = 3
18. (a)
19.
(h)
14. 0.93 15. 21 16. 50c 12l 17. 108c 26l
13. 1
(b)
-5 - ] -2 g
7-4
-3
=
3
= -1
m = tan i
-1 = tan i
` i = 180c - 45c ^ 2nd quadrant h
= 135c
(b) (i) 2
(ii) -7
(ii) 1 (c) (i) 6
(d) (i) -1
(ii) 0
(e) (i) - 4
(ii) 3
(f) (i) 1
(ii) - 2
(g) (i) - 2
(ii) 6 (h) (i) -1
(ii) 1
(i) (i) 9 (ii) 0
(j) (i) 5 (ii) - 2 2. (a) (i) - 2 (ii) 3 (b) (i) - 5 (ii) - 6

1
(c) (i) 6 (ii) -1 (d) (i) 1 (ii) 4 (e) (i) - 2 (ii)
2
1
1
4
(f) (i) 3 (ii) 1
(g) (i) (ii) - 2 (h) (i) (ii) 2
5
2
3
(ii) -
1
2
(j) (i) 1
2
3
(ii)
2
3
3. (a) 4
1
(c) 0 (d) - 2 (e) -1 (f) - 3 (g) 2 (h) 4
3
1
2
1
1
2
(j) 1
(k)
(l)
(m)
(n)
(o) 4
5
7
5
3
2
3
1
1
1
(p) (q) 15 (r) - 1
(s)
(t) 6
14
2
8
(b) - 2
3.
(j)
1
5
(i)
(d) 1
1
2
(d) x + 2y + 5 = 0
(e) x - 2y + 4 = 0
(f) x + 3y - 1 = 0
(g) 3x + 4y + 13 = 0
4.
m1 m2 = -
(g)
1
3
1
# 5 = - 1 so perpendicular
5
1
5
m1 # m2 = -
3
7
# = -1
7
3
7. k = -
2
3
8. m 1 = m 2 = 4
5
AB < CD _ m 1 = m 2 = 3 i and BC < AD d m 1 = m 2 = - n
8
1
10. Gradient of AC: m 1 = , gradient of BD: m 2 = - 2,
2
1
m 1 # m 2 = # - 2 = -1
2
11. (a) y = - x
(b) 5x - y - 8 = 0
(d) 2x - 3y + 16 = 0
(c) 2x + y + 2 = 0
12. 7x + 6y - 24 = 0
13. x + y - 3 = 0 14. 2x - y - 5 = 0
15. 2x - 3y + 18 = 0
Exercises 7.7
1.
(a) ^ 2, - 4 h
(b) ^ -1, - 3 h
(e) ^ 5, -1 h
(f) ^ -1, 1 h
(j) d
3.
(c) ^ 4, 4 h
(g) ^ 3, 7 h
^ 2, 5 h, ^ 4, 1 h and ^ -1, -1 h
at ^ 2, -3 h
5x + 6y - 27 = 0
(d) y = 4x + 20 (e) 3x + y - 3 = 0 (f) 4x - 3y - 12 = 0
x+y-1=0
10. 2x + y - 2 = 0
(g) y = x - 1
11. x + y - 3 = 0
12. x - 2y - 3 = 0
13. x - y + 1 = 0
14. x - 3y + 2 = 0
(h) y = x + 5
(a) 4x - 3y + 7 = 0
(e) x - 2y + 2 = 0
2. x + y - 8 = 0
(b) 3x - 4y + 4 = 0
(d) 3x + 4y - 25 = 0
4. 4x + y - 8 = 0
6. y = - 2x
5. (a) y = 3
7. 3x - 4y - 12 = 0
9. x = - 4
10. 3x + 8y - 15 = 0
(i) ^ 41, 26 h
4. All lines intersect
9.
(c) y = 5x
(d) ^ 0, - 2 h
(h) ^ 4, 0 h
1
7
n 2. Substitute ^ 3, - 4 h into both lines
,19
19
7.
(a) y = 4x - 1 (b) y = - 3x + 4
2x + y - 3 = 0
5
6
(a) x - y + 1 = 0 (b) x - 3y + 16 = 0 (c) x + y - 5 = 0
All lines meet at ^ - 5, 0 h
(b) x = -1
(f) -
(e) 1
5.
(c) 4x - 5y + 13 = 0
8.
3
4
m 1 = m 2 = 3 so parallel
1
(i) 1
2
Exercises 7.5
1.
(c)
9.
(a) (i) 3 (ii) 5
1
2
1
3
3.
6.
2^ 3 + 3h
3
(i) (i) 3
1
3
(b)
5. m 1 = m 2 = 1
Exercises 7.4
1.
2.
(c) - 3
m=
20. x =
(a) - 3
15. 3x + y - 7 = 0
21. 5x - y + 17 = 0
8. 4x + 7y + 23 = 0
16. x + 5y + 13 = 0
17. 27x - 5y - 76 = 0
19. 2x - y - 1 = 0
6. 11x + 6y = 0
18. 3x - y - 14 = 0
20. 3x - y - 11 = 0
ANSWERS
Exercises 7.8
Exercises 7.10
3
13
8
13
1.
(a) 2.6 (b) 1
2.
(a) 3.48 (b) 1.30 (c) 0.384 (d) 5.09 (e) 1.66
3.
(a)
4.
d1 = d2 = d3 = 1
5.
7 13
13
A: d =
14
5
(b)
(c) 2.5 (d) 2.4
, B: d =
(c)
4 205
205
(e)
(d)
5 26
13
1.
(e)
9
1
1
2
1
(d) d 4 , -1 n (e) d 2 , - 2 n (f) d - 5, 2 n
7
7
4
2
10
14 13
13
^ 2, - 3 h: d =
13
10
6 6
6 4
4
1
n (i) d - , 1 n
(g) d 2 , 7 n (h) d - 3 , -1
7 7
7 7
11
11
2
2
(j) d 1 , -1 n
3
3
-3
5
Opposite signs so points lie on opposite sides of the line

6.
2.
, ^ 9, 2 h: d =
^ - 3, 2 h : d = - 4 , ^ 4 , 1 h : d = 2
8.
d 1 = d 2 = 2 so the point is equidistant from both lines
9.
^ 8, - 3 h: d =
37
, ^ 1, 1 h: d =
10. ^ - 3, 2 h: d =
, ^ 4, 1 h: d =
A
(3, 2)
5.
3 1
P = d 1 , n , Q = ^ 16, -19 h, PQ = 24 units
5 5
6.
3
4
2
B = d 9 , -12 n 7. p = 4 , q = 20
5
5
5
8.
2 2
2 2
(a) d , 1 n (b) Each ratio gives d , 1 n . This means
3 3
3 3
that the intersection of the medians divides each
median in the ratio 2:1.
9.
a = 8, b = 18

8 5
units
5
11. d 1 = d 2 = 4 so same distance 12.

13. 1
14. 4.2 15. x = 9
17. m = - 1
2
or -17
3
16. b = 3
1
1
or -1
4
12
2
1
or -18
3
3
2
2
(a) E = d , 2 n (b) F = d 1 , 2 n
3
3
4.
7
5
(1 23 , 3 13 )
18. Show distance between ^ 0, 0 h and the line is 5
Test yourself 7
19. Show distance between ^ 0, 0 h and the line is greater than 1
1.
6.4 units
4 1
20. (a) ^ 3, -1 h, d 3 , n, ^ - 2, 2 h
7 7
3.
(a) - 1
(b)
2 10 13 5 26 34
,
,
5
5
119
4.
Exercises 7.9
1.
(a) 149c 2l (b) 119c 45l (c) 143c 58l (d) 172c 14l
(e) 135c
3. 12c 20l
1
3
21c 2l, 120c 58l, 38c
7.
m = - 5.4, 1.53
9.
(a) +A = +C = 63c 26l, +B = +D = 116c 34l
6. m = 3, -
8. k Z -1.64, 0.095
(b) 124c 31l 10. +A = 61c 56l, +B = +C = 59c 2l
1
2. d 2 , - 2 n
2
(b) 2
(c)
(d)
(a) 7x - y - 11 = 0
3
5
(b) 5x + y - 6 = 0
6.
1
m 1 = - , m 2 = 4 so m 1 m 2 = -1
4
` lines are perpendicular.
7.
x-intercept 5, y-intercept - 2
8.
(a) 2x + y - 1 = 0
9.
m 1 = m 2 = 5, so lines are parallel
(b)
(c) 3x + 2y = 0
(e) x - 3y - 3 = 0
6 5
units
5
4. 53c 58l
5.
2 8
10. P = d , 3 n
9 9
5.
(i) 74c 56l (j) 36c 52l

2.
1
5
B
(-1, 6)
( 13 , 4 23 )
(d) 3x + 5y - 14 = 0
(a) 18c 26l (b) 29c 45l (c) 82c 52l (d) 26c 34l
(e) 10c 29l (f) 41c 49l (g) 72c 15l (h) 18c 26l
(j) ^ 10, 13 h
(c) EF = 1, AC = 3 ` AC = 3EF
37
Same signs so points lie on same side of the line

-6
3.
1
(d) d 12, 5 n
2
4
1
2
(f) d 9, -1 n (g) d - 6, - n (h) d 9, 1 n
7
2
3
(i) ^ - 58, 30 h
1
5
55
1
4
(a) d - 4, 3 n (b) d 6 , 2 n (c) ^ 19, 25 h
5
2
(e) ^ 40, 12 h
10
Same signs so points lie on the same side of the line

7.
3 2
1 3
4 8
(a) d - , 1 n (b) d 2 , 3 n (c) d - 2 , 1 n
5 5
5 5
9 9
1
2
(c)
5
units
2
10. 3x - 4y = 0
809
810
11. ^ -1, 1 h
12. a = 6, b = 1
22. (a) AB: 7x + 5y + 14 = 0
13. 66c 48l
^ -7, 7 h lies on the line (show by substitution)
14. Solving simultaneously, x - y - 4 = 0 and
(b) -1:2 or 1:- 2
2x + y + 1 = 0 have point of intersection ^ 1, - 3 h .

Substitute ^ 1, - 3 h in 5x - 3y - 14 = 0:
2
23. x = 16 , y = -17
3
LHS = 5 # 1 - 3 # - 3 - 14 = 0 = RHS
2 1
1 1
25. (a) P = d 1 , 3 n (b) Q = d 4 , 3 n
3 3
3 3
` point lies on 5x - 3y - 14 = 0:
Substitute ^ 1, - 3 h in 3x - 2y - 9 = 0:
(c) PQ has gradient m 1 = 0
LHS = 3 # 1 - 2 # - 3 - 9 = 0 = RHS
AC has gradient m 2 = 0
` point lies on 3x - 2y - 9 = 0:
Since m 1 = m 2, PQ < AC
` lines are concurrent

5
1
15. d 2 , -1 n 16. - 0.499
9
3
19. ^ 4, 7 h
18. y = 3
22. ^ - 2, 1 h: d =
-8
13
1
(d) R = d 6 , 0 n
3
17. c = -13, - 65
4
5
2
(e) PR has gradient m 1 = -
21. 93c22l
20. x = 1
, ^ 6, 3 h: d =
BC has gradient m 2 = -
13
24. x - y - 4 = 0
Chapter 8: Introduction to calculus
2. x - 3 y - 3 3 = 0
3. 10x 2 + 10y 2 = 81
1.
k = -2
4.
Show AC and BD have the same midpoint ^ 1, 2 h and

m AC # m BD = -1
5.
Show distance of all points from ^ 0, 0 h is 3; radius 3;

equation x 2 + y 2 = 9
6.
4 13
13
8.
12 13
13
1
18. b = 2 , - 21
3
m1 - m2
1 + m1 m2
m1 - m2
14. 2x + 5y + 14 = 0
12. ^ 3, - 5 h
2.
15. 45c
17. x - y + 6 = 0
1
1
2
2
19. d 2 , - 2 n, d 1 , - 3 n
3
3
3
3
=1
=1
1 + m1 m2
m1 m2 + 1 = m1 - m2
m1 m2 = m1 - m2 - 1
m1 - m2
or
= -1
1 + m1 m2
m 1 - m 2 = -1 - m 1 m 2
m1 m2 = m2 - m1 - 1
21. P = f
1.
9. 113c12l 10. 2x + 3y + 13 = 0
3x +y + 3 - 2 3 =0
20.
Exercises 8.1
7. +OBA = 45c; a = b (sides of isosceles D)
11. BC = AC = 18 , AB = 6, so D is isosceles;
m BC # m AC = -1, so D is right angled.
16.
- 4p - 1 7p - 3
p
,
p -1
p -1
5
7
25. 3x - 7y - 14 = 0
13. a = 2, b = 3
5
7
Since m 1 = m 2, PR < BC

23. 63c 26l
24. m = - 0.059, - 9.2
3.
ANSWERS
4.
5.
10.
Exercises 8.2
2. Yes, x = x 1
1.
Yes, x = 0
5.
Yes, x = x 1, x = x 2
8.
Yes, x = 2
3. No
6. Yes, x = 0
9. Yes, x = - 2, 3
11. Yes, x = 90c, 270c
4. Yes, x = 0
7. Yes, x = - 3
10. Yes, -1 # x 1 0
12. Yes, x = 0
13. No
14. No
15. Yes, x = !3
6.
Exercises 8.3
1.
(a) 3 (b) -7 (c) 3 (d) 8

(h) -1 (i) 10 (j) -1
2.
(a) x 2 - 2x - 4 (b) 2x 3 + x - 1 (c) - 7x - 1

(d) 4x 4 - x 2 (e) - 4x + 3 (f) 2x 2 + 6 (g) - 2x
(h) 4x 2 (i) 3x - 1 (j) x 2 - 2x + 9
(e) 2
(f) - 3
(g) 2
Exercises 8.4
7.
1.
(a) 4.06
2.
(a) 13.61
4.
(a) f ] x + h g = x 2 + 2xh + h 2
(b) 3.994
(c) 4
(b) 13.0601
(c) 12.9401
(d) 13
3. 6
2
2
2
(b) f (x + h) - f (x) = x + 2xh + h - x
2
= 2xh + h
(c)
f ]x + hg - f ]xg
h
8.
(d) f l(x) = lim
2xh + h 2
h
h ] 2x + h g
=
h
= 2x + h
f ]x + hg - f ]xg
=
h "0
h
= lim (2x + h)
h "0
= 2x
5.
9.
(a) f (x + h) = 2 ] x + h g2 - 7 (x + h) + 3
= 2 (x 2 + 2xh + h 2) - 7x - 7h + 3
= 2x 2 + 4xh + 2h 2 - 7x - 7h + 3
2
2
(b) f (x + h) - f (x) = (2x + 4xh + 2h - 7x - 7h + 3)
- (2x 2 - 7x + 3)
= 2x 2 + 4xh + 2h 2 - 7x - 7h + 3
- 2x 2 + 7x - 3
= 4xh + 2h 2 - 7h
811
812
(c) f ] x + h g - f ] x g
h
(d) f l] x g = 4x - 7
6.
4xh + 2h 2 - 7h
h
h ] 4x + 2h - 7 g
=
h
= 4x + 2h - 7
=
(a) 4x + 1 (b) 8x - 12
(e) 6x 2 + 6x - 3
3.
(a)
4.
(c) f ] 2 + h g - f ] 2 g = h + 5h
2
(d) f ] 2 + h g - f ] 2 g
h
(e) f l] 2 g = 5
7.
6.
h 2 + 5h
=
h
h ]h + 5 g
=
h
=h+5
(a) f ] -1 g = -7
(c) 12
8.
(a) f ] 3 g = 8
(c) f l] 3 g = 6
9.
(a) f l] 1 g = - 13
(b) f ] 3 + h g - f ] 3 g = 6h + h 2
11.
dV
= 4rr 2
dr
(c) -12
(b)
(c) f l] x g = 8x - 4
(e)
(g)
dy
dx
dy
dx
= 3x 2
dy
dx
(d) 15
3.
dy
dx
13. (a) 5
(b) - 5
(c) x = 4
15. 18
(b) -13
(c) 11
(d) -18
(h) 136
(i) - 4
(j) 149
(a) 1
7
1
26
(b)
(g) -
1
25
1
71
(ii) -
(a) (i) 6
(c)
(h)
1
6
1
20
1
20
(d) (i) -
(b) (i) 8
1
24
1
(ii) 11
(ii) -
(d) (i) - 8
1
8
(e) 18
1
43
(e)
(j) -
(f) 27
1
10
1
5
1
8
1
(ii)
8
(ii) -
(a) x + 24y - 555 = 0

(c) x - 17y - 516 = 0
(e) x + 2y - 9 = 0
6.
(a) (i) 7x - y + 4 = 0 (ii) x + 7y - 78 = 0

(b) (i) 10x - y + 36 = 0 (ii) x + 10y - 57 = 0
(c) (i) 10x + y - 6 = 0 (ii) x - 10y - 41 = 0
(d) (i) 2x + y + 2 = 0 (ii) x - 2y - 19 = 0
(e) (i) 2x - y + 2 = 0 (ii) x + 2y - 9 = 0
7.
x = !3
10. (0, 1)
(b) x - 8y + 58 = 0
(d) x - 45y + 3153 = 0
8. (1, 2) and (-1, 0)
15. -1
11. (1, 2)
Exercises 8.5
(a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 2x + 3 (d) 10x - 1 (e) 3x 2 + 4x - 7
(f) 6x 2 - 14x + 7 (g) 12x 3 - 4x + 5
(h) 6x 5 - 25x 4 - 8x 3 (i) 10x 4 - 12x 2 + 2x - 2
(j) 40x 9 - 63x 8
dh
= 40 - 4t
dt
5.
(h) f l] x g = - 6x 2
(c) - 0.04
10.
(a) 27x - y - 47 = 0 (b) 7x - y - 1 = 0

