1 Me au Trong qué trinh ging day 6 traémg phé thong ahigm vu phat trién tr duy cho hoe sinh 1a nhigm vy rét quan trong, d6i hi sién hanb dng bé & cic mén, trong dé Héa hoe la én khoa hge thye nghigm dé cap dén nhigu vin dé cia Khoa ge, s gp phan rén luyén te duy cho hge sinh & moi gée d6 dic bigt la qua phin bai tip héa hoc. Bai tép héa hoe khong nhiing 6 tée dung rén luygn kj ning vin dung, dio su vi mé rng kién thie da hoe mot céch sinh dgng, phong phi ma con théng qua d6 dé dn tap, rén luyén mot s6 ky nang cdi thiét vé hda hoe, rén luyén tinh tich ey, tyr lye, tri théng minh sing tgo cho hoe sinh, gitip hoe sinh himg thé trong hoe tap. Qua bai tp héa hoc gido vién kiém tra, dénh gid vige nim ving kién thie va ky nang héa hoe cia hoe sinh, Dé gio vien bdi dung hoc sinh khé, gidi & rung chuyén dy thi hoe sinh gidi ep Tinh va cp Quée gia duge tét thi nhu clu cép thiét li cin o m@t hg thong cau hoi va bai tap cho tit cd cfc chuyén dé nur: edu tao chat, nhigt hod hoe, déng hod hoc, cén bing hoa hoe Vi vy , trong qué trinh giing day dpi tuyén hge sinh gibi Tinh va Quéc gia 161 sicu tim va tp hop Iai m6t s6 cau hdi va bai tap theo m@t s6 chuyén d& tong dé 66 phin ding dé luyén tp cho hoe sinh phan “Nhigt hod hoc” TL, Mye dich cita dé tai Xay dung hg théng edu héi va bai tgp phin “Nhigt hod hgcaing cho he si 1p chuyén Hod hye & bie THPT gidp hge tr hoc t6t hon va chun bj t6: hom cho cdc kj thi hhge sinh gi6i Héa hoe cd vé ly thuyét ~ bai tép — phurong phap gidi, gop phn ning cao cht cong ging day vi hoc tap mon Héa hoe TI. Noi dung As Co sé Li thuyét : Trude khi dia ra hé théng bai t@p cho hoe trd luygn tp thi giéo vién edn phai yeu cau hoc trd nhé Tai mot sé Khai nigm va n6i dung If thuyét eo ban eta phn Nbiét hod hoe nr sou: 1) Khi li turdmg: * Ki If twig 1a chit khi mi khong eich git cée phan tir khi xa nhau, 06 thé bé qua twong tac gitra ching, * V6i kh Ii sung thi 66 thé dp dung : =Phuong tinh tang thai: = PV nRT (R= 8,314 J/mol,K ~ 0,082 Latm/moLK)- Trong binh ¢6 hén hgp khf thi: P= EP, = ip con Be Ni En, trong: =H mé: hg trao di chit va nang lugng véi m6i tradng, = HG ki - HG dogn nhigt: Hé khdng trao di nhigt véi moi trxdng. 2 Hg chi trao déi nang legng véi moi tung * Quy wie: HE nhin ning lung cla m6i tuéng => ning lvong mang déu + Hé nhuing nang lugng cho méi trrdng —> nang lwgng mang déu - 3) Bién d6i thuin nghjel [Néu hg chuyén tir trang thai cdn bing nay sang trang thai cén bing khée mt eich v6 cing chim qua lién tgp céc trang thai cén bang thi sy bién déi nay duge goi la thus nghich, Day la sy bién dai If tuéng khOng c6 trong thy. 4) Sy bign di bat thufin nghjch: 1a sy bién déi duge tién hanh véi