Professional Documents
Culture Documents
10 /2015
NXB HNG C
MC LC
DANH MC CC T VIT TT............................................................................................................4
LI NI U ...................................................................................................................................5
LI CM N....................................................................................................................................6
TM TT ........................................................................................................................................7
Pht hin chnh t nghin cu ................................................................................................7
Cc kin ngh ........................................................................................................................10
GII THIU....................................................................................................................................13
Mc tiu ca Bo co.............................................................................................................13
Cc khi nim trong nghin cu.............................................................................................13
Phng php nghin cu.......................................................................................................15
KT QU NGHIN CU....................................................................................................................17
1. Vic lm, thu nhp v gim ngho ca ngi lao ng di c..............................................17
1.1. Vic lm, h tr to vic lm................................................................................................17
1.2. m bo thu nhp ti thiu.................................................................................................20
1.3. Gim ngho...........................................................................................................................23
1.4. Cc thc hnh tt v h tr to vic lm, m bo thu nhp
v gim ngho cho NLDC...........................................................................................................24
2. Bo him x hi .................................................................................................................26
2.1. BHXH bt buc......................................................................................................................26
2.2. BHXH t nguyn....................................................................................................................27
2.3. Bo him tht nghip...........................................................................................................28
2.4. Cc thc hnh tt v h tr tip cn BHXH ........................................................................29
3. Bo tr x hi i vi ngi lao ng di c........................................................................31
3.2. Cc thc hnh tt v Bo tr x hi....................................................................................31
4. Tip cn cc dch v x hi c bn.....................................................................................32
4.1. Gio dc.................................................................................................................................32
4.2. Y t.........................................................................................................................................33
4.3. Nh ......................................................................................................................................35
4.4. Nc sch.............................................................................................................................35
4.5. Tip cn thng tin.................................................................................................................36
4.6. Cc bi hc thc hnh tt v h tr tip cn dch v x hi c bn................................39
KT LUN V KIN NGH................................................................................................................43
TI LIU TRCH DN.......................................................................................................................47
Bng 1: T l tham gia BHXH v BH tht nghip phn theo khu vc...................................................27
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
DANH MC CC T VIT TT
ASXH
An sinh x hi
BHYT
Bo him y t
BHXH
Bo him x hi
BHTN
CDI
DNLAC
GFCD
HL
Hp ng lao ng
ILO
LL
Lin on Lao ng
LIGHT
NL
Ngi lao ng
NLDC
Ngi lao ng di c
PLD
PVS
Phng vn su
SDRC
SISS
TPHCM
Thnh ph H Ch Minh
UBND
U ban Nhn dn
VJUSAP
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
LI NI U
Khuyn ngh ILO 202 v Sn an sinh x hi, thng qua nm 2012, a ra mt quan im mi v sn
an sinh x hi cho ton dn, theo cc quc gia thnh vin phi xy dng mt h thng an sinh
x hi ton din bao gm cc m bo an sinh x hi cho sut vng i ca cng dn. y l ln
u tin, ILO xut m rng cc ch an sinh x hi cho ngi lao ng trong nn kinh t phi
chnh thc. ng thi, khuyn ngh ny to iu kin cho cc t chc x hi dn s tham gia vo
i thoi quc gia vi nh nc trong vic xc nh sn an sinh x hi tng quc gia v l trnh
thc hin.
Vit Nam tham gia th nghim v thng qua Khuyn ngh 202. Chin lc an sinh x hi 20122020 l mt n lc ca Nh nc Vit Nam trong vic thc hin khuyn ngh ny v c mt s
thay i trong lut. Tuy nhin, a s ngi lao ng di c cha c tip cn y v cng bng
n an sinh x hi.
Nghin cu ny nhm cung cp cho cng chng, cc t chc quan tm v cc nh hoch nh
chnh sch mt bn tm tt cc pht hin chnh v ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao
ng di c v cc thc hnh tt thc y v h tr h trong tip cn ti v hng li t h thng
an sinh x hi. Nghin cu a ra cc phn tch v khuyn ngh ng gp vo cc cuc trao i v
chnh sch, cng nh phc v cho chng trnh ca Oxfam v i tc a phng.
Oxfam hp tc vi nhm chuyn gia nghin cu thuc Vin Khoa hc x hi vng Nam b v mng
li cc t chc i tc a phng thc hin nghin cu ny t cui nm 2014. Nghin cu c
thc hin ti H Ni, Bc Ninh, Thnh ph H Ch Minh v ng Nai. i tng nghin cu l lao ng
di c ni a, lm trong khu vc kinh t chnh thc v phi chnh thc gm ngi bn hng rong,
cng nhn xy dng, may mc v in t.
Nghin cu ny l mt trong cc hot ng ca chng trnh Quyn Lao ng ca Oxfam. Chng
trnh Quyn Lao ng ca Oxfam hp tc vi cc t chc x hi dn s Vit Nam bao gm Cng
on, t chc phi chnh ph a phng v cc vin nghin cu nhm thc y quyn lao ng,
tng quyn nng ca ngi lao ng, c bit l lao ng di c v phi chnh thc, trong vic ci
thin iu kin lm vic, iu kin sng v tip cn tt hn ti an sinh x hi.
Chng ti hy vng cc bn tm thy thng tin th v v b ch t bo co ny.
Oxfam ti Vietnam
Gim c
Babeth Lefur
LI CM N
Nhm nghin cu chn thnh cm n Oxfam ti Vit Nam, chnh quyn v cc c nhn ti thnh
ph H Ni, thnh ph Bc Ninh, Thnh ph H Ch Minh v thnh ph Bin Ho to iu kin
thun li chng ti tin hnh nghin cu ny.
Xin gi li cm n ti cc ch L Kim Thi, Vn Thu H v Nguyn Thu Hng ca Oxfam ti Vit Nam
tham gia ng gp nhiu kin qu bu ngay t khu xy dng xut nghin cu, thit k
nghin cu v hon chnh bo co nghin cu ny.
Nhm nghin cu cng nhn c s hp tc v h tr tch cc ca cc t chc phi chnh ph Vit
Nam trong mng li Hnh ng v quyn ca Lao ng di c (M.net)1 , trong qu trnh xy dng b
cng c nghin cu, t chc kho st thc a, vit mt s chuyn tng quan chnh sch v
gp cho bo co nghin cu.
Chng ti c bit cm n nhng ngi tham gia cc cuc kho st v phng vn ny, nhng
ngi lao ng di c v nhm cng nhn nng ct ti cc thnh ph nu trn. Chng ti khng th
hon thnh cuc nghin cu ny nu khng nhn c s ng tham gia v s tham gia nhit
tnh ca h.
Xin cm n cc nh khoa hc, cc nh lm chnh sch v cc nh qun l c v gp cho bn
tho bo co ny ti cc hi tho tham vn.
Nhm nghin cu
1 Bao gm: Trung tm Hi nhp v pht trin (CDI), Vin pht trin sc kho cng ng nh Sng (LIGHT), Trung
tm nghin cu Gii, Gia nh v Pht trin Cng ng (GFCD), Vin nghin cu chnh sch, php lut v pht trin
(PLD), Hi Bo tr t php cho ngi ngho Vit Nam (VJUSAP), Trung tm t vn php lut Cng on ng Nai
(DNLAC) v Trung tm nghin cu t vn Cng tc x hi v Pht trin cng ng (SDRC).
