..

. . .
( )

2005.

1 , .
1.
.
.
.
, .
- , , h
R V R 2 h
- ,
a, b V abh .
- , S , V Sh .
,
D S , h ,
( h f ( M ( x, y )) ).
D
. M(x,y)
,
h f ( M ( x, y )) . .
.
,
.
1

f ( x, y )dS .
D

f (M i )

1. D
Di ,

z f ( x, y )

D Di ( )
i 1

2.

Mi
f ( M i ) f ( xi , y i )
3.

Mi

f (M

Di

D
x

i 1

)si , si - Di

4.

max i diam(Di ) 0 ( ),

,
. . .. .
.. . . . .. 2001 ( ).

2.
f ( x, y ) D3.
.

f ( x, y )dS lim max i diam ( Di )0 f ( M i )si .

i 1

4.
- ,
- ,
- ,
5.
1.
)

( f
D

( x, y ) f 2 ( x, y )dS .= f 1 ( x, y ) dS + f 2 ( x, y )dS
D

) f ( x, y ) dS .= f ( x, y )dS
D

.
. ,
. ,
.
2. .
D D1 D2 ,

f ( x, y )dS = f ( x, y )dS + f ( x, y )dS

D1

D2

. D ,
( )
D1, D2.
( ). ,
.1.
3.

dS S
D

- D.

4. D f ( x, y ) g ( x, y ) ,

f ( x, y )dS
D

g ( x, y )dS ( ).
D

. .
, , , g ( x, y ) 0
5. .
m, M , x, y D m f ( x, y ) M ,
mS D

f ( x,y )dS MS

, .
-
4

5

3

. m f ( x, y ) M

mdS f ( x, y )dS MdS . 1

D

( 4),
m, M

. 3, .
6. ( ).
( xc , y c ) D , f (c)

1
SD

f ( x,y )dS .
D

f ( x, y )

.
D , inf D f ( x, y )
sup f ( x, y ) . x,y D S D f ( x, y )dS S D .
D

1
SD

f ( x,y )dS

SD ,

SD

f ( x,y )dS .

f ( x, y ) D ,
D . ,
f (c )

1
SD

f ( x,y )dS .
D

,
f (c) ,

f ( x, y )dS
D

.
, D ,
.
D , , ,
.
, -
,
. D
( 2) . ,
.

z
f(x,y)

S(x)

S ( x)dx ,

a, b

(x)

x
b

(x)

D x., S (x) -
(
x).
OXY ,
OY, (x)
(x). (x), (x)
S (x ) =

D.
( x)

( x)

f ( x, y ) dy -

..

dx .
f
(
x
,
y
)
dy

a ( x)

, . ,
d ( y)

dy .
V

f
(
x
,
y
)
dx
, OX.
c (y )

( )
b ( x)
d ( y)

dx = f ( x, y ) dS =
f
(
x
,
y
)
dy
f ( x, y ) dx dy V
a ( x )

D
c ( y)

1.

S (x ) , V

( x)

. .
1.
1
1 x 2
y

2
2

dx
1
f
(
x
,
y
)
dxdy

f
(
x
,
y
)
dy

D
0 1 x 2

x y 1

x0

1 x 2

dx
0

f ( x, y ) dx

f ( x, y ) dxdy

f ( x, y)dy

x 1

y 1

dx +
f
(
x
,
y
)
dy

1 x 1

y 1
0

dx = f ( x, y ) dx dy +

1 y 1

x 1

f ( x, y ) dx dy

0
y 1

f ( x, y ) dx dy =

1 y 2

f ( x, y ) dy =

1 x 2

dy

1 y 2

y x 1
y 1 x

2.
y x 1
y x 1

x 1

y0

3. x 1
yx

e y 1 dxdy =

D
2

e
0

y 1 2

dy dx (

)=
1

e
1

( y 1) 2

(1 y )e
0

dx dy =

y 1 2

dy

1 y 1 2 |1
1
e
(e 1)
0
2
2

f ( x, y )dS .
D

, D f ( x, y ) .
.
,
D, f ( x, y ) , .. .
,
, .
,

f ( x, y )dS
D

D, f ( x, y ) .
. V ,
z = 1-y2 x = y2 D,
OXY..

VD 2
0

S D 2

2
dy 2 ( y 2 y 4 ) dy 2( 1 1 ) 4
(
1

y
)
dx
0
0

3 5
15

y2
1

dy 2 y 2 dy 2
dx
0
0
3

y2

2. .
. Dxy Duv
,
x (u , v ), y (u , v) . f(x,y) Dxy.

f ( x, y )dxdy D f ( u, v , u, v ) | I | dudv , I u v

D
xy

uv

( ).

(). u, v: Q1,
Q3, Q4, Q2 du, dv.
x (u , v ), y (u , v) - P1, P3, P4, P2.
P

y
v
Q1 (u, v), Q2 (u+du, v), Q3 (u, v+dv),
Q
Q
P1 ( u , v , u, v ),
2

P1

P2 u du , v , u du , v

P4
P3

Q1

Q2

P2 ( u, v u' du ), u, v u' du
P3 u , v dv , u, v dv

P3 ( u , v v' dv ), ( u , v v' dv )

P3, P4, P1, P2.,

P1 P2 u' du , u' du, P1 P3 v' dv, v' dv .
.
i

S P1 P2 P1 P3 | du du
dv dv
'
u
'
v

'
u
'
v

' du u' du
u'
0 | u'
k

|
v dv v' dv
v'
0

u'
| dudv | I | dudv .
v'

dxdy,
f ( x, y )dxdy f ( u , v , u , v ) | I | dudv
D
.
D
xy

. u , v :

x cos , y sin . I
y

x
cos

y
sin

sin
.
cos

. a(1 cos ) .
a (1 cos )

d 2 1 2 | 0a (1 cos ) d a 2 1 2 cos cos 2 d 3 a 2 .

S 2

0
0 2
0
2
0

.
z x y .
V

/2

/2

d zd

d cos sin d
0

1
3

/2

(sin cos )d 3

x2 y2 1,

, .
.
,
. ,
. ,
.
.
,
. .
.

,
, .
.
,
, F(x, y, z) = 0
nk
z = f(x, y).
k
k,
, vk.
k
y
OXY D dk
sk. dk Mk.
Qk ( k),
dk
Mk, nk
{cosk, cosk, cosk}
Mk
.
D
vk k
x
,
vk cosk = sk.
vk=sk/ cosk. max diam k 0,
- , OXY, max diam dk
0.
z

Qk

S D lim max diam k 0 v k lim max diamd k 0

k

1
s k
| cos x k , y k , z k |

| cos x, y. z |ds
D

cos x, y, z .
F(x, y, z) = 0,

gradF
n

gradF

1
'2
x

'2
y

'2
z

F , F
'
x

cos

S D 1
D

Fx'

Fz'

Fy'

Fz'

'
y

, Fz' cos , cos , cos .

Fz'

'
Fx' Fy
1
,
1 2 2 .
2
2
2
Fx' Fy' Fz'
| cos |
Fz' Fz'

dxdy .

z = f(x, y),
F(x, y, z) = 0 :
f ( x, y ) z F ( x, y, z ) 0,
2

Fz' 1, Fx' f x' , F y' f y' ,

2
2
1
1 f x' f y'
| cos |

S D 1 f x' f y' dxdy .

D

.
x y 2, x y 3.

z2 x2 y2 ,

F z 2 x 2 y 2 0,

y
3

1
x2 y2
1
2.
cos
z2

2
x
2

Fx' 2 x, Fy' 2 y, Fz' 2 z

S 2dxdy 2 S D 2
D

1
9 4 5 .
2
2

, ,
.
D (x, y).
dm
:
OX, OY dmx = y dm = y (x, y) ds,
dmy = x dm = x (x, y) ds.
OX, OY
dJx = y2 dm = y2 (x, y) ds,
dJy = x2 dm = x2 (x, y) ds.
dJ0 = dJx + dJy.
D D.
m x y x, y ds , m y x x, y ds , J x y 2 x, y ds , J y x 2 x, y ds , J = J +
0
x
D

Jy.
x

my
m

,y

mx
, m
m

x, y ds

- D.

