Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 1

*****************************************************************************************************************************************


Phn 1: CU TO NGUYN T
BI TP PHN R PHNG X - PHN GN HT NHN
Cau 1: Cht phng x 210Po c chu k bn r T = 138 ngy. Tnh khi lng Po c phng x l 1 Ci (S:
0,222 mg)
Cu 2: Tnh tui ca mt pho tng c bng g bit rng phng x ca n bng 0,77 ln phng x
ca mt khc g cng khi lng va mi cht. Bit TC14 = 5600 nm. (S: 2100 nm)
30
Cu 3: Xt phn ng ht nhn xy ra khi bn cc ht vo bia Al: 27
13 Al + 15 P + n . Cho bit: mAl =
26,974u ; mP = 29,970u ; m = 4,0015u ; mn = 1,0087u ; mp = 1,0073u.Hy tnh nng lng ti thiu ca
ht cn thit phn gn xy ra. (S: 3MeV)
Cu 4: Mt mu poloni nguyn cht c khi lng 2 (g), cc ht nhn Poloni ( 210
84 Po) phng x pht ra ht

v chuyn thnh mt ht nhn AZ X bn.

a. Vit phng trnh phn ng v gi tn AZ X .
b. Xc nh chu k bn r ca poloni phng x bit trong 365 ngy n to ra th tch V = 179 cm3 kh He
(ktc)
c. Tm tui ca mu cht trn bit rng ti thiim kho st t s gia khi lng AZ X v khi lng cht
l 2:1. (S: a. 82Pb207 Ch b. 138 ngy )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------BI TP HO LNG T - MOMEN LNG CC NNG LNG LIN KT
Cu 1: Thc nghm xc nh c momen lng cc ca phn t H2O l 1,85D, gc lin kt HOH l
104,5o, di lin kt OH l 0,0957 nm. Tnh ion ca lin kt OH trong phn t oxy (b qua momen
to ra do cc cp electron ha tr khng tham gia lin kt ca oxy). 1D = 3,33.10-30 C.m. in tch ca
electron l -1,6.10-19C ; 1nm = 10-9m.
Hng dn gii:
Gi thit ion ca lin kt O H l 100%
0,0957.10-9 .1,6.10-19
ta c: =
=4,600D . => ion ca lin kt O H l 32,8%
3,33.10-30
Cu 2: nh sng nhn thy c phn hy c Br2(k) thnh cc nguyn t khng. Bit rng nng lng ph v
lin kt gia hai nguyn t l 190kJ.mol-1. Ti sao hi Br2 c mu? Bit h = 6,63.10-34 J.s ; c = 3.108 m.s-1 ;
NA = 6,022.1023 mol-1.
Hng dn gii
c
E = h .N A = 6,3.10-7 m .

Do nm trong vng cc tia sng nhn thy nn phn hy c v c mu.

Z2
Cu 3: Bit E n = -13,6 2 (eV) (n: s lng t chnh, Z: s n v in tch ht nhn).
n
a. Tnh nng lng 1e trong trng lc mt ht nhn ca mi h N6+, C5+, O7+.
b. Qui lut lin h gia En vi Z tnh c trn phn nh mi lin h no gia ht nhn vi electron trong
cc h ?
Hng dn gii
a. Theo u bi, n phi bng 1 nn ta tnh E1. Do cng thc l E1 = 13,6 Z2 (ev) (2)
Th t theo tr s Z: Z = 6 C5+ : (E1) C5+ = 13,6 x 62 = 489,6 eV
Z = 7 N6+ : (E1) N6+ = 13,6 x 72 = 666,4 eV
Z = 8 O7+ : (E1) O7+ = 13,6 x 82 = 870,4 eV
Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 2

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

b. Quy lut lin h E1 vi Z : Z cng tng E1 cng m (cng thp). Qui lut ny phn nh tc dng lc ht ht
nhn ti e c xt: Z cng ln lc ht cng mnh nng lng cng thp h cng bn, bn nht l O7+.
Cu 4: Vic gii phng trnh Schrodinger cho h nguyn t 1electron ph hp tt vi l thuyt c in ca
Z2
Bohr v s lng t ha nng lng. E n = -13,6 2 (eV) . cho tin s dng th cc gi tr s ca cc
n
hng s xut hin trong cng thc trn c chuyn ht v n v eV. iu th v l khi ta s dng cng thc
trn cho phn t heli trung ha. Trong nguyn t heli lc ht nhn tc dng ln electron b gim bt do
electron khc chn mt. iu ny c ngha l in tch ca ht nhn tc dng ln electron khng phi l Z = 2
na m s nh hn gi l in tch hiu dng (Zeff). Nng lng ion ha ca nguyn t heli trng thi c
bn l 24,46eV. Tnh Zeff.
Hng dn gii
Mi electron lp n = 1 ca nguyn t heli c nng lng Z2eff = 13,6eV
Mc nng lng thp nht ca heli Z2eff = 27,2eV
trng thi c bn ion He+ c nng lng = -4.13,6 = -54,4eV
Nng lng ion ho = (-54,4 + Z2eff. 27,2) = 24,46 => Zeff = 1,70
Cu 5: Bng phng php quang ph vi sng ngi ta xc nh phn t SO2 trng thi hi c: SO2 = 1, 6D
o

dSO = 1, 432 A ; OSO = 109o 5 .

a. Tnh in tch hiu dng ca nguyn t O v nguyn t S trong phn t SO2
b. Tnh ion ca lin kt S-O
Hng dn gii
a. i vi phn t SO2 c th xem trung tm in tch dng trng vi ht nhn nguyn t S cn trung tm
in tch m s nm im gia on thng ni hai ht nhn nguyn t O. Nh vy momen lng cc ca
phn t SO2: SO2 = l 2 . Trong l l khong cch gia hai trong tm in tch v c tnh nh sau:
o

l = 1, 432 cos 59o 45' = 0, 722 A . Theo d kin cho: SO2 = 1, 6D nn t y rt ra:

1, 6 1018
= 0, 23
2 0, 722 108 4,8 1010
Vy in tch hiu dng ca nguyn t O l -0,23 cn in tch hiu dng ca nguyn t S l +0,46 in tch
tuyt i ca electron
b. Mt khc nu xem lin kt S-O hon ton l lin kt ion th momen lng cc ca phn t l:
SO2 = 0, 722 108 2 4,8 1010 = 6,93D
=

1, 6
100% = 23%
6,93
Cu 6: Tnh nng lng lin kt ion ENa-F ca hp cht ion NaF. Bit cc tr s (kJ/mol): INa = 498,5 ;
Vy ion x ca lin kt S-O bng: x =
o

FF = -328 ; khong cch ro = 1,84 A , nNaF = 7 l h s y Born, o = 8,854.10 12 l hng s in mi trong

N A .e2 1
chn khng. ENa-F c tnh theo cng thc: E A B =
1 IA FB . (S: ENa-F = 497,2)
4. o .ro n
Phn 2: S BIN THIN TUN HON CA MT S TNH CHT THEO CHIU TNG DN
IN TCH HT NHN
Cau 1: Tnh nng lng mng li ca LiF da vo cc s liu cho bi bng sau:
Nng lng (kJ/mol)
Nng lng (kJ/mol)
i lc electron ca F(k) : AF = 333,000
Lin kt FF: Elk = 151,000
Ion ho th nht ca Li(k): I1 = 521,000
Sinh nhit ca LiF(tinh th) = 612,300
Entanpi nguyn t ho Li(tinh th) = 155,200
Umng li= ?
S: Uml = 1031 kJ.mol-1

Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 3

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

Cu 2: Nng lng ion ha th nht ca cc nguyn t chu k 2 nh sau

Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Nguyn t
I1 (kJ/mol) 521 899 801 1087 1402 1313 1681 2081
a. Hy cho bit v sao khi i t Li n Ne, nng lng ion ha th nht ca cc nguyn t nhn chung tng
dn nhng t: Be sang B ; t N sang O th nng lng ion ho th nht li gim dn
b. Tnh in tch ht nhn hiu dng Z i vi mt electron ha tr c nng lng ln nht trong cc
nguyn t trn v gii thch chiu bin thin gi tr Z trong chu k. Bit rng: 13,6eV = 1312kJ/mol ;
Z '2
I1 = 13, 6 2 (eV)
n
S: 1,26 ; 1,66 ; 1,56 ; 1,82 ; 2,07 ; 2,00 ; 2,26 ; 2,52
Cu 3: Nng lng lin kt n gin gia hai nguyn t A v B l EAB lun ln hn gi tr trung bnh cng
1
cc nng lng lin kt n EAA ; EBB l AB : E AB = ( E AA + E BB ) + AB . Gi tr AB (kJ/mol) c trng
2
cho phn c tnh ion ca lin kt AB lin quan n s khc nhau v m in gia A v B, tc l hiu s
A B . Theo Pauling: A B = 0,1 AB . thu c gi tr m in ca nguyn t cc nguyn t
khc nhau, Pauling gn gi tr m in ca hiro l 2,2
a. Tnh m in ca Flo v Clo da vo cc s liu nng lng lin kt:
HF
HCl
F2
Cl2
H2
565
431
151
239
432
b. Tnh nng lng lin kt ECl-F
Hng dn gii
1
a. F 2, 2 = 0,1 565 (151 + 432) => F = 3,85
2
Cch tnh tng t: Cl = 3,18

1
b. 3,85 3,18 = 0,1 x (151 + 239) => x = E Cl F = 240kJ.mol1
2
Cu 4: Da vo phng php gn ng Slater, tnh nng lng ion ha th nht I1 cho He (Z = 2).
Hng dn gii:
13, 6 ( 2 0,3)2
13, 6(Z* )2
2
*
He c cu hnh 1s , E He = 2
= 78, 6eV
= 2
n*2
12