(c) 4x + y + 17 = 0 (d) 36x - y - 47 = 0
(e) 44t - v - 82 = 0
= 10x - 1
(b) - 0.03992
12. 3
dv
= 30t
dt
4.
(e) - 9
13. (a) 0.252 (b) 0.25 (c) 0.2498
1.
(e)
ds
= 10t - 20
dt
7.
(a) 72
(e) (i) 11
(f) f l] x g = 6x 2 + 5
9.
(b) x = ! 2
(c) (i) 24
= 2x + 5
(d)
= 3x 2 - 4 x + 3
14. (a) - 0.04008
(d) 4x
5. - 56
(g) 11
(f)
= 2x + 2
12. (a) f l] x g = 2x
8x 7
- 6x 5
3
Exercises 8.6
2.
y + dy = ] x + dx g2 + 2 (x + dx)
= x 2 + 2xdx + dx 2 + 2x + 2dx
Since y = x 2 + 2x
dy = 2xdx + dx 2 + 2dx
dy
2 x d x + d x 2 + 2d x
(b)
=
dx
dx
d x ] 2x + d x + 2 g
=
dx
= 2x + dx + 2
11. (a) 2 (b) 5
(c)
= 60x 9 - 40x 7 + 35x 4 - 3
gl] x g = - 20x - 5
1.
(b) 17
Substitute _ x + dx, y + dy i:
dy
dy
dx
8.
10. (a) y = x 2 + 2x
dx
(b) 2x 3 - x 2
f l] x g = 16x - 7
14. (a) 12
(b) f ] -1 + h g - f ] -1 g = 4h 3 - 12h 2 + 12h
(c)
x
-1
3
(d) 16x 3 - 24x
(c) 2x
(f) 2x 2 - 2x + 2
(b) f ] 2 + h g = h 2 + 5h + 11
(a) f ] 2 g = 11
2.
13. (a) (1, -1)
9. (- 5, -7)
3
15
n
12. d - 1 , - 4
4
16
(b) 6x - y - 7 = 0
14. 10t - h - 7 = 0
15. 4x - 2y - 19 = 0
1
4
ANSWERS
Exercises 8.7
(k) 1
1.
(a) - 3x - 4
(e) x
2.
(a) (f) (j) -
3.
8.
1
27
1
8
1
2
+ 3x - 2
(b)
x2
1
2x
(f) x
5
2
3
(g) 6x
(c)
2 x
(g) -
2 x3
1
(c) 1.2x - 0.8
(b) 1.4x 0.4
1
3 x
2
3
2
10
(i) -
x4
1
32
(b) -
15. d 5,
2 ] 4 + x g3
(w) 2.
1
16
10. x - y + 9 = 0
10x - y - 9 = 0
8.
x=
5
11
=2x - 1
] 2x - 1 g2
1
7+
5. 176
7. 69x - y - 129 = 0
- 6 ! 30
3
12. x + 16y - 16 = 0
13. (9, 3)
2
2
n, d - 5, - n
5
5
(u) -
^ x 4 - 3x 3 + 3x h
(v) -
16 3 4x + 1
3
4. (4, 1) 5. x = 2, -1
16
] 5x + 1 g2
- 2x 2
(g)
^ 2x 2 - x h2
9. 34x - y + 29 = 0
1
2
6. 8x + y + 7 = 0
(a) 8x 3 + 9x 2 (b) 12x - 1 (c) 30x + 21

(d) 72x 5 - 16x 3 (e) 30x 4 - 4x
(f) x ] 5x + 2 g ] x + 1 g2 (g) 8 ] 9x - 1 g ] 3x - 2 g4
(h) 3x 3 ] 16 - 7x g ] 4 - x g 2 (i) ] 10x + 13 g ] 2x + 5 g3
4
5
(j) 10x ^ x 3 + 5x 2 - 3 h ^ x 2 + 1 h + ^ 3x 2 + 10x h ^ x 2 + 1 h
4
3
2
2
^
h
^
h
= x 13x + 60x + 3x - 20 x + 1
- x + 14x
2
(e)
(h)
2x 3 + 9x 2 + 7
] x + 3 g2
(o)
x4
-6
] x - 2 g2
=
(i)
x 4 - 12x 2
^x - 4h
- x + 14
x3
- 34
] 4x - 3 g2
x 2 ^ x 2 - 12 h
^ x 2 - 4 h2
(f)
11
] x + 3 g2
(j)
-14
] 3x + 1 g2
(q)
(p)
3x 2 + 8x - 5
] 3x + 4 g2
^ x 2 - x - 1 h2
(s)
(t)
(l)
x 4 - 2x 3 - 4x 2 - 1
] 7x + 2 g4 - 28 ] x - 1 g ] 7x + 2 g3
(u)
1
2
2]x + 5g - x ]x + 5g
(r)
x+5
1
2
] 2x - 9 g2 ] 20x + 51 g
6 ] 5x + 1 g ] 2x - 9 g2 - 5 ] 2x - 9 g3
=
2
] 5x + 1 g
] 5x + 1 g2
] 7x + 2 g8
- 21x + 30
] 7x + 2 g5
15 ] 2x - 5 g3 ] 3x + 4 g4 - 6 ] 3x + 4 g5 ] 2x - 5 g2
] 2x - 5 g6
4
]
]
g
3 3x + 4 4x - 33 g
=
] 2x - 5 g4
] 7 - x g9
(c)
4x ] x - 3 g
4x 2 - 12x
=
] 2x - 3 g2
] 2x - 3 g2
^ 3x 2 - 7 h
2x 2 ] x + 6 g
- 18x
2x 3 + 12x 2
=
(m)
(n)
2
2
2
]
g
] x + 4 g2
^x - 5h
x+4
27
15
] x + 5 g2
2 ] 2x + 7 g10
(y)
(b)
- 3x 2 - 6x - 7
(k)
4 ] 3x - 1 g3
(x)
-2
] 2x - 1 g2
(a)
(d)
Exercises 8.9
1.
6.
1.
^ 4x 3 - 9x 2 + 3 h
3. 40
4.
26
6. 3 7. 2x + 3 x + 1
6
(a) 4 ] x + 3 g3 (b) 6 ] 2x - 1 g2 (c) 70x ^ 5x 2 - 4 h
5
4
(d) 48 ] 8x + 3 g (e) - 5 ] 1 - x g (f) 135 ] 5x + 9 g8
3
(g) 4 ] x - 4 g (h) 4 ^ 6x 2 + 3 h ^ 2x 3 + 3x h
7
2
^
h
(i) 8 ] 2x + 5 g x + 5x - 1
1
3
5
(j) 6 ^ 6x 5 - 4x h ^ x 6 - 2x 2 + 3 h (k) ] 3x - 1 g 2
2
2
5
-4
(l) 2 ] 4 - x g- 3 (m) - 6x ^ x 2 - 9 h
(n) ] 5x + 4 g 3
3
1
3^ 2
3
4
3x - 14x + 1 h ^ x 3 - 7x 2 + x h
(o)
(p)
4
2 3x + 4
8x
5
2
(q) (r)
(s)
3
] 5x - 2 g2
^ x 2 + 1 h5
7 - 3x
(t) -
3. 1264
2.
3x 2
Exercises 8.8
1.
4 - 3x
2 2-x
Exercises 8.10
5.
2 x3
] 2x - 1 g2
15
(e)
x6
+ 2-x =
9. 3x + 16y - 8 = 0
14. x = 4
(h) x
(l)
12
4. 3
11. (a) -
1
4
(d) -
6 6 x5
(h)
x7
1 -2
x
2
(d)
2 2-x
- 2 ] 5x + 3 g
3x + 1
3 x+1 -2 x+1
3x + 5
(v)
=
x+1
2 ] x + 1 g3
2x - 3
(w)
2 x-1 -2 x-1
- 2x + 1
=
] 2x - 3 g2
2 x - 1 ] 2x - 3 g2
x ] x - 9 g2
(x)
x2 + 1
- 2 ] x - 9 g x2 + 1
] x - 9 g4
- x 2 - 9x - 2
x2 + 1 ] x - 9 g3
813
814
5
9
2.
1
8
6.
x - 18y + 8 = 0
3. - 1
4. x = 0, 1
(b)
5. x = - 9, 3
7. 17x - 25y - 19 = 0
Exercises 8.11
1.
(a)
2.
dy
dx
(b)
(b) Substitute Q into both equations.

(c) y = x 2 - 4 has m 1 = 4
y = x 2 - 8x + 12 has m 2 = - 4
(d) 28c 4l
2.
(a)
(d)
(e)
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
11
] 2x + 1 g2
5 x3
2
4. 71c 34l
5. 162c 54l
(d) 0c
3. 8c 8l
6. (a) X = ^ 4, 16 h, Y = ^ -1, 6 h
(f)
dy
dx
5. (a) 1
8.
(a) x = - 2
(b) x = 1
9.
(a) f l] x g = 32 ] 4x + 9 g3
dy
dy
(c)
dv
= 4t - 3
dt
dx
= 42x 5 - 9x 2 + 2x - 8
dx
= 9 (2x + 4) (x 2 + 4x - 2)8
= 40x ] 2x - 1 g3 + 5 ] 2x - 1 g4 = 5 ] 2x - 1 g3 (10x - 1)
=-
10
x3
(b) 20
6. 10
7. 42
(c) x = 2
(b)
dy
dx
= ] 9x - 1 g ] 3x - 1 g (d)
(e) f l] x g =
(c) m = 6
dx
4.
(c)
(b) P = ^ 3, 9 h
dy
3. (a)
= 10x - 3
=dy
dx
5
] x - 3 g2
=-
4
x2
1
5 5 x4
10.
(b) At X: m 1 = 12, m 2 = 7
At Y : m 1 = - 8, m 2 = - 3
(c) At X: 3c 22l At Y : 11c19l
7.
71c 34l, 8c 58l 8. (a) (0, 0), (2, 8), (-1, -1)
(b) 63c 26l at (0, 0), 4c 42l at (2, 8), 71c 34l at (-1, -1)
9.
At (0, 0), m 1 = 0 and m 2 = 4

At (2, 4), m 1 = 4 and m 2 = 0 Angle at both is 75c 58l
10. 164c 45l at (0, 0), 178c 37l at (- 3, - 33), 146c 19l at (1, 3)
Test yourself 8
1.
(a)
11. 9x - y - 7 = 0
12. (2, 3)
14. (- 2, 71), (5, - 272)

17. 9
20.
7
10
13.
dS
= 8rr
dr
15. 4x - y - 6 = 0
18. 12x + y - 4 = 0
19.
16. 3525
ds
1
= u + at, t =
5
dt
21. 17c6l at (3, 9), 53c8l at (-1, 1)
22. 175c 26l at (2, 4), 177c 40l at (4, 16)
ANSWERS
1.
f ] 1 g = - 3, f l] 1 g = - 36
3.
dx
= 8t 3 + 300t 2; t = 0, - 37.5
dt
4.
2x + y = 0, 3x - y - 3 = 0, 6x - y + 12 = 0
5.
^ 2, 2 h, ^ - 2, -14 h, x + 12y - 26 = 0, x + 12y + 170 = 0
6.
3
4
7.
5 ] 5x + 1 g3 ] x - 9 g4 + 15 ] x - 9 g5 ] 5x + 1 g2
= 10 ] 5x + 1 g2 ] x - 9 g4 (4x - 13)
8.
9.
2. -
13
18
2 ] 4x - 9 g4 - 16 ] 2x + 1 g ] 4x - 9 g3
] 4x - 9 g8
- 2 ] 12x + 17 g
=
] 4x - 9 g5
x=
- 6 ! 204
- 3 ! 51
=
6
12
11. a = 1
14.
2
1
27
(b)
1
1
1 1 ! 13
n 13. x = ,
12. P = d - 2 , 6
4 16
3
3
10
16. (a) Substitute (1, 1) into both curves:

y = ] 3x - 2 g5:
LHS = 1
RHS = ] 3 # 1 - 2 g5
= 15
=1
= LHS
So (1, 1) lies on the curve y = ] 3x - 2 g5
5x - 3
:
x+1
LHS = 1
5#1-3
RHS =
1+1
2
=
2
=1
= LHS
90c
21. ^ - 4, -73 h
10. 2x + y - 25 = 0
15. 3x - y + 5 = 0, Q = ^ 0, 5 h, PQ =
25. x = 0, 2, 6
28. p = 1
1
2
3 ] 4 - 5x g
23.
4x 4 3x - 2
29.
8r 3
dV
=
3
dr
33. -
27.
30. k = 4
1
48
5 22
22
31. x - y - 4 = 0
34. a = -1, b = 2, c = 4
35. S = 8rr - 8r + 2rrh

36. (a) 6x 2 - 5 ] 3x - 1 g ] 3x - 5 g3
(b)
- ] 5x + 6 g
] x - 3 g4 2x + 1
4 ! 13
6
1
1
n
(b) Q = d - 4 , 12
7
49
5x - 3
x+1

- 0.77
(b) 22c 45l
5.
- 0.309
3 3
o, 12x - 12 3 y + 31 = 0
2
7.
m1 m2 =
20. (a) x = 90c, 270c
9.
7
12
1
1 3
, -1 , 1
2
2 5
26. a = - 14, b = 7
32. 4x - y - 13 = 0
1.
19. x =
So perpendicular
` (1, 1) is a point of intersection
11
18. e 1 ,
12
22. 3x - 9y - 14 = 0
360c
38. (a) x + 7y - 80 = 0
So (1, 1) lies on the curve y =
17. n = 8
270c
24. (a) 16x + 32y + 1 = 0, 4x - 2y - 1 = 0

1
(b) m 1 $ m 2 = - # 2
2
= -1
37. x =
y=
180c
2. 1
3. 5x + 2y - 1 = 0
6. (a)
3 cm 2
(b) AC =
4. ^ 2, - 2 h
13 cm, BD = 1 cm
3
8
1
# - = -1; A = d -1, 1 n
4
6
2
8. x = 15c
815
816
10.
19. i = 120c, 240c

23. y = 16.5
26. 7
20. - 1
2
3
21. 2
24. 3x + y - 5 = 0
27. x = 3
22. a = 115c 56l
25. 1
2
1x 13
3
28. - 3
29. Show perpendicular distance from ^ 0, 0 h to the line is

2 units, or solving simultaneous equations gives only
one solution.
30. (a) g ] 2 g = 1, g ] - 3 g = - 6
(b)
11.
31. 3x 2 - 4x
32. -
34. x = - 2, y = -17
12. 45c 49 13. Domain: all real x !
real y ! 0
1
; range: all
2
14.
33. 17.5 m
35. (a) AB = 7.0 m
36. 3 cos i 37. (a) 2x - y + 4 = 0
(b) 27.8 m2
(b) P ^ - 2, 0 h, Q ^ 0, 4 h
(c) 4 units
39. 15 units2 40. f (- x) = ] - x g6 - ] - x g2 - 3

= x6 - x2 - 3
= f (x)
38. 127 m
41. 16x 2 ^ 2x 2 + 1 h + ^ 2x 2 + 1 h = ^ 18x 2 + 1 h ^ 2x 2 + 1 h

3
42. - 4
1
# y #9
3
43. -
44. (a) 3x - y - 4 = 0
15.
47.
50.
8
units
13
1
2x - 7
5
] x + 1 g2
3
x2
(b) x - y - 2 = 0
(c) x + 3y + 10 = 0
45.
(d) R = ^ -10, 0 h
46. Domain: all x ! - 4; range: all y ! 0

48. 4.9 km 49. 8x - 7 - 10x - 3
51. 2x - 3
53. x + 6y - 56 = 0
55. a = 2, b = - 9
52.
-17 - 2x
x 2 + 5x
- ] 17 + 2x g
x 2 + 5x
54. f ] - 2 g = - 45, f l] - 2 g = 48
56. 7x - 5y + 9 = 0
57. 47x - y + 109 = 0 58. x = - 0.25 59. ^ 33, -17 h

16. sin 4 i 17. 2 units 18. x - 8y + 15 = 0
60.
3+1
2 2
6+ 2
4
62. x = 63c 26l, 243c 26l
61. 67c 37l
ANSWERS
63.
4.
(a) x = 112c, y = 56c, z = 34c

(c) x = 55c, y = 43c
(b) x = 49c
(d) x = 166c, y = 7c
(e) x = 62c, b = 31c

(f) x = y = 32c, z = 58c, v = 32c, w = 17c
(h) y = 102c
(g) x = 5c
(i) x = 57c 30l, y = 32c 30l
(j) x = 75c, y = 77c, z = 13c

5.
64. (a) cos i (b) cos ^ i + b h
(c) tan 14a
65. 3
D ABC <; D DEC
67. 12c 32l at both points
66. x 1 4, x 2 4.6
1
range: y $ 0
2
(b) domain: all real x ! -7 range: all real y ! 0
(b) x = 5.5 cm
68. (a) domain: x $
(c) domain: - 2 # x # 2
69. a = -15, b = -1
6.
x = 30 (angle at centre is double the + at the circumference)

y = (180 - 30) ' 2 (+ sum of isosceles D)
= 75c
7.
360 - x = 2 # 110 (+ at the centre is double the

+ at the circumference)
` x = 140
y = 70 (similarly)
8.
+ABC = 90c (+ in semicircle)

` +BAC = 90c - 29c (+ sum of D)
= 61c
` x = 61c (+ in same segment)
9.
+STV = +WUV (+ in same segment)

+TSV = +UWV (similarly)
+TVS = +UVW (vertically opposite +s)
range: - 2 # y # 0
70. cos 2i
71. (a) (0, 0), (1, 3), (-1, -1), (2, 20)
(b) 63c 26l at (0, 0), 2c 20l at (1, 3), 40c 36l at (-1, -1),
0c 22l at (2, 20)
72. (a) x = 360n ! 45c
(b) x = 180n + 30c
(c) x = 180n + ] -1 gn # 60c

73. (a) (1, 1) (b) 2 13 units
(c) - 1
1
2
(d) 3x + 2y - 5 = 0
74. (a)
75. (b), (d) 76. (a)
79. (b), (d)
77. (c)
` Since all pairs of angles are equal,
78. (c)
D STV ||| DWUV

x = 2.4 cm
80. (c)
10.
+B = 90c (+ in semicircle)
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
= 62 + 32
= 36 + 9
= 45
AC = 45
=3 5
1
Radius = AC
2
3 5
=
cm
2
11.
+OAC = 30c (Base +s of isosceles D)