van tbe dang ké. 1u la bién déi bat thuan nghich. hing phn ting trong thye 18 5) Ham trang thai: 1a ham ma gié tri ca né chi phy thude vao cée théng s6 trang thai cia hé, khOng phy thude vao nhting sy bién déi truée dé, Vi dy: P.V = ham trang thai PLVi=a.RTy ; Pa 6) Cong (W) vt nhigt (Q) ~ La2 hinh thie trao déi nang iugng. =nRT = W, Q khong phi ld him trang thdi vi gid tr ca chiing phy thuge vio céch biém di Vi du: Céng cia sx gidin nd kif If twéng tir thé tich Vi dén Vz 6 t= const trong 1 xilanh kin nhé 1 pitting duge tinh bing cong thite: (®, 2p suit bén ngoai) * Néu sy bién déi la BTN thi P, = Py, = const Woarw =-Puys f d¥ =~ Pig AV =~ Pac (V2- Vi)* Néu sur bién déi la thudn nghich: Giém P, nhimg hong v6 cing bé dé thé tich khf ting hing lugng v6 cling bé. Khi dé P, mdi le thye té = P & bén trong xi lanh = Py P,=Pe=mRTWV * Cic qué trinh thudn nghjch sinh céng 1én nhat khi hé bién ddi tir trang thai 1 sang trang thai 2. Luong cong nay diing bing luong cng can thiét dura he céch thudn nghich. trang thai ban déu m@t 7) NOi ning U: = U cia m@t chat hay mét hg gdm déng nang cia cdc phan tir va ang wong tée gita ce phn sr rong he d, = U 1a dai lugng dung a6 va lb ham trang thai - U cia n mol khi li twéng chi phy thuge vao nhigt d6. 8) Nguyén iI cita nhigt dng hoc: (Sy bién d6i ngi nding cita hg). AU=U;-U=WHQ = bi véi sx bién déi v6 cling nh6: dU = bw + 8a (8: Chi nhang him kh6ng phai 18 ham trang thai) - Thuong gp cong durge thyc hign chi do sy bign déi thé tich nén: Sy =-P.6V => dU=8 =P dV = fav -Q- Jar © AU=Q- Jar + Whigt ding tich: Néa ng bién dBi @ V ~ const -> aV ~0 = AU= Qy = Qy Ih him tang th hé bién doi & P ~ const thi: * Nhige ding dp. Jeav =P. [av =P.Vs-P.y => AU=Uz-Uj=Qe-P.Vi+P.V) => Qe= (Us +P.V2)- (Ui +P-V) BLU +P.V =H = entanpi = ham trang thé =2 Qr= Hz - Hi = AH = sirbién thién entanpi cia he. * Nhigt phan sing: Xét1 hg kin trong dé o6 phan img: aA + bB > oC + dDNhigt phan ding ca phan img nay 18 nhigt long trao di véi méi tradmg khi a mol A phan mg v6ib mol B igo rac mol C vad mol D & T = const. - Néu phan img duge thye hign & P ~ const thi nhigt phan tng duge goi la nhigt phan tng, ding 4p Qo- AH - Néu phan img duge thye hign & V ~ const thi nbigt phan img duge goi 1d nhigt phan img, ding tich Q\-AU * Quan he gitta Qr va Qy Q)= AH = A(U + PV)P = AU +P. AV => AH = AU +P. AV=AU + An RT Qe = QV + An RT (An= Zn uip-Z musi) Khi An =0 = Qr = Qv hay AH = AU > AU=Qy=n Gy. aT AH =Qp=n.Cp. AT * Nhiét dung mol ding dp (Cp) 1 nhigt hegng cfm cung cép dé lim 1 mol chat néng them 1° trong diéu kign ding 4p (ma trong qué trinh khong e6 su bién déi trang thai) * Tuong ty v6i Cy: AH ~ [o,.dr; AU~ fo,.ar Cp, Cy ld bam cua nbigt d5, Voi 1 mol khi ti tudng: Cp My cy = AU ar ar MaAU=AH-P.av 3c,-AZ- aU, PAY _ovar ar ar aT Q, W: Khong phai la him trang thai Qy = AU; Op = AH => Qy, Op la ham trang théi = chi phy thugc vio trang thdi dau va trang thél cudi cita hd ma khing phy thupc vao qué trink bién dil la thu nghich hay khong thugn nghich. 