2
2
13, 6Z
13, 6 2
He+ c cu hnh 1s1, E*He+ =
=
= 54, 4eV
2
n
12
Qu trnh ion ho: He He + + 1e I1 = E*He+ E*He = (54, 4) (78, 6) = 24, 2eV
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Phn 3: CU TRC MNG TINH TH
Cau 1: Tinh th NaCl c cu trc lp phng tm din. Tnh bn knh ca ion Na+ v khi lng ring ca
o

tinh th NaCl bit cnh ca mng c s a = 5,58 A ; bn knh ion rCl = 1,810 A ; khi lng mol ca Na
o

v Cl ln lt l: 22,99 g.mol-1 v 35,45 g.mol-1 (S: r+ = 0,98 A ; d = 2,23 g/cm3)

Cau 2: Tinh th Fe c cu trc tinh th lp phng tm khi v cng a ca mng c s l
o

a = 2,860 A cn Fe kt tinh dng lp phng tm din vi a = 3,560 A . Tnh bn knh kim loi v khi
lng ring ca st thuc hai loi cu trc trn bit Fe = 55,800 g/mol
o

S: Fe : r = 1,24 A ; d = 7,92 g/cm3 ; Fe : r = 1,26 A ; d= 8,21 g/cm3

Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 4

*****************************************************************************************************************************************
o

Cu 3: Tinh th MgO c cu trc kiu NaCl vi cnh ca mng c s: d = 4,100 A . Tnh nng lng mng
li ca MgO theo phng php Born-Landr v phng php Kapustinxki bit rng s Madelung ca mng
li MgO: a = 1,7475 ; e = 1,602.10-19C ; o = 8,85.10 12 ; NA = 6,023.1023 ; nB = 7

Theo Born-Landr: U =

Z+ Z e 2 aN A
1
(1 ) vi R = r+ + r4 o R
nB

Theo Kapustinxki: U = 1, 08.10 7

Z + Z n
R

Hng dn gii

Thay s vo hai phng trnh trn ta suy ra:

Theo Born-Landr: U = 4062 kJ/mol ; theo Kapustinxki: U = 4215 kJ/mol
Cu 4: St kim loi nng chy 1811K. Gia nhit phng v im nng chy ca n, st kim loi c th
tn ti cc dng th hnh v cc dng tinh th khc nhau. T nhit phng n 1185K, st c cu to tinh
th dng lp phng tm khi (bcc) quen gi l st- . T 1185K n 1667K st kim loi c cu to mng
lp phng tm din (fcc) v c gi l st- . Trn 1167K v cho ti im nng chy st chuyn v dng
cu to lp phng tm khi (bcc) tng t st- . Cu trc sau cng (pha cui) cn c gi l st-
1. Cho bit khi lng ring ca st kim loi nguyn cht l 7,874g.cm-3 293K,
a. Tnh bn knh nguyn t ca st (cm).
b. c lng khi lng ring ca st (tnh theo g.cm-3) 1250K
Ch : B qua cc nh hng khng ng k do s gin n nhit ca kim loi.
Thp l hp kim ca st v cacbon, trong mt s khong trng gia nguyn t st (cc hc) trong mng
tinh th b chim bi cc nguyn t nh l cacbon. Hm lng cacbon trong hp kim ny thng trong
khong 0,1% n 4%. Trong l cao, s nng chy ca st cng d dng khi thp cha 4,3% theo khi lng.
Nu hn hp ny c lm lnh qu nhanh (t ngt) th cc nguyn t cacbon c phn tn trong mng
st- . Cht rn mi ny c gi l martensite - rt cng v gin. D hi b bin dng, cu to tinh th ca
cht rn ny l ging nh cu to tinh th ca st- (bcc).
2. Gi thit rng cc nguyn t cacbon c phn b u trong cu trc ca st.
a. c tnh hm lng nguyn t cacbon trong mt t bo n v ( mng c s) ca st- trong
martensite cha 4,3%C theo khi lng.
b. c tnh khi lng ring (g.cm-3) ca vt liu ny.
Khi lng mol nguyn t v cc hng s:
MFe = 55,847g.mol-1 ; MC = 12,011g.mol-1 ; NA = 6,02214.1023mol-1.
Hng dn gii
1. Cc bc tnh ton:
1. nh ngha cc tham s ca chiu di (a, b, c, d1, d2 v r) v th tch (V1 v V2) cho c hai cu to bcc
v fcc ca st.
2. Tnh th tch V1 ca mng n v ca st - nh khi lng ring ca n (bcc) 293K, khi lng
mol nguyn t ca st (MFe), v s Avogadro NA.
3. Tnh chiu di d1 cnh ca mng n v bcc t th tch ca n.
4. Tnh bn knh nguyn t r ca st t chiu di d1.
5. Tnh chiu di d2 ca cnh mng n v fcc ( 1250K) t bn knh nguyn t r ca st.
6. Tnh th tch V2 ca mng n v fcc ca st - t chiu di d2 ca cnh.
7. Tnh khi lng m ca s nguyn t st trong mt mng n v ca st - t khi lng mol
nguyn t MFe ca st v s Avogadro NA.
8. Tnh khi lng ring (fcc) ca st - t cc ga tr ca m v V2. Mt hng khc tm khi lng
ring fcc ca st - l tnh ti l phn trm khong khng gian chim ch trong c hai loi mng n
v bcc v fcc,
c th thay th cc bc t 5 n 8 bng cc bc t 5 n 8 sau y:
5. Tnh t l phn tm khong khng gian chim ch ca mng n v bcc.
Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 5

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

6. Tnh t l phn tm khong khng gian chim ch ca mng n v fcc.

7. T t l fcc/bcc ta suy ra c t l: bcc/fcc.
8. T ga tr cho trc bc 7 ta tnh c fcc.
2. Cc chi tit:
1. 293K st - c cu trc tinh th bcc. Mi mng n v thc s cha hai nguyn t, trong mt
nguyn t tm ca mng. 1250K, st - c cu to tinh th fcc. Mi mng n v thc s
cha 4 nguyn t v tm ca mi mt c mt na nguyn t.
- r: bn knh nguyn t ca st
- a: chiu di ng cho mt mt ca mng n v bcc.
- b: chiu di ng cho qua tm ca mng n v bcc.
- c: chiu di ng cho mt mt ca mng n v fcc.
- d1: chiu di cnh ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
- d2: chiu di cnh ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
- V1: Th tch ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
- V2: Th tch ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
- Va: th tch chim bi mt nguyn t.
- Va1: Th tch chim bi hai nguyn t trong mt mng n v bcc.
- Va2: Th tch chim bi bn nguyn t trong mt mng n v fcc.
- R1: T l phn trm khong khng gian chim ch trong mt mng n v bcc.
- R2: T l phn trm khong khng gian chim ch trong mt mng n v fcc.
4
Va = r 3 ; Va1 = 2Va2 ; Va2 = 4Va ; b = 4r ; a 2 = 2d1 ;
3
16r 2
b = d + a = 3d d1 =
V1 = d13 =
3
2

2
1

2
1

16r 2
c = 4r ; c 2 = 2d 22 d 2 =
V2 = d 32 =
2

16r 2

16r 2

2. 1,000cm3 st c khi lng 7,874g 293K (bcc).

1 mol st c khi lng 55,847g (MFe).
Vy 0,1410mol ca st chim trong th tch 1,000cm3 hoc 1mol st s chim th tch 7,093cm3.
1 mol tng ng chim 6,02214.1023 nguyn t.
7,093.2
V1 =
= 2,356.10-23cm3 mi n v mng.
6,02214.1023
1. d1 = V11/3 = 2,867.10-8 cm.
2. Vi cu to bcc, ga tr ca d1 c th c biu th l: d1 = (16r2/3)1/2. Vy ga tr ca r s l:
r = (3d12/16)1/2 = 1,241.10-8cm.
3. 1250K, trong cu to fcc, d2 = (16r2/2)1/2 = 3,511.10-8cm.
4. V2 = d23 = 4,327.10-23cm3.
5. Khi lng m ca 4 nguyn t st trong mng n v fcc s l:
m = 55,847.4/(6,02214.1023) = 3,709.10-22g
6. fcc = m/V2 = 8,572g/cm3.
Cch gii khc tm khi lng ring fcc ca st - :
5. R1 = [(Va1)/V1].100% = 68,02%
6. R2 = [(Va2)/V2].100% = 74,05%
7. bcc/fcc = 74,05/68,02 = 1,089
8. fcc = 8,572g/cm3.
3. Cc bc tnh ton:
1. T phn trm cu thnh ca martensite (theo khi lng), tnh s mol tng ng ca cacbon v st.
Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 6

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

a t l mol C/Fe v mt mng n v (Ghi ch: Hai nguyn t Fe trong mi mng n v).
Tm s nguyn be nht cc nguyn t C trong s nguyn b nht ca mng n v (khng bt buc).
Tnh khi lng st trong mt mng n v
Tnh khi lng cacbon trong mt mng n v
Tnh tng khi lng st v cacbon trong mt mng n v
Tnh khi lng ring ca martensite [(martensite c 4,3%C)] t tng khi lng ca C v Fe v th tch V1
ca mng n v st - cu to bcc.
4. Chi tit:
1. Trong 100,0g martensite c 4,3%C nC = 0,36mol v nFe = 1,71mol.
Vy c 1 nguyn t cacbon c 4,8 nguyn t st hay 0,21 nguyn t cacbon cho mi nguyn t st.
2. Martensite c cu to tinh th bcc (2 nguyn t st cho mi mng n v). Nh vy s nguyn t
cacbon trong mi mng n v l: 2.(1/4,8) = 0,42 nguyn t.
3. 5 nguyn t C [(0,42 nguyn t C/0,42).5] trong 12 mng n v [1 mng n v/0,42).5]
4. S gam Fe trong mi mng n v l: 55,847.2/(6,02214.1023)= 1,8547.10-22 g
5. S gam C trong mi mng n v l: 12,011/(6,02214.1023) = 1,9945.10-23 g
6. Tng khi lng C v Fe = 1,8457.10-22 + 0,42.1,9945.10-23 = 1,938.10-22 g.
7. Mi mng n v ca st - chim th tch V1 = 2,356.10-23 cm3.
8. (martensite c 4,3%C) = 1,938.10-22/(2,356.10-23) = 8,228 g.cm-3.
Cu 5: Cho cc d kin sau:

Nng lng
KJ.mol-1
Nng lng
KJ.mol-1
Thng hoa Na
108,68
Lin kt ca Cl2
242,60
Ion ha th nht ca Na
495,80
Mng li ca NaF
922,88
Lin kt ca F2
155,00
Mng li ca NaCl
767,00
Nhit hnh thnh ca NaF(rn) l -573,60 KJ.mol-1 ; nhit hnh thnh ca NaCl(rn) l -401,28 KJ.mol-1
Tnh i lc electron ca F v Cl. So snh kt qu v gii thch.
Hng dn gii:
p dng nh lut Hess vo chu trnh
M(r)
HTH
M(k)
I1
M+(k)

HHT
1
X
2 2(k)
+ 1 HLK
2
X(k)
+ AE
-

MX(r)

HML Ta c:
AE = HHT - HTH - I1 - HLK + HML (*)
Thay s vo (*), AE (F) = -332,70 kJ.mol-1 v
AE (Cl) = -360 kJ.mol-1.

+ X (k)
AE (F) > AE (Cl) d cho F c m in ln hn Cl nhiu. C th gii thch iu ny nh sau:
Phn t F2 t bn hn phn t Cl2, do HLK (F2) < Hpl (Cl2) v dn n AE (F) > AE (Cl).
Cng c th gii thch: F v Cl l hai nguyn t lin nhau trong nhm VIIA. F u nhm. Nguyn t F c
bn knh nh bt thng v cn tr s xm nhp ca electron.
Phn 4: NHIT NG HA HC
BI TP NHIT HA HC
Cu 1: Tnh nng lng lin kt trung bnh ca lin kt OH v OO trong phn t H2O2 da vo cc s liu
o
o
o
(kJ/mol) sau: H o(H2O,k ) = 241,8 ; H (H,k
) = 218 ; H (O,k ) = 249, 2 ; H (H 2 O2 ,k ) = 136,3
1
Cu 2: Tnh H o ca phn ng sau 423K: H 2(k ) + O2(k )
2
Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn

H 2 O(h )

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 7

*****************************************************************************************************************************************
o
Bit rng: H oH 2O( long) = 285, 200(kJ.mol1 ) ; nhit ha hi ca nc lng: H 373
= 37,5(kJ.mol 1 ) v nhit

dung mol CoP (J.K-1.mol-1) ca cc cht nh sau:

H2 (k)
O2 (k)
H2O (h)
-3
-3
27,3 + 3,3.10 T
29,9 + 4,2.10 T
30 + 1,07.10-2T
Cu 4: Cho cc phng trnh nhit ha hc sau y:
(1) 2 ClO2 (k) + O3 (k)

Cl2O7 (k)
(2)
O3 (k)

O 2 (k) + O (k)
(3) 2 ClO3 (k) + O (k)

Cl2O7 (k)
(4)
O2 (k)

2 O (k)
k: k hiu cht kh.
Hy xc nh nhit ca phn ng sau:
(5)
ClO2 (k) + O (k)

ClO3 (k).
Hng dn gii
Kt hp 2 pt (1) v (3) ta c
ClO2 (k) + 1/2 O3 (k)
1/2 Cl2O7 (k)
1/2 Cl2O7 (k)
ClO3 (k) + 1/2 O (k)

H2O (l)
75,5
H0
H0
H0
H0

= - 75,7 kJ
= 106,7 kJ
= -278 kJ
= 498,3 kJ.

H0 = - 37,9 kJ
H0 = 139 kJ

(6) ClO2 (k) + 1/2 O3 (k)

Kt hp 2 pt (6) v (2) ta c
ClO2 (k) + 1/2 O3 (k)
1/2 O2 (k) + 1/2 O (k)

ClO3 (k) + 1/2 O (k)

H0 = 101,1 kJ

ClO3 (k) + 1/2 O (k)

1/2 O3 (k)

H0 = 101,1 kJ
H0 = -53,3 kJ

(7) ClO2 (k) + 1/2 O2 (k)

ClO3 (k)

H0 = 47,8 kJ

Kt hp 2 pt (7) v (4) ta c
ClO2 (k) + 1/2 O3 (k)
O (k)

ClO3 (k) + 1/2 O (k)

1/2 O2 (k)

H0 = 101,1 kJ
H0 = - 249,1 kJ
H0 = - 201,3 kJ.

(5) ClO2 (k) + O (k)

ClO3 (k)
l pt nhit ha (5) ta cn tm.
Cu 5: Cho hai phn ng gia graphit v oxi:
1
O 2(k)
2
+ O 2 (k)

(a) C(gr) +
(b) C(gr)
o

CO(k)
CO 2(k)

Cc i lng H , S (ph thuc nhit ) ca mi phn ng nh sau:

H oT (J/mol)
SoT (J/K.mol)
(a)
- 112298,8 + 5,94T
- 393740,1 + 0,77T
(b)
54,0 + 6,21lnT
1,54 - 0,77 lnT
0

Hy lp cc hm nng lng t do Gibbs theo nhit G (a) = f(T), G (b) = f(T) v cho bit khi tng
T

nhit th chng bin i nh th no?

Cu 6: Trong mt th nghim ngi ta cho bt NiO v kh CO vo mt bnh kn, un nng bnh ln n
1400oC. Sau khi t ti cn bng, trong bnh c bn cht l NiO (r), Ni (r), CO (k) v CO2 (k) trong CO
chim 1%, CO2 chim 99% th tch; p sut kh bng 1bar (105 Pa). Da vo kt qu th nghim v cc d
0

kin nhit ng cho trn, hy tnh p sut kh O2 tn ti cn bng vi hn hp NiO v Ni 1400 C.

Cu 7: Cn bng gia Cgr vi Ckc c c trng bi nhng s liu sau: Cgr

C kc

0
H 0298K = 1,9kJ / mol ; G 298K
= 2, 9kJ / mol

Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 8

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

a. Ti 298K, loi th hnh no bn hn

b. Khi lng ring ca Cgr v Ckc ln lt l: 2,265 v 3,514 g/cm3. Tnh hiu s H U ca qu trnh
chuyn ha trn ti p sut P = 5.1010 Pa (S: a. Cgr ; b. -94155 J/mol)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------BI TP NG HA HC CN BNG HA HC
k1
-1
-1

Cu 1: i vi phn ng : A
B. Cc hng s tc k1 = 300 giy ; k2 = 100 giy . thi im
k2

t = 0 ch c cht A v khng c cht B. Hi trong bao lu th mt na lng ban u cht A bin thnh cht
B. (S: 2,7.10-3 s)
Cau 2: Ngay nhit thng gia NO2 v N2O4 tn ti cn bng sau: 2NO 2(k )
N 2 O 4(k ) . 24oC,
hng s cn bng ca phn gn trn l KP = 9,200. Ti nhit ny, cn bng s dch theo chiu no nu p
sut ring phn ca cc cht kh nh sau
a. PN 2O4 = 0,900atm; PNO2 = 0,100atm
b. PN 2O4 = 0, 72021atm; PNO2 = 0, 27979atm
c. PN 2O4 = 0,100atm; PNO2 = 0,900atm
Cu 3: Xt phn ng: I + ClO

biu thc: v = k

IO + Cl . Thc nghim xc nh vn tc ca phn ng ny xc nh bi

[I ][ClO ]
. Chng minh c ch sau gii thch c thc nghim
[OH ]

(1)

K1

OH + HClO (nhanh)
H 2 O + ClO

(2)

K2
HClO + I
HIO + Cl (chm)
K2

H 2 O + IO (nhanh)
HIO + OH

(3)

Cu 4: i vi phn ng thun nghch pha kh 2 SO2 + O2

2 SO3
a. Ngi ta cho vo bnh kn th tch khng i 3,0 lt mt hn hp gm 0,20 mol SO3 v 0,15 mol SO2.
Cn bng ha hc (cbhh) c thit lp ti 25oC v p sut chung ca h l 3,20 atm. Hy tnh t l
oxi trong hn hp cn bng.
b. Cng 25oC, ngi ta cho vo bnh trn y mol kh SO3. trng thi cbhh thy c 0,105 mol O2. Tnh
t l SO3 b phn hy, thnh phn hn hp kh v p sut chung ca h
Hng dn gii
a. Xt
2 SO2
+
O2
2 SO3
(1)
ban u
0,15
0,20
lc cbhh
( 0,15 + 2z)
z
(0,20 2z)
Tng s mol kh lc cbhh l n1 = 0,15 + 2z + z + 0,20 2z = 0,35 + z
T pt trng thi: P1V = n1RT n1 = P1V / (RT) = 3,2.3/(0,082.298) = 0,393 => z = 0,043.
Vy x O 2 = z/n1 = 0,043/0,393 = 0,1094 hay trong hhcb oxi chim 10,94%

b.