+BAO = 25c (similarly)
` +CAB = 30c + 25c
= 55c
x = 2 +CAB
(+ at the centre is double the
+ at the circumference)
= 2 # 55c
= 110c
Chapter 9: Properties of the circle

The proofs given as answers to this chapter are informal. Also,
they may not be the only way to answer the question.
Exercises 9.1
1.
(a) i = 32c (b) x = 8 cm (c) i = a = 68c 30l (d) i = 31c

(e) x = 9 mm
2.
16r
cm
9
(f) i = 22c30l
3. (a) i = 29c
(c) a = 83c , b = 42c

(f) y = 97c
(b) x = 18c
(d) x = 68c
(e) x = 10 cm
(g) x = 15c, y = 150c, z = 75c
(h) x = 47c, y = 43c, z = 94c

(j) x = y = 39c
(a) +DCE = +ACB (vertically opposite +s)

+EDC = +BAC (+s in the same segment)
+DEC = +ABC (similarly)
` Since all pairs of +s are equal,
(i) b = 40c
817
818
12. (a) x = 52c, y = 76c

(b) AC = BD
(equal diameters)
Diagonals are equal so ABCD is a rectangle.
(opposite sides of a rectangle)
` AD = BC
6.
OB = 8.3 cm
8.
x Z 4.4 m, a = 78c, b = 38c, i = 64c
9.
OA = r
13. +ECB = 33c

(angles in same segment)
+EBC = 180 - ] 114 + 33 g (angle sum of triangle)
= 33
`+ECB = +ADE
` AD < BC
AC =
OC =
=
=
14. (a) +AOB = 90c (given)

+ABC = 90c (angle in semi-circle)
`+AOB = +ABC
`+A is common
`D AOB ||| D ABC (AAA)
(Note 2 pairs of angles equal means 3 pairs will be equal
by angle sum of triangle.)
(b) AO = BO
AB =
r +r
2
=
=
(equal radii)
2 r2
=
=
2 # r2
2r
x2
4
4r 2 x 2
4
4
2
4r - x 2
4
4r 2 - x 2
2
r2 -
4r 2 - x 2
2
2r + 4r 2 - x 2
2
So BC =
AC. CD = BC.CE
2r
(angle at centre double
Reflex +BOD = 360 - 2i
1
+BCD = +BOD
2
(angle at centre double
(angles in same segment)
1.
(a) x = 107c, y = 94c (b) i = 134c, c = 90c

(c) x = 112c, y = 112c, z = 68c (d) x = 92c, y = 114c
(e) b = 73c, a = 107c, c = 107c (f) x = 141c, y = 63c
(g) x = 65c, y = 43c
(h) w = 89c, x = 86c, y = 54c, z = 35c
(i) w = 69c, x = 111c, y = 82c, z = 98c (j) x = 118c
2.
(a) x = 62c, y = 31c (b) x = 75c, y = 105c

(c) x = 88c, y = 65c (d) x = 62c, y = 82c, z = 36c
(e) x = 90c, y = 113c (f) x = 38c, y = 71c
(g) x = 85c, y = 95c (h) x = 48c, y = 78c
(i) x = 107c, y = 73c
(j) a = 81c, b = 55c, c = 83c, d = 16c, e = 28c
3.
(a) +A = 180c - 58c
(+A and +B cointerior angles,

AD ; BC)
+D = 180c - 58c
(+C and +D cointerior angles,

AD ; BC)
angle at circumference)
So +BCD and +DAB are supplementary (add to180c)
Exercises 9.2
(a) x = 5 cm (b) y = 15 cm (c) x = 2.4 m (d) x = 42c
(e) z = 90c (f) x Z 10.3 m (g) x = 6 m, y = 3 m
(h) m Z 13.4 cm (i) y Z 5 cm (j) x = 5 mm
4. 25.6 cm
CE = 11.5 2 - 6.9 2
= 9.2
CD = 2 # 9.2 (perpendicular from O bisects chord)
= 18.4
= AB
(AAA)
Exercises 9.3
1
= (360 - 2i)
2
= 180 - i
3. 144 mm
`DABC ||| DCDE

(b) By similar triangles
AC
BC
=
CE
CD
41 cm
(Pythagoras theorem)
+A = +E
angle at circumference)
5.
centre bisects a chord)
x 2
r -d n
2
2
But AO = BO so AB = BC
15. Obtuse +BOD = 2i
2.
(perpendicular from the
10. (a) +ECD = +ACB
By similar triangles
AO
BO
=
AB
BC
1.
x
2
CD = r +
7. x = 4.7 m, y = 1.8 m
So +A = 180c - +C and +D = 180c - +B

Since opposite angles are supplementary, ABCD is a
cyclic quadrilateral.
(b) +B = +D = 90c
(given)
` +B = 180c - +D
Let +A = x
+C = 360 - ] 90 + 90 + x g
(angle sum of quadrilateral)
ANSWERS
= 360 - 180 - x
= 180 - x
= 180 - +A
(c)
+CDA = 180 - i
(straight angle)
` +B = 180c - +CDA
6.
(a) x = 67c (b) y Z 7.5 cm (c) x = 72c, y = 121c

(d) x = 63c, y = 126c (e) x = 8.9 m, y Z 5.1 m
(f) x = 63c, y = 63c (g) x = 98c, y = 65c, z = 17c
(h) x = 57c, y = 57c (i) x = 72c, y = 15c
(j) x = 61c, y = 70c, z = 52c
7.
(a) x = 26c, y = 74c, z = 48c (b) x = 68c, y = 44c, z = 68c

(c) x = y = z = 45c (d) x = 70c, y = 31c
(e) x = 20c, y = 57c, z = 103c (f) x Z 5.4 cm
(g) x Z 7.7 cm (h) x = 77c, y = 13c
(i) x Z 1.2 cm, y Z 2.1 cm (j) x = 55c, y = 112c, z = 57c
8.
AB Z 13 m
Let +A = x
+C = 360 - ] 90 + 90 + x g (angle sum of quadrilateral)
= 360 - 180 - x
= 180 - x
= 180 - +A
Exercises 9.4
1.
2.
3.
(a) i = 47c (b) x = 5 m (c) y = 11.3 cm

(d) x = y = 26c (e) a = 64c, b = 32c (f) i = 57c
(g) p = 145 Z 12 cm (h) y = 10 mm (i) x Z 5.79 cm
(j) x = 33c, y = 33c
(a) x = 10 cm (b) x = 64c, y = 26c (c) x = 13 cm
(d) x = 27c, y = 54c (e) y = 5 cm (f) x = 32c, y = 7c
(g) x = 72c, y = 42c (h) x = 35c, y = 90c
(i) m = 23c, n = 67c, p = 67c, q = 23c
(j) x = 71c, y = 62c
+OAB = 90c (tangent = to radius)
z = 90c - 48c (+ sum of D AOB)
= 42c
(equal radii)
OA = OC
` +OAC = +OCA = y
Test yourself 9
1.
i = 56c
4.
x = y = 12 cm
5.
z = 19c (+s in same segment)

y = 180c - (131c + 19c ) (+ sum of D )
= 30c
x = 30c (+s in same segment)
6.
x = 10 cm
7.
a = 3c , b = 44c , c = 136c
(+ at centre twice + at circumference)
= 50c
+OCA = 90c (tangent perpendicular to radius)
b = 90c - 83c
`
= 7c
OC = OE (equal radii)
` D OCE is isosceles
(base +s of isosceles D )
y = (180c - 48c) ' 2

(+ sum of D OAC)
= 66c
+ACD = 180c - +AED
+OCE = + OEC = c
2c + 100c = 180c (+ sum of D)
2c = 80c
c = 40c
Reflex +COE = 360c - 100c (+ of revolution)
= 260c
d = 360c - (260c + 50c + 7c)
(opposite +s of cyclic quad.)
= 180c - 62c
= 118c
= 52c
= +OAB - +OAC
= 90c - 66c
= 24c
1
v = +AOC
2
y+u
66c + u
u
+BAC
`
x
(+ at centre twice + at circumference)
1
# 48c
2
= 24c
=
4.
21 cm
5.
AC 2 + BC 2 = 3.9 2 + 5.2 2
= 42.25
AB 2 = 6.5 2
= 42.25
`
AB 2 = AC 2 + BC 2
` +ACB = 90c (by Pythagoras theorem)
` A lies on a diameter of the circle (tangent radius)
3. x = 7.2 m
1
# 100c
2
a=
8.
2. y = 2.3 mm
(+ sum of quadrilateral)
= 43c
9.
17 cm
10. 5.3 m
12. a = 61c, b = 29c

15. 18 cm
11. a = 101c, b = 98c

13. 14.9 cm
14. x = 4.9 m
16. a = 127c, b = 53c
17. +D = 180c - (80c + 53c) (+ sum of T)

= 47c
` y = 47c (+s in same segment)
x = 47c (+s in alternate segment)
18. x = 55c, y = 56c, z = 54c
819
820
6.
19. +C is common
+A = +CBD (+s in alternate segment)
Let +ODC = x and +OAB = y.

Then you can find all these angles
(giving reasons).
` D BCD ||| D ABC ] AAA g

20. (a) +OCB = +OCA = 90c (given)
OA = OB (equal radii)
OC is common
` DOAC / DOBC ] RHS g
(b) AC = BC (corresponding sides in / D s)
OC bisects AB
1.
6 cm
2.
Let +DOB
Then +EDO
EO
`
+OED
= +DCB = x (base +s of isosceles D ODC)

= 2x (ext. + of D)
= DO (equal radii)
= +EDO = 2x (base of+s of isosceles D EOD)
+AOC + +COB + +BOD + +AOD = 360c

(+ of revolution)
90c - y + x + +COB + y + 90c - x +

+AOD = 360c
+COB ++AOD + 180c = 360c
`
+COB ++AOD = 180c
+EOD = 180c - (+OED + +EDO) (+ sum of D EOD)

= 180c - 4x
+AOE = 180c - (+EOD + +DOB)
(+AOC straight +)
= 180c - (180c - 4x + x)
= 3x
` +AOE = 3+DCB
3.
Let+DAB
Then+DAC
+ACB
+ADB
+DBA
+CBA
+DBA + +CBA
7.
= x and +CAB = y
=x+y
= +DAB = x (+s in alternate segment)
= +CAB = y (similarly)
= 180c - (x + y) (+ sum of D ADB)
= 180c - (x + y) (+ sum of D ACB)
= 180c (DBC is straight +)
D
Let ABCD be a kite with AB = AD and BC = DC, and
+ADC = +ABC = 90.
AC is common.
(a) AD = DB = BE = EC = CF = FA (equal radii)
by SSS (or RHS) D ABC / D ADC
` AB = BC = CA
`D ABC is equilateral
`+BAC = +DAC and +BCA = +DCA

(corresponding 1s in congruent D s)
(b) rr units
(c)
5.
3 r2 -
Let +BAC = +DAC = a

Then +BAD = 2a
+BCA = +DCA = 90c - a (+sum of D )
+BCD = 180c - 2a
`
Opposite angles are supplementary.
2 3-r
1 2
o units 2
rr = r 2 e
2
2
+BDE = +ABD + +BAD (ext. + of D BAD)

` 2a = +ABD + a
a = +ABD
` D BAD is isosceles with AD = BD
+CDE = +ACD + +CAD (ext. +of D CAD )
` 2b = +ACD + b
b = +ACD
` DCAD is isosceles with AD = CD
` AD = BD = CD
So a circle can be drawn through A, B and C with centre D.
` 180c - (x + y) + 180c - (x + y) = 180c

180c = 2 (x + y)
`
90c = x + y
`
`
+DAC = 90c
4.
ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, and A, B, C and D are

concyclic points
Since +ABC = 90c, AC is a diameter. (+ in semicircle)
8.
25rr 2
units 2
28
ANSWERS
9.
Now ABCE is a cyclic quadrilateral, so
Let interval AB subtend angles of x at +ADB and +ACB.
+AEC + +B = 180c (opposite +s supplementary)

Also, +D + +B = 180c (given)
+D = +AEC
These are equal corresponding angles, so
DA < EA (this is impossible!)
A, B, C and D must be concyclic
ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
Chapter 10: The quadratic function

Assume A, B, C and D are not concyclic. Draw a circle
through A, B and C that cuts AD at E.
Then +AEB = +BCA = x (+s in same segment)

But +AEB and +EDB are equal corresponding angles.
` EB || DB (this is impossible!)
A, B, C, D must be concyclic
10. Let ABCD be a quadrilateral with opposite angles
supplementary.
i.e. +A + +C = 180c and +B + +D = 180c
Assume the points are not concyclic. Draw a circle
through A, B and C, cutting CD at E.
Exercises 10.1
1.
Axis of symmetry x = - 1, minimum value - 1
2.
Axis of symmetry x = - 1.5, minimum value - 7.5
3.
Axis of symmetry x = - 1.5, minimum value - 0.25
4.
Axis of symmetry x = 0, minimum value - 4
5.
Axis of symmetry x =
6.
Axis of symmetry x = 1, maximum value -6
7.
Axis of symmetry x = - 1, maximum point ^ - 1, 7 h
8.
Minimum value -1, 2 solutions
9.
Minimum value 3.75, no solutions
3 7
3
n
, minimum point d ,
8 16
8
10. Minimum value 0, 1 solution

11. (a) x = -3; (-3, -12)
1
1 1
(c) x = 1 ; d 1 , 3 n
4
4 8
(b) x = -4; (-4, 17)

1
1
1
(d) x = -1 ; d -1 , -13 n
4
4
4
(e) x = -3; ^ -3, -23 h

12. (a) (i) x = -1
(b) (i) x = 1
(ii) -3
(iii) (-1, -3)
(ii) 1
(iii) (1, 1)
821
822
13. (a) Minimum (-1, 0)

(b) Minimum (4, -23)
(c) Minimum (-2, -7)
(d) Minimum (1, -1)
(e) Minimum (2, -11)
1
1
(f) Minimum d - , -3 n
4
8
(c) (i) 5.83, 0.17
(ii) Minimum -8
y
(iii)
10
8
6
(g) Maximum (-1, 6)
(h) Maximum (2, 11)

1 3
(i) Maximum d , 7 n
2 4
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
(j) Maximum (1, -3)
-4
14. (a) (i) -2
(iii)
-6
(ii) Minimum 0
y
-8
-10
5
4
3
(d) (i) -2, 0
(iii)
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
2
1
(b) (i) -1, 3 (ii) Minimum -4
-2
-3
(e) (i) ! 3
3
2
-2
-3
(ii) Minimum -18

y
(iii)
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
(iii)
(ii) Minimum -1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
-4
-4
-6
-5
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
(f) (i) -1,
2
3
(ii) Minimum - 2
1
12
ANSWERS
(iii)
(i) (i) 0.56, -3.56
(ii) Minimum 4
1
4
(iii)
41
4
1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
2
3
-2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2 1 -3
12
-4
-2
-3
-5
-6
(j) (i) 2.87, -0.87
(g) (i) 1.65, -3.65 (ii) Maximum 7
(iii)
(iii)
(ii) Maximum 7
7
6
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
1
2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-2
-3
15. (a) 4
(h) (i) 1.3, -2.3 (ii) Maximum 3
(c)
1
4
y
7
(iii)
(b) None
1
4
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
823
824
16. (a) None
(b) 6
19.
3
4
(c)
14
12
10
8
-4
-3 -2 -1
-2
-4
4
2
-6
2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
Graph is always above the x-axis so y 2 0 for all x

` 3x 2 - 2x + 4 2 0 for all x
-2
20.
-3
7
17. (a) - 3
8
(b) None
(c)
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
-4
-6
-4
-6
Graph is always above the x-axis so y 2 0 for all x

` x 2 + x + 2 2 0 for all x
-8
-10
-14
-16
-18
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
18. (a)
21.
-12
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-14
-16
-18
-3
(b) x 1 2, x 2 3
(c) 2 # x # 3
Graph is always below the x-axis so y 1 0 for all x

` - x 2 + 2x - 7 1 0 for all x
ANSWERS
22.
8.
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
9.
-6
1.
x 1 -3, x 2 3
2. - 1 # n # 0
4.
x 1 - 2, x 2 2
5. 0 # y # 6
7.
x 1 - 4, x 2 2
8. p # - 3, p $ - 1
3. a # 0, a $ 2
6. 0 1 t 1 2
1
11. 1 1 h 1 2
2
14. q 1 3, q 2 6
15. All real x
17. - 3 1 x 1 5
1
19. y 1 - , y 2 5
3
20. x # - 2, x $ 4
1
3
30. - 2
24. -
18. - 6 # t # 2
29. x #
21. -
1
1x 10
2
1
#x 10
2
26. x $ - 1, x 1 - 2
28. x 1 - 6, x 2 - 3
9. m 1 2, m 2 4
12. - 4 # x # 5
16. n # - 4, n $ 3
25. 1 1 x 1 1
1
2
(1)
(2)
x 2 + 3 = 2x + 6
x 2 - 2x - 3 = 0
b 2 - 4ac = ] - 2 g2 - 4 ] 1 g ] - 3 g
= 16
20
So there are 2 points of intersection
Exercises 10.2
23. 0 1 x # 1
14. 0 # b # 2
Substitute (2) in (1):
Graph is always below the x-axis so y 1 0 for all x

` - 5x 2 + 4x -1 1 0 for all x
1
3
11. m 1 - 3, m 2 3
y = x2 + 3
-7
22. 0 1 x 1
13. p 1 -
16. Solving simultaneously:

y = 2x + 6
-5
1
#k #7
2
10. 0 1 k 1 4
15. p # - 2, p $ 6
-4
13. - 2
k # - 5, k $ 3
12. k # - 1, k $ 1
-3
10. x # - 3, x $ 2
b 2 - 4ac = ] - 1 g2 - 4 ] 3 g ] 7 g
= - 83
10
So 3x 2 - x + 7 2 0 for all x
-2
a =320
27. 2 1 x # 2
2
5
2
,x 21
3
2
# x 1 -2
2
Exercises 10.3
1.
(a) 20 (b) -47 (c) -12 (d) 49 (e) 9