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
TM TT
Nghin cu Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh
x hi c thc hin trong khun kh Chng trnh Quyn Lao ng ca Oxfam ti Vit Nam, do
Oxfam v Vin Khoa hc x hi vng Nam B phi hp vi cc t chc phi chnh ph Vit Nam trong
mng li Hnh ng v quyn ca Lao ng di c (M.net) trin khai t cui nm 2014 ti 4 tnh
thnh gm H Ni, Bc Ninh, TPHCM v ng Nai. Nghin cu tp trung vo 4 ngnh c ng NLDC
lm vic, k c trong khu vc phi chnh thc, l may, in t, xy dng, v bn hng rong nhm ch
ra nhng ro cn nhng ng thi cng tm kim cc sng kin, cc thc hnh tt trong vic h
tr NLDC, v qua xut cc gii php nhm i tng ng o nhng yu th ny c th
tip cn v th hng cc chnh sch ASXH tt hn.
rng i tng tham gia bo him vic lm ti ngi lao ng c hp ng 1 thng tr ln. Lut
BHXH cng m rng i tng tham gia BHXH bt buc n lao ng c hp ng 1 thng tr
ln v ni lng cc iu kin NL d tham gia BHXH t nguyn.
Mt s Lut v chnh sch hng ti bo v quyn li ca ngi di c, in hnh l Lut BHYT
2014 v Lut BHXH 2014. Lut BHYT 2014 vch l trnh c th xa b phn bit i x vi ngi
di c. Quyn tip cn dch v y t, chm sc sc kho ca NLDC c m rng thng qua s tm
tr v NLDC c th tham gia vo BHXH t nguyn ti ni h di c n. Cc a phng c ng
NLDC u c chnh sch u i gi nc sch cho ngi lao ng thu nh.
Chin lc ASXH 2012-2020 cng xc nh NLDC l mt trong cc nhm yu th cn c h tr.
Vi cc tiu ch xc nh ngho mi ca Nh nc t n chiu sang a chiu p dng cho giai
on 2016-2020, NLDC c c hi c th hng cc chnh sch bo tr x hi nh l mt nhm
i tng kh khn thuc ngho a chiu.
V vic lm, t l tht nghip cua ngui di cu cao v mt b phn ng k c cng vic thiu n
nh. Mc thu nhp c bn ca hu ht NLDC cha p ng nhu cu sng ti thiu, v h
thng b loi ra khi cc chng trnh gim ngho v vay vn to vic lm.
T l tht nghip cua ngui di cu cao gn gp nam ln so vi ty l tht nghip cua lao ng t 15
tui tr ln, tp trung chu yu nhm thanh nin 15-24 tui.
Mt b phn ng k trong s nhng NLDC hin c cng vic thiu n nh, bp bnh, c bit l
khu vc phi chnh thc (59%). Mc thu nhp c bn ca hu ht lao ng di c cha p ng
nhu cu sng ti thiu v n c mc thu nhp c bn thp hn nam.
NLDC phi tr chi ph kp do khng c h khu ti ni n, c bit l cc chi tr cho nhng dch
v x hi c bn nh y t, gio dc, nh , in nc sinh hot cao hn hn so vi dn c a
phng. Trong khi , NLDC phi chi tr nhiu khon chi thng xuyn m ngi ti a phng
th khng.
Tuy nhin, cho n nay cha c chnh sch h tr to vic lm dnh ring cho NLDC. NLDC b loi
ra khi cc chng trnh gim ngho, khng th tip cn c cc chng trnh vay vn to vic
lm. Chnh sch qun l th ch tp trung vo lm gn sch th m khng tnh n nhu cu
sinh k ca NLDC bn hng rong khin h lun b xua ui v bp bnh v mi trng lm vic.
V BHXH, 99% NLDC khu vc phi chnh thc khng c bo him x hi, h tr h giam thiu
rui ro khi bi m au, tai nan lao ng, tui gi, v chu ng b p phn thu nhp bi suy giam
hoc bi mt do cc rui ro .
Nhiu NLDC khng c BHXH bt buc l do khng c HL, hoc ch c HL ngn hn hoc hp
ng ming. Nhiu NSDL khng k HL theo ng lut nh v trnh n cc trch nhim ng
BHXH i vi NL trong khi ch ti x pht khng rn e, v thiu nhn lc kim tra gim st
vic thc thi php lut. 100% NL DC lm xy dng v 50% NLDC lm may mc trong nghin cu
ny ch c hp ng ming.
NL DC phi chnh thc khng mn m vi BHXH t nguyn. C nhiu l do, trong quan trng nht l
cng tc truyn thng chnh sch BHXH cha hiu qu, mc ng BHXH t nguyn vt ngoi kh nng
so vi mc thu nhp ca NLDC, v quy nh v BHXH t nguyn vn cn bt cp so vi BHXH bt buc,
ch c hai gi dch v l hu tr v t tut, trong khi BHXH bt buc c thm cc gi dch v ngn hn rt
thit thc vi ngi lao ng l ch m au, thai sn, tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip.
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
V BHTN, NLDC kh p ng c iu kin tham gia bo him v phng php tnh h tr BHTN
to ra s bt bnh ng
NLDC kh p ng 4 iu kin c th hng BHTN theo quy nh. Mt khc, phng php
tnh h tr BHTN theo t l thu nhp to ra s bt bnh ng gia nhm NL c thu nhp thp v
nhm NL c thu nhp cao, cha bo m c phn phi li thu nhp mt cch cng bng.
V Bo tr x hi, NLDC cha c tnh n nh l mt i tng c th hng chnh sch
bo tr x hi ti ni n
13,2% tr em di 6 tui con ca NLDC khng c tip cn ti BHYT. NLDC cha c tnh n
nh l mt i tng c th hng chnh sch bo tr x hi ti ni n mc d h thng i
mt vi nhng iu kin sng kh khn v rt cn s h tr trong cuc sng.
V tip cn cc dch v x hi c bn, NLDDC gp kh nhiu ro cn, bao gm cc quy nh v
phn b ngn sch da trn dn s thng tr; mt s qui nh v tip cn dch v ASXH cn gn
vi h khu; chi ph v cht lng dch v; v t chnh nhn thc ca NLDC.
Mt ro cn xuyn sut trong vic hn ch NLDC v gia nh h tip cn dch v cng (y t, gio
dc, nh , nc sch v sinh) l quy nh trong phn b ngn sch.Vic phn b ngn sch hin
nay v c bn vn da trn dn s thng tr lm tng gnh nng cho cc a phng c ng
ngi nhp c, tng p lc ln cc c s h tng k thut v h tng x hi, to c s cho chnh
quyn a phng dnh u tin trc ht cho nhng ngi c h khu thng tr trc tnh trng
qu ti, cu vt cung ca cc h tng c s x hi, nht l v gio dc v y t. C ti 21,2% tr
di c c kho st trong tui t 6 -14 tui khng i hc. y l con s ng bo ng v tnh
trng tr khng tip cn c h thng gio dc. Ch c 7,7% tr em di c i nh tr cng lp, v
12% tr em di c i hc trng mu gio cng lp. Hu ht cc tr i nh tr, mu gio u l cc
nh tr, mu gio t nhn hoc cc nhm gi tr ti gia nh.