2 SO2
+
O2
2 SO3
(2)
ban u
0
0
y
lc cbhh
2. 0,105
0,105
(y 2. 0,105).
Trng thi cbhh c xt i vi (1) v (2) nh nhau v T (v cng V) nn ta c: K = const ;
vy: n 2SO3 / (n 2SO2 .n O2 ) = const.
Theo (1) ta c n 2SO3 / (n 2SO2 .n O2 ) = ( 0,20 2. 0,043)2 / (0,15 + 0,086)2. 0,043 = 5,43.
Theo (2) ta c n 2SO3 / (n 2SO2 .n O2 ) = (y 0,21)2/ (0,21)2.0,105 = 5,43. T c phng trnh:
y2 0,42 y + 0,019 = 0. Gii pt ny ta c y1 = 0,369 ; y2 = 0,0515 < 0,105
(loi b nghim y2 ny).
Do ban u c y = 0,369 mol SO3 ; phn li 0,21 mol nn t l SO3 phn li l 56,91%
Ti cbhh: tng s mol kh l 0,369 + 0, 105 = 0,474 nn:
Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 9

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

SO3 chim ( 0,159 / 0,474).100% = 33,54%

SO2 chim ( 0,21 / 0,474).100% = 44,30%;
O2 chim 100% - 33,54% - 44,30% = 22,16%.
T pt trng thi: P2V = n2RT P2 = n2 RT/ V = 0,474.0,082.298/3 P2 = 3,86 atm.

2NO(k) + Cl 2(k ) . Lc u ch c NOCl. Khi cn

Cu 5: NOCl b phn hy theo phn ng: 2NOCl( k)

bng 500K c 27% NOCl b phn hy v p sut tng cng ca h l 1atm. Hy tnh 500K
b. Kp v G o ca phn ng.
c. Nu h p sut xung di 1atm th s phn hy NOCl tng hay gim? V sao?
Cu 6: i vi phn ng: A + B C + D (phn ng l n gin)
1. Trn 2 th tch bng nhau ca dung dch cht A v dung dch cht B c cng nng 1M:
a. Nu thc hin phn ng nhit 333,2K th sau 2 gi nng ca C bng 0,215M. Tnh hng s tc
ca phn ng.
b. Nu thc hin phn ng 343,2K th sau 1,33 gi nng ca A gim i 2 ln. Tnh nng lng hot
ha ca phn ng (theo kJ.mol-1).
2. Trn 1 th tch dung dch cht A vi 2 th tch dung dch cht B, u cng nng 1M, nhit 333,2K
th sau bao lu A phn ng ht 90%?
Cu 7: N2O5 d b phn hy theo phn ng sau: N 2 O5(k ) 4NO 2(k ) + O2(k) . Phn ng l bc nht vi hng s
tc phn ng l: k = 4,8.10-4 s-1
a. Tnh thi gian m mt na lng N2O5 phn hy
b. p sut ban u ca N2O5 l 500 mmHg. Tnh p sut ca h sau 10 pht
(S: a. 1444s ; b. 687,5 mmHg)
Cu 8: nhit T(K), hp cht C3H6O b phn hy theo phng trnh: C3 H 6O(k) C2 H 4(k ) + CO(k ) + H 2( k)
o p sut P ca hn hp phn ng theo thi gian ta thu c kt qu cho bi bng sau:

t (pht)
P (atm)

0
0,411

5
0,537

10
0,645

15
0,741

?
0,822

a. Chng minh phn ng l bc nht theo thi gian

b. thi im no p sut ca hn hp bng 0,822 atm
Cu 9: Vi phn ng pha kh: A 2 + B2 2AB (1) , c ch phn ng c xc nh:
(a) A 2
2A
(nhanh)
k1
B
(b) A + B2
AB2
(nhanh)
A
(c) A + AB2
2AB
(chm)
k2 C
Vit biu thc tc phn ng (1) v gii thch.
Cu 10: Xc nh cc hng s tc k1 v k2 ca phn ng song song (S trn). Bit rng hn hp sn
phm cha 35% cht B v nng cht A gim i mt na sau 410 s. (k1 = 0,591.10-3 ; k2 = 1,099.10-3 s-1)
0

t
Cu 11: Thc nghim cho bit s nhit phn pha kh N2O5
NO 2 + O2 (*) l phn ng mt
chiu bc nht. C ch c tha nhn rng ri ca phn ng ny l
k1
N2O5
NO 2 + NO3
(1)

k1
NO 2 + NO3
N2O5
(2)

k2
NO 2 + NO3

NO
+ NO 2 + O2
(3)
k3
N2O5 + NO

3 NO 2
(4).
a. p dng s gn ng trng thi dng cho NO, NO3 c ch trn, hy thit lp biu thc tc ca (*).
Kt qu c ph hp vi thc nghim khng?
b. Gi thit rng nng lng hot ha ca (2) bng khng, ca (3) bng 41,570 kJ.mol-1. Da vo c im
cu to phn t khi xt c ch trn, phn tch c th a ra biu thc tnh k-1/ k2 v hy cho bit tr
s ti 350 K.

Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 10

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

c. T s phn tch gi thit im b) khi cho rng cc phn ng (1) v (2) dn ti cn bng ha hc c hng
s K, hy vit li biu thc tc ca (*) trong c hng s cbhh K.
Hng dn gii:
a. Xt d[NO3]/dt = k1[N2O5] k -1[NO2][NO3] k2[NO2][NO3] 0
(a)
[NO3] = k1[N2O5] / {(k -1 + k2)[NO2]}
(b).
Xt d[NO]/dt = k2[NO2][NO3] - k3[NO][N2O5] 0
(c)
[NO] = k2[NO2][NO3] / k3[N2O5] / {(k -1 + k2)[NO2]}
(d).
Th (b) vo (d) ta c [NO] = k1k2 / k3(k -1 + k2)
(d).
Xt d[N2O5]/dt = - k1[N2O5] + k -1[NO2][NO3] - k3[NO][N2O5] (e).
Th (b), (d) vo (e) v bin i thch hp, ta c
d[N2O5]/dt = { - k1 + (k -1 k2)/ (k -1 + k2)}[N2O5] = k`[N2O5]
(f)
b. Trong (2) do s va chm gia NO2 vi NO3 nn N2O5 O2NONO2 c ti to, tc l c s va chm ca
1 N vi 1 O. Ta gi y l trng hp 1.
Trong (3) NO c to ra do 1 O b tch khi NO2 ; NO2 c to ra t s tch 1O khi NO3. Sau 2 O
kt hp to ra O2. Ta gi y l trng hp 2. Nh vy y s va chm gia cc phn t ng chng gp
2 so vi trng hp 1 trn.
Phng trnh Archniux c vit c th cho mi phn ng xt:
P. (2): k -1 = A2e E2 / RT (*); P. (3): k2 = A3e E3 / RT (**)
Theo lp lun trn v ngha ca i lng A trong pt Archniux c trng cho s va chm dn ti phn
ng, ta thy A3 = 2A2. Ta qui c A 2 = 1 th A3 = 2. Theo bi: E2 = 0; E3 = 41,570 kJ.mol -1; T = 350.
Thay s thch hp, ta c:
3
k -1/ k2 = e E3 / RT = e 41,578/ 8,314.10 .350 8.105(ln).
NO2 + NO3
(I)
c. Kt hp (1) vi (2) ta c cbhh: N2O5
K = k1 / k -1 = [NO2][NO3] / [N2O5]
(I.1)
a (I.1) vo b/ thc (c): [NO] = k2[NO2][NO3] / k3[N2O5] = k2K/k3
(I.2).
Th b/ thc (I.2) ny v (b) trn vo (e), ta c
d[N2O5]/dt = - k1[N2O5] + k -1[NO2]{ k -1[NO2](k1[N2O5]/ (k -1 + k2)[NO]}- k3(k2K/k3).
Thu gn b/ t ny, ta c d[N2O5]/dt = {- k1+ (k-1k1/(k -1 + k2)) - k2K}[N2O5]
(I.3)
Gi thit k-1>> k2 ph hp vi iu kin Ea2 0. Cbhh (I) nhanh chng c thit lp.
Vy t (I.3) ta c
d[N2O5]/dt = {- k1+ (k -1k1/ k -1) - k2K}[N2O5]
(I.4).
Ch K = k1 / k -1, ta c:
d[N2O5]/dt = {- k1+ (k -1- k2)K}[N2O5]
(I.5).
Cu 12: Trong mt h c cn bng 3 H2 + N2
2 NH3 (*) c thit lp 400 K ngi ta xc nh c
cc p sut ring phn sau y: p(H2) = 0,376.105 Pa , p(N2) = 0,125.105 Pa , p(NH3) = 0,499.105 Pa
1. Tnh hng s cn bng Kp v G0 ca phn ng (*) 400 K.
2. Tnh lng N2 v NH3, bit h c 500 mol H2.
(S: 1. 38,45 ; -12,136 kJ.mol-1 ; 2. n (N2) = 166 mol ; n (NH3) = 644 mol)
Cu 13: Cho phn ng A + B C + D (*) din ra trong dung dch 25 OC.
o nng A trong hai dung dch cc thi im t khc nhau, thu c kt qu:
Dung dch 1
[A]0 = 1,27.10-2 mol.L-1 ; [B]0 = 0,26 mol.L-1

t(s)
-1

[A] (mol.L )

1000

3000

10000

20000

40000

100000

0,0122

0,0113

0,0089

0,0069

0,0047

0,0024

Dung dch 2
[A]0 = 2,71.10-2 mol.L-1 ; [B]0 = 0,495 mol.L-1

Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn

10

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 11

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

t(s)

2.000

10000

20000

30000

50000

100000

[A] (mol.L-1)

0,0230

0,0143

0,0097

0,0074

0,0050

0,0027

1. Tnh tc ca phn ng (*) khi [A] = 3,62.10-2 mol.L-1 v [B] = 0,495 mol.L-1.
2. Sau thi gian bao lu th nng A gim i mt na?
(S: 1. v = 4,32.10 6 mol.L-1. s-1 ; 2 T = 8371 s)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Phn 5: IN HA HC
Cu 1: xc nh hng s to phc (hay hng s bn) ca ion phc [Zn(CN)4]2-, ngi ta lm nh sau:
- Thm 99,9 ml dung dch KCN 1M vo 0,1 ml dung dch ZnCl2 0,1 M thu c 100ml dung dch ion
phc [Zn(CN)4]2- (dung dch A).
- Nhng vo A hai in cc: in cc km tinh khit v in cc so snh l in cc calomen bo ho c
th khng i l 0,247 V (in cc calomen trong trng hp ny l cc dng).
- Ni hai in cc vi mt in th k, o hiu in th gia chng c gi tr 1,6883 V.
Hy xc nh hng s to phc ca ion phc [Zn(CN)4]2-. Bit th oxi ho - kh tiu chun ca cp Zn2+/Zn
bng -0,7628 V. (S: 1,4 = 1018,92 )
Cu 2: Dung dch A gm CrCl3 0,010 M v FeCl2 0,100 M.
a. Tnh pH ca dung dch A.
b. Tnh pH bt u kt ta v kt ta hon ton Cr(OH)3 t dung dch CrCl3 0,010 M (coi mt ion
c kt ta hon ton nu nng cn li ca ion trong dung dch nh hn hoc bng 1,0.10-6 M).
c. Tnh E oCrO2 / CrO . Thit lp s pin v vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong pin c ghp bi cp
4

CrO /CrO v NO3- /NO iu kin tiu chun.