(h) 64 (i) 17 (j) 0
(f) -16 (g) 0
2.
(a) 17 unequal real irrational roots

(b) -39 no real roots (c) 1 unequal real rational roots
(d) 0 equal real rational roots
(e) 33 unequal real irrational roots
(f) -16 no real roots (g) 49 unequal real rational roots
(h) -116 no real roots (i) 1 unequal real rational roots
(j) 48 unequal real irrational roots
3.
1
7
6. p 2 2 7. k 2 - 2
p = 1 4. k = ! 2 5. b # 12
8
17. 3x + y - 4 = 0
y = x 2 + 5x + 3
From (1):
y = - 3x + 4
x 2 + 5x + 3 = - 3x + 4
x 2 + 8x - 1 = 0
b 2 - 4ac = 8 2 - 4 ] 1 g ] - 1 g
= 68
20
So there are 2 points of intersection
(1)
(2)
18. y = - x - 4
y = x2
x2 = - x - 4
2
x +x+4=0
b 2 - 4ac = 1 2 - 4 ] 1 g ] 4 g
= - 15
10
So there are no points of intersection
(1)
(2)
19. y = 5x - 2
y = x 2 + 3x - 1
x 2 + 3x - 1 = 5 x - 2
x 2 - 2x + 1 = 0
b 2 - 4ac = ] - 2 g2 - 4 ] 1 g ] 1 g
=0
So there is 1 point of intersection
` the line is a tangent to the parabola
(1)
(2)
20. p = 3
1
4
21. (c) and (d)
(3)
825
826
Exercises 10.4
1.
2.
(a) a = 1, b = 2, c = -6
(b) a = 2, b = -11, c = 15
(c) a = 1, b = 1, c = - 2
(d) a = 1, b = 7, c = 18
(e) a = 3, b = -11, c = -16
(f) a = 4, b = 17, c = 11
(g) a = 2, b = -12, c = -9
(h) a = 3, b = - 8, c = 2
(i) a = - 1, b = 10, c = - 24
(j) a = - 2, b = 0, c = - 1
20. (a) m = 1
(b) m 1
x 2 - 4x + 5 = x ] x - 2 g - 2 ] x + 1 g + 3 + 4
4.
RHS = a ] x - 2 g ] x + 3 g + b ] x - 2 g + c
= 1 ] x - 2 g ] x + 3 g + 1 ] x - 2 g + 17
= x 2 + 3x - 2x - 6 + x - 2 + 17
= x 2 + 2x + 9
= RHS
` true
1.
(a) x = -1, - 4 (b) y = 2, 5 (c) x = - 4, 2

(d) n = - 1, 4 (e) a = - 3, 5 (f) p = 3, 4 (g) x = 2, - 4
(h) k = 5, 12 (i) t = 6, - 4 (j) b = -12, - 4
2.
(a) x = - 2, 3
3.
6. a = 2, b = 1, c = - 1
7.
K = 1, L = 6, M = 7.5 8. 12 ] x + 5 g + ] 2x - 3 g - 65 - 2
9.
a = 0, b = - 4, c = - 21
(b) y = x 2 - 3x
(d) y = x 2 + 4x - 9
(a) a + b = - 2, ab = 1
(b) a + b = 1.5, ab = - 3
(c) a + b = 0.2, ab = - 1.8
(d) a + b = - 7, ab = 1
2
(e) a + b = 2 , ab = 1
3
m = 0.5
5. k = - 32
9.
k = -5
10. m = ! 3
x = ! 1, !2
7.
x = ! 2.19, !0.46, !1.93, !0.52
8.
(a) x = 0c , 90c , 180c , 360c (b) x = 90c , 180c , 270c

(c) x = 90c , 210c , 330c (d) x = 60c , 90c , 270c , 300c
(e) x = 0c , 180c , 270c , 360c
9.
(a) x = 0c , 45c , 180c , 225c , 360c

(b) x = 0c , 180c , 360c
(c) x = 0c , 30c , 150c , 180c , 360c
(d) x = 45c , 60c ,135c , 120c , 225c , 240c , 315c , 300c
(e) x = 30c , 60c , 120c , 150c , 210c , 240c , 300c , 330c
10.
x+3+
6. b = 4
7. k = 1
11. k = - 1
2
=5
x+3
14. b = - 6, c = 8
15. a = 0, b = - 1
(c) k = - 1.8
(b) p # - 2 3 , p $ 2 3
So u has 2 real irrational roots.

` x + 3 and so x has 2 real irrational roots
8. p = 13
12. n = - 1, 3
(e) k # - 1, k $ 0
3 3
6. x = - 1
u 2 - 5u + 2 = 0
b 2 - 4ac = ] - 5 g2 - 4 ] 1 g ] 2 g
= 17
20
1
16. ab = 1 ` b =
a
(c) p = !
(e) a = - 2, - 2 ! 6
Let u = x + 3
4.
18. (a) p = ! 2 3
1! 5
2
5.
(d) 21
(b) k = - 1, 0
(c) x =
2
# (x + 3) = 5 # (x + 3)
]x + 3g
] x + 3 g2 + 2 = 5 ] x + 3 g
] x + 3 g2 - 5 ] x + 3 g + 2 = 0
(a) x 2 + 3x - 10 = 0 (b) x 2 - 4x - 21 = 0
(c) x 2 + 5x + 4 = 0 (d) x 2 - 8x + 11 = 0
(e) x 2 - 2x - 27 = 0
17. (a) k = - 1
(b) y = ! 2, ! 2
(x + 3) # (x + 3) +
3.
13. p = 2, r = - 7
(a) x = ! 3
(d) x = 3, 5
(a) x = 0, 3 (b) p = 1 (c) x = 1 (d) x = 1 (e) x = 1, 3
Exercises 10.5
(c) - 0.5
(c) x = 4, 5
4.
(e) y = - x 2 - 2x + 1
(a) 3 (b) - 6
(b) x = 2, 3
(d) x = 1.37, - 4.37, 0.79, - 3.79
A = 1, B = 5 , C = - 6
2.
3 - 10
3 + 10
,m2
2
2
1
(e) x = 1 , 4
2
5.
1.
(c) k = 2
Exercises 10.6
3.
(c) y = 2x 2 - 3x + 7
(b) k = - 3
(c) m = - 3
m = 2, p = - 5, q = 2
10. (a) y = x 2 - x - 5
19. (a) k = 2
(d) k = 3
Test yourself 10
1.
(a) 0 # x # 3
(b) n 1 - 3, n 2 3
2.
a = 1, b = - 9, c = 14
4.
a =120
D = b 2 - 4ac
= ] -2 g 2 -4 # 1 # 7
= - 24
10
` positive definite
3. (a) x = 2
(c) - 2 # y # 2
(b) - 3
ANSWERS
2 1
(d) 18 (e) 30 6. x = 1 ,
3 3
5.
(a) 6 (b) 3
7.
(a) iv (b) ii (c) iii
8.
a = -1 1 0
D = b 2 - 4ac
= 3 2 - 4 # (-1) # (- 4)
= -7
10
(c) 2
(d) ii
(e) i
` - 4 + 3x - x 2 1 0 for all x
9.
(a) x = -
1
4
(b) 6
1
8
10. 3 ] x - 2 g2 + 12 ] x + 3 g - 41
12. (a) k = 3
1
4
1
13. x = - , 3
2
(b) k = 1
(c) k = 3
14. m 1 -
16. (a) i (b) i (c) iii
(d) i
17. (a) iii (b) i (c) i
(d) ii
18. For reciprocal roots b

ab
1
a
LHS
a
11. x = 30c , 150c , 270c
9
16
(d) k = 3
(e) k = 2
19. (a) x + 3x - 28 = 0
1
1
(c) 1 y 1
5
3
(e) ii
y = x 2 - 5x + 4
5.
11
9.
x = !1
(b) x - 10x + 18 = 0
(b) n # - 3, n 2 3
6.
The straight line - 2 1 x 1 2 or | x | 1 2
7.
A circle, centre the origin, radius 2 (equation

x2 + y2 = 4 i
8.
lines y = !1
4. A (parabolic) arc
5. A spiral
9. lines x = !5
10. line y = 2
11. Circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 (centre origin, radius 1)

12. Circle, centre ^ 1, -2 h, radius 4
13. y = -5
15. x = -7
16. x = 3
18. x = !4
1.
x2 + y2 = 1
2. x 2 + 2x + y 2 + 2y - 79 = 0
3.
x 2 - 10x + y 2 + 4y + 25 = 0
5.
12x - 26y - 1 = 0
7.
3x 2 - 32x + 3y 2 - 50y + 251 = 0
8.
5x 2 - 102x + 5y 2 + 58y - 154 = 0
9.
x 2 - 4x + 20y - 36 = 0
11. y 2 + 8x - 32 = 0
1
(d) x # - 10, x 2 - 2
2
4. 8x - 6y + 13 = 0
6. y = ! x
(e) 4 1 x # 7
13. x 2 + 12y = 0
10. x 2 - 20y = 0
12. x 2 - 2x + 8y - 7 = 0
14. x 2 - 5x + y 2 - 2y - 11 = 0
15. x 2 + 3x + y 2 - y - 4 = 0
3. a = 4, b = - 3, c = 7
7. p 2 0.75
4. x = ! 2
8. Show D = 0
16. x 2 + x + y 2 - 2y - 17 = 0
17. 2x 2 + 4x + 2y 2 - 6y + 47 = 0
18. 2x 2 + 2x + 2y 2 + 4y + 27 = 0
19. 3x + 4y + 25 = 0, 3x + 4y - 15 = 0
20. 12x - 5y - 14 = 0, 12x - 5y + 12 = 0
4x + 1
3
1
=
+
11. 2
x-2 x+1
x -x-2
1 - 21
1 + 21
,k$
2
2
13. x = 30c , 90c , 150c
An arc
Exercises 11.2
10. A = 2, B = - 19, C = 67 or A = - 2, B = 13, C = - 61
12. k #
3.
4
7
6. n = - 2.3375
2. A straight line parallel to the ladder.
20. Circle, centre ^ -4, 5 h, radius 1
1
=
a
c
=
a
k
=
k
= RHS = 1
D = ] k - 4 g2 $ 0 and a perfect square real,

rational roots
2.
A circle
19. Circle, centre ^ -2, 4 h, radius 6
1.
1.
17. y = !8
20. x = 1, 3
21. (a) x 1 - 1, x 2 -
Exercises 11.1
14. Circle, centre (1, 1), radius 3
15. x = 0, 2
roots are reciprocals for all x.

2
Chapter 11: Locus and the parabola
3! 5
14. x = 1,
2
15. x = 60c , 90c , 270c , 300c
16. - 23
21. x - 2y - 3 ! 5 5 = 0
22. x - 7y + 9 = 0, 7x + y - 5 = 0
23. 7x - 4y - 30 = 0, 32x + 56y - 35 = 0
24. xy - 16x - 7y + 40 = 0
25. x 2 - 6x - 3y 2 - 12y + 9 = 0
827
828
Problem
23.
12x + 5y - 40 = 0, 12x + 5y + 38 = 0
Exercises 11.3
1.
(a) Radius 10, centre (0, 0) (b) Radius 5 , centre (0, 0)

(c) Radius 4, centre (4, 5) (d) Radius 7, centre (5, 6)
(e) Radius 9, centre (0, 3)
2.
(a) x 2 + y 2 = 16 (b) x 2 - 6x + y 2 - 4y - 12 = 0
(c) x 2 + 2x + y 2 - 10y + 17 = 0
(d) x 2 - 4x + y 2 - 6y - 23 = 0
(e) x 2 + 8x + y 2 - 4y - 5 = 0
(f) x 2 + y 2 + 4y + 3 = 0 (g) x 2 - 8x + y 2 - 4y - 29 = 0
(h) x 2 + 6x + y 2 + 8y - 56 = 0 (i) x 2 + 4x + y 2 - 1 = 0
(j) x 2 + 8x + y 2 + 14y + 62 = 0
3.
x 2 - 18x + y 2 + 8y + 96 = 0
4.
x 2 + 4x + y 2 + 4y - 8 = 0
6.
x 2 + 6x + y 2 - 16y + 69 = 0
7.
x 2 - 10x + y 2 + 4y + 27 = 0
9.
x 2 - 2x + y 2 - 10y + 25 = 0
26. Perpendicular distance from centre ^ 0, 0 h to the line is

equal to the radius 2 units; perpendicular distance from
centre ^ -1, 2 h to the line is equal to the radius 3 units.
27. (a) x 2 + 2x + y 2 - 6y - 15 = 0
(b) ^ 2, 7 h, ^ -1, -2 h (c) Z = ^ -1, 8 h
1
(d) m zx # m yx = - # 3
3
= -1
` +ZXY = 90c
Exercises 11.4
1.
8. x 2 + y 2 - 9 = 0
(b) x 2 = 36y
(c) x 2 = 4y
(e) x 2 = 40y
(f) x 2 = 12y
(g) x 2 = 24y
(i) x = 8y
2.
12. x 2 + y 2 + 6y + 1 = 0
13. (a) Radius 3, centre (2, 1) (b) Radius 5, centre (4, 2)

(c) Radius 1, centre (0, 1) (d) Radius 6, centre (5, 3)
(e) Radius 1, centre (1, 1) (f) Radius 6, centre (6, 0)
(g) Radius 5, centre (3, 4) (h) Radius 8, centre (10, 2)
(i) Radius 5, centre (7, 1) (j) Radius 10 , centre (1, 2)
(a) x 2 = -4y
(b) x 2 = -12y
(d) x = -28y
(e) x = -24y
(g) x 2 = -32y
(h) x 2 = -8y
4.
(a) (i) (0, 1) (ii) y = 1 (b) (i) (0, 6) (ii) y = 6

(c) (i) (0, 2) (ii) y = 2 (d) (i) (0, 12) (ii) y = 12
(e) (i) (0, 5) (ii) y = 5 (f) (i) (0, 4) (ii) y = 4
(g) (i) (0, 8) (ii) y = 8 (h) (i) (0, 10) (ii) y = 10
6.
22. x 2 + 2x + y 2 + 2y - 23 = 0
(i) x 2 = -60y
(a) (i) (0, 1) (ii) y = -1 (b) (i) (0, 7) (ii) y = -7

(c) (i) (0, 4) (ii) y = -4 (d) (i) (0, 9) (ii) y = -9
(e) (i) (0, 10) (ii) y = -10 (f) (i) (0, 11) (ii) y = -11
1
1
(g) (i) (0, 3) (ii) y = -3 (h) (i) c (0, 1 m (ii) y = -1
2
2
3
1
1
(i) (i) c 0, 2 m (ii) y = -2
(j) (i) c 0, 3 m
4
2
2
3
(ii) y = -3
4
5.
21. (a) Both circles have centre ^ 1, -2 h

(b) 1 unit
(f) x 2 = -36y
3.
1
1
(i) (i) c 0, - m (ii) y =
2
2
20. Show perpendicular distance from the line to ^ 4, -2 h is

5 units, or solve simultaneous equations.
(c) x 2 = -16y
(j) x = -52y
17. Centre (4, 7), radius 8
19.
(h) x 2 = 44y
15. Centre ^ 2, 5 h , radius 5
1
1
18. Centre d - 1 , 1 n , radius 2
2
2
(d) x 2 = 16y
(j) x = 48y
11. x 2 - 8x + y 2 - 6y + 22 = 0
16. Centre ^ - 1, -6 h , radius 7
(a) x 2 = 20y
2
14. Centre ^ 3, -1 h , radius 4
(b) x 2 - 4x + y 2 + 10y + 13 = 0
28. (a) 4 units
5. x 2 - 2x + y 2 - 48 = 0
34 units
25. (a) 5 units (b) 3 units and 2 units

(c) XY is the sum of the radii. The circles touch each
other at a single point, ^ 0, 1 h .
10. x + 12x + y - 2y + 1 = 0
2
24.
56 units
1
1
(j) (i) c 0, -5 m (ii) y = 5
2
2
(a) x 2 = 28y (b) x 2 = 44y (c) x 2 = -24y

(d) x 2 = 8y (e) x 2 = !12y (f) x 2 = !32y
1
(g) x 2 = 32y (h) x 2 = y
7
(a) Focus ^ 0, 2 h, directrix y = -2, focal length 2
(b) Focus ^ 0, 6 h, directrix y = -6, focal length 6
(c) Focus ^ 0, -3 h, directrix y = 3, focal length 3

1
1
1
(d) Focus d 0, n, directrix y = - , focal length
2
2
2
3
3
3
(e) Focus d 0, -1 n, directrix y = 1 , focal length 1
4
4
4
1
1
1
(f) Focus d 0, n, directrix y = - , focal length
8
8
8
ANSWERS
7.
y =2
8. ^ 4, 4 h
9.
3
1
X = d -1 , - n
2
8
10. ^ 4, -2 h and ^ -4, -2 h ; 8 units

11. (a) x 2 = - 12y
(b) y = 3
(c) 33
7.
x = 4 (latus rectum)
9.
^ 9, - 6 h, ^ 81, 18 h
(d) 4
2
units
13
(e) 11.7 units2
Exercises 11.6
13. (a) x - 4y + 2 = 0 (b) ^ 0, 1 h does not lie on the line

(c) x 2 - 4x + y 2 - 2y + 1 = 0
(d) Substitute ^ 0, 1 h into the equation of the circle.
14. (a) Substitute Q into the equation of the parabola.
(b) _ q 2 - 1 i x - 2qy + 2aq = 0
(c) Equation of latus rectum is y = a. Solving with
x 2 = 4ay gives two endpoints A ^ -2a, a h, B ^ 2a, a h .
Length of AB = 4a.
1.
(a) ] x - 3 g2 = 8 ^ y + 3 h
(b) ] x - 5 g2 = 4 ^ y + 6 h
(c) ] x - 1 g = 4 ^ y + 3 h (d) ] x - 4 g2 = -12 ^ y - 3 h

(e) ] x - 6 g2 = 8 ^ y + 7 h (f) ] x + 7 g2 = -16 ^ y - 3 h
(g) ] x - 2 g2 = -4 ^ y - 5 h (h) ] x + 9 g2 = 12 ^ y + 6 h
2
(i) ] x + 1 g2 = - 4 ^ y - 2 h
2.
(j) ] x - 3 g2 = 8 ^ y + 1 h
(a) ^ y - 4 h2 = 4 ] x + 4 g (b) ^ y - 1 h2 = 8 ] x + 2 g
(c) ^ y + 2 h2 = 12 ] x + 1 g (d) ^ y - 10 h2 = - 4 ] x - 29 g
(e) ^ y + 3 h2 = - 16 ] x - 1 g
(f) ^ y - 6 h2 = 8 ] x + 4 g
(g) ^ y + 5 h2 = - 24 ] x - 2 g (h) ^ y + 12 h2 = 4 ] x + 36 g
Exercises 11.5
2.
5
1
units2
(b) d - 5, - 4 n (c) 10
6
12
10. (a) 5x - 12y - 25 = 0
1
units
3
12. (a) Substitute the point into the equation.