. x 2 y 2 R 2 , y 0
x, y y .
R

2
m x, y dxdy ydxdy r sin rdr d R 3
3
D
D
0 0

m x y x, y dxdy y 2 dxdy r 2 sin 2 rdr d R 4

8
D
D
0 0

m y x x, y dxdy xydxdy r 2 sin cos rdr d 0 ( ,

D
D
0 0

OY x).
m
m
3R
x y 0, y x
.
m

16

. x 2 y 2 R 2 , y 0
x, y y R .
J y R ( y R ) 2 x, y dxdy y 2 x, y dxdy 2 R y x, y dxdy R 2 x, y dxdy
D

y x, y dxdy 2 R y x, y )dxdy R x, y dxdy J

2

2 Rm x R m .
2

.
.

10

, ,
:
( ) ( ).

,
. ,
, ,
.
6
,
. ,
, ,
.

. ,
D:

x2 y2 R

n 2 n 2 .

,
B:

dxdy
x2 y2

dxdy
x2 y2

n 2 n 2 .

x2 y2 R

D1 : R1 r x 2 y 2 R2 .

rd dr
D r n 0
1

dxdy

x2 y2
dxdy

x2 y2

1
dr d 2

R22 n R12 n .

2n
R1

2 R12 n
2

R22 n R12 n n 2 n 2
= lim R2
2n

n2
2 R22n
2

R22n R12n 2 n n 2
= lim R1 0
2n

n2
R2

1 n

( R1 R ),

( R2 R ).

,
.
.

x2

dx .

D : x 0, y 0
I

( x
= e

y2 )

dxdy

x2

dx .

y2
x2

dy
e dx e
0 0

x
y
2
e dx e dy J
0

, ,
/ .2

I=

d re r dr
0

lim r e r 1 .
4
4

11

x2

dx =

. e x

3 .
.
, V,
f(x, y, z).
.
.
V ,
( ) vk v k (
, 200 ).
Mk(xk, yk, zk).
f(xk, yk, zk) = f(Mk) ,
. vk
v k = f(Mk) v k . (
), V

f (M

) v k M V

, ,
max k diam v k 0 ( B).
M V lim max k diamvk 0

f (M

) v k

f ( x, y, z )dv .
V

7.

, 8.
, f(M) V .
, V , , - .
-,
.
. V f(M)=f(x, y, z)
.
.
lim max k diamvk 0

f (M
k

) v k

f ( x, y, z )dv .
V

. 9:
1) ,
2)
3) , B.
.

. VII
.
8
,
( VII.).
9
, , .

12

1.

f ( x, y, z ) g ( x, y,

)
)

z ) dv = f ( x, y , z ) dv + g ( x, y , z ) dv
V

f ( x, y, z )dv = f ( x, y, z )dv
V

, ,
. ,
, ( , ..
) . ,
, , .
2. ( )

f ( x, y, z )dv = f ( x, y, z )dv + f ( x, y, z )dv

V W

, ,
.
, V, W
( , ).

, .
, .
3.

dv V , V
V

V.

4. f(x, y, z) g(x, y, z),

v
k

v k CV
=
k

f ( x, y, z )dv g ( x, y, z )dv .
V

f ( M k )v k g ( M k )v k (
k

), .
. f(x, y, z) 0,

f ( x, y, z )dv 0.
V

5. . m f(x, y, z) M, mV f ( x, y, z )dv
V

MV.
m f(x, y, z) M, 4
.
6. . .
V, , f(C) =

1
V

f ( x, y, z )dv .
V

. f ( x, y, z )
V , inf V f ( x, y, z )
sup V f ( x, y , z ) .

x, y, z V

f ( x, y, z )dV
V

1
V

f ( x,y, z )dV
V

V .

1
V

f ( x,y, z )dV

. f ( x, y, z )
V , C V
1
. , f (C ) f ( x, y , z )dv .
C V

13

.
(x,y)

OXY D, OZ [c, d].
z = (x, y),
z = (x, y).
V V
OXY Dxy , OZ [z, z+z].

,
.

V
y

(x,y )
Dxy

D
x

Dxy,
( ), Dxy D (
x, y

), f x, y, z dz dxdy .
D x, y

[z, z+z] ( ),
. [c, d], ( ),
d

f ( x, y, z )dxdy
D( z)

dz . ,

.
. f(x, y, z) = z,
x+y+z = 1, x+z =1, x+y = 1, y+z =1.
1
1 1 z 1 x z
1 1 z

dz
dz
zdxdy

zdy
dx
dz

z
(
1

z
)
dx
0 D( z )
0 0 0
0 0

24

1 1 x 1 x y

1 x y

dxdy

dy dx 1
zdz
z
dz
D 0
0 0 0
24
1

4. .

.
. x = x(u, v, w), y = y(u, v, w), z =z(u, v,
w)
, Dxyz, Duvw
- .

14

f ( x, y, z )dxdydz f ( x(u , v, w), y (u, v, w), z (u , v, w) I dudvdw ,

Vx , y , z

Vu , v , w

x x x
u v w
y y y
I
- ( ).
u v w
z z
z
u v w
.

.
M

, , h.
x = cos, y = sin, z = h.
x

y
I

x
h
cos
y
sin
h
0
z
h

sin
cos
0

0
0 cos 2 sin 2
1

,
x 2 y 2 R 2 z x 2 y 2 .
z 0 .
R
4

d d 2 d 3 R

dh
0

2
0 0 0

15

r sin sin
r sin cos
0

sin cos
sin sin
cos

, r, .
x = r sin cos
y= r sin sin
z = r cos.
x

y
I

x
r
y
r
z
r

r cos cos
r cos sin cos sin cos r 2 r sin r sin 2 r 2 sin .
r sin

. ( , R),
,
OZ.
x 2 y 2 z 2 R 2 , x 0, y 0, z 0, x, y, z k x 2 y 2 kr sin
M

/2

/2

d dr

r 2 sin kr sin d k

R4 /2 2
kR 4 / 2
2 kR 4

sin

cos
2

.
2 4 0
16 0
32

.
.
3

dv V , V V.

,
, .
. ,
z x 2 y 2 ( (0, 0, 1))
x 2 y 2 ( z 1) 2 1 .
V

1 1 2

d d

1 1
1 2
2
3

2
2
dz 2 1 1 d 2

1
7
| .
4
6

3/ 2 1
0

,
, , ,

( x, y, z - ).
M

x, y, z dxdydz,
V

S xz

S xy

z x, y, z dxdydz, S yz

y x, y , z dxdydz, x 1 S ,
yz
M

x x, y , z dxdydz,

1
S xz ,
M

1
S xy .
M

2
2
(, J x y z x, y, z dxdydz )
V

16

x 2 y 2 z 2 R 2 , z.

S xy

d r

sin dr

/2

r cos

x y 0,

d r

sin dr

z 0,
R4
r cos d
.
4

/2

2 R
8
R.
, z
15
15
5

5 1 2 , ..
. 1 .
. - L:
(AB) f x y, z . .
, (
) ( ).
1. - L l i ,
n

L li ( )
i 1

2. Mi
f ( M i ) f ( xi , y i , z i )
n

f (M

3.

i 1

)li , l i - l i (

).
. ,
.
max i diam( l i ) 0 ( ),
:

f x, y, z dl lim max i diav li

f M l
i

i 1

10.
f ( x, y , z ) - L11.

.

.
- ,
- ,
- ,
.
1.
)

( f ( x, y, z ) g ( x, y, z ))dl f ( x, y, z )dl g ( x, y, z )dl

L

10
11

, .
, .

17

f ( x, y , z ) dl f ( x, y , z ) dl .
L

.
. ,
. ,
.
2. .
L L1 L2 ,

f ( x, y, z ) dl =

f ( x, y, z )dl + f ( x, y, z )dl

L1

L3

. L ,
( )
L1, L2.
( ). ,
.1.

