CHNG 3

K THUT M HA
TN HIU

Cc k thut m ha

Digital Data, Digital Signal

Analog data, Digital Signal
Digital Data, Analog Signal
Analog data, Analog Signal

Digital Data, Digital Signal

D liu s, tn hiu s

Tn hiu s

Cc xung in p ri rc, khng lin tc

Mi xung l mt phn t tn hiu
D liu nh phn c m ha thnh cc
phn t tn hiu

Cc thut ng

Unipolar

Polar

Mt trng thi logic c biu din bng mc

in p dng, trng thi logic khc c biu
din bng mc in p m

Tc d liu (data rate)

Tt c cc phn t tn hiu c cng du

Tc truyn dn d liu theo bps (bit per

second)

Khong rng hoc chiu di 1 bit

Thi gian (thit b pht) dng truyn 1 bit

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Cc thut ng (tip)

Tc iu ch (modulation)

Tc mc tn hiu thay i
n v l baud = s phn t tn hiu trong 1
giy

Mark v Space

Tng ng vi 1 v 0 nh phn

Din gii cc tn hiu

Cn bit

Thi gian ca cc bit (khi no chng bt u v kt

thc)
Mc tn hiu

Yu t nh hng n vic din gii tn hiu

T s SNR
Tc d liu
Bng thng

So snh cc phng thc m ha

Ph tn hiu

Gim thiu tn s cao s gim i hi bng thng

Gim thiu thnh phn DC cho php cho dng
soay chiu kt hp qua bin th a ti s cch
ly.
Mc tp trung nng lng ti trung tm ca
bng thng

Thi gian

ng b gia thit b gi v nhn

ng h ngoi
C ch ng b d trn tn hiu
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So snh cc phng thc m ha (2)

nh li

Gim thiu giao thoa tn hiu v nhiu

C th a vo trong khi m ho tn hiu

Mt s phng thc m ha tt hn cc tphng
thc khc

Ph tn v phc tp

Tc tn hiu cao (cng vi tc d liu cao)

dn n ph tn cao
Mt s phng thc i hi tc tn hiu cao
hn tc d liu
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Cc phng thc m ha

Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)

Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI)
Bipolar -AMI
Pseudoternary
Manchester
Differential Manchester
B8ZS
HDB3
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Nonreturn to zero (NRZ-L)

2 mc in p khc nhau cho bit 1 v bit 0,

in p khng thay i (khng c transition)
khi khng c s thay i tn hiu
V d: khi khng c in p ca bt 0, s c
mt mc in p khng i cho cc bt 1
in p thay i (c transition) khi c s thay
i tn hiu (t 01 hoc t 10)
Thng thng, c mc in p m v mc
in o dng

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Nonreturn to zero Inverted (NRZI)

Nonreturn to zero Inverted vi cc bit 1

D liu c m ha cn c vo vic c hay
khng s thay i tn hiu u thi khong
bit.
Bit 1: c m ha bng s thay i in p
(c transition)
Bit 0: c m ha bng s khng thay i
in p (khng c transition)

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Nonreturn to zero

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M ha sai phn

D liu c biu din bng vic thay

i hn l mc tn hiu)
Nhn bit s thay i d dng hn so
vi nhn bit mc
Trong cc h thng truyn dn phc
tp, cm gic cc tnh d dng b mt

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u v nhc im ca m ha NRZ

Nhc

D dng nm bt vi cc k s
S dng hiu qu bng thng

C thnh phn mt chiu

Thiu kh nng ng b

Dng trong vic ghi bng t

t dng trong vic truyn tn hiu

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Multilevel Binary

Dng nhiu hn 2 mc in p
Bipolar-AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)
Bit-0 c biu din bng khng c tn hiu
Bit-1 c biu din bng xung dng hay
xung m
Cc xung 1 thay i cc tnh xen k
Khng mt ng b khi d liu l mt dy 1
di (dy 0 vn b vn ng b)
Khng c thnh phn mt chiu
Bng thng thp
Pht hin li d dng
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Pseudoternary

1 c biu din bng khng c tn hiu

0 c biu din bng xung dng m
xen k nhau
Khng c u im v nhc im so vi
bipolar-AMI

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Bipolar-AMI and Pseudoternary