9) Dinh tugt Hess: AH (AU) cia 1 qué trinh chi phy thude vio trang thdi dau va trang thé Si ciia hg ma kh6ng phy thude vio dudmg di Alpu ~ ZAHs (sin phim) - ZAHs (chat du) ~ DAHe (chat dau) - DAHe (san phim) 10) Dinh lugt Kirchhoff:AH, ny A+mB =e nC+nyD T AH, Aly A ny Atm B Te mC + yD ‘Theo dinh lugt Hess: AH; = AH, ~ AH, + AHy Ma: atte= Jone, wm c,rar=- foc, mC, rat AF Joc, mC, a 5 Ath= Att flOu cy mC) “One, + mC, Nat = AH + Facute + Alf, shudng duge xée dinh 6 didu kign chuin: AW": AH sy + fac,*ar Véi AC"» = ZC*p(sp) - EC*p(tham gia) C°p la mhigt dung mol ding 4p 6 digu kign chudn (atm). “T ng khoding hep ciia nhigt d9 c6 thé coi AC*p = const Thi: AH = AHy + ACp.(T3 -T)) AH", = AH"iyg + AC*s (T'-298) 11) Entropi (S) di thugn nghich v6 cig nbd & T = const hg trao d8i véi moi aq~ n T = Trong sy bid agg nhigt 8Qyy th sp bidn sign entropi tong qua tri nay li: S li him trang thai (J/mol.K) -N su 1a bat thugn nghich thi ds > T = Vila ham trang thai nén kh chuyén tir trang thai | sang trang thai 2 bing bién thign thun nghich hay bat thugn nghich thi S; - S; = AS % (AS ASarn) 12) Nguyén ICT ciia nbigt dng hoe:as> 2 T - Trong hé c6 lép 8Q~ 0. nén + dS ~ 0: trong hé c6 lap entropi cita hg Khong di néu xay ra qué trinh thuda aghich, + dS > 0 : trong hé c6 lp, qué trinh ty xay ra (BIN) theo chit tang entropi cua hé va tng cho ti Khi dat gi rj max th sé dat trang thai cin bing. + Entropi la thude do 46 hn dn cia hg: BG hin dn cia I hg hay 1 cht cing tom khi hg hay 6 nihGing hat va sy dao ding cia cic hat cng manh (ki ién kt gita cic hat cing vb: Sy.0% < Stom* 'H;0 (h), Sia s (ay So, k) => S181 dpi trong dung d6. 13) Sw bién thign $ trong qua trinh bién 46i trang thai cia chit: Khi chit nguyén chit néng chay hode s6i & P ~ const thi: 1 =sonn->s= }R- 2H AH = nbigt bién thién trang théi ~ Lye hoe Ly 14) AS trong qué trinh gin né ding obigt Khi li uring: Xét n mol khi li tuéng gia nd i tieh tte Vi > Ve 61° = const. Vi noi niing eda Kit Ii fudng chi phy thuge nhiét d§ nén trong sy bién déi nay: AU = Quy + Win = Quin + Warw = 0 4 RT = ay Ia ) 15) Sw bién thign entropi ciia chit nguyén chit theo nhigt d9. = Qui trinh P = const: Bun néng I chét nguygn chit tir'Ty -> Ts, khong o6 su chuyén pha Véi 8Q = 8Qy— dH = n.Cp.aTr * Trong khodng mhigt d6 hep, coi Cy ~ const => AS =n.Cp.ln= = Qué tinh; V~ const = AS =n Cy.in 16) Entropi tuygt abi * Nguyén If IIT cia nhigt d6ng hoe: = Bntropi eta chét nguyén chat dudi dang tinh thé hoan chinh @ 0(K) bing 0: S, Xudt phat tir tién dé trén ta 6 thé tinh durge entropi tuyét déi cba cée ehdt & ede mhigt 46 khée nhau. VD: Tinh S cua 1 chat & nhigt d6 T nao dé, ta hin dung chat dé duge dun néng tir 0(K) —> T(K) xét 6 P=const, Néu trong qua trinh dun néng 06 sy chuyén pha thi AS = ASr- AS r= => Sr- Jn cy ante Inc aT Gidtr entropi duge xée dinh & P ~ 1 atm ~ const va & nbigt d6 T nao dé duge ‘ggi ld gid tr) entropi chudn, ki higu 1a Sy, thuéng T= 298K —> S°ovs. 17) Sy bin thign entropi trong phiin ting hod hoc: + Khi phan img thye hign & P ~ const, T= constthi; AS ~ ES(sp)- 2S(vg) + Néu 6 diéu kign chudn va 25°C thi: AS"yos= ES" 2e9(Sp) - ES" zeae) + ViS cia chat khi >> chat rin, l6ng nén néu sé mol khi san phim (sp) > s6 mol hi tham gia thi AS > 0 va nguge Iai, Cén trong truéng hop sé mol khi 6 2 vé bing nhau hoe phan img kh6ng c6 chat khi thi AS c6 gi tri nbé. 18) Thé ahi dong AScé lp = AS hé + AS mt >0 ayThé ding ap G: Xéthé xiy ra sy bién d&i d P, T déu khong déi trong qué trinh nay méi tnadmg nan cia hg 1mpt nhigt hxgng AH do bg toa ra—> AFlg,= + AH == AL alt 7 > AS ox + Ditu kign ty dién bién cua hé: AS cs tip AS = A >0 + AH-T.AS<0+ HG 6 trang thai cain bing khi AH -T. AS = 0 + Dat G= HTS = 6 mhigtd9, P khong déi thi qus trinh nay ra theo chitu c6 AG ~ AH-T. AS <0 Va dat t6i trang thai cn bing khi AG ~ 0 by Thé ding tic [Nang lrgng Helmholtz) ‘Néu hg bién ddi @ didu kign T, V khéng ddi => mhigt ding tich ma mdi mrdmg nhin cit cic 1g 1 AU > AS, -- Aum T > diu kign tw dién bign cia hg trong qua trinh ding nhi ding tich 1A AF = AU-T. AS<0 ‘VA dat trang thai cn bing khi AF= 0 ‘Trong d : F=U-TS ViH-U+PV>G"H-TS-U-IS+PV >G-F+PV + Si véi qué tinh T,P ~ const -> AG = W'max + Bi v6i qué trinh T, V= const > AS = W'max Tom lat * Qué trinh diag ap: P ~ const = Céng: WP ~-P.dV~-n.RdT > WP=-P.AV~-nRAT = Nhigt: 3QP ~dH=a.G,.dT => QP~AH=n. [Car = Noi ning: dU =8Q+8W > AU~AH-P.AV~AH-n.R AT - Entropi: es 2 We 5 45> [Be 3.A8n- 7 pe Néu G ~const > AS:y—n. Gyn 7, * Qué trinh ding tich: -Céng: BWy=-PdV=0 > Wy-0 =Nhigts 5Qy~ dUy—n. G aT = Qy-AUy= [Gnar const >Qy =n. GAT AUy = Qy + W"~ Entropi: as> & - pot. re 2B (& ~const) Fin? > AS>n.T dH~dU+P.6V+V.eP~aU+ Var (aV~-0) > aH=au+v. ar * Qué trnh ding nhigt - Cng: Wy = - PAV = “ar av Te = ners = nein = nT In v 7, 7, R - Nhigt: AUr = Qr + Wz =0 5 Qe We aR In = NGi ming: AU; =0 - Entanpi: AH; ~ AU; + APV)y = AUy + aR. AT = 0 Qu oe L == hoge = - Entropi: AS 3 Tr, * Véi qua trinh din né Khi li tuéng thudn nghich ag= Qu AU AW fea, pak yy ToT