UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING

DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING SCIENCE AND GEOMATICS
BACHELOR IN GEOMATIC SCIENCE AND SURVEYING
AP 220
__________________________________________________________________________________

ADVANCED GEODESY
SUG 616
ASSIGNMENTS

Prepared by:
MUHAMMAD SHADIQ BIN RAHMAN
2014210298
AP2205D

Prepared for:
Assoc. Prof. Sr. Dr. KAMALUDDIN HJ. TALIB

GPS OBSERVATION
There are several techniques that are commonly used for GPS observation:

Static
Fast Static (Rapid Static)
Kinematic
Pseudo-kinematic (Pseudo-static)
Real Time Kinematic
Differential GPS (DGPS)

Static Mode

Requires high accuracy.

Each receiver at each point logs data continuously for a pre-planned length of time.
Accuracy: cm to mm.
Static observation: more than 1 hour.
Post processing.
The duration of data collection depends on:
a) Distance between receivers
b) Required precision
c) Satellite visible
d) Receivers in single or dual frequency
For higher accuracy for the baseline collect data in a longer period of time.
Collection of data using two or more receivers is called session while the slope line

between two antennas is called baseline.

When the baseline between a known point and a new point is measured, the new

point later can be used as a known point for other baselines.

To increase the accuracy, increase the number of redundant measurements. It is to

determine the coordinates of unknown points and to check for blunders.

In a network of GPS baselines, blunders can be detected by checking the closures of

loops formed by connecting, independent baselines.

In a single session using more than two receivers, there are both independent (nontrivial) and dependent (trivial) baselines.

Fast Static Mode

The method for dual frequency receivers. Field requirements and procedure for fast

static are same with static except for the short session lengths.
Suitable for low order control survey such as ground control for photogrammetric

mapping.
Accuracy: centimeters level.
Fast Static observation: 10 minutes to 30 minutes

Post Processing

Kinematic Mode

Is a positioning mode from a moving platform when the antenna is in motion. Usually

used when only a single receiver is used.

It is a relative positioning method where one antenna and receiver is stationary while

another antenna and receiver is moving.

The stationary receiver, called the base receiver, is placed at a known point while a

second receiver called "rover' will visit all unknown points.

The accuracy : centimeters level.
It have several limitations:
a) At least 4 satellites needed at the beginning
b) The lock on the same four or more satellites must be maintained during the
entire survey
Suitable for open space area where there are no large over-hanging trees, overpasses or flyover.
The Initial integer bias term can be determined in one of 3 ways:
a) Using a known baseline less than 20 km in length and having an accuracy of
less than 5 cm.
b) Antenna swap
c) Perform a static mode survey first for one of the base lines
When using a known baseline, it is necessary to use one end of the baseline as the
base station. The rover will occupy the other end to collect 3 or 4 epochs of data

(less than 2 minutes).

After collecting data for 3-4 epochs two receivers + antennas are swapped while
maintaining lock. Collect data for another 3-4 epochs, return the base receiver +
antenna to the base and continue the survey with the rover as usual. In the third
method, a baseline is measured by static method with the base receiver at the known

base.
Can use multiple bases and/or multiple rovers in the same survey, if necessary.

Pseudo-Kinematic Mode

This is a combination for both static and kinematic methods.

The least precise of all methods but is more productive than static.
No need to maintain lock on 4 satellites.
There is a base receiver which remains at the reference point during the entire

survey while the roving receiver visits the unknown points.

Each point is occupied for 5-10 minutes for 10km baselines.

Each point must be revisited multiple times and these visits must be separated by at
least 1 hour and preferably not more than 4 hours.

Real Time Kinematic Mode

A stop-and-go method where the coordinates of points are available in real time.
It utilize short observation times and enable you to move between stations.
It can determine the position to cm level accuracy using carrier phase positioning.
Ideal for stakeout, re-location and engineering, cadastral, topo and detail surveys.
It requires 2 receivers to record the observations simultaneously.
RTK requires receivers that can use the dual frequency L1/L2 observations.
Can lock onto satellites while on the move.
Must have radio or other link to transfer data and calculate error in real time.
Accuracy can be as good as 0.02 to 0.05 feet, 0.24 inches to 0.6 inches.

Differential GPS (DGPS)

Involves the cooperation of 2 receivers, one is stationary and another is roving

The corrections are at base station then send the correction info to the rover receiver.
Need radio communication to send the correction in real-time.
Precision: 1m 3m RMS.
Min observation time: 2 fixes/sec.
If 2D, 3 fix satellites,
o if 3D, 4 fix satellites.

GPS CALIBRATION
Calibration is considered as a prequisite for demonstrating "competence".

It is also to

ensuring that the GPS derived coordinates are of a uniformly high quality.
3 techniques for GPS calibration:
Zero Baseline Calibration
EDM Baseline Calibration
GPS Network Tests

Zero Baseline Calibration

Perform to ensure the correct operation of the receivers, antenna, cabling and
software.

Test shall be carried out by connecting 2 gps receivers to the same antenna (using

splitter)
ZERO baseline test should be performed before any GPS survey work activity carried
out.

Field Set up
Mode Observation

: Rapid Static

Occupation Time

: Minimum 10 minutes

Logging Interval

: At least 15 sec

Number of satellites

: At least 5 satellites

Sky Clearence

: At least 90%

GDOP

: Less than 6

Elevation Mask

: 15 degree

EDM Baseline Calibration

To ensure that the operation of a pair of GPS receivers, associated antennas, cabling and
data processing software that can be compare with a high quality EDM measurement

Field Set up

Using standard EDM baseline calibration pillars (JUPEM PILLARS)

GPS receiver is to connected to the antenna (mounted on the pillar) using same cable
used during the surveys.

GPS NETWORK TEST

Performed to ensure the operation of the GPS instrumentation for the purpose of

determining high accuracy of relative coordinates.

Must be tested on GPS monument establised using high order geodetic network.
Minimum of 3 First Order GPS Control Station will be used.
Network test should be carried out on annual basis or when receiver's firmware

upgraded.
Zero Baseline and EDM Baseline must be performed first before GPS network Test.