C ti 76,5% NLDC khu vc phi chnh thc cha tham gia BHYT. 71% NLDC khng tip cn c
ti dch v y t cng v ch c 44% NLDC c BHYT s dng thng xuyn th BHYT. Nhng ro cn
tip cn BHYT ca NLDC v gia nh h mt phn do nhn thc (khng c nhu cu, khng quan
tm, 43,5%), mt phn do thiu kh nng ti chnh (48,7%), mt phn do thiu thng tin khng
bit mua u (15,3%), v mt phn do mun mua BHYT ti thnh ph nhng khng c h kh u
nn khng mua c. Khng thun tin v thi gian, ch i lu, bt tin trong i li, th tc hnh
chnh phc tp, cng vi thi gian phi dnh cho lao ng kim sng l cc nguyn nhn chnh
dn n t l NLDC s dng th BHYT thp.
Hn 2/3 NLDC trong nghin cu phi tr tin nc cao gn gp ba ln v tin in cao gn gp
i so vi dn a phng.
Nhiu chnh sch ASXH lin quan n ngi lao ng di c ch qui nh chung chung, thiu cc
hng dn c th, thiu cc ngun lc cn thit trin khai thc hin, v mt s c thit k
cha ph hp vi tnh hnh thc t v c im ca ngi lao ng di c nn cha to ra s chuyn
bin mnh m trn thc t.
Cc th tc hnh chnh cn rm r, phc tp, rt kh trin khai trong thc tin, cn tr s tip
cn ca ngi c hng li.
a s NLDC khu vc chnh thc v hu ht NLDC khu vc phi chnh thc khng hiu bit y
v cc quyn v li ch ca mnh ti ni lm vic v ni c tr. Nguyn nhn quan trng nht
dn n tnh trng ny l cc chnh sch ASXH t c truyn thng hoc hot ng truyn thng
C mt s t chc, c nhn tch cc h tr ngi lao ng tip cn thng tin v c hi vic lm;
nng cao k nng ngh nghip; tip cn ti dch v x hi c bn nh chm sc sc khe, i hc
trng cng cho tr em, mua in nc gi r, n nh gi thu phng tr, c bit cc thng tin
thit thc v d hiu v chnh sch php lut; v tr gip trong nhng trng hp chi tiu t xut
nh ma chay hiu h, l tt, m au
Nhng sng kin ny ngoi vic em li cc h tr trc tip, cn gip NLDC tham gia vo cc
mng li x hi chnh thc v phi chnh thc tng c hi tip cn thng tin v cc chnh sch
ASXH dnh cho h. im c sc ca nhng sng kin ny l tnh a dng v ni dung v hnh thc
h tr, tp trung vo tng quyn cho chnh NLDC thng qua tip cn thng tin, tng tnh ch ng
t tin, tinh thn tp th v ha nhp vi cng ng ni n ca NLDC, ng thi thu ht s tham
gia tch cc ca cc bn lin quan khc nhau nh chnh quyn, on hi, NSDL, ch tr v cc t
chc cung cp dch v.
Cc kin ngh
NLDC c vai tr quan trng v ngy cng tng ln trong lc lng lao ng ti cc thnh ph.
Trong khi , b phn dn s ny cha tr thnh mt i tng trc tip ca cc chnh sch pht
trin ni chung v cc chnh sch ASXH ni ring. m bo quyn v li ch ca NLDC ph hp
vi cc mc tiu ASXH quc gia, gp phn vo pht trin bn vng, v NLDC c th tip cn v th
hng cng bng ASXH, cn kt hp ng thi cc gii php tng th trong chin lc v ASXH vi
cc gii php g b nhng ro cn hin nay. Nghin cu ny xut 8 kin ngh sau y:
1. Xy dng chng trnh tng th i vi NLDC lin quan n cc k hoch pht trin kinh t-x
hi, cc chnh sch ASXH v cc chnh sch pht trin khc, trong xc nh NLDC l mt b
phn quan trng ca lc lng lao ng
2. R sot v loi b cc qui nh cho n nay vn cn gn cc chnh sch ASXH vi h khu v y
l mt trong nhng ro cn ln nht i vi vic tip cn ASXH ca NLDC
3. Nh nc ng chi tr BHXH t nguyn cho lao ng phi chnh thc v m rng quyn li BHXH
t nguyn
4. C c ch ph hp m bo NSDL phi c trch nhim ng chi tr BHXH t nguyn
10
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
6. Cn c cc quy nh, hng dn chi tit cho mt s chnh sch m bo thc thi nh: i)Xy
dng hng dn thc hin Ngh nh 196/2013/N-CP ban hanh ngay 21/11/2013 - quy nh
Trung tm gii thiu vic lm h tr NL khi di chuyn t ia phng nay ti ia phng khac
lam vic. C th hng dn r v c ch h tr v mc h tr; ii) B sung thm nhng ngh
nh, thng t hng dn thc hin chng trnh tn dng u i to vic lm cho NLDC ti a
phng n, nhm to iu kin cho NLDC c tip cn vi ngun vn vay ny to vic
lm, n nh cuc sng ti ni n; iii) B sung vn bn hng dn chi tit vic thi hnh mt
s quy nh ti Khon 1, iu 38, Lut BHXH 2014. Quy nh chi tit mc h tr, i tng h
tr v thi im thc hin chnh sch h tr tin ng BHXH cho NL tham gia BHXH t nguyn.
7. Thc y cc hot ng truyn thng, a dng ha cc hnh thc, cc knh truyn thng
tng kh nng tip cn thng tin ca NLDC, nht l trong khu vc phi chnh thc
8. Chnh thc ha, m hnh ha cc sng kin tt h tr NLDC c th nhn rng v pht huy
tc dng ca cc thc hnh tt v h tr cho NLDC ca cc t chc x hi, cc on th trong
nc, c tham kho v hc tp cc bi hc trn th gii v tip tc s dng c hiu qu tr
gip k thut v ti chnh ca cc t chc x hi quc t
11
12
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
GII THIU
Mc tiu ca Bo co
Di c lao ng nng thn thnh th l mt xu hng ngy cng tng ln trong bi cnh cng nghip
ho v th ho ti Vit Nam. S gim st nhu cu lao ng nng nghip, gia tng c hi vic lm v
thu nhp ti cc th, khu cng nghip v s ci thin c s h tng ng b y nhanh qu trnh
di c lao ng nng thn thnh th. Nhng thay i ny t ra yu cu khch quan v vic xy dng
v hon thin cc chnh sch php lut lin quan n ngi lao ng di c (NLDC).
Bo co nghin cu ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi NLDC trong tip cn an sinh x hi
(ASXH) cung cp nhng bng chng v cc ro cn php l v ro cn thc tin hin nay i vi
ngi lao ng di c lm vic trong khu vc chnh thc v phi chnh thc trong vic tip cn ASXH
ti cc th v khu cng nghip. Nghin cu cng tm kim v nu ln cc in hnh tt v h tr
cho ngi di c tip cn v hng li t h thng bo tr x hi v chnh sch x hi. Nhng pht
hin v cc ro cn v cc in hnh tt l c s quan trng xut cc thay i chnh sch
cng nh thc thi hiu qu cc chnh sch v ASXH i vi NLDC.