Cho: Cr3+ + H2O
CrOH2+ + H+
1= 10-3,8
Fe2+ + H2O
FeOH+ + H+
2 = 10-5,92
Cr(OH)3
Cr3+
+ 3 OH
KS = 10-29,8
Cr(OH)3
H+ + CrO2- + H2O
K = 10-14
H2O
H+ + OHKw =10-14
RT
o
o
E CrO
= 0, 96V; 2,303
= 0, 0592(25o C)
2
= 0,13V; E

+
/
Cr(OH)
,OH
NO
,H
/
NO
4
3
3
F
p s: a. pH = 2,9
b. e kt ta hon ton Cr(OH)3 t dung dch Cr3+ 0,010 M th: pH 7,2
c. Eo = -0,13 V ; s o pin: (-) Pt | CrO42- 1M ; CrO2- 1M ; OH- 1M || NO3- 1M ; H+ 1M | (Pt) NO, pNO = 1atm (+)
Cu 3: Trong khng kh dung dch natri sunfua b oxi ho mt phn gii phng ra lu hunh. Vit phng
trnh phn ng v tnh hng s cn bng.
Cho: E0(O2/H2O) = 1,23V ; E0(S/S2-) = - 0,48V; 2,3 RT/F ln = 0,0592lg
Cu 4: sn xut 1 tn nhm ngi ta in phn boxit cha 50% Al2O3. Hi cn lng Boxit v nng
lng kWh l bao nhiu, bit rng in p lm vic l 4,2V. Tnh thi gian tin hnh in phn vi cng
dng in 30000A
(S: 12509 kWh ; t = 99h)
Cu 5: Thit lp mt pin ti 25oC: Ag | [Ag(CN)n(n-1)-] = C mol.l-1, [CN-] d || [Ag+] = C mol.l-1 | Ag
1. Thit lp phng trnh sc in ng E = f (n,[CN ], p) , l hng s in li ca ion phc
2. Tnh n v p , bit Epin =1,200 V khi [CN-] = 1M v Epin = 1,32 V khi [CN-] = 10M
Cu 6: Da vo cc s liu th kh chun sau xy dng gin th kh chun ca Urani (gin Latime)
v cho bit ion no khng bn trong dung dch.
UO22 + / UO +2
UO +2 / U 4+
U 4+ / U
U 3+ / U
Eo, V
0,062
0,612
-1,5
-1,798
24

Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn

11

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 12

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

Cu 7: 25oC xy ra phn ng sau: Fe 2+ + Ce 4 +

Fe3+ + Ce3+ .Cho cc s liu v th kh chun ca cc

cp: E oFe3+ / Fe2+ = 0, 77V; E oCe4+ / Ce3+ = 1, 74V

1. Tnh hng s cn bng K ca phn ng
2. Tnh th phn ng ti thi im tng ng, bit ban u s mol ca Fe2+ v Ce4+ l bng nhau.
(S: K = 2,76.1016 ; E = 1,255V)
Cu 8: Thit lp gin Latime ca Vanai da vo cc d kin sau:
; Eo = 0,83V
(1) 2V(OH)+4 + SO2 2VO2+ + SO24 + 4H 2O

2V(OH)+4 + 3Zn + 8H + 2V 2+ + 3Zn2+ + 8H 2O ; Eo = 1,129V

(2)

EoSO2- / SO = 0,170V ; EoZn 2+ / Zn = 0, 760V

2

o
V2+ / V

= 1,180V ; EVo 3+ / V2+ = 0, 255V

Cu 9: Chun 10 cm3 dung dch FeCl2 0,1 N bng dung dch K2S2O3 0,1N 25oC. Phn ng c theo
di bng cch o th in cc platin. Tnh th im tng ng bit rng gi tr th in cc chun:
E oFe3+ / Fe2+ = 0, 77V; E So O 2 / SO2 = 2, 01V (S: 1,62V)
2

Cu 10: Cho bit cc s liu sau ti 25oC: E oAu + / Au = 1, 7V; E oO2 / H 2O = 1, 23V . Hng s in li tng ca ion phc
o
[Au(CN)2]- l 7,04.10-40. Chng minh rng khi c mt ion CN- trong dung dch kim th E[Au
(CN)

hn E oO

/ OH

2]

/ Au

nh

ngha l oxi c th oxi ha c vng.

(S: -0,61V < 0,404V => pcm)

Cu 11: xc nh s tn ti ca ion thy ngn s oxi ha +I trong dung dch, ngi ta thit lp mt pin
sau ti 25oC: Hg | Hgn(ClO4)n 2,5.10-3M || Hgn(ClO4)n 10-2M| Hg. Sut in ng o c l 0,018V. Tnh
gi tr ca n t suy ra s tn ti ca Hg nn + trong dung dch. (S: n = 2)
Cu 12: 25oC ta c: E oHg 2+ / Hg = 0,85V; E oHg2+ / Hg = 0, 79V ; Tt (Hg I ) =10-28 ; 4[HgI
2

2-

2 2

2
4]

= 10 30 ; 4[HgI

2
4]

l hng

s in li tng ca [HgI4] .
1. Tnh E oHg 2+ / Hg2+
2

2. Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng sau trong dung dch: Hg 22+

Hg 2+ + Hg . Ion Hg 22 + bn hay
khng bn trong dung dch.
3. Trong dung dch Hg 22 + 10-2M cha I- s to ra kt ta. Tnh nng I- khi bt u kt ta Hg2I2
4. Tnh E oHg 2I2 / Hg . Thit lp phng trnh E oHg 2I2 / Hg = f ([I ])
5. Hg 2+ + 4I

[HgI 4 ]2 , nng no ca I- th [Hg 2+ ] = [HgI 42 ]

6. Tnh E oHgI2 / Hg I . Thit lp phng trnh E oHgI2 / Hg I = f ([HgI 42 ],[I ])

4

2 2

2 2

--------------------------------------------------------------------------Phn 6: NNG DUNG DCH S IN LI

Cu 1: Tnh pH ca dung dch KHSO3 1M bit cc hng s in li ca axit H2SO3 ln lt l:
K a1 =1,3 10-2 ; K a 2 =1,23 10-7
Cu 2: Tnh tan ca FeS pH = 5 cho bitt: Fe2+ + H2O
[Fe(OH)]+ + H+ c lg = -5,92
TFeS = 10-17,2 ; H2S c Ka1 = 10-7,02 ; Ka2 = 10-12,9 (S: S = 2,43.10-4 M)
Cu 3: Cho 0,01 mol NH3, 0,1 mol CH3NH2 v 0,11 mol HCl vo H2O c 1 lt dung dch. Tnh pH ca
dung dch thu c ? Cho pK NH+ = 9,24 , pK CH NH+ = 10,6 , pK H2O = 14
4

Hng dn gii
Xt cc cn bng sau
CH3NH2 + HCl CH3NH3Cl
Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn

12

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 13

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

0,1
0,1
0,1
(mol)
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
0,01 0,01
0,01
(mol)
Do V= 1 (l) nn CM = n.
Dung dch cha CH3NH3Cl 0,1M v NH4Cl 0,01M
CH3NH3Cl CH3NH3+ + ClNH4Cl NH4+ + ClCH3NH3+
CH3NH2 + H+ K1 = 10-10.6
(1)
+
+
NH4
NH3 + H
K2 = 10-9.24
(2)
Tnh gn ng v do (1) v (2) l s in li ca 2 axit yu nn ta c:
+
10,6
+ 0, 01.109.24 = 2,875.106
H = C1.K1 + C2 .K 2 = 0,1.10
pH = lg H + = 5,54

Cu 4: nh gi kh nng ha tan ca HgS trong:

a. Axit Nitric HNO3
b. Nc cng toan
0
Bit: E 0NO- /NO = 0, 96V ; E S/H
= 0,17V ; THgS = 10-51,8 ; H 2S : K a1 = 107 ; K a2 = 1012,92 ; HgCl2 = 1014,92
2S
3