3
(b) 3x + 4y - 3 = 0 (c) d 2, - n
4
1.
8. 12, ^ 3, 6 h, ^ 3, -6 h
(a) y 2 = 8x (b) y 2 = 20x (c) y 2 = 56x (d) y 2 = 36x

(e) y 2 = 32x (f) y 2 = 24x (g) y 2 = 28x (h) y 2 = 12x
(i) y 2 = 16x (j) y 2 = 4x
(i) ^ y - 2 h2 = - 20 ] x - 1 g (j) ^ y + 4 h2 = - 8 ] x - 2 g
3.
(b) x 2 + 8x - 4y + 16 = 0
(c) x - 4x - 8y - 12 = 0
(d) x 2 - 6x - 8y + 41 = 0
(a) y = -36x (b) y = - 16x (c) y = -40x

(d) y 2 = -24x (e) y 2 = - 8x (f) y 2 = -48x
(g) y 2 = - 44x (h) y 2 = -20x (i) y 2 = -12x
(j) y 2 = -28x
2
(a) x 2 + 2x - 8y + 9 = 0
(e) x 2 + 4x - 16y + 20 = 0
(f) x 2 + 2x + 16y + 1 = 0
(g) x - 8x + 20y - 24 = 0
(h) x 2 + 10x + 8y + 1 = 0
(i) x 2 + 6x + 12y + 45 = 0
(j) x 2 + 4y + 24 = 0
(k) y - 6y - 12x - 3 = 0
(l) y 2 - 8y - 4x + 8 = 0
3.
4.
5.
(a) (i) (2, 0)

(c) (i) (4, 0)
(e) (i) (7, 0)
(g) (i) (6, 0)
1
(i) (i) c , 0 m
4
= -2
= -4
= -7
= -6
1
(ii) x = 4
(ii) x
(ii) x
(ii) x
(ii) x
(a) (i) (2, 0) (ii) x = 2 (b) (i) (3, 0) (ii) x = 3

(c) (i) (7, 0) (ii) x = 7 (d) (i) (1, 0) (ii) x = 1
(e) (i) (6, 0) (ii) x = 6 (f) (i) (13, 0) (ii) x = 13
1
1
(g) (i) (15, 0) (ii) x = 15 (h) (i) c - , 0 m (ii) x =
2
2
1
1
1
1
(i) (i) c - 6 , 0 m (ii) x = 6
(j) (i) c - 1 , 0 m (ii) x = 1
4
4
2
2
(a) y 2 = 20x
(b) y 2 = 4x
(e) y 2 = !36x
6.
(b) (i) (3, 0) (ii) x = -3

(d) (i) (1, 0) (ii) x = -1
(f) (i) (8, 0) (ii) x = -8
(h) (i) (9, 0) (ii) x = -9
1
1
(j) (i) c 4 , 0 m (ii) x = -4
2
2
(c) y 2 = -16x
(f) y 2 = !8x
(m) y 2 - 8x + 32 = 0
(o) y + 2y - 8x - 7 = 0
(h) y 2 =
(s) y - 4y + 2x + 5 = 0
4.
(a) (i) (3, 2)
(ii) y = -4
(b) (i) (1, 1)
(ii) y = - 3
(c) (i) (2, 0)
(ii) y = -2
(d) (i) (4, 2)
(ii) y = - 4
(e) (i) (5, 1)
(ii) y = -5
(f) (i) (3, 1)
(g) (i) (1, 0)
(ii) y = 4
(h) (i) (2, 0)
(i) (i) (4, 2)
(ii) y = 4
(j) (i) (2, 3)
(ii) y = 3
(ii) y = 2
(ii) y = 5
5.
(a) (i) (0, 1) (ii) x = -2 (b) (i) (2, 4) (ii) x = - 4

(c) (i) (0, 3) (ii) x = -4 (d) (i) (3, 2) (ii) x = -5
(e) (i) (7, 1) (ii) x = -5 (f) (i) (1, 5) (ii) x = 5
(g) (i) (11, 7) (ii) x = 13 (h) (i) (3, 6) (ii) x = 7
1
1
(i) (i) (7, 2) (ii) x = 9 (j) (i) c -10 , -3 m (ii) x = 9
2
2
6.
x 2 - 12y + 36 = 0
(a) Focus ^ 2, 0 h, directrix x = - 2, focal length 2
(c) Focus ^ -3, 0 h, directrix x = 3, focal length 3
(r) y 2 - 6y + 16x + 25 = 0
(t) y 2 - 2y + 2x - 6 = 0
1
x
2
(b) Focus ^ 1, 0 h, directrix x = - 1, focal length 1
(p) y 2 + 8y + 12x + 4 = 0
(q) y 2 - 2y + 4x - 11 = 0
(d) y 2 = 12x
(g) y 2 = 12x
(n) y 2 + 4y - 16x - 12 = 0
1
1
1
(d) Focus d 1 , 0 n, directrix x = - 1 , focal length 1
2
2
2
7.
x 2 + 4x - 8y - 4 = 0, x 2 + 4x + 8y + 12 = 0
8.
x 2 - 2x - 4y - 19 = 0
9. y 2 - 12y + 12x + 12 = 0
1
1
1
(e) Focus d -1 , 0 n, directrix x = 1 , focal length 1
4
4
4
10. x 2 - 2x - 12y + 1 = 0
11. x 2 - 2x - 28y + 29 = 0
(f) Focus d
12. y 2 + 4y + 24x - 44 = 0
13. y 2 - 6y - 32x + 9 = 0
14. x 2 - 6x + 8y - 15 = 0
15. y 2 + 2y - 16x + 49 = 0
1
1
1
, 0 n, directrix x = - , focal length
12
12
12
16. x 2 + 6x + 4y - 7 = 0
17. x 2 - 4x - 12y - 8 = 0
829
830
18. y 2 + 2y + 16x - 95 = 0
Exercises 11.8
19. (a) Vertex ^ - 2, 1 h, focus ^ - 2, 3 h, directrix y = -1
1.
(a)
(b) Vertex ^ 3, 2 h, focus ^ 3, 5 h, directrix y = -1
(c) Vertex ^ 1, -1 h, focus ^ 1, - 2 h, directrix y = 0

(d) Vertex ^ 3, 4 h, focus ^ 7, 4 h, directrix x = -1
(e) Vertex ^ 0, - 2 h, focus ^ 6, - 2 h, directrix x = -6
(f) Vertex ^ - 5, 0 h, focus ^ - 7, 0 h, directrix x = -3

20. Vertex ^ - 1, 4 h, focus ^ -1, -3 h , directrix y = 11, axis
x = - 1, maximum value 4
21. x 2 - 4x - 8y + 12 = 0 or x 2 - 4x + 8y - 36 = 0
(b) d 0, 7
22. (a) 8x 2 + 9y - 72 = 0
23
9
n, y = 8
32
32
(b)
23. (a)
(c)
3
1
(b) d -1, -8 n, y = -9
4
4
24. x 2 + 4x + 8y - 20 = 0
25. 0.3 m
Exercises 11.7
1.
5.
m=
dy
dx
1
3
=x
2. m = -4
3. m = -1
6. x - y - 2 = 0
4. m =
1
2
7. x - 2y + 12 = 0
8.
x + y - 6 = 0, x - y - 18 = 0
9.
x - 2y - 2 = 0, 2x + y - 9 = 0
(d)
7 1
10. 4x + y - 8 = 0, M = d 1 , n
8 2
11. x + y - 9 = 0, P = ^ - 18, 27 h
12. Q = ^ 33, 60.5 h
13. x + 4y + 144 = 0, 4x + 2y + 9 = 0, ^ 18, -40.5 h ; show
the point lies on the parabola by substituting it into the
equation of the parabola
14. x - y - 4 = 0, R = ^ 4, 0 h
15. (a) Substitute P into the equation of the parabola
(b) x + py - 2p - p 3 = 0
(c) Substitute ^ 0, 1 h into the equation of the normal.
0 + p - 2p - p 3 = 0
0 = p3 + p
= p (p 2 + 1)
2
Since p ! 0, p + 1 = 0
(e)
ANSWERS
(f)
2.
(a) (i) p
(ii) -
1
p
(iii) y - px + p 2 = 0
(iv) x + py = p 3 + 2p
1
(iii) y - qx + 3p 2 = 0
(b) (i) q (ii) q
(iv) x + qy = 3q 3 + 6q
1
(iii) y - tx + 2t 2 = 0
(c) (i) t (ii) t
2.
(a) x - 2y - 2 = 0 (b) 2x - y - 11 = 0
(c) y = x 2 + 3x + 2 (d) y = 16x 2 - 1 (e) xy = 2
3.
(a) x = 2t, y = t 2
(iv) x + ny = 5n 3 + 10n
1
(iii) y - px + 6p 2 = 0
(e) (i) p (ii) p
(iv) x + py = 6p 3 + 12p
1
(iii) y + kx - 4k 2 = 0
(f) (i) k (ii)
k
(b) x = 6t, y = 3t 2
(c) x = - 4t, y = -2t 2
(d) x = 8t, y = 4t 2
(e) x = - 18t, y = - 9t
(f) x = 10t, y = 5t 2
t
t2
,y=
4
2
5t 2
(j) x = - 5t, y = 2
(g) x = -3t, y = (i) x =
(iv) x + ty = 2t 3 + 4t
1
(iii) y - nx + 5n 2 = 0
(d) (i) n (ii) n
t
t2
,y=
4
8
3t
2
(h) x =
4.
(a) x 2 = 16y (b) x 2 = 20y (c) x 2 = 4y (d) x 2 = -28y

(e) x 2 = - 8y (f) x 2 = 4ay (g) x 2 = -4y (h) x 2 = 24y
(i) x 2 = -2y (j) x 2 = 4ay
5.
(a) Substitute _ 6t, - 3t i into the equation

(b) P = ^ -12, -12 h
(c) 2x - y + 12 = 0
(iv) x - ky = 4k 3 + 8k
1
(iii) y - qx - q 2 = 0
(g) (i) q (ii) q
(iv) x + qy = -q 3 - 2q
1
(iii) y + tx - 2t 2 = 0
(h) (i) t (ii)
t
(iv) x - ty = 2t 3 + 4t
1
(iii) y - mx - 3m 2 = 0
(i) (i) m (ii) m
6.
(a) Q = ^ - 8, 4 h
7.
^ 4, 0 h, x = - 4
9.
(a) x 2 = 24y
(iv) x + my = -3m 3 - 6m
1
(iii) y + ax - 8a 2 = 0
(j) (i) a (ii)
a
(b) x - y + 12 = 0
(iv) x - ay = 8a 3 + 16a
8. P = ^ 4, -4 h; 4x + 3y - 4 = 0
(b)
1
4
10. 3x - y - 18 = 0
3.
(ii) 8 -4pq ^ p + q h, 4 _ p 2 + pq + q 2 + 2 i B
Exercises 11.9
1.
t+n
(a) (i)
2
(b) (i)
(c) (i)
(d) (i)
(e) (i)
p+q
2
m+n
2
p+q
2
a+b
2
(f) (i) -
p+q
2
a+b
(g) (i) 2
(h) (i)
p+q
2
(i) (i) (j) (i)
s+t
2
p+q
2
(a) (i) ^ p + q, pq h (ii) 7 - pq ^ p + q h, p 2 + pq + q 2 + 2 A

(b) (i) 7 4 ^ p + q h, 4pq A
(c) (i) 6 2 ] a + b g, 2ab @
(ii) 7 -2ab ] a + b g, 2 ^ a 2 + ab + b 2 + 2 h A
1
(ii) y - ] t + n g x + 4tn = 0
2
(d) (i) 6 3 ] s + t g, 3st @
(ii) y -
1
^ p + q h x + 2pq = 0
2
(ii) y -
1
] m + n g x + 3mn = 0
2
(ii) 7 -5tw ] t + w g, 5 ^ t 2 + tw + w 2 + 2 h A
(ii) y -
1
^ p + q h x + 5pq = 0
2
(ii) 8 -6pq ^ p + q h, -6 _ p 2 + pq + q 2 + 2 i B
(ii) y -
1
] a + b g x + ab = 0
2
(ii) y +
(ii) 7 -3st ] s + t g, 3 ^ s 2 + st + t 2 + 2 h A
(e) (i) 6 5 ] t + w g, 5tw @
(f) (i) 7 6 ^ p + q h, -6pq A
(g) (i) 6 4 ] m + n g, -4mn @
(ii) 7 -4mn ] m + n g, - 4 ^ m 2 + mn + n 2 + 2 h A
(h) (i) 7 10 ^ p + q h, -10pq A
1
^ p + q h x - 2pq = 0
2
(ii) 8 -10pq ^ p + q h, -10 _ p 2 + pq + q 2 + 2 i B

(i) (i) 6 5 ] h + k g, - 5hk @
1
(ii) y + ] a + b g x - 6ab = 0
2
(ii) 7 -5hk ] h + k g, - 5 ^ h 2 + hk + k 2 + 2 h A
1
(ii) y - ^ p + q h x - 4pq = 0
2
(ii) y +
1
] s + t g x - st = 0
2
1
(ii) y - ^ p + q h x - 7pq = 0
2
(j) (i) 7 -3 ^ p + q h, - 3pq A
(ii) 8 3pq ^ p + q h, - 3 _ p 2 + pq + q 2 + 2 i B
4.
(a) (i) xx 1 = 4 _ y + y 1 i (ii) y - y 1 = -
4
x - x1 i
x1 _
(b) (i) xx 1 = 6 _ y + y 1 i (ii) y - y 1 = -
6
x - x1 i
x1 _
831
832
(c) (i) xx 1 = 8 _ y + y 1 i (ii) y - y 1 = -
8
x - x1 i
x1 _
(d) (i) xx 1 = 2 _ y + y 1 i (ii) y - y 1 = -
2
x - x1 i
x1 _
10
(e) (i) xx 1 = 10 _ y + y 1 i (ii) y - y 1 = - _ x - x 1 i
x1
5.
(f) (i) xx 1 = -2 _ y + y 1 i
(ii) y - y 1 =
2
x - x1 i
x1 _
(g) (i) xx 1 = -4 _ y + y 1 i
(ii) y - y 1 =
4
x - x1 i
x1 _
(h) (i) xx 1 = -12 _ y + y 1 i
(ii) y - y 1 =
12
x - x1 i
x1 _
(i) (i) xx 1 = -22 _ y + y 1 i
(ii) y - y 1 =
22
x - x1 i
x1 _
(j) (i) xx 1 = -14 _ y + y 1 i
(ii) y - y 1 =
14
x - x1 i
x1 _
(a) xx 1 = 8 _ y + y 1 i (b) xx 1 = 2 _ y + y 1 i
(c) xx 1 = 4 _ y + y 1 i (d) xx 1 = 6 _ y + y 1 i
(e) xx 1 = 10 _ y + y 1 i (f) xx 1 = -2 _ y + y 1 i
(g) xx 1 = -12 _ y + y 1 i
6.
7.
9.
(h) xx 1 = -4 _ y + y 1 i
14. ^ - 2, -1 h
15. Equation of tangent at P:
y - px + ap 2 = 0
Equation of tangent at Q:
y - qx + aq 2 = 0
- px + qx + ap 2 - aq 2 = 0
x (q - p) - a (q 2 - p 2) = 0
x (q - p) - a (q + p) (q - p) = 0
x - a (q + p) = 0
x = a (q + p)
Substitute in (1):
y - pa (q + p) + ap 2 = 0
y - apq - ap 2 + ap 2 = 0
y - apq = 0
y = apq
(b) Substitute ^ 0, 2 h into equation.
16. (a) 3x + 4y - 8 = 0
17. (a) For proof, see no. 9 above
(j) xx 1 = -18 _ y + y 1 i
18. (a) 15x + 8y + 4 = 0
(a) y - px + ap 2 = 0
(b) xx 0 = 2a _ y + y 0 i
19. (a) x + 3y - 3 = 0
1
] t + r g x + 2tr = 0
2
x2
y=18
dy
x
=9
dx
9t 2
o
At e -9t, 2
dy
-9t
n
= -d
9
dx
=t
8. x + 2y - 36 = 0
For normal, m 1 m 2 = -1
1
t
The equation is given by
y - y 1 = m (x - x 1)
` m2 = -
9t 2
1
= - (x + 9t)
t
2
2ty + 9t 3 = -2 (x + 9t)
= -2x - 18t
2x + 2ty + 9t 3 + 18t = 0
`
y+
10. x + ty = at 3 + 2at
11. 3x - 4y + 4 = 0
12. Substitute focus ^ 0, -1 h into equation