Nhm chnh sch vic lm m bo thu nhp ti thiu v gim ngho: nhm h tr ngi dn
ch ng phng nga cc ri ro thng qua s tham gia th trng lao ng c c vic lm
tt, thu nhp ti thiu v gim ngho bn vng.
Nhm chnh sch bo him x hi: nhm h tr ngi dn gim thiu ri ro khi b m au, tai
nn lao ng, tui gi...thng qua s tham gia vo h thng bo him x hi (BHXH) ch
ng b p phn thu nhp b suy gim hoc b mt do cc ri ro trn.
Nhm chnh sch bo tr x hi: bao gm cc chnh sch thng xuyn v t xut nhm h
tr ngi dn khc phc cc ri ro khng lng trc hoc vt qu kh nng kim sot (mt
ma, i, ngho kinh nin).
Nhm chnh sch dch v x hi c bn: nhm tng cng cho ngi dn tip cn h thng
dch v c bn mc ti thiu, bao gm gio dc ti thiu, y t ti thiu, nh ti thiu, nc
sch v thng tin truyn thng.
13
Vic lm, m bo
thu nhp ti thiu
v gim ngho
Bo him
x hi
Tr gip x hi
cho cc nhm
c th
Dch v
x hi c bn
To vic lm
BHXH bt buc
Tr gip XH
thng xuyn
Gio dc
Tn dng
u i
m au
H tr
hc ngh
H tr tm vic
lm (trong v
ngoi nc)
Chng trnh
vic lm cng
Gim ngho
Thai sn
Tai nn LBnh NN
Hu tr
T tut
BHXH t nguyn
Chm sc ti
c s bo tr
x hi v
cng ng
H tr
tin mt
Tr gip x hi
t xut
Y t (gm BHYT)
Nh
Nc sch
Thng tin
Hu tr
T tut
BH tht nghip
BH hu tr b sung
Ngi lao ng di c c chn trong nghin cu ny l nhng ngi t cc ni khc ngoi tnh/
thnh ph m h hin ang sng v ang lm vic trong 4 nhm ngnh (may, in t, xy dng, v
bn hng rong) nhng cha c h khu thng tr. Nhng ngi c ng k tm tr v khng ng
k tm tr nhng thc t c tr t 6 thng tr ln u c bao gm trong dn s nghin cu.
NLDC khu vc chnh thc bao gm NLDC lm vic c hp ng lao ng bng vn bn t 1 thng
tr ln trong ngnh may v in t.
NLDC khu vc phi chnh thc l NLDC lm vic c hp ng tho thun ming hoc khng c
hp ng lao ng, nhng ngi t to vic lm cho chnh mnh trong ngnh may, xy dng v bn
hng rong.
14
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
15
16
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
KT QU NGHIN CU
Kt qu nghin cu c trnh by ln lt theo cc tr ct ca ASXH, bt u t thc trng tip
cn n cc ro cn chnh sch, cc ro cn thc tin, v cui cng l cc thc hnh tt trong h
tr NLDC. Cc tr ct ASXH bao ph trn nhiu lnh vc dnh cho nhiu i tng th hng khc
nhau trong khi NLDC ch l mt nhm i tng c th; do vy mt s chnh sch ASXH lin quan
n NLDC nhiu hn mt s chnh sch khc. Cu trc ca bo co nhm ch ra mi quan h trc
tip gia cc ro cn vi tip cn ASXH ca NLDC.
17
52%
41%
15%
7%
0%
C vic lm n nh
quanh nm
C vic lm quanh nm
nhng khng n nh
Ch lm theo ma v
60.00%
51.50%
50.00%
40.00%
37.40%
39.30%
Tng
CN phi
chnh thc
may mc
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
10.70%
16.90%
CN xy
dng
L bn
hng rong
18
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
Tuy nhin, cho n nay cha c chnh sch h tr to vic lm dnh ring cho NLDC. Cc chnh
sch vic lm ch tp trung vo o to ngh v cung cp thng tin v vic lm chung m khng
tnh ti vic o to cc k nng mm trong cng vic v x hi NLDC, phn ln l nng dn t
nng thn ra, thch nghi c vi mi trng lm vic cng nghip v th.
Hn na, mc d h thng chnh sch h tr to vic lm c nhiu im mi tin b v c
s quan tm n mt s yu t nh hng trc tip n NLDC, nhng vn cn mt s bt
cp t khung php l v vic thc thi chnh sch.Thiu cc quy nh rng buc m bo
thc thi cc quy nh php lut v m bo vic lm n nh, dn n nguy c NLDC b mt
vic v b vi phm HL i vi NLDC trong khu vc chnh thc. Vic n phng chm dt
HL xc nh thi hn khng bo trc ca NSDL c mc x pht qu thp v ngi vi phm ch
b x pht khi NL khi kin, trong khi kh nng khi kin l rt hn ch.
Bn cnh , mi trng lm vic, iu kin lm vic qu kht khe ti cc cng ty gy c
ch i vi NL nh cc quy nh v thi gian lm vic, thi gian ngh ngi, v sinh c nhn, ung
nc, ngh m, v cc ch ti nu vi phm, Sau mt thi gian lm vic vi p lc cao nh vy,
NL khng cn sc kho v s nhanh nhn tip tc cng vic ny, v l lc m h ng
trc nguy c b cho ngh vic.
Mi ngy thng lm vic 8 ting, ch nht cng vy. Nu lm bnh thng th 5 gi tan lm, lm
tng ca th 8 gi tan lm, nhng cn bt xe v di chuyn, v n nh cng l 9 gi, sau n ung,
tm git, i ng cng l 11 gi. Hm sau tm khong 5 gi 45 phi bt xe n cng ty. Khi c
nhiu vic, cng ty thng p cng nhn lm tng ca, thm gi, k c vo ch nht.(TLN CN3 in
t, N)
kin nh gi mi trng lm vic ca NLDC:
19
20
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
Biu 3: Thu nhp bnh qun t lng c bn, cc khon ph cp, v tng thu nhp
bnh qun nhn khu/thng phn theo ngnh ngh
4,978,670
3,820,446
1,158,223
CN may chnh
th c
5,956,367
4,716,082
4,692,938
4,022,749
23,145
1,933,618
CN ngnh i n t
Ti n l
4,163,835
CN xy d ng
4,042,438
4,163,835
3,938,584
103,854
ng/ti n cng/thu nh p c b n
Cc kho n khc
T ng bnh qun nhn kh u
21
n ung
Gi cho cc thnh vin ang qu v ni
Thu nh
Hot ng gii tr
V qu
Hiu h
Xng xe, i li
May mc, qun o
in thoi
Chm sc sc kho, khm cha bnh
in
Nc
Ph mu gio
Ph hc ph thng
Tr li
Ph nh tr
Chi ph gi con ngoi gi/hc thm
Chi ph gi con ngoi gi
ng gp cho a phng, on th
24.1
12.1
4.7
4.1
3.9
3.4
3.3
3.1
2.6
1.6
1.2
0.9
0.7
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.1
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
22
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
2 Cc ngun vn tn dng u i cho h ngho, h cn ngho gm (1) Qu Xo i gim ngho thnh ph; (2) Tn
dng Ngn hng Chnh sch x hi: Chng trnh 316 cho h ngho vay sn xut kinh doanh; Cho vay hc sinh sinh
vin; Cho vay xut khu lao ng; Cho vay nc sch & v sinh mi trng; (3) Qu quc gia v vic lm; (4) Qu 156;
(5) Qu CEP; (6) Qu tn dng Hi Lin hip Ph n.
