CHNG 1

TRUYN D LIU

Cc khi nim chnh (1)

Thit b pht
Thit b thu
Mi trng chuyn dn

C nh hng: dy son cp, dy cp quang

Khng c nh hng: khng kh, nuc, chn
khng

Cc khi nim chnh (2)

Ni trc tip: khng c thit b gia

im ni im

C kt ni trc tip
Ch c 2 thit b chia s ng link

Kt ni a im

C hn 2 thit b chia s ng kt ni

Cc khi nim chnh (3)

n cng (Simplex)

Na song cng (Half Duplex)

Ch c th truyn 1 chiu nh l sng Truyn hnh

C th truyn 2 chiu nhng trong mt thi im

ch c th truyn 1 chiu

Song cng (Duplex)

C th truyn 2 chiu trong cng mt thi gian

Tn s, ph v bng thng

Cc khi nim v min thi gian

Tn hiu tun t (Analog signal): khng c thay

i t ngt
Tn hiu s (Digital signal): Thay i t mt mc
sang mt mc khc
Tn hiu tun hon: c chu k theo thi gian
Tn hiu khng tun hom: Khng c chu k

Tn hiu tun t v tn hiu s

Tn hiu
tun hon

Sng Sin

Bin (Peak Amplitude - A)

Tn s (Frequency - f)

Cao ln mnh nht ca tn hiu

Tnh bng volts
Nhp thay i ca tn hiu
Tn bng Hertz (Hz) hot l s chu k trong 1 giy
Chu k - thi gian cho vng thay i
T=1/f

Pha (): V tr tng i v thi gian

Cc sng sine: s(t) = A sin(2ft +)

Chiu di sng ()

Khong cch lan truyn ca sng cho 1 chu

k
Gi s sng c tc v

= vT
f = v

c = 3*108 m/s (tc nh sng)

Cc khi nim min tn s

Thng thng tn hiu c to bi nhiu

tn s
Thnh phn bao gm nhiu sng sin
C th quan st (vi bin i Fourier) vi mi
mt tn hiu c nhiu thnh phn sng sin
C th v trong min tn s

Cng cc
tn s
(T=1/f)

Tn hiu

Biu din trong

min tn s

Ph v bng thng

Ph (spectrum)

Bng thng tuyt i (Absolute bandwidth)

rng ph (c o bng s chnh lch tn s

cao nht v thp nht)

Bng thng hiu dng (Effective bandwidth)

Phm vi ca cc tn s c cha tn hiu

Di tm tn s hp cha hu ht nng lng ca

tn hiu

Thnh phn DC

Bng thng
A

F
500

2500

Bandwidth = 2500 500 = 2000 Hz

Bng thng tuyt i

Bng thng hiu dng

Tn s ca tn hiu
Min thi gian

Min tn s
A

F
0

1 giy (s)

A
f
T

F
f

F
2f

Ph ca tn hiu
F (Hz)
f = 300 Hz

300

F (Hz)
600 Hz

600

F (Hz)
700 Hz

700

F (Hz)

Ph: Tm tn s cha trong tn hiu

Tn hiu vi thnh phn DC

Tc truyn d liu v bng thng

Mi mt ng truyn u c mt di gii
hn v tn s
iu ny gii hn tc truyn m ng
truyn c th mang

Truyn ti d liu tun t v s

D liu: cc thc th mang ni dung

Tn hiu: Dng in hoc in t th hin d
liu
Truyn ti: Truyn d liu bng cch lan
truyn v x l cc tn hiu

D liu tun t v d liu s

Tun t

C gi tr lin tc trong mt khong thi gian

V d: m thanh, video

C gi tr ri rc
V d: k t, s nguyn

Ph ca m thoi (tun t)

Tn hiu tun t v tn hiu s

Th hin bi loi d liu c lan truyn

Tun t

C gi tr lin tc
C nhiu mi trng truyn dn: dy ng, cp
quang ..
Bng thng ca ging ni t 100Hx n 7kHz
Bng thng ca in thoi t 300Hz n 3400Hz
Bng thg ca Video 4MHz

S: c 2~nhiu thnh phn DC (mc in p)

u v nhc im ca tn hiu s

R hn
t b nh hng ca nhiu
Suy hao nhiu hn

Cc xung tr nn trn v nh i
C th dn ti mt mt thng tin

Suy hao ca tn hiu s

Chuyn m thanh u vo thnh tn

hiu tun t

D liu s dng nh phn

Nhn c t my tnh
C 2 thnh phn DC
Bng thng ph thuc vo tc d liu

Chuyn t PC Input ra tn hiu s

D liu v tn hiu

Thng thng ngi ta s dng tn hiu s

cho d liu s, tn hiu tun t cho d liu
tun t
C th s dng tn hiu tun t mang d
liu s: dng Modem
C th s dng tn hiu s mang d liu
tun t: a CD audio