Cu 5: Tnh pH ca dd NH4HCO3 0,1M. Cho bit: H 2CO3 : K a1 = 10

6,35

10,33

; K a2 = 10

; pK aNH + = 9, 24
4

Cu 6: Ion Cr2 O b thy phn theo phng trnh sau: Cr2 O + H 2 O

2CrO + 2H ; K = 10-14,4
1. Thm KOH vo dung dch K2Cr2O7 nng ban u ca hai cht u bng 0,1M. Tnh pH ca dung
dch thu c
2. Trn 20 ml dung dch K2Cr2O7 0,1M vi 20 ml dung dch Ba(NO3)2 1M s to kt ta BaCrO4 (Tt = 10-9,7)
Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c sau khi trn.
(S: 1. pH = 6,85 ; 2. pH = 1)
Cu 7: Dung dch MgCl2 0,01M 25oC bt u kt ta Mg(OH)2 ti pH = 9,5.
1. Tnh tch s tan ca Mg(OH)2
2. Tnh th kh ca cp Mg2+/Mg khi pH = 11, bit rng th kh chun ca n l 2,36
3. Gii thch ti sao khi ghp Mg vo cc thit b bng thp th c th bo v c thp khi b n mn
0, 0592 TMg(OH)2
S: Tt = 10-11 ; E Mg 2+ / Mg = E oMg 2+ / Mg +
lg
= 2,51V ; E oMg 2+ / Mg < E oFe2+ / Fe => n mn in ha
n
[OH ]2
Cu 8: Tnh nng ti thiu ca NH3 c th ha tan hon ton 0,1 mol AgCl bit rng TAgCl = 10-10, hng
s in li tng ca phc [Ag(NH3)2]+ bng 10-7,2 (S: 2,7M)
Cu 9: Tnh ha tan (mol.l-1) ca AgCl trong dung dch NH3 1M bit rng TAgCl = 10-10, hng s bn tng
ca phc [Ag(NH3)2]+ bng 1,6.107 (S: 0,037M)
Cu 10: Hg2+ to vi I- kt ta mu HgI2 (Tt = 10-28). Nu d I- th HgI2 tan to thnh [HgI4]2- ( 4 = 10 30 )
Thm dung dch KI 1M vo 10 ml dung dch Hg2+ 0,01M. Tnh th tch V1 dd KI cn thm vo bt u kt
ta HgI2 v th tch V2 dung dch KI cn thm vo HgI2 bt u tan ht. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung
dch khi cn bng trong c hai trng hp
S: Khi bt u kt ta V1 = 10-12 cm3 ; [Hg2+] = 0,01M ; [I-] = 10-13 M ; [HgI4]2- = 10-24 M
Khi kt ta bt u ha tan ht: V2 = 0,5 cm3 ; [HgI4]2- = 0,01M ; [I-] = 0,1M ; [Hg2+] = 10-24 M
Cu 11: Dung dch cha ion Fe(SCN)2+ c mu bt u t nng 10-5M. Hng s bn ca ion
Fe(SCN)2+ l b = 2 102
1. Trong 500 cm3 dung dch cha 10-3 mol FeCl3 v 5.10-3 mol KSCN. Tnh nng ion Fe(SCN)2+ ti
trng thi cn bng. Hi dung dch c mu khng
2. Ha tan tinh th NaF vo dung dch trn (th tch dung dch khng bin i) to thnh ion FeF2+ vi hng
s bn l b = 1, 6 105 . Hi bt u t lng no th mu bin mt.
S: 1. 1,27.10-3M > 10-5M nn c mu ; 2. 0,0938 gam
2
7

Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn

2
7

2
4

13

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 14

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

Cu 12: Mt sunfua kim loi MS c tch s tan Tt. Tnh pH ca dung dch M2+ 0,01M bt u kt ta MS
bng dung dch H2S bo ha 0,1M v pH ca dung dch khi kt thc s kt ta ca sunfua ny, nu chp
nhn nng ca M2+ cn li trong dung dch l 10-6M
1
1
S: Bt u kt ta : pH = lg Tt + 12 , kt thc kt ta: pH = lg Tt + 14
2
2
Cu 13: Thm 1 ml dung dch NH 4SCN 0,10 M vo 1ml dung dch Fe3+ 0,01 M v F 1M. C mu ca

phc FeSCN 2+ hay khng? Bit rng mu ch xut hin khi CFeSCN 2+ > 7.106 M v dung dch c axit ha
s to phc hidroxo ca Fe (III) xy ra khng ng k. Cho 31FeF = 1013,10 ; 1FeSCN 2+ = 103,03 ( l
3

hng s bn).
Cu 14: nh gi thnh phn cn bng trong hn hp gm Ag+ 1,0.10-3 M; NH 3 1,0 M v Cu bt. Cho

2Ag(NH

+
3 )2

= 107,24 ; 4 Cu ( NH

2+
3 )4

= 1012,03 ; E0Ag+ / Ag = 0,799V; E0Cu2+ / Cu = 0,337V ( 250C)

Cu 15: Cho: H2SO4 : pKa2 = 2 ; H3PO4 : pKa1 = 2,23 , pKa2 = 7,21 , pKa3 = 12,32
1. Vit phng trnh phn ng v xc nh thnh phn gii hn ca hn hp khi trn H2SO4 C1M vi
Na3PO4 C2M trong trng hp sau: 2C1 > C2 > C1
2. Tnh pH ca dung dch H3PO4 0,1M
3. Cn cho vo 100ml dung dch H3PO4 0,1M bao nhiu gam NaOH thu c dung dch c pH= 4,72.

B N TP HA HC 12
K THI HC SINH GII QUC GIA LP 12 THPT
KIM TRA S 1
MN THI: HA HC
HA HC I CNG
Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn

14

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 15

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

Thi gian lm bi: 180 pht (Khng k thi gian pht )

--------------------------------------------------------------------------Cu 1: (2.0 im)
1. Ti sao ion phc spin thp [Co(NH3)6]3+ li c mu. Gii thch da vo o = 22900(cm 1 ) . Cho bit:

1 cm 1 = 11,962 J.mol 1 .
2. Da trn m hnh VSEPR, gii thch dng hnh hc ca NH3, ClF3, XeF4.
3. Qu trnh: O O + + 1e c I1 = 13,614 (eV). Da vo phng php Slater xc nh hng s chn ca cc
electron trong nguyn t i vi electron b tch. So snh bn tng i ca hai cu hnh electron ca
O v O+, gii thch.
Cu 2: (2.0 im) Thit lp biu thc ph thuc gia th oxi ha kh vi pH ca mi trng trong 2
trng hp sau:
1. Cr2 O72 + 14H + + 6e
2Cr 3+ + 7H 2 O ; EoCr O2 / 2Cr3+ = +1, 33V . pH = 7, Cr2 O72 c oxi ha c I
2

khng? Bit rng: E

2. Co(OH)3 + 1e

o
I2 / 2I

= 0, 6197V

o
Co(OH) 2 + OH ; ECo(OH)
= +0,17V
3 / Co(OH) 2

RT
ln x = 0, 0592 lg x ( ti 25oC, 1atm)
F
Cu 3: (1.5 im) Cho phn ng: A + B C + D (1) l phn ng n gin. Ti 27oC v 68oC, phng trnh
(1) c hng s tc tng ng ln lt l k1 = 1,44.107 mol-1.l.s-1 v k2 = 3,03.107 mol-1.l.s-1, R = 1,987
cal/mol.K

Bit tch s ion ca nc KW = 10-14 v 2,303

1. Tnh nng lng hot ha EA (theo cal/mol) v gi tr ca A trong biu thc k = A e( RT ) mol-1.l.s-1.
2. Ti 119oC, tnh gi tr ca hng s tc phn ng k3.
3. Nu CoA = CoB = 0,1M th 1/2 nhit 119oC l bao nhiu.
Cu 4: (2.5 im) in phn dung dch NaCl dng in cc Katode l hn hng Hg dng chy u v dng
cc titan bc ruteni v roi l Anode. Khong cch gia Anode v Katode ch vi mm
1. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra ti in cc khi mi bt u in phn pH = 7. Tnh cc gi tr th
in cc v th phn gii
2. Sau mt thi gian, pH tng ln n gi tr pH = 11. Gii thch ti sao. Vit cc phng trnh xy ra ti pH
. Tnh th in cc v th phn gii
Cho bit: E oNa + / Na = 2, 71V ; E o2H O+ / H = 0, 00V ; E Oo 2 / H 2O = 1, 23V . Vi dung dch NaCl 25% v 0,2% Na
E

trong hn hng Na/Hg: E

o
Na + / Na (Hg)

= 1, 78V . E oCl

/ Cl

= 1, 34V cho dung dch NaCl 25% theo khi lng

H2 = 1,3V trn Hg ; O2 = 0,8V trn Ru/Rd

Cu 5: (1.5 im) Trong cc tinh th (cu trc lp phng tm khi) cc nguyn t cacbon c th chim
cc mt ca mng c s
o

1. Bn knh kim loi ca st l 1,24 A . Tnh di cnh a ca mng c s

o

2. Bn knh cng ha tr ca cacbon l 0,77 A . Hi di cnh a s tng ln bao nhiu khi st c cha
cacbon so vi cnh a khi st nguyn cht
3. Tnh di cnh mng c s cho st (cu trc lp phng tm din) v tnh tng chiu di cnh
mng bit rng cc nguyn t cacbon c th chim tm ca mng c s v bn knh kim loi st l
o

1,26 A . C th kt lun g v kh nng xm nhp ca cacbon vo 2 loi tinh th st trn

Cu 6: (1.5 im) Kt qu phn tch mt phc cht A ca Platin (II) cho bit c: 64,78 % khi lng l Pt,
23,59 % l Cl, 5,65 % l NH3 v 5,98 % cn li l H2O
1. Tm cng thc phn t ca phc cht bit rng A l phc cht 1 nhn v Pt c s phi tr l 4. Vit cng
thc cu to 2 ng phn cis v trans ca n
Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn

15

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 16

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

2. Entanpi t do chun to thnh 25oC ca cc ng phn cis, trans ln lt l: -396 v -402 kJ.mol-1. Tnh
hng s cn bng K ca phn ng sau: cis(A)
trans(A)
3. Tnh nng mol/lit mi ng phn trong dung dch, bit rng lc u ch c ng phn cis nng
0,01M. Cho Pt = 195 ; Cl = 35,5 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; H = 1
Cu 7: (2.0 im) Nitramit c th b phn hy trong dd H2O theo phn ng: NO2NH2 N2O(k) + H2O
[NO 2 NH 2 ]
Cc kt qu thc nghim cho thy vn tc phn ng tnh bi biu thc: v = k
[H3O + ]
1. Trong mi trng m bc ca phn ng l bao nhiu
2. Trong cc c ch sau c ch no chp nhn c:
k1
a. C ch 1: NO 2 NH 2
N 2 O(k) + H 2 O
b. C ch 2:
k2
Nhanh
NO 2 NH 2 + H 3O +
NO2 NH 3+ + H 2 O
k3
NO 2 NH3+
N 2 O + H 3O +
c. C ch 3:
k
NO 2 NH 2 + H 2 O 4 NO2 NH + H3O +

k5
NO 2 NH
N 2 O + OH

Chm
Nhanh
Chm
Nhanh

k6
H 3O + + OH
2H 2 O
Cu 8: (3.0 im)
1. C 3 nguyn t A, B v C. A tc dng vi B nhit cao sinh ra D. Cht D b thu phn mnh trong nc
to ra kh chy c v c mi trng thi. B v C tc dng vi nhau cho kh E, kh ny tan c trong nc
to dung dch lm qu tm ho . Hp cht ca A vi C c trong t nhin v thuc loi cht cng nht. Hp cht
ca 3 nguyn t A, B, C l mt mui khng mu, tan trong nc v b thu phn. Vit tn ca A, B, C v phng
trnh cc phn ng nu trn.
2. kho st s ph thuc thnh phn hi ca B theo nhit , ngi ta tin hnh th nghim sau y: Ly 3,2
gam n cht B cho vo mt bnh kn khng c khng kh, dung tch 1 lt. un nng bnh B ho hi hon
ton. Kt qu o nhit v p sut bnh c ghi li trong bng sau:
Nhit (oC)
p sut (atm)
444,6
0,73554
450
0,88929
500
1,26772
900
4,80930
1500
14,53860
Xc nh thnh phn nh tnh hi n cht B ti cc nhit trn v gii thch.
Cu 9: (1.5 im) C th vit cu hnh electron ca Ni2+l:
Cch 1: Ni2+ [1s22s22p63s23p63d8]
Cch 2: Ni2+ [1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2].
p dng phng php gn ng Slater, tnh nng lng electron ca Ni2+ vi mi cch vit trn (theo n v eV).
Cch vit no ph hp vi thc t. Ti sao.
Cu 10: (2.5 im)
1. Phng th nghim c mu phng x Au198 vi cng 4,0 mCi/1g Au. Sau 48 gi ngi ta cn mt dung
dch c phng x 0,5 mCi/1g Au. Hy tnh s gam dung mi khng phng x pha vi 1g Au c dung
dch ni trn. Bit rng Au198 c t1/2 = 2,7 ngy m.
2. Hy chng minh rng phn th tch b chim bi cc n v cu trc (cc nguyn t) trong mng tinh th kim
loi thuc cc h lp phng n gin, lp phng tm khi, lp phng tm din tng theo t l
1 : 1,31 :
1,42.

Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn

16

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 17

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

Cu

Ni dung
Tnh c: = 437nm . S hp th nh sng nm trong ph nhn thy nn c mu.
Cu to ca NH3 cho thy quanh nguyn t N trung tm c 4 vng khng gian khu
tr electron, trong c 1 cp electron t do (AB3E) nn phn t NH3 c dng thp
y tam gic vi gc lin kt nh hn 109o 28 ' (cp electron t do i hi mt
khong khng gian khu tr ln hn)

Cu trc thp y tam gic tm l nguyn t N

Phn t ClF3 c 5 khong khng gian khu tr electron, trong c 2 cp electron t
do (AB3E2) nn phn t c dng ch T (Cc electron t do chim v tr xch o)

im
0,5

0, 25 3
= 0,75

Phn t XeF4 c 6 vng khng gian khu tr electron, trong c hai cp electron t
do (AB4E2) nn c dng vung phng (trong cu trc ny cc cp electron t do phn
b xa nhau nht)

Cu hnh electron: O 1s22s22p4 km bn hn O+ 1s22s22p3 do lc y ln nhau

ca 2 trong mt orbital ca phn lp 2p v do O+ t cu hnh bn bo ha
phn lp 2p nn bn
t b l hng s chn ca cc electron trong nguyn t i vi electronb tch.
Z*2
Ta c: I1 = 13, 6 2 = 13, 614 Z*2 = n 2 = 4 (8 b)2 = 4 b = 6
n

0,25
0,5
2.0

+ 14

2
0, 0592 Cr2 O7 H
lg
2
2 7
2 7
6
Cr 3+
2
0, 0592
0, 0592 Cr2 O7
o
+ 14
= ECr O2 / 2Cr3+ +
lg H +
lg
2
2 7
6
6
Cr 3+
2
0, 0592 Cr2 O7
o
= ECr O2 / 2Cr3+ 0,138pH +
lg
2
2 7
6
Cr 3+
o
t: E'Cr O2 / 2Cr3+ = ECr
0,138pH
O 2 / 2Cr 3+

o
ECr O2 / 2Cr3+ = ECr
+
O2 / 2Cr 3+

'
Cr2 O72 / 2Cr 3+

l th iu kin v ph thuc vo pH. pH cng gim th dung dch

cng c mi trng axit th E cng tng, tnh oxi ha ca Cr2 O72 cng mnh.
- Ti pH = 0, [H+] = 1M th E = Eo = 1,33V
- Ti pH = 7 th E = 0,364 < E oI / 2I = 0, 6197V nn khng oxi ha c I2

0,5

o
ECo(OH)3 / Co(OH)2 = ECo(OH)
+ 0, 0592 lg
3 / Co(OH)2

K
1
. Thay [OH ] = W+ ta c:

[OH ]
[H ]

0,25
0,25
0,25

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 18

*****************************************************************************************************************************************
o
Co(OH)3 / Co(OH) 2

ECo(OH)3 / Co(OH)2 = E

[H + ]
+ 0, 0592 lg
KW

o
Co(OH)3 / Co(OH)2

+ 0, 0592 lg[H ] 0, 0592 lg K W . Thay

o
Co(OH)3 / Co(OH)2

0, 0592pH 0, 0592 lg K W

=E
=E

EoCo(OH)3 / Co(OH)2 = +0,17

K W = 1014

ECo(OH)3 / Co(OH)2 = 0,996 0, 0592pH

pH cng tng th E cng gim ngha l tnh oxi ha ca Co(OH)3 gim, tnh kh ca
Co(OH)2 tng

0,5
0,25

2.0

- Phn ng ng hc bc hai, p dng phng trnh Archnius ta c:

E A
E A
ln k1 =
+ ln A ; ln k 2 =
+ ln A
RT1
RT2
E A
E
ln k 2 ln k1 =
+ ln A A + ln A
RT2
RT1
1
3

2
3

k 2 EA 1 1
=

k1
R T1 T2
T T
k
E A = R 2 1 ln 2 3688, 2(cal / mol)
T2 T1
k1
E
k k
- k = A e( RT ) A = E 1E = 7 109 (mol1 .l.s 1 )
( RT ) ( RT1 )
e
e

ln

( )
E

0,25

0,25
1.5

4.0,125
= 0,5

E Na + / Na (Hg) = 1, 78V , E 2H O+ / H = 0, 00V + 0, 0592 lg107 = 0, 413V

3

'
2H3O+ / H 2

=E

o
2H3O + / H 2

+ H2 = 1, 713 . Do E '2H O+ / H > E oNa + / Na (Hg) nn khi mi bt u

3

in phn, Katode qu trnh (2) s xy ra, c H2 thot Anode

Anode: T (3) ta c:
E O2 / H 2O = E oO2 / H 2O + 0, 0592 lg[H 3O + ] = 0,817V ; E O' 2 / H 2O = E O2 / H2O + O2 = 1,617V

Bi v: E Cl

0,25

0,25

k 3 = A e RT3 = 6,15 107 (mol 1.l.s 1 )

1
1/ 2 =
= 1, 63 10 7 (s)
k 3 .CoA

Trong dung dch NaCl c: NaCl Na++Cl- ; 2H2O

H3O + + OHKhi in phn c th c cc qu trnh sau xy ra:
Catode:
Na+ + Hg + e
Na(Hg)
1
(1)
+
2H2O
H3O + OH
2
+
2 H3O + 2e
H2 + 2H2O
1
2H2O + 2e
H2 + OH
(2)
+
Anode:
6 H2O
O2 + 4H3O + 4e
(3)
2 Cl
Cl2 + 2e
(4)
1

0,5

/ 2Cl

< E 'O2 / H 2O nn Anode xy ra qu trnh (4) v c Cl2 bay ra

Phng trnh in phn: 2Cl- + 2H2O

H2 + Cl2 2OHTh phn gii: V = E 'A E 'K = 3,053V
Sau mt thi gian, do [OH-] tng nn pH cng tng. Khi pH = 11, phn ng in
phn xy ra nh sau:

0,25

0,25
0,25
0,25

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 19

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

Ti Catode: [H+] =10-11. E 2H O+ / H = 0, 649V ; E '2H O+ / H = 1,949V > E oNa + / Na nn

3

Anode c qu trnh (1) xy ra

Ti Anode: E O2 / H 2O = E oO2 / H 2O + 0, 0592 lg[H 3O + ] = 0,581V ; E 'O2 / H 2O = 1,381V
Do E Cl