3 Theo n Tng th Chuyn i phng php tip cn o lng ngho t n chiu sang a chiu p dng
cho giai on 2016 - 2020 c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt theo Quyt nh s 1614/Q-TTg ngy 15/9/2015:
ngoi ch s thu nhp o mc ngho chnh sch, s c thm 10 ch s khc o vic tip cn ti dch v x
hi c bn (y t, gio dc, nh , nc sch v v sinh, thng tin); http://www.molisa.gov.vn/vi/Pages/chitiettin.
aspx?IDNews=23458
23
24
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
25
2. BO HIM X HI
Kt qu kho st cho thy, trong khi hu nh tt c nhng NLDC khu vc chnh thc c BHXH v
BHTN (97,8%) th ngc li hu nh khng c ai trong khu vc phi chnh thc c cc loi bo him
ny (99%). iu ny cho thy BHXH i vi ngi lao ng trong khu vc phi chnh thc vn cha
c thc hin v mc d c nhng thay i v chnh sch nhm thu ht s tham gia BHXH t
nguyn ca ngi lao ng nhng chnh sch ny vn cha i vo cuc sng.
26
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
KV chnh thc
Khng c loi no
1.9%
99.0%
BHXH (c hu tr)
97.8%
0.0%
BH tht nghip
97.8%
0.0%
5 C nc hin c 455 thanh tra vin v cn b thanh tra trong ngnh lao ng, trong lc lng chuyn trch v
an ton lao ng c khong 50 ngi. H Ni ch c 17 thanh tra lao ng v s c chuyn mn nghip v cao v an ton
lao ng ch c khong 3 ngi. (http://nilp.org.vn/sp/id/589/Thanh-tra-lao-dong-Thieu-va-khong-chuyen)
27
28
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
29
cng tc vin gm 250 lut s ca h thng VIJUSAP v on lut s TP H Ni. Theo Gim c
Trung tm, Lut s Hong Vn Giang: C nhiu trng hp v bo v quyn li BHXH cho ngi lao
ng, nm trong tng th cc h tr ca Trung tm vi NL trong nm va qua, in hnh l trong
thng 12/2014 Trung tm khi kin hnh chnh cho mt cp v chng qu Thanh Ho lm vic
Khu cng nghip i T Long Bin. Sau khi k hp ng 12 thng th cng ty sn xut ph tng
-t chuyn tr s mi v ch em theo nhng cng nhn tr ct l ngi nh v sa thi ton b
nhng cng nhn k hp ng theo nm. Khi Trung tm nhn c n yu cu t vn cng cc
h s ti liu t vn th trung tm lin h vi cng ty. Lc u cng ty khng hp tc. Sau trung
tm gip NL khi kin ra to. Sau khi ta ho gii phin th nht thnh cng: cng ty phi tr
tr cp cho NL 4 thng tin tht nghip. Rt may l trng hp ny c k kt HL. iu c bit
l NL c thc v quyn ca mnh nn c nhng ng thi nh mi bo ch, mi cc c quan
cng an a phng v lut s ca Trung tm vo cuc6.
30
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
3. BO TR X HI I VI NGI LAO NG DI C
Bo tr x hi (BTXH) gm cc chng trnh, cc chnh sch h tr cho cc i tng thuc nhm
yu th v cc i tng kh khn, nh h tr ti chnh cho tr m ci, ngi khuyt tt, ngi gi
c n khng ni nng ta,,,, h tr chm sc sc khe cho tr em di 6 tui, ngi ang gp
kh khn v sc khe, bnh tt (ngi c HIV, tm thn...), hoc h tr t xut cho nhng ngi
gp kh khn do hu qu thin tai hoc nhng l do bt kh khng khc gy ra.
Ngoi cc chnh sch quc gia v BTXH, nhiu a phng c cc chnh sch tr cp cho nhng
h, c nhn ri vo cnh ngho kh cng cc t cc ngun ngn sch a phng. Ch tnh ring
TPHCM nm 2014, Chng trnh gim ngho, tng h kh ca Thnh ph huy ng khong 659
t kinh ph h tr khng hon li mua BHYT, h tr ng chi tr khm cha bnh, h tr gio dc,
h tr nh , h tr lao ng ngho hc ngh, nng cao nng lc gim ngho, v cc h tr khc
cho cc h ngho, h cn ngho (Ban ch o Chng trnh gim ngho TPHCM, 2015). Mc d cc
chnh sch m rng i tng l nhng h tm tr di hn, tuyt i a s nhng ngi trong mu
kho st khng phi l i tng ny.
Cc thc hnh tt v Bo tr x hi
Nhiu t chc v c nhn vo cuc, huy ng cng ng h tr NLDC nht l trong cc trng hp
cn phi c nhng chi tiu t xut nh ma chay hiu h, l tt, m au.v.v., nhng chi tiu m i
vi nhiu NLDC c th lm o ln cuc sng ca gia nh h. Cc hnh thc h tr a dng thng
qua cc cu lc b (nh CLB cng nhn nh tr, CLB ch nh tr ca on thanh nin, Hi Ph n),
qu tng tr (nh Qu h tr cng nhn xa qu ca on thanh nin), hay phong tro (nh tm v
ngha tnh ca Cng on) gip c nhiu NLDC gim bt kh khn. y l nhng sng kin
rt thit thc ca cng ng, gp sc vi Nh nc trong bo m an sinh x hi cho ngi dn.
Chng trnh Quyn Lao ng ca Oxfam ti Vit Nam
31
4. TIP CN CC DCH V X HI C BN
Nhm m bo quyn tip cn cng bng i vi cc dch v x hi c bn ca ton dn, ng
v Nh nc ban hanh cc chnh sch h tr ngi dn tip cn cc dch v x hi c bn v
gio dc, y t, nh , nc sch, thng tin truyn thng; trong c nhiu chnh sch h tr cho
NLDC tip cn cc dch v x hi c bn. Chnh sch gio dc to iu kin cho tr nhp c c
s tm tr c m bo n trng ti ni n. Quyn tip cn dch v y t, chm sc sc kho
ca NLDC cng c m rng thng qua s tm tr; tr em c lm giy khai sinh ti ni ngi
m ng k tm tr v c cp th BHYT min ph cho tr di 6 tui cng lc vi Giy khai sinh;
NLDC c tham gia BHYT ti ni ng k tm tr. Nh nc ban hnh nhiu c ch, chnh
sch h tr nh cho cng nhn lao ng tai cc khu cng nghip tp trung. Nhm to iu kin
cho NLDC tip cn c nc sch theo ch trng tng t l ngi s dng nc sch, cc a
phng c ng NLDC u c chnh sch u i gi nc sch cho ngi lao ng thu nh. H
thng thng tin ngy cng c ph bin rng ri trn nhiu phng tin truyn thng gn vi xu
th thi i nh cc mng x hi, in thoi di ng, bn cnh nhng knh thng tin truyn thng
nh bo, i, truyn thng trc tip.