3.

dl L .
L

4.

f ( x, y, z ) dl

L L .
L

f ( x , y , z ) g ( x, y , z ) ,

g ( x, y, z )dl
L

. .
, , , g ( x, y , z ) 0
5. .
m, M , x, y, z L m f ( x, y , z ) M ,
mL

f ( x, y, z ) ML
L

. m f ( x, y, z ) M ( 4),

mdl f ( x, y, z )dl Mdl .

L

1 m, M -

. 3, .
6. ( ).
( xc , y c , z c ) L , f (c)

1
L

f ( x, y, z )dl
L

. f ( x, y, z )
L , inf L f ( x, y, z )
sup f ( x, y, z ) . x, y , z L L f ( x, y , z ) dl ML .
L

1
f ( x, y , z )dl M .
LL

1
f ( x, y , z ) dl
L,
L L
. f ( x, y , z )
L, L
1
. , f (c ) f ( x, y , z ) dl .
LL

18

L: AB x = x(t), y = y(t), z =z (t). t0 A, t1

B.
( dl x t 2 y t 2 z t 2 dt - 1
):
t1

f ( x, y, z )dl f x t , y t , z t x t
L

2
2
y t z t dt

t0

. ( k)
: x a cos , y a sin , z .
2

M k a 2 sin 2 a 2 cos 2 1 d 2k a 2 1 .
0

2 .
.

F(M)
M AB?
AB ,

M AB,

A ( F , AB) | F || AB | cos , -
.
,
l i
.

r ,

diaml i 0 ( ).

F(Mi)

Mi
li

B
y

ri

1. - AB l i ,
n

L li ( )
i 1

2. Mi

F M i
n

3. F M i , ri , r i , ,

i 1

- l i .
4. max i diam( l i ) 0 ( ),
( ):

F , dr lim

AB

F M , r . F M a M
n

max i diamli 0

i 1

19

- a M P( x, y, z )i Q ( x, y, z ) j R ( x, y, z )k
- L12.
.
n

a
,
dr

lim
a M i , ri .

max
diam

i
i

i 1

AB

.
- ,
- ,
- ,
2 .
1.
)
)

((a

a 2 ), dr )

a , dr a , dr .

(a , dr ) (a

, dr )

.
. ,
, .
,
.
2. .
L L1 L2 ,

a , dr = a , dr + a , dr .
L

L1

L2

. L ,
( )
L1, L2.
( ). ,
.1.
3. .

a , dr = - a , dr
L

. L, ...
, ri ( ri ).
,
, .
,
.
, ,
.
.
12

, .

20

a M P ( x, y , z )i Q ( x, y , z ) j R ( x, y , z ) k .

dr dxi dyj dzk .

(a , dr ) P( x, y, z )dx Q( x, y, z )dy R( x, y, z )dz .

L

x(t )
A x(t 0 ), y (t 0 ), z (t 0 )

L = AB: L y (t )
,
B x (t1 ), y (t1 ), z (t1 )
z (t )

x (t ), y (t ), z (t ) , .

, .

(a , dr ) P( x, y, z )dx Q( x, y, z )dy R( x, y, z )dz =

L

t1

P( x(t ), y (t ), z (t )) x (t ) Q( x(t ), y (t ), z (t )) y (t ) R( x(t ), y (t ), z (t )) z (t ) dt

t0

. ( a , dr ) , a ( x, y,1),
L

, 0 2 .

x cos t

L y sin t -
z lt

(a , dr ) = cos t ( sin t ) sin t cos t l dt 2l .

L

AB

dx yxdy ,

2
A(0,0,), B(1,1,) L1 : y x, L2 - , A, C(1,0), B, L3 : y x .

1) L1 : y x, dy dx

2
2
x dx yxdy 2 x dx

L1

2
,
3

2) L2 AC CB, AC : y 0, dy 0,0 x 1, CB : x 1, dx 0, 0 y 1
1
1
1 1 5
2
2
x
dx

yxdy

x
dx

L
AC CB 0
0 ydy 3 2 6 .
2

3)

L3

dx yxdy ( x 2 x 3 ( 2 x))dx
0

. ,

1 2 11
.
3 5 15

y2
1
dx yxdy
.
2
2

6. .
() . G -
L. P(x, y), Q(x, y)
G L.

21

Q P
dxdy .

x
y

P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy
L

. 1) D ( OXY) ,
, (OX OY) ,
. , G

D .
k

k 1

.
,

-
.
G.
2) G . P, Q ,

P( x, y )dx

P
dxdy
y

Q
dxdy , . ,
x

Q( x, y )dy
L

dxdy

D y
a

y=(x)

L2

( x)

( x)

P
dy dx P ( x, y ) | ((xx)) dx

y
a

= P ( x, ( x ))dx P ( x, ( x)) dx

L
D

P( x, y )dx P( x, y )dx =

L2

L1

P ( x, y )dx P( x, y )dx P( x, y )dx =

L1

L2

L1 L2

L1

P( x, y )dx

y=(x)

X
a

.
3 D
SD

dxdy .

P, Q , x y 1 ,
D

.
, Q=x, P=0. S xdy . Q=0, P=y,
L

S ydx .
L

x
y
,P ,
2
2

1
xdy ydx .
2 L

. a, b x a cos t , y b sin t

22

1
1
xdy ydx

2L
2

1
a cos tb cos t b sin ta( sin t ) dt 2 abdt ab .

).

P ( x, y ) dx Q ( x, y ) dy dV ( x, y ) -
V ( x, y ) - , ,

(
)
1)

P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy

AB

A B

AB G ( ),

2)

P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy 0

3)

Q
P

, x, y G ,
x
y

- G,

V
V
dx
dy .
x
y
. 4) 3) 2) 1) 4) .

4)

P ( x, y ) dx Q( x, y ) dy dV ( x, y )

.
4) 3) ,
V. .
Q
V
2V
2V
V
P

.
x
x y
xy
yx
y x
y
3) 2) . .

2) 1) . A, B L1 L2.
: L1 L2 , .2 .
0 P ( x, y ) dx Q ( x, y ) dy
= P ( x, y ) dx Q ( x, y ) dy =

L1 L2

P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy -

L1

P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy .

L2

P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy =

L1

P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy .

L2

( x, y )

1) 4) . , V ( x, y )

P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy

- , ,

( x0 , y 0 )

V
V
P ( x, y ),
Q ( x, y ) . ,
x
y

.
( x x , y )
( x, y )

V
V ( x x) V ( x)
1
=
lim x 0
lim x 0
Pdx

Qdy

Pdx

Qdy

x
x
x x0, y0
( x0 , y 0 )

, ,
. (x, y),
,

23

(x, y). , (x, y)

(x+x) , OX. y ,
dy=0
, ,
=
( x x , y )
x x
1
1
1
lim x 0
P
(
x
,
y
)
dx

lim
P( x, y )dx lim x 0
P ( x x, y )x
x 0

x ( x , y )
x x
x
=
( ,
, OX
). P(x, y)
x.
= lim x 0 P ( x x, y ) P ( x, y ) . .
y, ,
(x0, y0), (x, y+y) (x, y) ,
OY, (x, y) (x, y+y).
.

P ( x, y ) dx Q ( x, y ) dy dV ( x, y ) - , V ( x, y ) .

( x2 , y 2 )

P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy V ( x

, y 2 ) V ( x1 , y1 ) , V ( x, y ) - .

( x1 , y1 )

. ,
( x, y )

P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy .

V ( x, y )

( x0 , y 0 )

, , (x1, y1), (x2, y2)

( x2 , y 2 )

( x0 , y 0 )

( x1 , y1 )

( x1 , y1 )

(x0, y0).

P( x, y)dx Q( x, y )dy = P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy

( x2 , y 2 )

P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy

( x2 , y 2 )

( x0 , y 0 )

P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy -

( x0 , y 0 )

( x1 , y1 )

P( x, y )dx Q( x, y )dy

= V ( x 2 , y 2 ) V ( x1 , y1 ) .

( x0 , y 0 )

( ) .
AB - S, P(x, y, z), Q(x,
y, z), R(x, y, z) S.
.