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Hn ch ca Multilevel Binary

Khng hiu qu bng NRZ

Mi phn t tn hiu ch biu din 1 bit

H thng 3 mc c th biu din log23 = 1.58 bit
B thu phi c kh nng phn bit 3 mc in p
(+A, -A, 0)

Cn thm khong 3dB cng sut t c

cng xc sut bit li

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Biphase

Manchester

Thay i gia thi khong bit

Thay i c dng nh tn hiu ng b d liu
LH biu din 1
HL biu din 0
Dng trong IEEE 802.3

Differential Manchester

Thay i gia thi khong bit ch dng cho ng b

Thay i u thi khong biu din 0
Khng c thay i u thi khong biu din 1
Dng trong IEEE 802.5

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Manchester Encoding

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Differential Manchester Encoding

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u v nhc im ca Biphase

Nhc im

Ti thiu c 1 thay i trong thi khong 1 bit v c

th c ti 2
Tc iu ch ti a bng 2 ln NRZ
Cn nhiu bng thng hn

u im

ng b da vo s thay i gia thi khong

bit (self clocking)
Khng c thnh phn mt chiu
Pht hin li

Khi thiu s thay i mong i

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So snh tc iu bin

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Scrambling

Dng k thut scrambling thay th cc chui to ra

hng s in p
Chui thay th

Phi to ra s thay i tn hiu, dng cho vic ng b ha

Phi c nhn din bi b thu v thay th tr li chui ban u
Cng di nh chui ban u

Khng c thnh phn mt chiu

Khng to ra chui di cc tn hiu mc 0
Khng gim tc d liu
C kh nng pht hin li
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B8ZS

B8ZS (Bipolar With 8 Zeros Substitution)

Da trn bipolar-AMI
Nu c 8 s 0 lin tip v xung in p cui
cng trc l dng, m thnh 000+0+
Nu c 8 s 0 lin tip v xung in p cui
cng trc l m, m thnh 000+0+
Gy ra 2 vi phm m AMI
Kh c th xut hin vi tc ng bi nhiu
B thu pht hin v din gii chng thnh 8 s 0
lin tip

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B8ZS

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HDB3

HDB3 (High Density Bipolar 3 Zeros)

Da trn bipolar-AMI
Chui 4 s 0 lin tip c thay th bi mt hoc
hai xung

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HDB3

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B8ZS and HDB3

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Bi tp

Bi tp

Bi tp

Bi tp
NRZ-L

NRZ-I

AMI

Pseudo-Ternary

Manchester

Differential
Manchester

D liu s, tn hiu tun t

Dng truyn d liu s trn mng in

thoi cng cng

300Hz 3400Hz
S dng thit b MODEM (MOdulator-DEMulator)

iu bin: Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK)

iu tn: Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)
iu pha: Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)

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Cc k thut iu bin

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iu bin (ASK)

Cc gi tr th hin bng cc bin khc nhau ca

sng mang
Thng thng mt bin bng 0
D b nh hng khi c s thay i nhiu in p
Phng php ny ch ph hp trong truyn s liu
tc thp (~1200bps trn knh truyn thoi)
Tn s ca tn hiu sng mang c dng ph
thuc vo chun giao tip ang c s dng
K thut c dng trong cp quang

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iu bin (ASK)

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Amplitude-Shift Keying
A1 cos( 2f ct ) binary 1
s (t )
A2 cos( 2f ct ) binary 0

Vi mt bin bng 0

A1 cos( 2f ct ) binary 1
s(t )
0
binary 0

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iu bin (ASK) vi mt bin bng 0

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Binary Frequency-Shift Keying (BFSK)

S dng hai tn s sng mang: tn s cao

tng ng mc 1, tn s thp tng ng
mc 0.
t li hn so vi ASK
c s dng truyn d liu tc 1200bps
hay thp hn trn mng in thoi
C th dng tn s cao (3-30MHz) truyn
trn sng radio hoc cp ng trc

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Binary Frequency-Shift Keying (BFSK)

A cos( 2f1t ) binary 1

s(t )
A cos( 2f 2t ) binary 0
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Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying

Dng nhiu hn 2 tn s
Bng thng c dng hiu qu hn
Kh nng li nhiu hn
Mi phn t tn hiu biu din nhiu hn 1 bit
d liu

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iu tn trn ng truyn mc m thanh

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iu pha (PSK)