NLDC ngy cng c c hi c tip cn vi cc dch v x hi c bn tt hn. Tuy nhin, mc
tip cn cng cn kh hn ch so vi vic p ng nhu cu ca NLDC. Nghin cu ca ActionAid
(2014) cho thy 90% NLDC khng c tip cn cc dch v c bn ca ASXH v cc chnh sch
cng ti ni n. Kt qu kho st ca nhm nghin cu cho thy, vic tip cn dch v x hi c
bn ca NLDC nh sau:
4.1. Gio dc
21,2% trong tng s 52 tr c kho st trong tui t 6 -14 tui theo cha m l NLDC sinh
sng ti ni n khng i hc. y l con s ng bo ng v tnh trng tr khng tip cn c
h thng gio dc.
32
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
4.2. Y t
76,5% NLDC khu vc phi chnh thc cha tham gia BHYT. Trong khi 100% NLDC trong khu vc
chnh thc c BHYT bt buc; th ch c 23.5%NLDC trong khu vc phi chnh thc c BHYT, trong
12,3% c BHYT t nguyn, 6,7% c BHYT h ngho/cn ngho, v 4,5% c BHYT dnh cho i
tng chnh sch. i vi cc thnh vin cn li trong h gia nh NLDC, t l c BHYT l 60,7%,
vn thp hn so vi mc bao ph BHYT trung bnh trn c nc (67% vo cui 2014). Ngay c BHYT
tr em di 6 tui c cp min ph th vn cn n 13,2% tr trong mu kho st khng c BHYT.
71% NLDC khng tip cn c ti dch v y t cng v ch c 44% NLDC c BHYT s dng
thng xuyn th BHYT. Cch thc iu tr ph bin nht khi au m ca NLDC l mua thuc hiu
thuc v ung. cao nht nhm cng nhn may phi chnh thc, cng nhn xy dng, v ngi bn
hng rong (gn 80%). Ngay trong nhm c BHYT th cng c ti 71,2% chn cch ny.
33
Biu 5: L do khng tham gia BHYT ca NLDC khu vc phi chnh thc
Khng c tin mua BHYT t nguyn
Khng c nhu cu mua BHYT t nguyn
Khng bit mua BHYT u
L do khc
Khng c cp BHYT
Tng
15.30%
15.30%
48.70%
43.50%
38.30%
Nam
15.30%
60.20%
37.50%
49.00%
C s ng k khm cha bnh ban u ca BHYT khng thun tin i li cng l mt nhn t cn
tr NLDC tham gia BHYT
Mt tr ngi trong vic tip cn cc dch v chm sc sc kho ca NLDC khu vc phi chnh thc
l ni ng k KCB ban u khng thun tin. Trong s 115 NLDC ang lm vic trong khu vc phi
chnh thc c BHYT th ch c 20,9% ng k ni khm cha bnh ban u ti thnh ph m h
ang sng, s cn li vn ng k ti qu gc. Do , nhiu kin ca NLDC cho rng, nu mua
BHYT th ni ng k KCB ban u ti qu gc th cng rt t s dng ti ni ang sinh sng;
chnh l l do gii thch vic khng c nhu cu mua BHYT.
Khng thun tin v thi gian, ch i lu, bt tin trong i li, th tc hnh chnh phc tp,
cng vi thi gian phi dnh cho lao ng kim sng l cc nguyn nhn chnh dn n t l
NLDC s dng th BHYT thp.
34
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
7.70%
15.30%
19.50%
21.30%
Thi gian ch i lu
32.80%
33.10%
47.40%
Chi ph c hi cng l mt nguyn nhn khin NLDC c BHYT nhng khng hng li c t BHYT.
c bit i vi NLDC khu vc chnh thc, nhng quy nh kht khe v thi gian lm vic, ch
ngh m, nh hng rt ln n vic la chn phng thc khm cha bnh. Chi ph c hi l mt
trong nhng yu t hn ch s tip cn ca NLDC v gia nh h i vi cc chnh sch ASXH. NLDC
quyt nh la chn cc dch v thun tin, tn thi gian hn khm cha bnh bng th BHYT; h
chp nhn tn tin khm dch v t hn l n vi dch v cng v vi th BHYT.
Nu so snh tin khm dch v ht 100 ngn ng v khm BHYT min ph, th s la chn khm
dch v. Thay v thi gian ch i khm bng th BHYT mt ht c ngy, t sng n chiu, th thi
gian i lm, kim c 200 ngn ng; ht gi lm vic cho con i khm dch v t nhanh
hn. Tnh li ch th vn cn c 100 ngn ng cho ngy hm m li hi lng vi cht lng
khm. (TLN CN may phi chnh thc 2, N)
4.3. Nh
Kt qu kho st cho thy, loi hnh nh ca hu ht ngi di c ti cc a bn nghin cu l phng
tr: loi bn kin c (65,3%) v kin c (22,4%), chim mt t l rt nh l nh thiu kin c (4,0%) v
nh tm (8,3%), vi din tch bnh qun u ngi khong 6,6m2/ngi, k c nh v sinh v bp. Din
tch bnh qun u ngi p ng c ch tiu 5m2/ngi H Ni v TPHCM, nhng nu ch c 2
v chng th din tch cn phng 10m2 l cht chi, cha k hu ht NLDC nu n ngay trong phng .
Mc d Nh nc ban hnh chnh sch h tr nh x hi cho ngi lao ng trong cc khu
cng nghip tp trung v cho ngi thu nhp thp th, ng thi ban hnh cc chnh sch u
i i vi cc doanh nghip u t vo nhng d n pht trin nh x hi, hu ht NLDC cha
tip cn c chnh sch h tr nh .
4.4. Nc sch
Hn 2/3 NLDC trong nghin cu phi tr tin nc cao gn gp ba ln v tin in cao gn gp i
so vi dn a phng. Phn ln NLDC s dng nc my lm ngun nc sinh hot chnh (62,6%),
s cn li s dng ngun nc ging khoan. Mc d c nhng chnh sch u i v gi in, nc
cho ngi thu nh, nhng hu ht NLDC phi tr gi cao. So vi mc gi nc thp nht dnh cho
sinh hot ca h gia nh ti H Ni: 10m3 u tin h/thng l 5.020 ng/m3, TPHCM: 4m3 u tin/
ngi/thng l 5.300 ng, Bc Ninh: t 10m3 u tin h/thng l 7.000 ng/m3 v ng Nai: 10m3
35
16.864
12.700
5.020
11.697
7.000
354%
H Ni
5.300
181%
Bc Ninh
5.800
318%
TPHCM
202%
ng Nai
36
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
vic trong khu vc chnh thc thng ln mng c tin, chat vi nhau v vo facebook. y c
th l nhng knh tip nhn v chia s thng tin v thc trng th hng ASXH ca h v cc chnh
sch ASXH lin quan, mc d mc ch chnh vn l gii tr. iu ny gi vic a dng ho v nng
cao hiu qu truyn thng v chnh sch ASXH i vi cc nhm i tng khc nhau thng qua
cc phng tin c nhn ny.