24

1)

Pdx Qdy Rdz

AB

( ),

.
2) S
3)

Q
P R
Q P
R

x
y y
z z
x

Pdx Qdy Rdz 0

x, y, z S
V

4) Pdx Qdy Rdz dV ( x, y, z ), P x , Q y , R z .

.

V ( x, y , z ) -

. ,
: 4) 3) 2) 1) 4) . .
4) 3)
.
3) 2) ( ).
2) 1) .
1) 4) .
. -
.
.

.
1) , , ,
OX OY. , OX, dy=0, y
. , OY, dx=0, x
( x2 , y 2 )

P( x, y)dx Q( x, y )dy =

( x1 , y1 )
( x2 , y1 )

P ( x, y

( x2 , y 2 )

) dx +

( x1 , y1 )

Q( x

, y ) dy

( x 2 , y1 )

2) ,

-.
( 3, 6 )

ydx xdy .

(1, 2 )
( 3, 6 )

1)

ydx xdy =

(1, 2 )

2dx 3dy 4 12 16

V
y V xy g ( y ) C1
2)
x

V
x V xy h( x ) C 2 .
y

, V xy C .

25
( 3, 6 )

ydx xdy = V (3,6) V (1,2) 18 C (2 C ) 16 .

(1, 2 )

,
.
.
- 1 ,.... n . .
P ( x, y ), Q ( x, y )
x, y .
n
Q P
dxdy
P
(
x
,
y
)
dx

Q
(
x
,
y
)
dy

P ( x, y ) dx Q ( x, y )dy

x
y
k 1
D
k

AB, CD, EK.

AbpCDqEKmA AnKEsDCrBA

D D .


,

p
A

q
D

s
n

Pdx Qdy

ABpCDqEKmA

AB

Pdx Qdy

AnKEsDCrBA

BpC

BA

CrB

CD

DqEsD

DC

KmAnK

DqE

,
f z dz
BpCrB

EsD

EK

KE

KmA

AnK

Q P
dxdy

x
y
D

Q P

dxdy

x
y
D

f z dz f z dz =.

Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy =

Q P
dxdy

y
x

Q P
dxdy .

x
y

n = 2. n > 2 .
1. Pdx+Qdy n=1.
Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy . , -

, P, Q ,
- , (
).

26

2. Pdx+Qdy -

Pdx Qdy W ,

,
,

L n

Pdx Qdy nW . .
7. .
.

1 ,
, .
-
f(x, y, z).
1. i ,
( ).
2. Mi i. f (Mi) = f (xi, yi, zi)
f (Mi)
i.. f (Mi) i .
, (
n

f (M
i 1

) i . i -

. , ,
.
3.
max i diam i 0 ( B). ,
( f(Mi)>0 ).
m

f ( M ) d = lim

max diam 0 f ( M i ) i .

i 1

. f ( M ) f ( x, y, z )
- .
.
n

f ( M ) d = lim

max diam 0 f ( M i ) i .

i 1

. ( ) :
1) ( ),
2) ,
3) ( ).
.
(
).
1) .

2)

f g ) d fd gd

fd fd
fd

1 2

27

3)

S - .

4) f ( x, y, z ) g ( x, y , z ) ,

fd gd

( f 0 ,

fd

0 ),

5) . m f x, y, z M , mS fd MS ,

6) . f ( M ) f ( x, y, z ) . ,
1

f (C ) S f x, y , z d

.
, , (
).
,

.
3, 4.
, , -
, .
.

d

f ( x, y , z ) d .

, f ( x, y, z ) ,
, z ( x, y )
f ( x, y, z ) d =

f ( x, y, x, y )

1 x' y' dxdy .

F ( x, y , z ) 0 ,

f ( x , y , z ) d =

f ( x, y, z )
D

Fx'

'2
z

Fy'

'2
z

dxdy . , (x, y, z)

.
. x 2 y 2 z 2 R 2 , z>0
W.
'
'
'
F ( x, y, z ) x 2 y 2 z 2 R 2 0 . Fx 2 x, Fy 2 y, Fz 2 z .
D - OXY.
m

2W
D

2
R
x2 y2 z 2
1
dxdy 2WR
dxdy WR d
2z
2z
D
0
0

R 2
2

2RW
2 R 2 2 | 0R 2R 2W .
2

d =

28

,
, - .
,
.
,
.
,
, , ..
.

.

M a
d .
, d
.
(
) ,

d . d h d prn a d a n d , n .

z
n
h

. ,

a
y

a n d

,
.
,
.
- ,
( ),
- .
a (M),
,
n

i a M i n M i .
i 1

max i i 0 ( )

a n d

lim max i i 0 a M i n M i .
i 1

, ,
, .

,
.
,

29

( ), ,
( ).
.
M(x, y, z),

a M P ( x, y , z )i Q ( x, y , z ) j R ( x, y , z ) k , n M cos i cos j cos k

a M n M P cos Q cos R cos

a nd ( P cos Q cos R cos ) d Pdydz Qdxdz Rdxdy

d cos dxdz , d cos dxdy .

+ ,
(OX , OY , OZ
) , - , . ,
, +
.

, (x, y, z) .
d cos dydz,

. - ,
x + y + z = 1
-
, -
z



, .. a n 0 .
y
,
x + y + z =1. ,
.
1

1 1 1
,
,
, a r x, y, z ,
3 3 3

3
().
2

1
x y z d 1 d 1 3 1
a n d
2
3
3
3 2

a nd

3 1
.
2
2
3

. - .

a n d xdydz ydxdz zdxdy 3 zdxdy 3 z x, y dxdy
=

D
D
D
D
D
yz

xz

1 x

2
= 3 ( (1 x y ) dy )dx 3 ((1 x)

xy

xy

xy

1
3
1
2
(1 x) 2 )dx x 1 dx .
2
20
2.

30

8
.
, ( ) (M),
(M).

, ( )
a (M),

a (M).
, ,
.
:, ,
.
:
( ) ,
.
.
.
(x, y) ,
(x, y) = .
, , (h (x, y) = 0
, h = 7000 , h = - 10000
).
(x, y, z) ,
(x, y, z) = .
, .
.
. x 2 y 2 z 2 C . > 0
, = 0 , < 0
.
.
() , .

,
,
.
x y z

grad

. .
. (x, y, z) g(x, y, z) = 0
. ,
.
dg ( x, y , z )

g
g
g
dx
dy
dz grad g dr 0 .
x
y
z

dr (x, y, z) - , (x, y, z) ,
, . (x, y, z)
, .
,
.

31

g
| M lim t 0
l

g M tl g ( M )
. ( V
t

),

g
l
| M gradg .
l
|l |

. g(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z3
{1,3,2} (1,0,4)
grad g 2 x, 2 y , 3 z 2 ,

| 1, 0, 4 2,0,48
l

1
3
2
98
,
,
.

14 14 14
14

.
- ,
.

a ( M ) P ( x, y , z ) i Q ( x, y , z ) j R ( x, y , z ) k dr dx i dy j dz k
dx
dy
dz

.
P ( x, y , z )
Q ( x, y , z )
R ( x, y , z )

.
dx dy

, xdx ydy,
y
x

xdx ydy 0, d ( x 2 y 2 ) 0,

x2 y2 C -

a (M ) y i x j

(>0).
, .
.

a ( M ) P ( x, y , z ) i Q( x, y , z ) j R ( x, y, z )k

V .

P Q R
dv .

x
y
z

P ( x, y , z ) dydz Q( x, y, z ) dxdz R ( x, y, z ) dxdy

, a (M )
.
. 1) , P, Q, R
, P, Q,
R. , P = 0, Q = 0
R. ( P = 0, R = 0, Q = 0, R = 0)
.
R

R ( x, y , z ) dxdy

dv

2)
V ,
, , OZ.
. ,
( ).

32

,
-
.
,

R ( x, y , z ) dxdy

dv

V, D OXY.
1
z z1 ( x, y ) , 2 z z 2 ( x, y ) .
, OZ, 3 .
, .
, R ( x, y, z )dxdy R x, y, z cos d 0 ,
3

cos 0 .