3x + 4y + 4 = 0.
13. Equation of chord
1
y - ^ p + q h x + apq = 0
2
Substitute ^ 0, a h into equation
1
a - ( p + q) 0 + apq = 0
2
a + apq = 0
apq = - a
pq = - 1
(2)
] 1 g - ] 2 g:
(i) xx 1 = -8 _ y + y 1 i
y-
(1)
(b) N = _ 0, ap 2 + 2a i
1
1
(b) N = c - , - m
4
32
(b) ^ - 6, 3 h c 2,
1
m
3
20. (a) F = ^ 0, 6 h
(b) 3x + 4y - 24 = 0
(c) Q = ^ - 24, 24 h
(d) P : x - 2y - 3 = 0; Q: 2x + y + 24 = 0
1
(e) m 1 m 2 = # -2 = -1, ` tangents at P, Q are
2
perpendicular
(f) R = ^ -9, -6 h
(g) directrix: y = - a = - 6, ` R lies on directrix
21. P = ^ -2, -1.5 h
22. x - y + 9 = 0
23. m 1 m 2 = pq
= - 1 (since pq = - 1 for focal chord)
` tangents are perpendicular
24. Tangents intersect at 6 a ^ p + q h, apq @
i.e.
y = apq
= - a (since pq = - 1 for focal chord)
Directrix: y = - a
` tangents meet on the directrix
25.
y=
x2
4a
dy
x
=
2a
dx
At P _ x 0, y 0 i,
dy
dx
x0
2a
ANSWERS
(c) Directrix y = -3
Point of intersection = ^ - 8, -3 h
So the point lies on the directrix.
The equation is given by

y - y 1 = m(x - x 1)
x0
` y - y0 =
(x - x 0)
2a
2ay - 2ay 0 = x 0 (x - x 0)
= xx 0 - x 02
= xx 0 - 4ay 0 (since x = 4ay 0)
2ay + 2ay 0 = xx 0
2a(y + y 0) = xx 0
2
0
(a) 3x + 4y - 8 = 0
(b) Q = d 2,
x 2 = 2 a ^ y - 2a h
7.
y - px + 2p 2 = 0; y - qx + 2q 2 = 0; y = - 2
8.
x 2 = 16 ^ y - 6 h
dy
dx
12. (a) PO has gradient
1
n
2
dy
x
4
1
2
(a) y - px + p 2 = 0
(b) p 2 + 1
(c) R = _ 0, - p 2 i and F = ^ 0, 1 h
FR = p + 1
= PF
2
4.
5.
q
2
(b) y = - 6a
15. (a) x 2 = 9a ^ y - 5a h
= -1
So the tangents are perpendicular.
3.
14. (a) T = 6 a ^ p + q h, apq @
2
4
dx
1
` m2 =
2
2.
; QO has gradient
(c) x 2 = 2a ^ y - 4a h is a parabola in the form

(x - h) 2 = 4a 0 ^ y - k h where ^ h, k h is the vertex and
a 0 is the focal length
a
` vertex is ^ 0, 4a h and focal length is
2
a
13. x 2 = 2ay - a 2 or x 2 = 2a d y - n
2
1
m:
2
m 1 m 2 = -2 #
p
2
q
= -1
2
pq = - 4
`
(b) x 2 = 2a ^ y - 4a h
m1 m2 =
At P (8, 8):
dy
-8
=
4
dx
` m 1 = -2
At q c 2,
(b) x 2 = 2a ^ y - a h
10. (a) y = -a
(c) (3, 2)
(d)
9. x 2 = 2a ^ y - a h
11. x 2 = - 4 ^ y + 4 h
Exercises 11.10
1.
6.
(a) y - tx + 3t 2 = 0
(b) Y = _ 0, - 3t 2 i
(c) F = ^ 0, 3 h
TF = FY = 3 ^ t 2 + 1 h
(a) y + qx - 5q = 0
(b) R = _ 0, 5q 2 i
(c) F = ^ 0, - 5 h
FR = FQ = 5 _ q 2 + 1 i
So triangle FQR is isosceles.
` +FQR = +FRQ (base angles of isosceles triangle)
2
(a) 4x + 3y - 9 = 0
(b) Focus (0, 3)
Substitute into equation:
LHS = 4 ] 0 g + 3 ] 3 g -9
=0
= RHS
So it is a focal chord.
Test yourself 11
2. x 2 - 4x - 8y - 4 = 0
1.
8x + 6y - 29 = 0
3.
Centre ^ 3, 1 h, radius 4
5.
(a) ^ 8, 8 h
6.
x 2 + y 2 = 25
8.
x 2 + x + y 2 - 3y - 10 = 0
4. (a) ^ 1, - 3 h
(b) ^ 4, - 3 h
(b) 2x - y - 8 = 0
10. (a) (i) ^ 1, 1 h
(b) ^ 0, - 2 h
7. (a) y = 2
(ii) ^ 1, 2 h
9. x 2 - 8x + 16y - 16 = 0
(b) y = 0
11. 2x + 3y + 6 = 0
12. 14 units
13. y = - 24x
14. x - 8y + 16 = 0
15. 4x - 3y - 16 = 0, 4x - 3y + 14 = 0
16. y = x, y = - x
19. (a) x 2 = 12y
17. y 2 = 20x
18. (a) -
1
2
(b) 2
(b) y 2 = - 32x
20. (a) x - 4y + 72 = 0
1
(b) d 9, 20 n
4
21. Sub ^ 0, 4 h : LHS = 7 # 0 - 3 # 4 + 12 = 0 = RHS

2
22. d , -7 n
9
23. 3x - 2y + 40 = 0
24. x 2 - 10y + 100 = 0
25. y - 3x + 9a = 0
26. (a) x - y - 3 = 0 (b) R = ^ 0, -3 h

(c) F = ^ 0, 3 h FP = FR = 6
833
834
27. (a) y a-
1
^ p + q h x + apq = 0
2
1
(p + q) # 0 + apq
2
a + apq
apq
pq
(b) Sub ^ 0, a h:
=0
6ap + 4aq 3ap 2 + 2aq 2

p
,
5
5
(b) x 2 = 2a ^ y + 2a h
=0
= -a
= -1
19. y = 0
20. (a) T = ^ 6, - 20 h
28. x - 2y + 48 = 0
(b) ^ 6, 9 h and ^ - 2, 1 h
29. (a) x - y + 3 = 0
18. (a) N = f
m x = t and m y = s
m1 - m2
tan i =
1 + m1 m2
t-s
tan 45c =
1 + ts
t-s
1=
1 + ts
t-s
1=
1 + ts
1 + ts = t - s
1 + s = t - ts
= t (1 - s)
1+s
=t
1-s
t-s
-1 =
1 + ts
-1 - ts = t - s
s - 1 = t + ts
= t (1 + s)
s-1
=t
1+s
(c)
30. y = - a
1.
(a) 8x + 6y - 29 = 0
(b) Midpoint of AB lies on line; m 1 m 2 = -1
2.
(a) x 2 - 2x + y 2 - 6y - 15 = 0
(b) Put y = 0 into equation
3.
y = 1 - 2x 2
5.
(a) 4x - 2y + 9 = 0; x + 2y - 24 = 0
(b) m 1 m 2 = - 1 (c) X = ^ 3, 10.5 h
(d) 3x - 4y + 8 = 0; focus ^ 0, 2 h lies on the line
6.
^ 0, 0 h
7.
(a) 2x - 4y - 1 = 0; 2x + y + 4 = 0
(b) Point lies on line y = - 1
8.
y = - 2 x 2 + 4x - 2
1
4. d 2 , - 3 n
2
or
9. 3x + y + 2 = 0
10.
(b) P = 6 a ] t + s g, ats @

1.
m 2, m 3
4.
24 cm
2
6. (a)
3
2. 4x + 3y - 16 = 0
Centre ^ - 3, 5 h, radius 7
5.
1
(b) 3
(c) 1
1
9
7.
Focus ^ 0, -2 h, directrix y = 2
8.
x = - 5 or - 6
10.
3. x 2 = 8y
9. k = - 1
+AFE = +CBE (ext.+ equal to opp. interior

+ in cyclic quadrilateral)
+CBE = 180c - +EDC (opp.+s supplementary in cyclic

quadrilateral)
11. (a) x 2 + 4x + y 2 - 10y + 21 = 0

(b) ] x + 2 g2 + ^ y - 5 h2 = 8; centre ^ -2, 5 h;
radius =
12. -
8 =2 2
11. 3x - 4y - 14 = 0, 3x - 4y + 16 = 0
2 3
3
12. Vertex ^ - 4, -17 h , focus ^ - 4, -16.75 h
13. (a) y + 4y - 16x + 52 = 0

2
14. 4 2 units
` +AFE = 180c - +EDC

` AF || CD
(b) 2x - y - 6 = 0
15. x + y - 2y - 2 = 0
2
16. 696 mm from the vertex

17. 141x + 127y + 32 = 0; 219x + 23y + 58 = 0
13. x = 0, 3
14. k = 7.2 cm
16. b $ -2 17. i = 16c

^ 0, 0 h and radius 4
15. x + 2y + 2 = 0
18. x 2 + y 2 = 16, circle centre
19. x 2 + 4x + y 2 + 6y - 12 = 0
ANSWERS
Obtuse +AOC = 2+ADC (+at centre double + at circumference)

Reflex +AOC = 2+ABC (similarly)
Obtuse +AOC + reflex +AOC = 360c (+ of revolution)
`
2+ADC + 2+ABC = 360c
+ADC + +ABC = 180c
It can be proved similarly that
+BAD + +BCD = 180c
by drawing BO and DO.
` opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral are
supplementary
20. x 2 - 3x + y 2 - 6y - 17 = 0
21.
+BCD
+DAB
+DBC
+BDC
`+BDC
` +DAE
22. - 0.75
= 90c (+in semicircle)

= 90c (similarly)
= +DAE (+s in same segment)
= 90c - +DBC (+ sum of D BDC)
= 90c - +DAE
= 90c - +BDC
23. 5x 2 - 54x + 5y 2 + 20y - 79 = 0
24. a = 2, b = 1, c = 0
26. -
25. x = 33, y = 57
37. Centre ^ -5, 3 h, radius 2

38.
9 - x2
27. (a) y - px + ap 2 = 0
(b) R = f
a _ p2 - 1 i
p
, - ap
(c) 2px + _ p 2 - 1 i y + a - ap 2 = 0
28. x 2 - 4x - 16y + 20 = 0
29.
`
AC = BC and CD = CE (given)
AC
BC
=
CD
CE
+ACB = +ECD (vertically opposite angles)
` since two sides are in proportion and their included

angles are equal, ABC is similar to CDE
y = 5.3 cm
30. x - y - 4 = 0
39. a 2 0
D = b 2 - 4ac
= ] -1 g2 - 4 (1) (3)
= -11
10
Since a 2 0 and D 1 0, x 2 - x + 3 2 0 for all x
31. x 2 + 2x - 16y - 15 = 0
33.
Let +DBA = x and +EBC = y

Then +EDB = x and +DEB = y (alternate +s, DE < AC)
+FDE = 180c - x (+FDB straight +)
+GED = 180c - y (+GEB straight +)
+FGB = +DBA = x (+s in alternate segment)
+GFB = +EBC = y (similarly)
` +FDE = 180c - +FGB and
+GED = 180c - +GFB
Since opposite angles are supplementary, FGED is a
32. x = 0, 2
a 10
D = b 2 - 4ac
= 1 2 - 4 (- 1) (- 9)
= - 35
10
Since a 1 0 and D 1 0, - x 2 + x - 9 1 0 for all x
34. 8 (3x - 1) (2x + 5) + 3 (2x + 5) = ] 30x + 7 g (2x + 5) 3

3
35. sec x cosec x

36.
40. k = 1
41. 3x + 2y - 9 = 0
42. (a) 217 km
(b) 153c
43. a = 3, b = - 18, c = - 34
45. (a) y = x 2 - 1
44. x 2 4, x 1 3
(b) ^ - 4, 15 h
(c) x - 8y + 124 = 0
46. i = 95c 44 47. x = 11c

48. T = 361 ^ 2 0 and a perfect square h
49. x + 2y + 9 = 0
50. k # 3
51.
Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral of circle, centre O.

Join AO and CO.
52. 5x - 4y - 41 = 0
55. - 1
1
# y 1 -1
4
1+ 3
2
2
53. d 3 , -2 n 54.
5
5
3-1
56.
3 6 - 10 + 3 3 - 5
22
835
836
57. x = 4.9 cm, y = 11.1 cm

60. 4.5 m
128
2187
61.
59. 8.25 units
1
1
64. y = 1 , 3
2
65. 162c
b 2 - 4ac = -104 1 0
So Pl(x) has no real roots
15. Ql] x g = 3x 2 - 6x + 3
b 2 - 4ac = 0
So Ql] x g has equal roots
+ACB = 90c (+ in semicircle)

`+DCA = 90c (+DCB straight +)
` AD is a diameter of the circle
Exercises 12.2
67. x = 45, 135, 225, 315

1
1
68. x = - 1, y = 2 or x = - , y = 4
4
4
69. ] a - 2b g ^ a 2 + 2ab + 4b 2 h
70. x = 43
71. -
1
31
73. tan i
72. 1.8 units
14. Pl] x g = 3x 2 - 2x + 9
62. x = 60, 120, 240, 300
63. 2x + 3y - 3 = 0
66.
58. x = 1
1.
3x 2 + 2x + 5 = ] x + 4 g ] 3x - 10 g + 45
2.
x 2 - 7x + 4 = ] x - 1 g ] x - 6 g - 2
3.
x 3 + x 2 + 2x - 1 = ] x - 3 g ^ x 2 + 4x + 14 h + 41
74. 8x ] 2x + 5 g (x 2 - 1) 3 + 2 (x 2 - 1) 4
= 2 (x 2 - 1) 3 (9x 2 + 20x - 1)
4.
4x 2 + 2x - 3 = ] 2x + 3 g ] 2x - 2 g + 3
5.
x 3 - 5x 2 + x + 2 = ^ x 2 + 3x h ] x - 8 g + ] 25x + 2 g
1
75.
4
6.
x 3 + x 2 - x - 3 = ] x - 2 g ^ x 2 + 3x + 5 h + 7
77. Focus (2, 1), directrix y = 5
7.
5x 3 - 2x 2 + 3x + 1 = ^ x 2 + x h ] 5x - 7 g + ] 10x + 1 g
78. px - y - 9p 2 = 0
8.
76. x + 2x + y - 3y - 25 = 0
2
79. x - 2y - 36 = 0
1
^ p + q h x + apq = 0 (b) x 2 = 2a ^ y - 2a h
2
(c) Concave upward parabola, vertex (0, 2a)
80. (a) y -
81. (c)
82. (d)
83. (b)
88. (a)
87. (c)
84. (a)
89. (a), (d)
85. (c)
86. (a)
9.
x 4 - x 3 - 2x 2 + x - 3
= ] x + 4 g ^ x 3 - 5x 2 + 18x - 71 h + 281
2x 4 - 5x 3 + 2x 2 + 2x - 5 = ^ x 2 - 2x h ^ 2x 2 - x h + ] 2x - 5 g
10. 4x 3 - 2x 2 + 6x - 1 = ] 2x + 1 g ^ 2x 2 - 2x + 4 h - 5
11. 6x 2 - 3x + 1 = ] 3x - 2 g d 2x +
90. (c)
1
2
n+ 1
3
3
12. x 4 - 2x 3 - x 2 - 2 = ^ x 2 - x h ^ x 2 - x - 2 h + ] -2x - 2 g
Chapter 12: Polynomials 1
5
4
3
2
13. 3x - 2x - 3x + x - x - 1
4
3
= ] x + 2 g ^ 3x - 8x + 13x 2 - 25x + 49 h - 99
Exercises 12.1
14. x 2 + 5x - 2 = ] x + 1 g ] x + 4 g - 6
1.
(a) 7 (b) 4 (c) 1
2.
(a) -19 (b) -10 (c) -1

3. (a) -6 (b) 5
(c) 2 (d) 1 (e) 2
4. (a) 5 (b) 4 (c) -3 (d) 0
5.
(a) !3
6.
7.
(b) -5
(d) 11 (e) 3 (f) 0 (g) 4
(c) -2, 1
(d) 4 (e) 0
(a) P l ] x g = 12x 3 - 6x 2 - 2x + 4; 3 (b) Pl] x g = 10x; 1

(c) Pl] x g = 108x 11 - 35x 4 + 8; 11
(d) P l ] x g = 7x 6 - 9x 2 + 2x - 7; 6 (e) Pl] x g = 8; 0
(a), (b), (g) 8. (a) a = 0
(d) a = -1
(c) 3
10. (a)
(d) 3
(e) a = 4
(b) b = 10
1
9. (a) -2
2
(c) c = -6
(b) x = 2, -1
(e) x 5
D = b 2 - 4ac
= -8
-8 1 0
` f ] x g has no zeros
(b) 9x 3
(c) - 2
(d) 9
11. (a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 2

12. x = -3, 2
(e) x =
(d) 0
13. x = 0, 1
2
, -1
3
(e) 2 (f) 4
(g) 3
15. x 4 - 2x 2 + 5x + 4 = ] x - 3 g ^ x 3 + 3x 2 + 7x + 26 h + 82
16. 2x 4 - x 3 + 5 = ^ x 2 - 2x h ^ 2x 2 + 3x + 6 h + ] 12x + 5 g
17. x 3 - 3x 2 + 3x - 1 = ^ x 2 + 5 h ] x - 3 g + ] - 2x + 14 g
18. 2x 3 + 4x 2 - x + 8 = ^ x 2 + 3x + 2 h ] 2x - 2 g + ] x + 12 g
4
3
2
19. x - 2x + 4x + 2x + 5
= ^ x 2 + 2x - 1 h ^ x 2 - 4x + 13 h + ] - 28x + 18 g
20. 3x 5 - 2x 3 + x - 1 = ] x + 1 g ^ 3x 4 - 3x 3 + x 2 - x + 2 h - 3
Exercises 12.3
1.
(a) 41 (b) -3 (c) -43 (d) 9424 (e) 0

(g) 47 (h) 2321 (i) 31 174 (j) - 3
2.
2
(a) k = 8 (b) k =
7
(e) k = !2
3.
(a) 0 (b) Yes