37
Biu 8: T l NLDC khng tip cn c cc knh thng tin phn theo khu vc
KV chnh thc
94.7
79.6
36.4
26.3
38
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
39
40
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
(ii) Truyn thng qua cc phng tin truyn thng gin tip hay qua cc ti liu in n: cc t chc
x hi v cc c quan cng quyn ngy cng s dng nhiu hnh thc truyn thng cung cp
nhanh v tin li, t tn km nht n vi NLDC, l nhng ngi c rt t thi gian tham d cc
bui truyn thng trc tip, trc din. Cc T ri, T bm, S tay hng dn, S tay hi p da
vo tnh hung tm hiu php lut v chnh sch x hi c nhiu t chc thc hin (nh CDI,
SDRC, LIGHT, PLD, TTTVPL Cng on ng Nai, TTTVPL s 1 H Ni, v.v), tng bao ph vi lao
ng di c, c chnh thc v phi chnh thc. ng thi, cn c cc hnh thc truyn thng online
nh trang web, mng x hi (nh website laodongxanha.net v facebook Din n php lut dnh
cho lao ng di c ca CDI, Din n di c ca LIGHT). Song song, cn c cc hnh thc giao tip
trc tuyn khc nh email, nhn tin di ng (SMS), gi vo ng dy nng min ph qua cc tng
i 1088, tng i 1900555550 ca TTTVPL Cng on ng Nai v cc s hotline ca CDI, v.v.
(iii) Truyn thng qua cc cuc ta m, cc bui trin lm nng cao nhn thc cho cc bn lin
quan v vai tr, ng gp, thun li v kh khn m NLDC ang gp phi; qua tng hiu qu
ca vn ng x hi v vn ng chnh sch dnh cho NLDC, nht l cc chnh sch ASXH.
Quyn lao ng, quyn con ngi ca lao ng di c c nhn thc v bo v tt hn thng qua
vic tng cng nng lc m phn, i thoi, vn ng chnh sch: thc hnh tt ca cc t
chc x hi, t chc phi chnh ph Vit Nam.
M hnh vn ng chnh sch ca CDI: c thc hin ch yu thng qua cc cuc ta m, hi
tho, da trn cc d liu u vo ca cc m hnh t chc v sinh hot ca cc nhm cng nhn
t qun, cng nhn nng ct, t vn php lut lu ng, kiosk thng tin v i thoi cp tnh,
thnh ph. Qua , CDI c th gip ngi lao ng tp hp, nu ln cc xut cho nhng thay i
cn thit. Mt v d minh ha: ngy 13/12/2013, ti H Ni, CDI phi hp vi Lin on lao ng Hi
Phng v TTTVPLC ng Nai t chc bui ta m Chnh sch v m hnh thc y v bo v
quyn ca ngi lao ng ti cc khu cng nghip, qua gii thiu nhng sng kin hay, hiu
qu v d p dng nhm bo v quyn cho NLDC m ba t chc trin khai ti cc vng d n
(H Ni, Vnh Phc, Hi Dng, Bc Ninh, Hi Phng, ng Nai) v hng ti vic cc c quan, t
chc nh Tng LL, B LTBXH, Quc Hi ghi nhn nhng nh hng chnh sch h tr cc
sng kin trin khai th im hiu qu c th tip tc c p dng v nhn rng ra cc a
phng khc.
M hnh vn ng chnh sch thng qua nghin cu nh gi da trn bng chng ca GFCD:
vn ng chnh sch tt hn cho lao ng gip vic nh, GFCD tp trung vo nghin cu nh gi
cung cp nhng bng chng thc hin vn ng chnh sch. T cc hot ng can thip, GFCD
thu thp thng tin, vng mc cng nh bng chng c lin quan vi cc ngh nh, thng t
phn bin chnh sch v vn ng chnh sch, nh i vi Ngh nh 27, Thng t 19 quy nh,
hng dn chi tit Ngh nh 27.
Vic vn ng chnh sch c cc vn bn lut v di lut ph hp hn, d tip cn hn i vi
NLDC v lao ng phi chnh thc cn c nhiu t chc x hi khc thc hin thng qua cc
bui tham vn thu thp thng tin v cc cuc ta m, hi tho cp quc gia, nh VIJUSAP, PLD,
LIGHT, CDI, SDRC thc hin.
41
42
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
43
44
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
Khon 1, iu 38, Lut BHXH 2014. Quy nh chi tit mc h tr, i tng h tr v thi im thc
hin chnh sch h tr tin ng BHXH cho NL tham gia BHXH t nguyn.
7. Thc y cc hot ng truyn thng, a dng ha cc hnh thc, cc knh truyn thng
tng kh nng tip cn thng tin ca NLDC, nht l trong khu vc phi chnh thc
Trong cc chiu thiu ht, thiu ht v thng tin l ln nht, c tc ng nhiu nht n mc
tip cn cc chnh sch ASXH ca NLDC. V khng c thng tin hay c thng tin khng y ,
khng chnh xc, khng r rng v chnh sch v cc vn bn hng dn chnh sch ASXH, NLDC
thiu nhn thc quyn v li ch ca mnh cng nh cc a ch c th g ca c c quyn v
li ch chnh ng ca mnh. Mt khc, vic thiu thng tin cn dn n hn ch ca NLDC trong
hiu bit v thc hin ngha v cng dn ti ni ang sinh sng.
Nhiu vn bn php lut lao ng rt phc tp nhng cng tc tp hun, truyn thng, v h tr
cha c ch trng ng mc nn chnh nhng ngi thc thi chnh sch ti a phng vn
cha hiu y v chnh xc khi vn dng trn thc t, v quan trng hn l NSDLD v NL cha
nhn thc c trch nhim v quyn li ca mnh i vi cc vn trn. Cc chnh sch php
lut lao ng vn cn l mt khong trng ln trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Do vy, xy
dng chin lc truyn thng t trung ng xung a phng v huy ng mi t chc, on th
x hi tham gia vo cc hot ng ny vi cc thc hnh tt l mt gii php quan trng gip
NLDC v NL trong khu vc phi chnh thc tip cn v th hng nhiu hn cc chnh sch ASXH.
Cn ci tin, a dng ha cc hnh thc, cc knh truyn thng dnh cho NLDC, ph hp vi cc
nhm NLDC khc nhau v loi hnh cng vic, a bn lm vic, kh nng tip cn v s dng cc
phng tin truyn thng hin i (nh internet: email, website, facebook, v.v).
Cn khuyn khch cc t chc x hi s dng nhiu hn cc phng tin truyn thng n gin,
r tin v d tip cn nht i vi nhm NLDC yu th nht: nh nhm NLDC ngho nht, c hc
vn thp, bn rn sinh k nht, ang lm vic ti cc vng kh tip cn h nht. Thc t cho thy,
3 phng tin truyn thng m nhm NLDC yu th nht cng d dng nhn c (xp theo th
t n gin, d tip cn v r tin nht), l: (i) tin nhn SMS qua in thoi di ng, (ii) cc chng
trnh pht thanh qua i ton quc hay i a phng, (iii) chng trnh truyn hnh qua cc knh
ln ton quc hay a phng.
ng thi, vn tip tc duy tr v pht trin hnh thc truyn thng in t v cc hnh thc khc
v ang c thc hin bi nhiu on th, t chc x hi nh: truyn thng trc tip, lu ng
ti cc khu nh tr, cc x nghip, trong cc khu cng nghip; cc bui ta m, hi tho, trin
lm; t ri, s tay hng dn/hi p theo tnh hung; tng i in thoi (min ph cho ngi gi
n), ng dy nng, chat mail, chat voice, email, cc trang website, trang net; cc t im sinh
hot, cc kiosk thng tin, v.v. Trong , cc knh thng tin qua h thng internet thch hp hn vi
lao ng tr lm vic trong khu vc chnh thc, nht l cng nhn ti cc khu cng nghip.