OZ
, 1 cos 0 ,
2 cos 0 . 2
D ,
1 D .
z

dxdydz

z
V
D

n1

3
n3

( x, y ) dxdy =

R ( x, y , z ) dxdy R ( x, y , z ) dxdy =

R( x, y, z

R
dz dxdy R( x, y, z1 ( x, y ) dxdy

z
z2 ( x , y )
D

z1 ( x , y )

R ( x, y , z ) dxdy R ( x, y , z ) dxdy R ( x, y, z ) dxdy

+
=

n2

R ( x, y, z ) dxdy

R ( x, y , z ) dxdy

dv

(a )

div a dv

, .
V

-
P

() x y z .
,
. .

33

M V.
VM r M. M -
r.

diva dv diva ( M ) V

M VM ,

VM

1
diva M
VM

divadv V a n d
VM

( ).
M, M.

a n d

. .
diva ( M ) lim
VM M

VM

( diva (M ) >0) ( diva (M ) <0)

M.

diva (M ) >0, M , diva (M ) <0,

M . ,
, ,
, .
.

, M(1,2,3) .

diva 2 xy xz 2 xz 2 xy xz . , 2xy+xz >0 ,

, 2xy+xz <0 . 2xy+xz = 0 ,
. M , diva ( M ) 4 3 7 0 .

a x 2 y i xzy j xz 2 k .

1) . div 1 a1 2 a 2 1 diva1 2 diva 2

div 1 a1 2 a 2 div ((1 P1 2 P2 )i (1Q1 2 Q2 ) j (1 R1 2 R2 )k

P1 Q1 R1
P2 Q2 R2

2

(1 P1 2 P2 )
(1Q1 2 Q2 ) (1 R1 2 R2 ) 1

x
y
z
y
z
y
z
x
x

1 diva1 2 diva 2 .

2) divC 0 , C c x i c y j c z k - .
c x
c y
c z
divC

0
x
y
z

, x, y , z - .

( P ) Q R
div ( a ) div ( Pi Qj Rk )

=
x
y
z
P Q R

P
= diva

Q
R
a grad .

3)

div a diva a grad

a M V, M

diva ( M ) 0.
.

34

1) , ,
.
,
.
2)
, .

1 2 ,
().

. P
,

.
.
.
.

.
.
. ,

2
1
P

.
0 ,
2 1 0 .
2

, .
1

3)
.
S .
n
a

S2
,
,
.
(S.= 0).

S1
S1 S2, ,

S1 S S 2 0, S1 S 2 .
.
.
,
, .

35

9 .
.

rot a
x
P

y
Q

a ( M ) P ( x , y , z ) i Q ( x, y , z ) j R ( x, y , z ) k

k
R Q P R Q P

i
k

j
z
z
x
y
z
y
x
R

1) rot (1 a1 2 a 2 ) 1 rot a1 2 rot a 2

i
j

rot (1 a1 2 a 2 )
x
y
1 P1 2 P2 1Q1 2 Q2

i
j
k

= 1 rot a1 2 rot a 2 .
x
y
z
2 P2 Q2 2 R2

2)

rotC 0,

rotC
x
C1

3)

C-

y
C2

k
i

=
z
x
1 R1 2 R2
1 P1

y
1Q1

+
z
1 R1

0
z
C3

rot ( a ) rot a grad rot a

rot ( a )
x
P

y
Q

k
( R ) ( Q ) ( P ) ( R ) ( Q ) ( P)

i
k

j
z
y
z
z
x
x
y

=
R Q
Q P
P R
i
k +

j
z
x
y
z
y
x

Q P
i P
k = rot a
R
Q
R

j
y
z

grad rot a .

.
V -

- .

36

a ( M ) P ( x, y , z ) i Q( x, y , z ) j R ( x, y, z )k

V.

R Q
Q P
P R
dydz
dxdy

dxdz
y
z
x
y
z
x

Pdx Qdy Rdz

. , ,
, ,
(, , ,
).
.
,
(
).
y
,

P
dxdz
dxdy
z
y

.
D

Pdx

,
P.

x
,
y

y
x
1

n cos , cos , cos

,
,

2
2
2
2
2
2
1 x y
1 x y
1 x y
,

cos "y cos

P
dxdz
dxdy
z
y

. , d cos dxdz, d cos dxdy .

P
P
cos
cos
z
y

P x, y P
cos d

z
y
y

( z x, y , P y
z y )
P ( x, y, ( x, y ))
P
dxdy
= y dxdy
y

D .

Q P
dxdy

x
y

Pdx Qdy . ,

y dxdy Pdx . .
D

= P ( x, y , x, y ) dx

P ( x, y, z )dx

, z x, y , x, y ,

- OXY ( OZ).
.

37

a L

Pdx Qdy Rdz .

L

.
.

a Pdx Qdy Rdz .

a rot a .
,
,
.
.
M V. ,
.
.

rot a n d

rot a ( M ) n M

Pdx Qdy Rdz .

, - . ,
M,

rot a M n M lim M

Pdx Qdy Rdz

.

( M

, n M ).
.

n M n M -
, .

.

. ,
.

v r .

v x

z z y y z i x z z x j y x x y k
z

38

rot v
x
z y y z

2 x i 2 y j 2 z k 2
z
y x x y

y
x z z x

. 3)
2). .
( ) .
AB - S, P(x, y, z), Q(x,
y, z), R(x, y, z) S.
.
1)

Pdx Qdy Rdz

AB

( ),

.
2) S
3)

Q
P R
Q P
R

x
y y
z z
x

Pdx Qdy Rdz 0

x, y, z S
V

4) Pdx Qdy Rdz dV ( x, y, z ), P x , Q y , R z .

.

V ( x, y , z ) -

3) 2) .

x2 , y 2 , z 2

x2

y2

z2

x1 , y1 , z1

x1

y1

z1

Pdx Qdy Rdz =

P x, y1 , z1 dx Q x2 , y, z1 dy R x2 , y 2 z dz ,

( ).


x2 , y 2 , z 2

Qdy Rdz = V x
Pdx

x1 , y1 , z1

( a

gradV

, y 2 , z 2 V x1 , y1 , z1 , V x, y, z -

).

a (M ) ,

a (M ) ), a (M ) = gradV (M ) .
V (M ) (

. a (M ) - , a (M ) dr = gradV dr dV . Pdx Qdy Rdz a dr dV - .

.
.

39

1. a dr L =
L

.
AB
,

a dr = gradV dr dV
L

V ( B ) V ( A) .

2.

a dr = V ( A) V ( A) 0

(A = B),

3. , ..

rot a rot ( gradV )

x
V
x

rot a 0

k
2V

2V

z
zy
yz
V
z

y
V
y

2V
2V

xz
zx

2V
2V
k

yx
xy

i
j
k
y
z
x

x i y j z k grad .
-.

a M .
P Q R

diva 0,
x
y
z

a
x
P

y
Q

rot a.
z
R

.
,
.
.

grad , rot a , diva .

.
diva ,

grad diva .

grad , rot a ,

div grad , div rot a rot grad , rot rot a .

,

div grad , div rot a grad diva , rot grad , rot rot a .
, , .. rot grad =0.
, , ..
.

div rot a =0.

40

rot a
x
P

div rot a =

y
Q

k
R Q P R Q P

i
k

j
z
z
x
y
z
y
x
R

2R
2Q
2P
2R
2Q
2P

0.
xy
xz
yz
yx
zx
zy

. ,

. , , .
7 .

rot grad = 0 , div rot a = a a 0

a b c b a c c a b .
,

rot rot a

a a a ( ) grad diva 2 a grad diva ( div grad ) a .

2
2
2

- ( ).
x 2 y 2 z 2

2
2
2
div grad div
i
j
k

2 .
2
2
2

( div grad ) a 2 Pi 2 Qj 2 Rk - - a .
2

.
x, y , z ,
2

2 2 2

0 - .
x 2 y 2 z 2

, ( a

grad

),

2
- , .. 2 2 2 0 .
2

x
y
z

a
(M
)
. ,
,

.
. a (M ) - , ,

.. a grad , , diva div grad 2 0 .