(c) x 3 - 4x 2 + x + 6 = ] x - 2 g ^ x 2 - 2x - 3 h
(d) f ] x g = ] x - 2 g ] x - 3 g ] x + 1 g
(c) k = 15 299
(f) 37
(d) k = 6
8
9
ANSWERS
4.
5.
7.
9.
(a) P ] - 3 g = 81 - 81 - 81 + 81 = 0
` x + 3 is a factor
(b) P ] x g = x ] x + 3 g 2 ] x - 3 g
7
17
a = -1 , b = -1
12
48
Exercises 12.4
1.
(a)
6. a = - 6
(a) P ] 3 g = 140 ! 0
` x - 3 is not a factor of P ] x g
(b) k = - 39 8. a = -2, b = -1
-1
(a) a = 3, b = 11
(b) f ] x g = ] x + 1 g ^ 3x 3 + 8x 2 + 7x + 2 h
(c) g ] -1 g = 0 (d) f ] x g = ] 3x + 2 g ] x + 1 g3
10. (a) ] x + 2 g ] x - 4 g (b) x ] x + 2 g ] x - 1 g

(c) ] x - 1 g ] x + 4 g ] x - 2 g (d) ] x + 5 g ] x - 3 g ] x + 2 g
(e) ] x - 3 g ] x - 1 g ] x - 7 g (f) ] x + 2 g ] x - 9 g ] x - 5 g
(g) ] x - 3 g ] x - 2 g2 (h) x ] x + 4 g ] x + 1 g 2
(i) ] x - 1 g ] x + 2 g2 (j) ] x + 1 g ] x - 3 g ] x + 2 g
11. (a) P ] x g = ] x - 1 g ] x + 3 g ] x - 2 g (b) -3, 1, 2
(b)
(c) Yes
12. (a) Dividing f ] x g by ] x + 5 g ] x - 2 g gives

f ] x g = ] x + 5 g ] x - 2 g ^ x 2 + 7x + 12 h
` ] x + 5 g ] x - 2 g is a factor of f ] x g
(b) f ] x g = ] x + 5 g ] x - 2 g ] x + 3 g ] x + 4 g
-4
13. P ] x g = ] x + 1 g ] x - 4 g ] x + 3 g2
14. (a) P ] -6 g = P ] 5 g = 0
(b) P ] x g = ] x - 4 g ] x + 6 g ] x - 5 g
15. (a) P ] u g = ] u - 2 g ] u - 1 g 2
(b) x = 2, 3
16. (a) f ^ p h = ^ p - 1 h ^ p + 2 h ^ p - 3 h
17. (a) P ] k g = ] 2k - 1 g ] k + 1 g2
(c)
1
(b) x = 0, -1 , 1
2
(b) x = 30c , 150c , 270c
18. (a) f ] u g = ] u - 1 g ] u - 3 g ] u - 9 g (b) x = 0, 1, 2

19. x = -5, -4, -2
20. i = 0c, 90c, 120c, 240c, 270c, 360c

21. (a) a = 1, b = 3, c = 4, d = - 2
(b) a = 1, b = -1, c = 8, d = -12
(c) a = 2, b = 0, c = -1, d = 6
(d) a = 1, b = 1, c = 11, d = -12
(e) a = 3, b = 0, c = -1, d = 8
(f) a = 1, b = 1, c = -4, d = -7
(g) a = 5, b = -2, c = -19, d = -43
(h) a = -1, b = 4, c = -1, d = -1
(i) a = -1, b = 3, c = 6, d = -4
(j) a = -1, b = -10, c = -27, d = -20
22. P ] x g = x 3 - x 2 - 12x
23. a = 1, b = -3, c = -6
24. P ] x g = 2x 4 - 4x 3 - 10x 2 + 12x

25. P(x) has degree 3.
Suppose P(x) has 4 zeros, a1, a2, a3 and a4.
Then _ x - a 1 i _ x - a 2 i _ x - a 3 i _ x - a 4 i is a factor of P(x).
So P ] x g = _ x - a 1 i _ x - a 2 i _ x - a 3 i _ x - a 4 i Q ] x g.
` P(x) has at least degree 4
But P(x) only has degree 3.
So it cannot have 4 zeros.
(d)
-2
837
838
(d) (i) A ] x g = x ] 2x - 5 g ] x + 3 g
(e)
-5
(ii)
50
-2
2.
(a) (i) P ] x g = x ] x - 4 g ] x + 2 g
(e) (i) P ] x g = - x 2 ] x - 3 g ] x + 1 g
(ii)
1
22
-3
(ii)
-2
-1
(b) (i) f ] x g = - x ] x - 1 g ] x + 5 g
(ii)
3.
(a) x = 0, 1, -2
y
(b)
-5
-2
(c) (i) P ] x g = x 2 ] x + 1 g ] x + 2 g
4.
(ii)
(a) P ] 2 g = 8 - 12 - 8 + 12
=0
(b) P ] x g = ] x - 2 g ] x - 3 g ] x + 2 g
y
(c)
12
-2
-1
x
-2
ANSWERS
5.
(a)
-4
(e)
-2
-24
-3
-18
y
(f)
(b)
-3
-1
-2
-8
-9
y
(c)
(g)
12
-4
(d)
(h)
12
3
-4
x
-3
839
840
(i)
(c) P ] 4 g = ] 4 + 1 g ] 4 - 4 g2
=0
Pl(x) = 3x 2 - 14x + 8
Pl(4) = 3 ] 4 g2 - 14 (4) + 8
=0
6.
-2
7.
y
(j)
-1
8.
(a) ] x + 3 g 3 = x 3 + 9x 2 + 27x + 27
Dividing by x 3 + 9x 2 + 27x + 27 gives
x 4 + 7x 3 + 9x 2 - 27x - 54 = ^ x 3 + 9x 2 + 27x + 27 h ] x - 2 g
so ] x + 3 g 3 is a factor
(b) f ] x g = ] x - 2 g ] x + 3 g 3
(c) f ] -3 g = ] -3 - 2 g ] -3 + 3 g 3
=0
f l(x) = 4x 3 + 21x 2 + 18x - 27
f l(-3) = 4 ] -3 g3 + 21 ] -3 g2 + 18 (-3) - 27
=0
(a) P ] x g = ] x - k g3 Q ] x g where Q(x) has degree n - 3
(b) P ] k g = ] k - k g3 Q ] k g
=0
Pl(x) = ulv + vlu
= Ql(x) ] x - k g3 + 3 ] x - k g2 Q (x)
Pl(k) = Ql(k) ] k - k g3 + 3 ] k - k g2 Q (k)
=0
(a)
Exercises 12.5
1.
2.
(a) x = 3, double root (b) x = 0, 2, 7, single roots

(c) x = 0, double root, x = 3, single root
(d) x = - 2, single root, x = 2, double root
(e) x = - 2, triple root (f) x = 0, 2, single roots,
x = 1, double root
(g) x = - 1, 3, double roots (h) x = 0, triple root,
x = 4, double root (i) x = 1, triple root, x = - 5,
1
single root (j) x = 1 , triple root
2
(b)
(a) (i) Positive (ii) Even (b) (i) Negative (ii) Odd
(c) (i) Negative (ii) Even (d) (i) Negative (ii) Odd
(e) (i) Positive (ii) Odd (f) (i) Positive (ii) Even
(g) (i) Positive (ii) Odd (h) (i) Negative (ii) Even
(i) (i) Positive (ii) Odd (j) (i) Positive (ii)Even
3.
P ] x g = ] x + 4 g 2 Yes, unique
4.
(a) P ] x g = k ] x - 1 g Not unique
5.
x
(b) P ] x g = 5 ] x - 1 g3
(a) ] x - 4 g2 = x 2 - 8x + 16
Dividing by x 2 - 8x + 16 gives
x 3 - 7x 2 + 8x + 16 = ^ x 2 - 8x + 16 h ] x + 1 g so ] x - 4 g 2 is
a factor
(b) P ] x g = ] x + 1 g ] x - 4 g2
ANSWERS
(c)
10.
-1
11.
(d)
12.
y
(e)
-3
13.
9.
841
842
17. Odd function with positive leading coefficient starts

negative and turns around at the double root. It then
becomes positive as x becomes very large so it must
cross the x-axis again. So there is another root at k 2 -1
14.
15.
-1
-2
18. Even function with negative leading coefficient is

negative at both ends. The triple root has a point of
inflexion so the curve must cross the x-axis to turn
negative again. So there is another root at k 2 -2
y
16.
-2
x
19. Odd function with positive leading coefficient starts
negative and turns around at both the double roots.
It then becomes positive as x becomes very large so it
must cross the x-axis again. So there is another root at
k 22
y
-3
ANSWERS
20. Odd function with negative leading coefficient starts

positive and turns around at the double root. It then
becomes negative as x becomes very large so it must
cross the x-axis again. So there is another root at k 2 1
y
Test yourself 12
1.
p ]xg = ]x + 3g]x - 3g]x + 5g]x - 1g
2.
(a) 3
3.
P (x) = (x - 6) (x - 1) (x + 2)
= x 3 - 5x 2 - 8x + 12
4.
(a) x 2 + 3x + 2
5.
(a) 3 (b) - 3
(b) 9
(c) 1
(d)
1
9
(b) p ] x g = ] x - 5 g ] x + 3 g ] x + 1 g ] x + 2 g
(c) - 3, 0, 1
(d) x 3
6.
k
Exercises 12.6
1.
(d) (i) 2
3.
(b) (i) -2 (ii) -
(a) (i) 2 (ii) 8
1
(ii) -3
4
2
3
(c) (i) -7 (ii) 1
(e) (i) -3 (ii) 0
2. (a) (i) -1 (ii) -2
1
(c) (i) (ii) 3
2
(iii) -8
(b) (i) 3 (ii) 5 (iii) 2
(iii) -1
(d) (i) -3 (ii) 0 (iii) -11 (e) (i) 0 (ii) 7 (iii) 3
(a) (i) -2 (ii) -1 (iii) 1 (iv) 5
(b) (i) 1 (ii) -3
(iii) -2 (iv) -7
(c) (i) 1 (ii) -3 (iii) -2 (iv) -4

1
(d) (i) 1 (ii) -2 (iii) -1 (iv) -1 (e) (i) 6 (ii) 0
2
1
(iii) 0 (iv) 3
4. (a) 5 (b) -5 (c) -1 (d) 35
2
3
5
1
1
(e) 200
5. (a)
(b) (c) (d) 2
2
2
3
1
(e) 2
2
6. (a) - 3 (b) - 5 (c) 1
7. k = - 26
3
1
1
8. a + b = 2, ab = -7 9. a + b = 2 , ab = 2
2
1
10. (a) k = 0 (b) k = 4 (c) k = 1 (d) k = - , 1
2
3
1
(e) k = 0
11. m = -9
12. a = -1 , b = -9
4
8
13. (a) P ] 1 g = 0
15. (a)
4
2
, q = -17
15
15
1 1
18. x = - , 1
2 2
(a) a = 3
(b) - 5
8.
p (-7) = ] -7 g3 - 7 ] -7 g2 + 5 (-7) - 4
= - 725 ! 0
9.
x = - 1, !3
10. a = 2, b = - 18, c = 40
11. x-intercepts -3, 2, 4; y-intercept 24

12. 3x 5 - 7x 3 + 8x 2 - 5
= (x - 2) (3x 4 + 6x 3 + 5x 2 + 18x + 36) + 67
13. x = 60c, 90c, 180c, 270c, 300c
15. 4, 5
16.
(b) a + b + c = 1, abc = -6
14. a = 1; a + b = -2
(b) p = 8
7.
19. x =
4
15
16. 1
1
1
,!
3
2
17. -5
1 2
20. x = ! 3 , -1 ,
2 3
17. k = - 14
18. 4
14. k = 7.4
843
844
19. P (a) = A (a) ] a - a g3

=0
Pl(x) = A (x) 3 ] x - a g2 + Al(x) ] x - a g3
Pl(a) = A (a) 3 ] a - a g2 + Al(a) ] a - a g3
=0
24.
20. f ] 5 g = 5 3 - 6 ] 5 g 2 + 12 ] 5 g - 35 = 0
x
21. (a) f ] 5 g = 5 3 - 7 ] 5 g 2 - 5 ] 5 g + 75
=0
(b) f l] x g = 3x 2 - 14x - 5
f l(5) = 3 ] 5 g2 - 14 (5) - 5
=0
(c) Double root at x = 5 (d) f ] x g = ] x + 3 g ] x - 5 g 2
y
22.
25. (a) a = 2, b = - 3, c = 4, d = 5
1.
3
2.
(a) P (b) = ] b - b g7 Q (b)

=0
Pl(x) = ] x - b g7 Ql(x) + Q (x) 7 ] x - b g6
Pl(b) = ] b - b g7 Ql(b) + Q (b) 7 ] b - b g6
=0
(b) a = -7, b = - 1
23. (a) P ] x g = ] x + 6 g 3Q ] x g
(b)
P ] x g = ] x - 1 g ] x + 1 g2 ^ x 2 + x + 1 h
3.
i = 0c , 45c , 60c , 120c , 180c , 225c , 240c , 300c , 360c
4.
(a) 3x - y + 2 = 0
(b) ^ 2, 8 h
5. (a)
a - 33
4
(b) a = -14
6.
(a) - 3
(b) 17
7. i = 90c, 210c, 330c
8. a = - 5
If x - a is a factor of P ] x g
Then P (x) = (x - a) Q (x)
P (a) = (a - a) Q (a)
`
=0
10. ^ - 1, -1 h, ^ -3, 5 h 11. P ] x g = - ] x + 1 g 2 ] x - 2 g 3
9.
-6
12.
a1
a2
ANSWERS
Chapter 13: Permutations and combinations
Exercises 13.1
16
33
1.
1
10 000
2.
5.
98.5%
6. (a)
8.
1
3
1
9. (a)
6
2
9
3.
4
7
3
7
7.
1
(b)
3
5
(c)
6
(b)
1
20 000
4.
3
20
6.
(a) 39 916 800
8.
5040
9. 6
12. 1.3 # 10 12
14. (a) 720
16. (a)
1
4
10. 720
13. (a) 39 916 800
(b) 120
(b)
1
62
(b)
3
31
(c)
1
2
11. (a)
1
15
(b)
8
15
(c)
3
5
13. (a)
29
86
(b)
19
43
(c)
67
86
15. (a)
1
6
(b)
4
5
(b) 36
17. (a)
20.
329
982
22. (a)
14
59
1
2
1
3
(c)
(b)
24. 19%
35
59
19
31
(c)
20. (a)
14. 32
(d)
1
2
24
59
(b)
20
31
(b)
(d)
(b)
1
2
(e)
23
44
16. (a)
21
44
(c)
38
59
4
31
23.
19.
(d)
5
18
(b) 91
(c)
6
19
11
31
5
24
(d)
1
24
25. 0.51
1.
5.
2. 67 600
456 976
26 10 # 10 15
8. 300
3. 26 5 # 10 4
6. 1 000
1
11. (a) 84 (b)
84
1
67 600 000
14.
1
17.
5184
18. 6
21. 7 880 400

24. (a) 9900 (b)
1
9900
16. Yes
20. 360
23. 271 252 800

25.
1
720
Exercises 13.3
1.
2.
(a) 720 (b) 3 628 800 (c) 1 (d) 35 280 (e) 120
(f) 210 (g) 3 991 680 (h) 715 (i) 56 (j) 330
362 880
3. 720
1
120
4. 479 001 600
8!
8 # 7 # 6 #...# 2 # 1
=
4#3#2#1
4!
=8#7#6#5
11!
11 # 10 # 9 #...# 2 # 1
=
6#5#4#3#2#1
6!
= 11 # 10 # 9 # 8 # 7
n ] n - 1 g ] n - 2 g ... ] r + 1 g r ] r - 1 g ... 3.2.1

n!
=
r!
r ] r - 1 g ] r - 2 g ... 3.2.1
= n # ] n - 1 g # ] n - 2 g #...# ] r + 1 g
= n (n - 1) (n - 2) #...# (r + 1)
n ] n - 1 g ] n - 2 g ... ] n - r + 1 g ] n - r g ... 3.2.1

n!
=
]n - r g!
] n - r g ] n - r - 1 g ] n - r - 2 g ... 3.2.1
= n ] n - 1 g ] n - 2 g ... ] n - r + 1 g
5. 120
5!
= 20
]5 - 2 g!
(d)
10!
= 640 800
] 10 - 7 g !
(f)
7!
= 2520
]7 - 5 g!
(h)
11!
= 6 652 800
] 11 - 8 g !
(j)
15. 7
19. 6840
22. 210
18.
6!
= 120
]6 - 3 g!
7. 1 000 000
12. (a) 10 000 000 (b) 1000
13. Yes
1
12
(a)
4. 260
3
10.
10 000
9. 64
(b)
Exercises 13.4
Exercises 13.2
1.
(b) 3 628 800
19. 6 227 020 800
12. 8
18. (a)
21. (a)
99
124
(d)
11. 5040
15. 5040
(c) 48
17. (a) 479 001 600

10. (a)
7. 40 320
(b) 479 001 600
(b)
(g)
(e)
8!
= 336
]8 - 3 g!
(c)
9!
= 60 480
]9 - 6g!
8!
= 20 160
]8 - 6g!
(i)
9!
=9
]9 - 1 g!
6!
= 720
]6 - 6 g!
2.
(a) 650
3.
(a) 648 (b) 432 (c) 144 4. (a) 20 (b) 4 (c) 12 (d) 8
5.
(a) 24
7.
(a) 120
8.
(a) 479 001 600 (b) 1320
9.
(a) 56 (b) 336 (c) 1680
(b) 15 600
(c) 358 800
6. (a) 4536
(b) 24
(b) 48
(c) 96
(d) 7 893 600
(b) 2016
(d) 72
(c) 3528
(e) 60
10. (a) 60 480 (b) 2520 (c) 907 200 (d) 151 200
(f) 453 600 (g) 360 (h) 2520 (i) 59 875 200
(j) 90 720
11. (a) 24 (b) 5040
(e) 39 916 800
12. (a) 6
(b) 720
(c) 40 320
(c) 5040
(e) 60
(d) 3 628 800
(d) 362 880
(e) 3 628 800
845
846
13. (a) 181 440 (b) 19 958 400 (c) 20 160

(d) 1 814 400 (e) 239 500 800
n!
' (n - r) !
]n - n + r g!
n!
1
=
#
]n - r g!
r!
n!
=
] n - r g !r!
n
n
Pn - r
Pr
=
]n - r g!
r!
=
14. (a) 720 (b) 120 15. (a) 362 880 (b) 40 320
16. (a) 3 628 800 (b) 362 880 (c) 181 440
17. (a) 24 (b) 12 (c) 24
18. (a) 720 (b) 240 (c) 480 (d) 144
20.
2
9
21. (a) 20! (b) 5!8!7!3! (c)
22. (a) 60 (b) 48 (c) 36 (d)

24.
1
336
P3
=
=
=
=
P5
5!
=
=
=
=
1
6
=
=
3!
Pr + r n Pr - 1 =
27. (a) 720 (b) 120 (c) 192
28. (a) x! (b) ] x - 1 g !