Tn hiu tun t mang d liu tun t

v d liu s

Tn hiu s mang d liu tun t v

d liu s

Vic truyn tn hiu tun t

Tn hiu tun t c truyn khng cn quan

tm n ni dung
C th l d liu tun t hay s
C th c s suy gim khi truyn qua khong
cch
C th dng b khuych i khuch i
tn hiu
C th khuych i c nhiu

Vic truyn tn hiu s

Phi quan tm n ni dung

Thng tin c th b nh hng ca nhiu, suy
gim
C th s dng b tip sc: b tip sc nhn
tn hiu, nhn bit cc bit, truyn tip
Khc phc c suy giam v khng khuych
i nhiu

u im ca truyn tn hiu s

K thut s: gi r vi k thut LSI/VLSI

Ton vn thng tin: C th dng vi khong
cch xa trn ng truyn cht lng thp
Kh nng s dng

Tit kim khi s dng cc ng bng thng cao

D a nhp (multiplexing) vi cc k thut s

Bo mt: dng m ha
Tnh thng nht: C th truyn c d liu
tun t v s nh nhau

Sai s ng truyn

Tn hiu nhn c th khc vi tn hiu truyn

Tun t: Gim cht lng tn hiu
S: cc bit sai
Nguyn nhn:

Suy gim v mo tn hiu

Mo do tr
Nhiu

 suy gim tn hiu

Khi mt tn hiu lan truyn qua mt mi trng

truyn, cng (bin ) ca tn hiu b suy gim
(theo khong cch)
Ty thuc vo mi trng truyn dn
Cng tn hiu nhn phi

mnh thit b nhn nhn bit c

cao so vi nhiu t/h khng b li

Suy gim l mt hm tng theo tn s

 suy gim tn hiu

o bng n v decibel (dB)

Cng thc

Attenuation = 10log10(P1/P2) (dB)

P1: cng sut ca tn hiu nhn (W)

P2: cng sut ca tn hiu truyn (W)

Decibel (dB) l gi tr sai bit tng i

Cng sut suy gim hao ht l 3dB

Cng sut tng gp i li l 3dB

Mo do tr truyn

Ch xy ra trong mi trng truyn dn

hu tuyn
Vn tc lan truyn thay i theo tn s

Vn tc cao nht gn tn s trung tm

Cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau s n
ch cc thi im khc nhau

Nhiu

Tn hiu thm vo gia thit b pht v thit

b thu
Cc loi nhiu

Nhiu nhit
Nhiu iu ch
Nhiu xuyn knh (cross talk)
Nhiu xung

Nhiu

Nhiu (1)

Nhiu nhit

Do dao ng nhit ca cc in t trong cht dn

Phn tn ng nht trn ph tn s
Nhiu trng
Khng th loi b gii hn hiu sut ca h
thng

Nhiu iu ch

Tn hiu nhiu c tn s l tng hoc hiu tn s

ca cc tn hiu dng chung mi trng truyn

Nhiu (2)

Nhiu xuyn knh (crosstalk)

Tn hin t ng truyn ny nh hng sang

cc ng truyn khc

Nhiu xung

Xung bt thng (spike): nh nh hng in

t bn ngoi

Thi khong ngn

Cng cao

Kh nng ca knh truyn

Tc truyn d liu (Data rate)

Tnh bng bit/giy

Tc m d liu c th truyn i

Bng thng

Tnh bng s chu k trong mt giy (Hz)

Hn ch b thit b chuyn/nhn v ng truyn
C th truyn nhiu hn mt bit ng vi mi thay
i ca tn hiu trn ng truyn.

Bng thng Nyquist

Nu bng thng l B th tc tn hiu cao

nht l 2B
C = 2Blog2M

C: tc truyn tn hiu cc i (bps) khi knh

truyn khng c nhiu
B: bng thng ca knh truyn (Hz)
M: s mc thay i tn hiu trn ng truyn

Tc knh truyn

Bit rate

Cng thc nng sut Shannon

Xt tc truyn, nhiu v t l li
Tc cng cao dn n thi gian cho mt bit ngn i
v mt xut hin ca nhiu s tc ng n nhiu bits.
Vi mt mc nhiu th tc truyn cng cao dn n t
l li cng nhiu.
Signal to Noise ratio:

SNRdb = 10 x log10 (S/N) (dB)

SNR = S/N

S: cng sut tn hiu

N: cng sut nhiu

Nng sut Shannon

C = B x log2 (1 + SNR) (bps)

C : tc truyn t/h cc i khi knh truyn khng li

HT CHNG 3