. a (M ) , a grad .

, 0 = diva div grad 2 . ,

, .
,
.

41

2.
10. .

a
n 1

. a n .

1 1 1 1
1
1. 1+ ... n 1 ... -
2 4 8 16
2
1
1
2
1
q .
,
1
2
2

2. 1+1+1+.. .

3. 1-1+1-1 ( , ).
: .
, S 2 1+
=1+

1 3
, S3
2 2

1 1 7
1 1 1 15
, S 4 1+
, - n S n
2 4 4
2 4 8
8

a
n 1

lim n S n S .
,
.
. , lim n

an 0 .

42

.
lim n a n lim n S n lim n

a n S n S n 1 .
S n 1 S S 0 .

.
. lim n a n 0 , .
( ). .
lim n a n 0 lim n a n 0 .

3n 2

2n 1
n 1

1
1
n
n 1

, lim n a n

3
0
2

, a n e 0 .

.
( ).
(
), , 0 N , n N , p 0 S n p S n .
. ( )
,
0 N , n N , p 0

S n p S n .

n
n 1

1 1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
| S n p S n | 1 ...
...
... 1 ...
...

2
3
n
n

1
n

p
2
3
n
n

1
n

1
1
p
1
...

n p
n p
n p
2

S n p S n

1
, p n . , N , n p n ,
2

. , .
.

1. k.
, k .
.

S 2 n ka1 ... ka n k a1 ... a n kS1 n .

S 2 kS1 .

2. . ,
.
, ,

b1 a1 .. a k , b2 a k 1 ... al , ...bn a s ... a p ... .

,

. ,
.

43

3.

a1 ...a k ( a1 ... a k B ) . ,

B.

S 2 1 a k 1 S1 k 1 B,...S 2 n a k 1 ... a k n S1 k n B .

S 2 S1 B .
. , k ,
Rk

n k 1

4. , .
( , 3).
, n.
5. ( ), ,
( ) .

a
n 1

b
n 1

c
n 1

c n a n bn . S c n S a n S b n . , S c S a S b .

.
1. 5+7-8+100+1+0,5+0,25+0,125+ . ,
( 3,4),

2. 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1
... .
2 2 4 3 8 4

: ( )
( ). , ,
1 0

1
1
0 ... , 5
2
4

. . ,
.
1
1
1

...
... .
1 2 2 3
n( n 1)
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 ... ... 1 .
2 2 3 3
n n
1 1 1
1
1

... , . ,
1 ...
2 2 3
1 2 2 3

3.

( 2), 1.
11 .
,
() .

a
n 1

an 0

44

,
.
S n S n 1 a n S n 1 , .. a n 0.

,
, ,
, .. .
, , .
( ),
( ), ,
( , ).
.
, ( )
. ,
, (,
). , , , , ,
, (,
()).
, ,
: - ,
, , .
, ( ), ,
, .
,
. ,
-,
() -
.
.
x 1 ,
f(x), ,
f (n) a n , lim x f ( x ) 0 .

,

a
n 1

f ( x ) dx .

f(x), an
a1
a2

f ( x)dx

- f (x ) 1 x n .

an-1

a 2 a3 ... a n S n a1 ( )
an

, a1 a 2 ... a n 1 S n a n ,
n

S n a1 f ( x)dx S n a n .
1

1 2

n-1

45

. . ,

S n a1 f ( x)dx a1

f ( x)dx ,

S n .
, lim n S n S .
.

a
n 1

a
n 1

, lim n S n S ,

a n 0 n .
f ( x) 0 )

(,
lim n

f ( x)dx

1
. ,

f ( x)dx f ( x)dx , .. .

, .
.
,
, .. , , ,
. .
. .

b
1
1
dx

lim
dx lim b ln b ln 1 - ,
b
1 x
x
1
.

n
1

. ,

, , .

dx

p 1 . , p>1

lim b b1 p 1

P<1. p=1 ( ).

p 1
.
p 1

n ln n , n ln n ln ln n
n2

n 3

n ln
n 1

q 1 q 1 ,

( ).

,
. ,
.
.
.
.

46

a n bn n .

a
n 1

a
n 1

b
n 1

b
n 1

. ,
a n bn n.
. ,
.

. 1)

n 1

S a n S b n S b n . S a n
S b . . ,
lim n S a n S a S b .
.
2)

a
n 1

a
n 1

b
n 1

. . ,

ln n
n 2

, .1

b
n 1

1
1
,
ln n n

n
n 2

()

.
.

an
C 0 . a n bn
bn
n 1
n 1
, .. , , ,
.

lim n

. . 0 N , n N

an
C ,
bn

a
n 1

bn (C ) a n bn (C ) .

, 1

C 0, ) ,

b
n 1

a
n 1

n 1

b
n 1

a
n 1

b
n 1

(C ) (

( ).

an
C .
bn

(C ) ( ),

b
n 1

n 1

().

b
n 1

().

a
n 1

n 1

47

n 2 4n 2
. a n 3
(
n n5
).
1
n 1
1
1
sin

. sin 2 ~ 2 n , arctgn - .
n2

n
n
narctgn
n 2

n
n 2

- .
.

.
a n 1
q 1 ,
an
a n 1
q 1 ,
an

n N
n N

. n N

a
n 1

a
n 1

a n 1
q 1.
an

a n 1 qa n q 2 a n 1 q 3 a n 2 ... q n a1 .
S n a1 a 2 ... a n a1 a1 q ... a1 q n 1 a1 (1 q q 2 ... q n 1 )

a1
,
1 q

a
n 1

. , , ,
.
a n 1
q 1 , a 2 qa1 a1 , a3 qa 2 q 2 a1 a1 ...a n q n1a1 a1 .
n N
an
a n n ,
,

a
n 1

a n 1
a
q 1 , a n . lim n n 1 q 1 ,
an
an
n 1

a n 1
q 1 ,
a n . lim n
an
n 1
.

lim n

. lim n
0 q

a
n 1

a n 1
a
q 1 . 0 N , n N n 1 q .
an
an
a n1
q 1 .
an

48

lim n
1 q

a n 1
a
q 1 . 0 N , n N n 1 q .
an
an

a n 1
, n N
an

n ,

a n 1 a n . a n

a
n 1

. ,
.
, ,

n!~

.
lim n

n!

n
n 1

2 n n .

a n 1
(n 1)!n n
nn
lim n

lim
lim n
n
an
(n 1) n 1 n!
(n 1) n

1
1

1
1
e
.

.
a n 1 e n 1 n 1! n n
e n 1 n n
e

e n!
n 1
n
n
( n 1) e n! n 1 n 1
. n . a n
1

1
n 1 n
n

1 , ,

n N

a n 1
1
an

. , n N

e n ,

a n 1 a n . a n

n , , a n .
n 1

lim n

a n 1

an

1
lim n 1
n

,
.
.
.
n N
n N

a n q 1 ,

a n q 1 ,

. n N

n 1

n 1

.
.

a n q 1 . a n q n , q 1 , a n
n 1

49

n N

an q 1 .

an qn 1,

a
n 1

.
.
lim n

lim n

a n q 1 ,

. lim n
n

a n q 1

.
lim n

a n q 1 ,

n 1

n 1

a n q 1 , 0 N , n N

a
n 1

a n q n 1 ,

a
n 1

an q

a n q 1 , 0 N , n N

an q

a n q 1

.
.
lim n

n2 n

n 1
n 1 3
a n lim n

2n 3n 2
1 ,
3
3

.
. .
,
. . ,
, .

.

.

a
n 1

- .

, , .
. .
a k a m , m k .
, S m .
, , , ,
.
r .
r 1 . r
, - -
( ).

50

r
. , ,
. , r 1
.

12. .

a
n 1

| a
n 1

a
n 1

| .

. , .

| a

.
.

2 | a
n 1

a
n 1

| a n a n ,

n 1

| a
n 1

| an an

n 1

| , ( )

an an

n 1

2 | a

| ,

| a n | - , a n a n

n 1

n 1

n 1

| an |

a
n 1

, ,

.
. s -

a
n 1

a
n 1

, S

| a
n 1

|.

| a n | . , a n a n .