/ 2Cl

1
2.
5

0,25

< E 'O2 / H 2O nn Anode vn c Cl2 bay ra

Phng trnh in phn: 2Na+ + 2Cl- + 2Hg

Th phn gii: V = E 'A E 'K = 3,12V

0,25

Cl2 + 2Na(Hg)

o
4r 4 1, 24
=
= 2,86 A
3
3
Khi st c cha cacbon, tng chiu di cnh a ca mng c s l:

di cnh a ca mng c s ca st l: a =

= 2 (rFe + rC ) a = 2(1, 24 + 0, 77) 2,86 = 1,16 A

o
4r 4 1, 26
di cnh a ca mng c s ca st l: a =
=
= 3,56 A
2
2
Khi st c cha cacbon, tng chiu di cnh a ca mng c s l:
o

0,25
0,25
2.5
0,25
0,25
0,25

= 2 (rFe + rC ) a = 2(1, 26 + 0, 77) 3,56 = 0,5 A

0,25

Kt lun: Kh nng xm nhp ca cacbon vo st kh hn vo st , do c

ha tan ca C trong st nh hn trong st

0,5
1.5

t CTPT ca A l: PtxCly(NH3)z(H2O)t. V phc cht A l phc 1 nhn nn phn t

M 100% 195 100
khi ca A: M A = Pt
=
= 301(g / mol) . T % ca cc thnh phn
%Pt
64, 78
c trong A x = 1, y = 2, z = 1, t = 1 CTPT l: PtCl2(NH3)(H2O)

0,25

CTCT 2 ng phn cis, trans:

Cis
Xt phn ng chuyn ha:
Cis
Cn bng: 10-2 x

Trans
Trans
x

0,125.2
= 0,25
0,5

6000
8,314 298

G o298K = 402 + 396 = 6kJ = -6000J ; K = e

= 11, 27
Xt phn ng chuyn ha:
Cis
Trans
K = 11,27
-2
Cn bng: 10 x
x
[trans]
x
K=
= 2
= 11, 27 x = [trans] = 9, 2 103 [cis] = 8 104
[cis] 10 x
+

Do trong mi trng m [H3O] = const nn biu thc tc phn ng l:

v = k[NO2 NH 2 ] l phn ng bc nht theo thi gian

0,25.2
= 0,5
1.5

0,5

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 20

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

- C ch 1: v = k1[NO 2 NH 2 ] loi
- C ch 2: v = k 3 [NO 2 NH3+ ]
M: [NO 2 NH3+ ] = k 2
Vy: v = k 3 k 2
2

[NO 2 NH 2 ][H3O + ]
[H 2 O]

[NO 2 NH 2 ][H3O + ]
loi
[H 2 O]

0,25
0,25
0,25
0,25

- C ch 3: v = k 5 [NO 2 NH ]

M: [NO 2 NH ] = k 4

[NO 2 NH 2 ][H 2 O]
[H 3O + ]

[NO 2 NH 2 ][H 2 O]
[H 3O + ]
Trong mi trng dung dch nc [H2O] = const. Chn c ch 3
Vy: v = k 5 k 4

0,5

2.0
Hp cht AxBy l mt mui. Khi b thu phn cho thot ra H2S.
5 cht
Hp cht AnCm l Al2O3 nhm oxi
0,125.5
Vy A l Al nhm, B l S lu hunh, C l O oxi
= 0,625
Hp cht AoBpCq l Al2(SO4)3 nhm sunfat

Al2S3
2 Al
+ 3S
5 ptrnh
+ 6 H2O

2 Al(OH)3 + 3 H2S
Al2S3
0,125.5
4 Al
+ 3 O2

2 Al2O3
=
0,625
S
+ O2

SO2
3+
2+
+
+ 2 H2O

Al(OH)
+ H3O
Al
0,25
3, 2
S mol nguyn t S trong 3,2 gam lu hunh: n S =
= 0,1mol
32
PV
Dng cng thc: n =
tnh c s mol cc phn t lu hunh trng thi hi ti
0,25
RT
cc nhit :
* 444,6oC: n1 = 0, 0125 mol gm cc phn t S8 v 0, 0125 8 = 0,1 mol
0,25
0,1
o
0,25
* 450 C: n2 = 0,015 mol, s nguyn t S trung bnh trong 1 phn t:
6, 67
0, 015
Thnh phn hi lu hunh nhit ny c th gm cc phn t lu hunh c t
1 n 8 nguyn t.
0,1
* 500oC: n3 = 0,02 mol, s nguyn t S trung bnh trong 1 phn t:
=5
0,25
0, 02
Thnh phn hi lu hunh nhit ny c th gm cc phn t lu hunh c t
1 n 8 nguyn t hoc ch gm cc phn t S5.
0,1
=2
* 900oC: n4 = 0,05 mol, s nguyn t S trung bnh trong 1 phn t:
0,25
0, 05
Thnh phn hi lu hunh nhit ny c th gm cc phn t lu hunh c t
1 n 8 nguyn t hoc ch gm cc phn t S2.
0,25
* 1500oC : n5 = 0,1 mol : Hi lu hunh ch gm cc nguyn t S.
3.0

Nng lng ca mt electron phn lp l c s lng t chnh hiu dng n* c

tnh theo biu thc Slater:
1 = -13,6 x (Z b)2 /n* (theo eV)

0,25

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 21

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

Hng s chn b v s lng t n* c tnh theo quy tc Slater. p dng cho Ni2+
(Z=28, c 26e) ta c:
Vi cch vit 1 [Ar]3d8:
1s = -13,6 x (28 0,3)2/12
=
-10435,1 eV
2s,2p = -13,6 x (28 0,85x2 0,35x7)2/ 22
=
- 1934,0 eV
2 2
3s,3p = -13,6 x (28 1x2 0,85x8 0,35x7) /3
=
- 424,0 eV
3d = - 13,6 x (28 1x18 0,35x 0,35x7)2/32
=
- 86,1
eV
E1 = 2 1s + 8 2s,2p + 8 3s,3p + 8 3d
=
- 40423,2 eV
Vi cch vit 2 [Ar]sd64s2:
1s, 2s,2p, 3s,3p c kt qu nh trn . Ngoi ra:
3d = -13,6 x (28 1x18 0,35x5)2/32
=
- 102,9 eV
2
2
4s = - 13,6 x (28 1x10 0,85x14 0,35) /3,7 =
- 32,8
eV
Do E2 = - 40417,2 eV.
E1 thp (m) hn E2, do cch vit 1 ng vi trng thi bn hn. Kt qu thu c
ph hp vi thc t l trng thi c bn ion Ni2+ c cu hnh electron [Ar]3d8.

0.125.5
= 0,625

0,125.3
= 0,375
0,25
1.5

- t = 48 h = 2 ngy m.
- p dng biu thc tc ca phn ng mt chiu bc mt cho phn ng phng x,
ta c: = 0,693/t1/2; Vi t1/2 = 2,7 ngy m, = 0,257 (ngy m)-1.
T pt ng hc p. mt chiu bc nht, ta c: =(1/t) ln N0/N.
Vy: N/N0 = e- t = e-0,257 x 2 = 0,598.
Nh vy, sau 48 gi phng x ca mu ban u cn: 0,598 x 4 = 2,392 (mCi).
Do s gam dung mi tr cn dng l: (2,392 : 0,5) 1,0 = 3,784 (g)

0,25
0,25
0,25
0,25

Phn th tch b chim bi cc nguyn t trong mng tinh th cng chnh l phn th
tch m cc nguyn t chim trong mt t bo n v ( mng c s).
- i vi mng n gin:
+ S nguyn t trong 1 t bo: n = 8 x 1/8 = 1
+ Gi r l bn knh ca nguyn t kim loi, th tch V1 ca 1 nguyn t kim loi:
V1 = 4/3 x r3 (1)
+ Gi a l cnh ca t bo, th tch ca t bo l:
V2 = a3
(2)
Trong t bo mng n gin, tng quan gia r v a c th hin trn hnh sau:

10

r
a
2
hay a = 2r (3).
Thay (3) vo (2) ta c: V2 = a3 = 8r3 (4)
Phn th tch b chim bi cc nguyn t trong t bo l:
V1/V2 = 4/3 r3 : 8r3 = /6 = 0,5236
i vi mng tm khi:
+ S nguyn t trong 1 t bo: n = 8 x 1/8 + 1 = 2. Do V1 = 2x(4/3) r3 .
+ Trong t bo mng tm khi quan h gia r v a c th hin trn hnh sau:

0,5

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng

Trang: 22

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

Do : d = a 3 = 4r. ra a = 4r/ 3
Th tch ca t bo:
V2 = a3 = 64r3/ 3 3
Do phn th tch b chim bi cc nguyn t trong t bo l:
V1 : V2 = 8/3 r3 : 64r3/3 3 = 0,68
i vi mng tm din:
+
S nguyn t trong 1 t bo: n = 8 x 1/8 + 6 x = 4. Do th tch ca
cc nguyn t trong t bo l:
V1 = 4 x 4/3 r3
+
Trong t bo mng tm din quan h gia bn knh nguyn t r v cnh a ca
t bo c biu din trn hnh sau:

0,5

T d ta c:
d = a 2 = 4r, do a = 4r/ 2
Th tch ca t bo:
V2 = a3 = 64r3/2 2
Phn th tch b cc nguyn t chim trong t bo l:
V1/V2 = 16/3 r3: 64r3/ 2 2
= 0,74
Nh vy t l phn th tch b chim bi cc nguyn t trong 1 t bo ca cc mng
n gin, tm khi v tm din t l vi nhau nh 0,52 : 0,68 : 0,74 = 1 : 1,31 : 1,42.

0,5

2.5
HA HC: NGH THUT, KHOA HC V NHNG BT NG TH V