S dng mt tn s sng mang v thay i

pha ca sng mang ny
iu pha hai pha (Binary PSK): c 2 pha th
hin 2 s nh phn
iu pha bin pha (Differential PSK) thay
i pha tng i so vi sng trc (thay
v so vi sng tham chiu c nh)

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iu pha hai pha (Binary PSK)

A cos( 2f ct )
s(t )
A cos( 2f ct )

A cos( 2f ct ) binary 1

A cos( 2f ct ) binary 0
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iu pha bin pha (Differential PSK)

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iu pha 4 pha (Quadrature PSK - QPSK)

Hiu qu s dng cao khi mi thnh phn tn

hiu th hin nhiu hn 1 bit

Chuyn /2 (90O)

Mi thnh phn tn hiu th hin 2 bit

C th s dng ti 8 gc v nhiu hn 1 bin

Modem tc 9600bps s dng 12 gc, 4

trong c 2 bin .
Offset QPSK (orthogonal QPSK)

Chm li ti Q stream
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iu pha 4 pha (PSK)

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Quadrature PSK - QPSK

A cos( 2f ct 4 ) 11

3
A cos( 2f ct
) 01

4
s(t )
3
A cos( 2f ct
) 00
4

A cos( 2f t ) 10
c

4
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QPSK and OQPSK Modulators

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

QAM c dng trong ADSL v mt s h thng

wireless
Kt hp gia ASK v PSK
M rng logic ca QPSK
Gi ng thi 2 tn hiu khc nhau cng tn s
mang

Dng 2 bn sao ca sng mang, mt ci c dch i 90

Mi sng mang l ASK c iu ch
2 tn hiu c lp trn cng mi trng
Gii iu ch v kt hp cho d liu nh phn ban u

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

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QAM Modulator

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Digital Analog

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D liu tun t, tn hiu s

Dng truyn d liu tng t trn mng truyn

d liu s
D liu s c th truyn dng NRZ-L hay cc loi
m khc
Thit b: CODEC (COder-DECoder)
K thut

iu ch xung m: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

iu ch Delta: Delta Modulation (DM)

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S ha d liu tun t

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iu ch xung m (PCM)

Nu tn hiu f(t) c ly mu u vi tc
ly mu cao hn ti thiu 2 ln tn s tn
hiu cao nht, th cc mu thu c cha
thng tin ca tn hiu ban u.
D liu ting ni c gii hn tn s <4000Hz
Tc ly mu cn thit l 8000 mu/giy
Analog samples (Pulse Amplitude
Modulation, PAM)
Mi mu s c gn mt gi tr s
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iu ch xung m (PCM)

PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)

Cc xung c ly mu tn s R=2B
Lng t ha cc xung PAM
Xc nh gi tr ca im c ly mu, ri
vo khong no th ly gi tr khong
n
Ty thuc vo cc mc lng t 2 (n l s bit
cn thit s ha 1 xung)
M ha d liu
Thc hin cc thao tc m ha thng tin trc
khi truyn i

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iu ch xung m (PCM)

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iu ch xung m

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Non-linear coding

Mc lng t khng u
Gim mo tn hiu
Companding (compressing-expanding)

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iu ch Delta (DM)

Tn hiu tng t c xp x bi hm bc
thang (staircase)
Hnh vi nh phn

i ln hay xung 1 mc () ti mi thi khong

ly mu

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iu ch Delta (DM)

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iu ch Delta (DM)

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Hiu sut ca iu ch

ti to ting ni tt

PCM - 128 mc (7 bit)

Bng thng thoi 4khz
Cn 8000 x 7 = 56kbps i vi PCM

K thut nn d liu c th ci thin thm

V d: k thut m xen khung (interframe

coding) cho video

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D liu tun t, tn hiu tun t

L do iu bin

Dng iu ch d liu tng t: thay i tn

s truyn (tn s cao hn truyn dn tt hn)
Dng cho frequency division multiplexing

K thut

iu ch bin: Amplitude Modulation (AM)

iu ch tn s: Frequency Modulation (FM)
iu ch pha: Phase Modulation (PM)

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iu ch bin (AM)
M(f)

M(f)

f
Discrete carrier
term

Lower
sideband

Upper
sideband
fc B

fc

fc + B

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iu ch tn s (FM)

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K thut iu ch tun t

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HT CHNG 5

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