2 | a
n 1

| a n a n , a n a n . s + S.
n 1

b
n 1

a
n 1

| bn |
n 1

S.

| a
n 1

| .

51

a
n 1

| bn |

| a n | . , , S + s.

b
n 1

n 1

b
n 1

| bn |

| b
n 1

| ,

. , (S + s) S = s.

a
n 1

n 1

bn ,

a
n 1

n 1

a
n 1

| a
n 1

pn 0 -

. A

a
n 1

qn -

, Am

| a
n 1

| , P

p
n 1

, Po A,

. Q

q
n 1

, Qo

A, .

p1 p 2 q1 q 2 q3 q 4 p3 q5 q 6 p 4 p5 q7 ...
A
Am | p1 | | p 2 | | q1 | | q 2 | | q3 | | q 4 | | p3 | | q5 | | q6 | | p 4 | | p5 | | q7 | ...
p1 p 2 0 0 0 0 p3 0 0
p 4 p5 0 ...
Po
p1 p2
p3
p4 p5 ...
P
0 0 q1 q 2 q3 q 4 0 q5 q6
0 0 q7 ...
Qo
q1 q 2 q3 q 4 q5 q6
q 7 ...
Q
P, Po, Q, Qo .
. ,
.
. Po:
a r 1 ....a r k S Pr S Por S Por 1 ... S Por k , .. k
.
( ).
.
, .
Po P . Qo Q.
. P , Q , Am , .. A
.

52

. P , Po , Q , Qo
. Po (-Qo) (,
| p n | p n , | q n | q n ), . Am.
. P Q P Q , A
.
. . P Q .
Po . . A , ,
Po, Qo.
Q . .
P Q .
. A , P, Q .
. P, Q , Am ,
.. A . .
P Q P Q , A .(
). .
, P, Q .
, .

P , Q

P , Q A ,
P
Q

A .

P
A .

P
.
Q

A .

.
1
3

. 1
P: 1
Q:

1 1 1 1 1 1


...
2 9 4 27 8 81

1 1 1
... - .
2 4 8
1 1
1
1

...
3 9 27 81

. , A .
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

...
2 3 4 5 8 7 16 9
1 1 1
1
. .. - .
P:
2 4 8 16
1 1 1 1
... (
Q:
3 5 7 9

). , A .

.
S ( ).
,
S.

53

. A , P, Q (
). S>0.
, S,
, S.
. S, P, Q (..
). ,
S.
| S n S | bn , bn - , S n S . bn n 0
.

, , S. bn .
( , ,
), , S. .
, S, ,
. S n n S .
.
,
, ..

a
n 1

v1 v 2 v3 v 4 ... . ,

, v k 0, k 1 .
,
. ,
(
).
.

1.

a
n 1

v1 v 2 v3 v 4 ... (, v k 0, k 1 )

2. v n
3. lim n v n 0
1)

a
n 1

2) | S | v1
.

S 2 n v1 v 2 v3 v 4 ... 0, .. v1 v 2 0, v3 v 4 0... (
vn
).
S 2 n v1 (v 2 v3 ) (v 4 v5 ) ... v1 , .. v 2 v3 0,

v 4 v5 0...

.. S 2 n v1 .

S 2 ( n 1) S 2 n (v1 v 2 ... v 2 n 1 v 2 n v 2 n 1 v 2 n 2 ) (v1 ... v 2 n ) v 2 n 1 v 2 n 2 0

.. S 2 n .
lim n S 2 n S .

S 2 n 1 S 2 n v 2 n 1 .

54

lim n v n 0 , .. lim n v 2 n 1 0 .
lim n S 2 n S . ,
S .
lim n S 2 n 1 S .
0 N ( ), n N S n S n,
n. , n N ,
lim n S n S .
0 S 2 n v1 . ,

0 S v1 , .. S v1 .
. | Rn || a n 1 | .
.
.
, .
| Rn |

k n 1

a n 1

.
1 1 1
...
2 3 4
1
1
, v n . .
n
n

. 1
a n ( 1) n 1

. , .
Rn

1
n 1

13. .

u
1

( x ) ,

u n (x ) ,

V.
S n ( x) u1 ( x) ... u n ( x) .
x, .

u
1

( x ) x,

S n (x)

S (x )

0 N , x , n N S n ( x ) S ( x ) u n 1 ( x) ... .

- , N

.

, , x. x

.
.

u
1

( x ) x,

,
0 N ( , x ), n N , p 0 S n p ( x ) S n ( x ) u n 1 ( x ) ...u n p ( x )

.
, , .

55

. 1)
. V : 0.
2)

n 1

3)

n 1

4)

n! x

x 0 ,

xn
, V R .
n!

( 1) n x n
V (1,1] .
n
1

n cos x
n 1

V .

n 1

0 N

u
1

( x ) V,

n N , x V S n ( x ) S ( x ) u n 1 ( x ) ...

.
N , x, N
V. V.
. ,
, .
.

u
1

( x ) V,

,
0 N ( ), x V , n N , p 0 S n p ( x) S n ( x ) u n 1 ( x ) ...u n p ( x )

.
u n (x) (
) V ,

u n ( x) c n , x V , c n C .
n 1

u
1

( x ) V.

. ,
0 N ( ) n N , p 0 c n 1 ... c n p c n 1 ... c n p ( ,
c k 0 ).

0 N ( ), x V , n N , p 0 u n 1 ( x) ...u n p ( x) u n 1 ( x) ... u n p ( x)
c n 1 ... c n p

.
, ,

u
1

( x ) V .

sin nx
sin nx
1
2 ,
.
R,
2
2
n
n
n
1

.
.

n
n 1

56

u n (x)
x 0 - V.

u
1

( x ) -

( x ) V.

x0 V .
. V,

0 N ( ), n N , x V S n ( x) S ( x ) , S n ( x 0 ) S ( x 0 ) .
3

3
3
u
(x
)
x
S
(x
)
x
n
- 0 , n
0

n>N.

0 ( ) 0, x x0 S n ( x) S n ( x0 ) .
3

S n (x)

S ( x ) S ( x 0 ) S ( x ) S n ( x ) S n ( x) S n ( x 0 ) S n ( x 0 ) S ( x 0 )

S ( x) S n ( x) | | S n ( x ) S n ( x0 ) | | S n ( x 0 ) S ( x0 )

.
3 3 3

0 ( ) 0, x x0 S ( x) S ( x0 ) ,
x0 V .
.
lim x x0 u n ( x ) c n ,

n 1

u
1

( x ) S(x) V,

C lim x x0 S ( x ) ( cn lim x x0 S ( x ) ).

( ).
, .

u n ( x)

n 1

lim x x0

lim

n 1

x x0

u n ( x) , .

.
u n (x ) V,

u n ( x)dx
n 1 a

u
1

( x ) V.

n 1

S ( x)dx, S ( x) u

( x), a, b V , a b ,

.
b

, u n ( x )dx
a n 1

u
n 1 a

( x )dx.

57

u
1

( x ) V, S(x)
b

( ) S S ( x ) dx
a

u n (x ) , u n ( x )dx u n .

u
n 1 a

( x )dx ,

S ( x)dx.

Sn

u k ( x) dx S n ( x)dz.

k 1 a

( x ) V, n N S n ( x) S ( x ) , x V .

S Sn

S ( x)dx S n ( x)dx
a

S ( x) S n ( x) dx
a

S ( x ) S n ( x ) dx dx b a .
a

u n ( x), u n ( x ) V.

u
1

u
1

( x ) V,

( x)

. V.

( u n ( x) ) =
1

u
1

u x
n 1

( x ) ,

( x)

( x) .

S x

u
1

- ( ).

, .
x

S ( x)dx
a

u
(
x
)
dx

u
dx

n
n
u n ( x ) u n ( a ) S ( x) S (a )
n 1

n 1 a

n 1

, S x S , S ( x) u n ( x) S ( x)
n 1

n 1

14. .

a
n 0

( x x 0 ) n a 0 a1 ( x x 0 ) a 2 ( x x 0 ) 2 ... a n ( x x o ) n ...

x x0 , x0 - .