D bng phng tin truyn thng no th vai tr ca cc t chc da vo cng ng (nh cc
nhm nng ct, nhm t qun, nhm t lc) v cc nhn t tch cc ca a phng vn lun lun
v v cng cn thit trong cung cp thng tin v gii thch r rng, c th, d hiu cc thng tin
m NLDC cn tm hiu v cc chnh sch ASXH hin hnh.
8. Chnh thc ha, m hnh ha cc sng kin c th nhn rng v pht huy tc dng ca cc
thc hnh tt v h tr cho NLDC ca cc t chc x hi, cc on th trong nc, c tham kho
v hc tp cc bi hc trn th gii v tip tc s dng c hiu qu tr gip k thut v ti chnh
ca cc t chc x hi quc t
Thc t Vit Nam cng nh nhiu ni trn th gii, c kh nhiu cc sng kin, cc thc hnh
tt t nhiu cp khc nhau c th tham kho. Cc bi hc ny c gi tr ln hn nu c tng
hp, t liu ha, h thng ha theo cc vn ca ASXH; theo cch tip cn, phng php thc
hin hay cc ch th, tc nhn; iu kin ha cc bi cnh, mi trng php l - chnh sch- lnh
45
46
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi
TI LIU TRCH DN
ActionAid, 2014, Tm tt chnh sch Tip cn An sinh x hi ca ngi lao ng nhp c, bo co
kt qu nghin cu.
Actionaid, UKaid, Oxfam, 2012, Gim Ngho th ti Vit Nam: Thch thc mi, cch tip cn mi.
Bo co tm tt kt qu chnh ca D n Theo di Ngho th 2008 2012.
Ban ch o Chng trnh gim ngho, 2015, Tng h kh Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Nghin cu
phng php tip cn o lng ngho a chiu ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh v xut l trnh thc
hin. Ti liu hi tho do B L-TB-XH v UBND TPHCM t chc ti TPHCM.
B lut lao ng nm 2012, Lut s 10/2012/QH13.
B trng L-TB-XH tha nhn tng lng vn nng tnh hnh thc, http://www.nld.com.vn, ngy
19/11/2014).
Cc trng Cc Bo tr x hi, 2015, Bo co ti Hi ngh chuyn cng tc bo tr x hi nm
2015, http://www: btxh.gov.vn
ng Th Hnh, 2013. 26 triu cng nhn nhp c gp phn lm nn iu thn k kinh t ca Vit
Nam: pht trin kinh t v cc thch thc v mt x hi. Qu Chu , H Ni ng ti ti: www.
asiafoundation.org/coutnry/overview/vietnam, phc hi ngy 6/5/2013.
inh Vn Thng, 2010, Di dn ngoi tnh vo thnh ph H Ni vn t ra v gii php, http://
dangcongsan.vn/cpv/Modules/News/NewsDetail.aspx?co_id=28340652&cn_id=427858#,
9/10/2010
Gubry Patrick, Le Thi Huong, Nguyen Thi Thieng, Tran Thi Thanh Thuy, 2004. Temporary migration in
big Vietnam Cities: Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
L Bch Dng, Trn Giang Linh, Nguyn Th Phng Tho. 2011. Bo tr x hi cho ngi di c t
nng thn ra thnh th ti Vit Nam: Hin trng, thch thc v c hi. Bo co nghin cu 08, Trung
tm Bo tr X hi, Vin Nghin cu Pht trin. ng ti ti: http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/ dmfile/
ResearchReport08REVISE.pdf retrieved on November 6, 2013.
L Thanh Sang v Thanh Thu, 2014, nh gi tc ng ca di c nng thn - thnh th v cc
chng trnh ti nh c do mi trng i vi pht trin nng thn trong bi cnh ca Chng
trnh mc tiu quc gia v xy dng nng thn mi.
Mc Tin Anh, 2005, Khi nim chung v ASXH, tp ch BHXH s 1/2005, 2/2005, 4/2005. Ngun:
http://thongtinphapluatdansu.wordpress.com
Nguyn Ch o, 2010, Nh x hi - bao gi p ng c nhu cu (http://laodongdongnai.vn/
Kinh-te/Do-thi-khu-cong-nghiep/2FB64F/khan-hiem-nha-o-xa-hoi-bai-cuoi.aspx)
Nguyn Mnh Hun, 2010. Thc hin tt ASXH pht trin bn vng (http://laodongdongnai.vn/
Thoi-su/chinh-tri/0E3446/thuc-hien-tot-an-sinh-xa-hoi-de-phat-trien-ben-vung.aspx)
Nguyn Th Lan Hng, 2015, Kho st thu nhp v iu kin sng ca lao ng n di c trong
doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi. Bo co kt qu nghin cu.
Nguyn Vn Oanh, 2007. Gii php nng cao i sng ngi lao ng ti cc khu cng nghip.
Website cc khu cng nghip Ph Th
47
Nguyen, Liem T & White, Michael J, 2007. Health Status of Temporary Migrants in Urban Areas in Viet
Nam, International Migration Vol. 45(4).
Phm Phng Tho, 2014, Chuyn Phng, NXB Tng hp TPHCM
Phm Th Hi Chuyn, 2014, trong bi vit Lut Vic lm 2013: Gi : cho lao ng t do, http://
www.misa.com.vn, 7/5/2014
Phm Th Lan Phng, Nguyn Vn Song, 2014, Thc trng tham gia BHXH t nguyn ca ngi
lao ng trn a bn tnh Vnh Phc, Tp ch Khoa hc v Pht trin 2014, tp 12, s 5: 787 795.
Qu Dn s Lin hip quc, 2010, Di c trong nc: C hi v thch thc i vi s pht trin kinh
t - x hi Vit Nam, www.un.org.vn
TCTK, 2013, Kt qu kho st mc sng dn c Vit Nam nm 2012. Nxb Thng k. H Ni.
Thu Dung, 2015, c im lao ng VN: mt na l thanh nin, http://www.thesaigontimes.vn,
ngy 22/7/2015.
Trn Qu Long, 2014, Tip cn gio dc ca Tr em Vit Nam v cc yu t nh hng, Tp ch Nghin cu Con ngi s 4 (73), 2014.
UBND TPHCM, 2014, Quyt nh 03/2014/Q-UBND ban hnh chun h ngho v h cn ngho
thnh ph p dng cho giai on 2014-2015.
UN Vit Nam, 2010a. Bao cao Y tng: cho mt chng trinh nghin cu nho va i thoai chinh sach
v Bin i khi hu, Di c va Tai inh c tai Vit Nam. Ban D thao ngay 13/5/2010
UN Vit Nam, 2010b. Di c trong nc: co hi va thach thc cho phat trin kinh t xa hi tai Vit
Nam. UN, Ha Ni;
Vn kin i hi i biu ton quc ln th XI ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam, 2011, Chin lc pht
trin kinh t - x hi 2011 2020.
Waibel, Michael, 2007. Migration to Greater Ho Chi Minh City in the Course of the Doi Moi Policy:
Spatial Dimensions, Consequences, and Policy Changes with special reference to Housing.
48
Bo co tm tt: Ro cn php lut v thc tin i vi ngi lao ng di c trong tip cn an sinh x hi