(e) ] x - 3 g ] x - 2 g !
29. (a)
23.
7
20
Pr =
25. (a) 40 320 (b) 30 240 (c) 21 600
26. (a) 20 (b) 60
1
5
n+1
30.
19. (a) 3 628 800 (b) 362 880 (c) 28 800
P3
3!
3!
8!
' 3!
5!
8!
1
#
5!
3!
8!
5!3!
8!
]8 - 5 g!
5!
8!
' 5!
3!
8!
1
#
3!
5!
8!
5!3!
8
=
=
=
=
`
1.
P5
Pr
=
=
=
=
Pn - r
]n - r g!
n+1
Pr = Pr + r Pr - 1
Exercises 13.5
n!
]n - r g!
r!
n!
' r!
]n - r g!
n!
1
#
]n - r g!
r!
n!
] n - r g !r!
n!
(n - 5 n - r ? ) !
]n - r g!
(a)
9!
= 126
] 9 - 5 g !5!
(c)
8!
= 56
] 8 - 3 g !3 !
(e)
11!
= 462
] 11 - 5 g !5!
(b)
(d)
12!
] 12 - 7 g !7!
(a) (i) 1 (ii) 1 (iii) 1 (iv) 1

n
n
(b) (i) C 0 = 1 (ii) C n = 1
3.
(a) 28
4.
(a) Number of arrangements = 15
(b) 84
(c) 462
= 792
10!
= 210
] 10 - 4 g !4!
2.
5!
r!
(d) 3! ] x - 2 g !
8!
]8 - 3g!
(b)
(c) 2! ] x - 2 g !
]n + 1g!
]n + 1 - r g!
n!
n!
+r
]n - r g!
^n - 5r - 1?h !
n!
n!
+r
]n - r g!
^n - 5r - 1?h !
n!
rn!
+
]n - r g! ]n - r + 1g!
] n + 1 - r g n!
rn!
+
]n + 1 - r g]n - r g! ]n + 1 - r g!
] n + 1 - r g n!
rn!
+
]n + 1 - r g!
]n + 1 - r g!
n $ n! + n! - rn! + rn!
]n + 1 - r g!
nn! + n!
]n + 1 - r g!
] n + 1 g n!
]n + 1 - r g!
]n + 1g!
]n + 1 - r g!
(v) 1
(d) 5005
(e) 38 760
R1R2
R2R3
R3B1
B1B2
R1R3
R2B1
R3B2
B1B3
R1B1
R2B2
R3B3
R1B2
R2B3
R1B3
(b) 77 520
B2B3
ANSWERS
5.
15 504
6. 210
8.
(a) 720 (b) 120
10. 296 010
7. 2 598 960
9. (a) 2184 (b) 364
11. 4845
13. 23 535 820
27.
12. 2925
14. (a) 792 (b)
5
12
(c)
5
33
15. (a) 100 947 (b) 462 (c) 924 (d) 36 300 (e) 26 334
(f) 74 613 (g) 27 225
16. $105
17. (a) 2 042 975 (b) 55 (c) 462 462 (d) 30 030
18. (a) 3003 (b) (i) 2450 (ii) 588 (iii) 56 (iv) 1176
19. (a) 1.58 # 10 10
(e) 12 271 512
(b) 286 (c) 15 682 524 (d) 5 311 735
20. (a) 395 747 352 (b) 32 332 300 (c) 4 084 080
(d) 145 495 350 (e) 671 571 264
21. (a) 170 544 (b) 36 (c) 20 160 (d) 17 640 (e) 6300
28.
22. (a) 7 (b) 27 132 (c) 13 860 (d) 20 790 (e) 27 720
23. (a) 5 (b) 360 (c) 126
24. (a) 792 (b) 792
(c)
25.
12!
] 12 - 5 g !5!
12!
=
7!5!
12!
12
C7 =
] 12 - 7 g !7!
12!
=
5!7!
12
12
` C5 = C7
12
9
8
C5 =
C 6 = 84
C 6 + C 5 = 28 + 56
= 84
9
8
8
`
C6 = C6 + C5
26.
13!
b 13 l =
7
] 13 - 7 g !7!
13!
=
6!7!
13!
b 13 l =
6
] 13 - 6 g !6!
13!
=
7!6!
13
13
`b 7 l=b 6 l
29.
10!
b 10 l =
4
] 10 - 4 g !4!
10!
=
6!4!
9!
9!
b9 l + b9 l =
+
4
3
] 9 - 4 g !4! ] 9 - 3 g !3!
9!
9!
=
+
5!4! 6!3!
6 # 9!
4 # 9!
=
+
6 # 5!4! 4 # 6!3!
6 # 9! 4 # 9!
=
+
6!4!
6!4!
6 # 9! + 4 # 9!
=
6!4!
10 # 9!
=
6!4!
10!
=
6!4!
10 l b 9 l b 9 l
b
`
4 = 4 + 3
n!
bn l =
r
] n - r g !r!
n!
b n l=
n-r
(n - 5 n - r ? ) ! ] n - r g !
n!
=
]n - n + r g! ]n - r g!
n!
=
r! ] n - r g !
n
n
` br l = bn - r l
n
Pr =
n!
]n - r g!
n!
] n - r g !r!
n!
=
]n - r g!
r! n C r = r! #
` n Pr = r! n C r
n!
n
30. b l =
k
] n - k g !k!
]n - 1 g!
]n - 1 g!
bn - 1 l + bn - 1 l =
+
k-1
k
] n - 1 - ] k - 1 g g ! ] k - 1 g ! ] n - 1 - k g !k!
]n - 1 g!
]n - 1 g!
=
+
] n - k g ! ] k - 1 g ! ] n - 1 - k g !k!
]n - k g]n - 1 g!
k ]n - 1 g!
=
+
k ] n - k g ! ] k - 1 g ! ] n - k g ] n - 1 - k g !k!
k ]n - 1 g! ]n - k g]n - 1 g!
=
+
] n - k g !k!
] n - k g !k!
]k + n - k g]n - 1 g!
=
] n - k g !k!
n ]n - 1 g!
=
] n - k g !k!
n!
=
] n - k g !k!
n
=b l
k
847
848
Test yourself 13
1.
13
(b)
22
4
2. (a)
11
(a) 5040 (b) 720
3.
(a) 24 (b) 12
5.
(a) 65 780 (b) 25 200 (c) 252
7.
120
17
(c)
22
4.
(a) ] n - 1 g !
(b)
6.
(a) 792
5
44
4. (a) 720 (b) 120
8. 2.4 # 10 18
9.
7.
6. 29%
1
9
10. 142 506
11. 990
12. (a) 40 320 (b) 362 880
(c) 80 640 (d) 168
13. (a) 19 958 400 (b) 4 989 600 (c) 181 440
(d) 9 979 200 (e) 181 440
n!
n
14. b l =
k
] n - k g ! k!
15. (a) 151 200 (b) 881 280
16. 1.08 # 10 17
20. (a) 1
n
n!
c m=
] n - 0 g ! 0!
0
n!
=
n! 0 !
=1
n!
n
c m=
n
] n - n g ! n!
n!
=
0!n!
=1
n
n
` c m=c m
0
n
(a) 60 (b) 72 (c) 30
3.
n!
bn l =
k
] n - k g ! k!
Pr =
1
4
3
40
21
40
8.
(a) 1 860 480
9.
(a) 94 109 400 (b) 7920 (c) 5 527 200

(e) 37 643 760 (f) 23 289 700
4
35
(b)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(d) 93 024
17
35

2. P ] x g = ] x - 1 g ] x + 1 g ] x + 4 g 3. y = 3x 4
1.
1
2
4.
(a) 362 880
(b) 4320
5. -1, 2
(c) 282 240

3
(c)
4
6.
^ 19, 10 h
8.
x 2 + y 2 = 2; circle centre ^ 0, 0 h radius
9.
3060c; 161c3l
d=
7. (a) - 4
(b) 2
(d) 10
2
| ax 1 + by 1 + c |
a2 + b2
40
10
=4
= radius
` line is tangent
=
2. (a) 360 (b) 60
]n - 1 g!
]n - 1 g!
bn - 1 l + bn - 1 l =
+
k-1
k
(n - 1 - 5 k - 1 ? ) ! ] k - 1 g ! ] n - 1 - k g ! k!
]n - 1 g!
]n - 1 g!
=
+
] n - k g ! ] k - 1 g ! ] n - k - 1 g ! k!
]n - k g]n - 1g!
k ]n - 1g!
=
+
k ] n - k g ! ] k - 1 g ! ] n - k g ] n - k - 1 g ! k!
k ]n - 1 g! ]n - k g]n - 1 g!
=
+
] n - k g ! k!
] n - k g ! k!
k ] n - 1 g !+ ] n - k g ] n - 1 g !
=
] n - k g ! k!
] n - 1 g !5 k + n - k ?
=
] n - k g ! k!
] n - 1 g !n
=
] n - k g ! k!
n!
=
] n - k g ! k!
n
n-1
n-1
` bk l = bk - 1 l + b k l
(b) 246
10. Distance from centre ^ 0, 0 h to line is
1.
5. (a) 90 720
` n Pr = r! n C r
10. (a)
18. (a) 15 (b) 181 440 19. 37 015 056
k!
n!
]n - r g!
n!
r! n C r = r!
] n - r g !r!
n!
=
]n - r g!
n
17. (a) 1 709 316 (b) 203 490 (c) 167 580
(b)
(b)
]n - k + 1g!
11. k = -2
1
2
12. x = 74c (+s in alternate segment)

y = (180c - 74c) ' 2
= 53c (+ sum in isosceles D)
13. 120
14. x 1 - 2, x 2 2
15. P ] x g = ] x - 2 g2 Q ] x g
Pl(x) = ] x - 2 g2 Ql(x) + 2 (x - 2) Q (x)
P (2) = ] 2 - 2 g 2Q (2)
=0
Pl(2) = ] 2 - 2 g2 Ql(2) + 2 (2 - 2) Q (2)
=0
16. (a) 1
17. 126
(b) 3
(c) ab = -
18. 7
1
,a+b=0
10
19. 7.1 m
20. 131c 38l
ANSWERS
31. Domain: all real x; range: y $ - 3
21. (a) P ] x g = ] x - 1 g ] x - 3 g2
(b)
y
32.
+ACB
+ABC
AC
` by AAS, DABC
33. 46 m2
1
= +ECD ^ vertically opposite angles h

= +CED (alternate angles AB||ED)
= CD ^ given h
/ DCDE
34. x + y - 3 = 0
35. x 2 - 12x + 36 = ] x - 6 g2
36. 41c 38l
37. y $ 2.5, y # - 6.5

38.
-9
22.
4 1
39. d - 1 , 7 n
7 7
40. (a) 9x - y + 16 = 0
(c) Q = ^ - 20, 0 h
(b) x + 9y + 20 = 0
(d) 27c 21l
41. Domain: all real x ! ! 2; range: all real y

42. (a) sin ^ a - b h
43. (a) 149.1 m
23. P ] -2 g = - 55
P ] x g = ] x + 2 g ^ 2x 2 - 11x + 23 h - 55 on division
` P ] - 2 g is the remainder
24. (a) abc + acd + bcd + abd = -
d
=0
a
(b) 1 (c) -1
25. P ] x g = ] x - 3 g 2 Q ] x g
P ]3 g = ]3 - 3 g 2 Q ]3 g
= 0Q ] 3 g
=0
Pl] x g = 2 ] x - 3 g Q ] x g + ] x - 3 g 2 Ql] x g
Pl(3) = 2 (3 - 3) Q (3) + ] 3 - 3 g 2 Ql(3)
= 2 (0) Q (3) + 0Ql(3)
=0
45.
(b) cos 45c =
(b) 46c 48l
(c)
^ 3 + 1 h2
8
44. X = ^ 7.5,17.5 h
46. x 11, x 21.6
48. (a) x - 8y + 129 = 0
47. x = 150c
1
1
n
(b) R = d 7 , 17
64
8
t 4 + 2t 3 - 6t 2 + 2t + 1
^ 1 + t2 h 2
50. f ] x g = 3x 3 - 7x 2 - 5x - 3
f ]3g = 3]3g3 - 7]3g2 - 5]3g - 3
= 81 - 63 - 15 - 3
=0
So x - 3 is a factor of f ] x g = 3x 3 - 7x 2 - 5x - 3
49.
51. a = 1, b = - 3, c = -1
52. 3x - y - 1 = 0, x + 3y - 7 = 0
26. 1 884 960 27. Radius 3; x 2 + y 2 = 9
53. 2175 cm3; 1045 cm2
28. a = 3, b = -14, c = 9
54. y 1 - 3, - 2 1 y 1 -1
29. (a) 8.1 m (b) 35c 46l
55.
56. (a) x = 60c, 120c, 240c, 300c
30. (a) !1
(b) P (1) = ^ 1 2 - 1 h (1 2 + 5)
=0
2
3
Pl(x) = 6x ^ x 2 - 1 h (x 2 + 5) + ^ x 2 - 1 h $ 2x
3
Pl(1) = 6 (1) ^ 1 2 - 1 h (1 2 + 5) + ^ 1 2 - 1 h $ 2 (1)

=0
2
(c) x = 270c
56
65
(b) x = 0c, 90c, 360c
849
850
57. (a) 0
(b)
60. x = - 6.5, y = 2.8
61. y = - x 4
62. (a) 4
(d) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
63. P ] x g = ] x - 2 g ^ x 2 + 1 h + 5
65. P ] x g = - ] x - 5 g ] x + 1 g 2
58. i = 90c # n + ] - 1 g n # 135c
59. 8c 8l
1
2
(e) 22
64. 15 504
66. 63
68. (b)
69. (c)
70. (a), (b), (d)
71. (b)
72. (b)
73. (a)
75. (d)
67. (a)
74. (d)

Answers For Maths in Focus 3u

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Answers For Maths in Focus 3u

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

756

Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course

(a) Rational (b) Rational

(a) 18 (b) 11 (c) 6 (d) 11

(f) 0.17 (g) 0.36 (h) 1.20 (i) - 4.27

17. 79 cents 18. 2.73 19. 1.1 20. 3.6 m

12. 0.73 13. 33 14. 3.248 15. 4.21

(a) 0.27 (b) 1.09 (c) 0.003 (d) 0.0623

(a) 124% (b) 70%

(c) 40.5% (d) 127.94%

18. 60 19. 20 20. 9

9. $8 000 000 10. $34 600 000

(c) m4 (d) k10 (e) a -8

(i) 9x22 (j) x21

(d) 49a10b2 (e) 8m17

(h) 16y47 (i) a3 (j) 125x - 21 y 18

(d) d 9 (e) d 5 (f) x - 2

(o) x5 (p) y10 (q)

(a) 7 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 0 (e) 2 (f) 11 (g) 6 (h) 24

(d) 1.2 #10 7

(a) 9 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 2 (e) 7 (f) 10 (g) 2 (h) 8

(d) 6.2 #10

(a) x + 5 for x 2 - 5 and - x - 5 for x 1 - 5

Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course

(b) 0.14 (c) 0.625

Chapter 2: Algebra and surds

20. (a) 1.3 # 10 - 5

24. LHS = | -2 + - 5 | = 7, RHS = | -2 | + | -5 | = 7.

15ab 6. 14xyz 7. 48abc 8. 12d 2

16. $38 640 17. 70% 18. 6.3 # 10 23

18 4.54 19. 4.14 # 10 - 20

10. 15a 2 - 17a + 4 11. 8y 2 + 6y - 9 12. xy + 7x - 4y - 28

23. x 2 - 2xy + 11x - 18y + 18 24. 2ab + 2b 2 - 7b - 6a + 3

33. 9a + 24ab + 16b

34. x - 10xy + 25y

13. 16d + 40de + 25e

27. (2x - 3) (2x + 4) = 2 (2x - 3) (x 2 + 2)

29. ] a + b g2 + 2 ] a + b g c + c 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 + 2ac + 2bc + c 2

36. x - 12x + 48x - 64

39. 8a + 60a + 150a + 125

40. 4x + 16x + 15x - 4x - 4

(3x + 7) (x + 1) 4. (3x + 2) (x + 2) 5. (2b - 3) (b - 1)

3a ] 5 - a g 10. ab ] b + 1 g 11. 2xy ] 2x - 1 g

13. 2xy ] 4x - z g 14. a ] 6b + 3 - 2a g

31. 2rr ] r + h g 32. ] x - 3 g ] x + 2 g

30. 4ab 2 ^ 6ab 3 + 4 h

13. (4t - 1) (2t - 3)

14. (3x + 4) (2x - 3)

Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course

11. (x + 2y) (x - 2y)

18. y (2xy + 1) (2xy - 1)

10. w 2 + 44w + 484 = ] w + 22 g2

11. x 2 - 32x + 256 = ] x - 16 g2

15. ^ 5xy + 6z h _ 25x y - 30xyz + 36z i

20. p 2 - 8pq + 16q 2 = ^ p - 4q h2

18. x 2 + 6xy + 9y 2 = ^ x + 3y h2 19. a 2 - 4ab + 4b 2 = ] a - 2b g2

8. (x - 5y) (x 2 + 5xy + 25y 2)

11. (10 + 2t) (100 - 20t + 4t 2)

5 ^ y - 1 h _ y 2 + y + 1 i 4. 2ab ^ a + 2b) (2a - 1 h

14. ^ x + 10y h ^ x - 10y h

18. 23.987 19. 352.47 20. 93 21. 4

(a) x = 45 (b) x = 12 (c) x = 63 (d) x = 50

10. 51.935 11. - 1