( x)

58

.
1) x1 x0 .

x x0 x1 x 0 , x 0 .
2) x1 x0 .
x x 0 x1 x 0 .
.
1)

x1 x0 ,

a
n 0

( x1 x 0 ) n

n
. a n ( x1 x0 ) n 0 .
n
0 N ( ) 0, n N a n ( x1 x0 ) .
, x : x x0 x1 x0 .
n
a n ( x x0 ) a n

q x

x1 x 0

x x0

x x0

x x0 x1 x 0

n
n

q n ( x) ,

1 x x 0 x1 x 0 , n N .

2)

x x0
( x x0 ) n
( x1 x0 ) n a n ( x1 x 0 ) n
n
( x1 x 0 )
x1 x 0

q
n0

, 0 q 1.

x1 x0 . x : x x0 x1 x0 .
x, . 1
x1 . .

. x q(x) . ,
q(x) V.
,
V .
, .
.
| x k x 0 | , ,
x k

a x
n0

x 0 . x k x 0 ,
n

( ),
. ,
. R lim k x k x0 .
R . ,
( ) x x 0 R
.

59

.
x

a
n 0

x x0

. .

.
,
lim n

a n 1 x x 0
a n x x0

n 1

a n 1

x x 0 lim n

R lim n

an

1 .

an

x x0

1
lim n

a n 1 .
an

a n 1

,
x x0 lim n

a n 1,

x x0

1
lim n

an

1
lim n

an

.
,
x x 0 R, x x0 R. ,
.
(1) n ( x 3) n
.
.
n 5n
n 1

x3
| ( 1) n | | ( x 3) n |

n
n5
n 5n
n 1
n 1

lim n

x3
n

1,

x 3 5.

R=5, (-2, 8).

, x= -2, ..
x = -2

1 n 5 n
n5

x = 8

1 n 5 n
n 5n

n 1

1
- , .
n

(1) n
- ( )
n
n 1

.
(-2, 8].
. .
.
R2

x x0 R1 R .

1
R1 R .
2

x1 x 0 R2

R2 : R1 R2 R ,

x1

, . (

60

a n ( x x0 ) n a n

x x0
( x x0 )
( x1 x0 ) n a n ( x1 x 0 ) n
n
( x1 x 0 )
x1 x 0
n

n
n

qn ,

R1
R
1 x x0 R1 R2 x1 x0 n N ( 1
R2
R2

x ).

x x 0 R1
(
).
.
, .
.
.
. (
)
.
lim n

a n 1 x x0
a n x x0

n 1
n

x x 0 lim

a n 1
an

1 R

lim n

a n 1 .
an

na x x
n 1

.
lim n

n 1 a n1

x x0

n a n x x0

n 1

x x0 lim

a n 1
an

1 R

lim n

a n 1 .
an

,
. ,
.
15. .
.

n 0

f x ).

f n x0
x x0 n (,
n!

x0 0 ,

n 0

n!

xn .

. .

n
. f x a n x x0
n 0

x x0 R .

x x0 , f x0 a 0 .

,
. ,

61

.
.. ,
. f x0 = a1 ,

f x0
n2
f x n n 1 a n x x 0
, f x 0 2 1 a 2 , a 2
,
n2
2!

f x0
n 3
f x n n 1 n 2 a n x x 0
, f x 0 3 2 1 a3 , a3
,
n 3
3!
f ( n ) x0
, a n
. .
n!
.
. .
.
,
.
.
,
f ( n ) x0
a n
, x0 0 .
n!
ex 1 x

x2
xn
xn
...
...
2!
n!
n 0 n !

sin x x

x3
x 2 n 1
x 2 n 1
n
n
... 1
... 1
3!
( 2n 1) !
( 2n 1) !
n 0

cos x 1

2n
2n

x2
n x
n x
... 1
... 1
2!
( 2n) !
( 2n) !
n0

shx x

x3
x 2 n 1
x 2 n 1
...
...
3!
( 2n 1) !
n 0 ( 2 n 1) !

chx 1

x2
x 2n
...
...
2!
(2n) !

x 2n

( 2n ) !
n 0

1
n
1 x x 2 ... 1 x n ,
1 x
n0
ln 1 x x

n
n

x2
n 1 x
n 1 x
... 1
... 1
, (1 x 1) (
2
n
n
n 1

1 x
x 1,

1 x

R\ N .

x 1.

1 2
1... n 1 n
1... n 1 n
x ...
x ... 1
x ...
2!
n!
n!
n 1

. ,
( ) , - .

62

. , ,
,
n .
. , 1
f x0
f ( n ) ( x0 )
f ( x) f ( x0 ) f x0 ( x x0 )
( x x0 ) 2 ...
( x x 0 ) n Rn
2!
n!
. Sn .
f x0
f ( n ) ( x0 )
2
S n f ( x0 ) f x0 ( x x0 )
( x x0 ) ...
( x x0 ) n .
2!
n!
f (x ) , lim n ( f ( x ) S n ) 0 .
f ( x) S n Rn . , lim n Rn 0 .
. lim n Rn 0 , lim n ( f ( x ) S n ) 0 , S n -
. f (x ) .
. f (x)
. ( f n ( x) L, n) f (x ) .
.
f n ( )
(n 1)!

x x0

n 1

x x0

n 1

( n 1)!

0 , ,

n!. ( ) f (x) .

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.
ex [a, b]
eb, ex .
sh x, ch x ,
, .
1 x . ,
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1 x S ( x) S ( x)
( ).
, S ( x) (1 x) .
.
1.
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x

dx
x3 x5 x7

...
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3
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7
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arctg x

arctg 0.3 0.3

(0.3) 3 (0.3) 5

...
3
5

.
Rn

(0.3) n 1
0,01 . n, n=2. arctg 0.3 0,3 .
n 1

, -
, ,

63

.
2. .
0.3

1 x dx 0,01

0.1

1
1 x x 2 x 3 ...
1 x
0.3
0.3
1
x 2 x3
dx

...| 1 0.3 (0.3) 2 (0.3) 3 ... 1 0.1 (0.1) 2 (0.1) 3 ...

0.11 x
0.1
2
3

(0.3) n 1 ,

1n

n 3,
0.3

0.3

R2 n (0.1) n 1 ,

(0.3) n 1 0.1

n 1

0.01

0.1 0.0082 0.01

4

1 x dx (1 0.3 (0.3)

(0.3) 3 ) (1 0.1 (0.1) 2 (0.1) 3 ) 0.146

0.1

3. .
. y y 2 x, y 0 1
1 . y ( x )
x n (n ).
, x.
.
y ( x) a 0 a1 x a 2 x 2 a3 x 3 a 4 x 4 a5 x 5 .

, ,
k n, k
.
(x - x0), x0.
,
.
y ( x) a1 2a 2 x 3a 3 x 2 4a 4 x 3 5a 5 x 4 .
y y 2 x .
a1 2a 2 x 3a 3 x 2 4a 4 x 3 5a 5 x 4 = . (a 0 a1 x a 2 x 2 a3 x 3 a 4 x 4 a5 x 5 ) x .
a 02 a12 x 2 a 22 x 4 2a 0 a1 x 2a 0 a 2 x 2 2a 0 a3 x 3 2a 0 a 4 x 4 2a1 a 2 x 3 2a1 a 3 x 4 x.

, x5
a1 a 02 1

2a 2 2a 0 a1 1

x
x

x3

3a3 a12 2a0 a 2

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5a5 a 22 2a 0 a 4 2a1 a3
1
2
7
a0 1 a1 1, a 2 , a3 , a 4
2
3
12
2
x
2
7 4
y ( x) 1 x
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x
2 3
12
x

64

2 . y ( x) .
y ( x ) y (0) y (0) x

y (0) 2 y (0) 3 y 1V (0) 4

x
x
x ...
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3!
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2

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35

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41

11.

44

12.

51

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14.

59

65

15.

62