OE hy NéuCy=const. AS =n Tne +oRT In ViT=const AS =aRTInZ ~aRTinZ 7, P. * Qué trinh doan mhiét: = Nhigt: Q=0 =Noinang va cing: dU=8Q+8W=SW=-PEV= [nc 2 -+Qua tinh bat thud nghich AU gin = BWyin = “Pay AV = AU pry = Wary = Pag(V2 Vi) = a.Cy. AT * PT Poisson: (Ding cho qué trinh thug nghich)i ne, -) 9 Ts AU=W= on PVE * Qué trinh thuan nghich: WAU ~ n.Cy(Ty-T) TVG ST. VE oT me ” - Entanpi: AH =a CTs 7) ~enrps sSm= S80 *G-H-TS-U+PV-TS (22) oT J, Véi phan ting oxi hoa khir 66 thé din ra trong pin dig: AG~-nEF Gof -as a as-ar, & a aT a =AH= AG +T. AS=nF(T. a 19) ¥ nghia vat li cia AG: G-H-TS-U+PV-TS = dG dU + P.dV + V.dP ~T.dS ~SdT ~ (6W + 5Q) + PAV + VaP- TAS — SéT Viaw aw’ + (Pav) 8QSTdS — +dGs 5W'+VaP-SéT Déu “=” img véi qué trinh thudn nghich va céng In nhét 6G = Wau + WAP - ST * D6i véi qua trinh ding nhigt, ding 4p + dP = dT =0 => dGip = BW" mux > AG = W ay * D6i véi qua trinh BTN: W’ gidm; Q tng khi hoan toan BTN > W’ =0 20) M@t sé tinh chit cia ham G: dG = V.dP - Sd (coi W = 0) a) Sy phy thuge ciia AG vito T: = KhiP const -o{ 22) =. (ae =-as or -10-=> AG = AH-T. AS= AH 27. {26) LaG--an rr), b) Sy phy thuge vio P: = Véi chit rin, Jbng > coi V~ const khi P bign thigm (trt min 4p sudt lin) thi Grin) = Grin) VP-P) = Vi chat khi Iftwong > V~ “RE > Gp) = Gyn 4mRT In P i 7, Néu dp sudt binh thuémg: P, ~ P= Lbar (1 atm) =>Gn) ~ G"r + nRTAnP (P tinh bing bar (atm). 21) Tinh AG cia mgt s6 qué trinh: a) Gin nén ding nhigt khi i teémg aG=ortin 2 ~artint 7 ¥, b) Trdn in ding nbigt, ding p 2 khi i twong: AG =n RTInxy + np RToxy ©) Qué trinh chuyén pha thudn nghjch (tgi nbigt d} chuyén pha): AGy~0 4) Qué trinh chuyén pha thugn nghjch & T 4 Te Nguyén tie: ép dung chu srinh nhigt dng. Vi G 1a ham trang thai nén AG chi phy thuge trang théi ddu, trang théi cubi, khéng phu thude vio qua trinh bign thign ©) AG eda phan itng hog hge: AG". ~ ZAG"scis pin - ZAG" stam gs) b Hg théng cie cw haf va bai tap phn “Nhigt hia hoc” = Bail: ouCho 100 g N; 6 0°C, atm. Tinh Q, W, AU, AH trong cfc bién ddi sau day duge tién hanh thud nghich nhigt dong a) Nung néng dang tich t6i P ~ 1 Satm, b) Gili ding 4p 16i V = 2V ban diu. ©) Gia ding nhigt t6i V ~ 2001 4) Gian doan nhigt t6i V ~ 2001 Chap nhén ring N, la kbi If tuing va nbigt dung ding dp khong déi trong qué trinb thi nghigm va bing 29,1 /mol.K Gidi a) V= const > W= [Pay =0 AU=QV=nGAT=(Zp- RYT, Ty) 0 = (Ee RET = 29,1 -8,314)(3 1) 273,15 ~ 14194,04() by vo= Hn, 28 W=-P, AV = -1(160 ~ 80) = -80 (Lat) = -80 .101,33 = -8106,4() 80) => V>2V,~ 160.0) Qe=AH= Gp. .AT Pasil ~H)}- 294 2273.15 - 273,15) 28388,1() AU = Q+ W = 28388,1 = 8106,4 = 20281,7(0) ©) T = const» AU =0; AH= 0 we fer = nerin v ¥, w= - 205.314 273,15.n 222 -7431,670) 2 80 AU-Q+W-0 = Q=-W~7431,670) 4) Q=0(S~ const) Theo PT poisson: Ty. Vj" T.vy 2941 291-8314 > T= THC Voir —R+C, > W~AU=n.G (T; -T,) = 229,1-8,314),(189,33 273,15) = 6222,4(0) AH =n, AT 292 29,1(189,33 ~ 275,15) - 871130) -2eBai2: Tinh AM. 6a Clay. Bid: (@): SH + Leh) > HCly AMS 4 =-92,2(K)) (0): HCly) + aq > Hug + Clay) A Say =-75,130K0) Grbtt agitate akin Gidi: Ly (2) + (0)= (6): $C +e +Aq~ Clay) AME au ~ = 167,330) Bi Tinh higu tong nbigt eva phan img: 3Fe(NOs):iuy + AHNO sq) -> 3Fe(NO)siuy + NOg) + 2HZO (1) Dién ra trong nude 6 25°C, Cho biét: Fe ag Fea NOs) NOw Hay) AHS 1 (ki/mol) 87,86 -47,7 -20657 90,25 -285,6, Gia Phuong trinh ion cia phan img: SF ug) + AH ag) + NOs gg) > SFE" ug) + NO +2420 AH3, AIT§ sop (FO yg) AIS peg (NO)+2. AMT? sox (HzO qy)-3. ATS sop (FE ou) ATS seg (NOS, sg) 3.(-41,7) + 90,25 + 2.(-285,6) + 3.87,6 + 206,57 =-153,9(k) 1) So sénh AH, AU eta cde phan img: CyHs— + Ha —> Coll 2) Khi dét chay hoan todn 2 anome a va B cla D — glucoza méi thir 1 mol & dp suét khéng déi, ngudi ta do duge higu img mhigt cia céc phan img & 500K lan lugt bang: -2790,0kI va - 2805,1kI 4) Tinh AU 46i véi méi phan tng, b) Trong 2 dang glucozo, dang nao bén hon? a13-Gia 1) AH ~ AU +P. AV AU + An. RT Phan img trén 06: An = 1-2 => AH=AU-RT = => AH 2) Cally: + 60; ~> 6C + 6H,0 AUla) = AH ia) - An. RT = - 2799 6.8,314.10°.500 = -2824(k) AU) = AH) - An. RT = - 2805,1 ~ 6,8,314.10" .500 = -2830 (kJ) AME =. Alco +6. Al quo) AIT Se AMIS = 6. AIT eo +6. ATF yo) AMS > AM, ~ AM ig) AH ~ AH ~ -2805,1 +2799 ~ -6,1(K)) 3 All} < Ally, > Dang glucoze.eé Alf} nbd hon nén bin hom, Bai: 1) ThE nao 18 entanpi sinh cia don chét? Tinh At, V8 AH Summ V8 dx dos boat tinh hod hoc ciia ching tir céc dy kign sau: (2): Ctancti + Ora) COzgy A u,= -393,14(KD) (0): C tim ewe + Ora) > COray AH yg = -395,03(KI) (0): 38:05 «9 + 3024) > 3A8:05q) AMS, = 811,340) ():3A8:05 yy + 205q) > 3A8:055) AH, ~-1090,98(K) 2) Tir két qua trén va cde dt kign sau: Ajo 0; tinh thr O; = - 493,24kJ/mol; AH(o oy tinh ti H,2 = - 137,94%J/mol Ching minh ring: Khong tit dang nay sang dang khée bao gi’ cing kém theo 1 higu img nbigt. Higu tig nhigt cia qué trinh hin thin don (dang thi hinh kém bén) wr dang that hinh bén & di kkign nhat dink duge coi 1a nbigt sinh ea don chit trong nhting didu kign 4 = AH; cia O; va kim cuong la b Xing mbigt quy vé di kign chudn ctia ede qué t 3 50; 90,4) Canes > Crim orm ~ Léy (a) - (b) oieCoaaneti > C timewons AM Sue) 1,89 kS/mol - Lay (9) - @) 139,82 ki/mol FOr) Om AM, 2) Néu coi O5 ¢6 edu thie vong kin = AHS.) ~ AHivoy ~ 3 AM vo, 3.(-137,94) - 3 (- 493,24) = 326,04 (ks/mol) > 139,82(ks/mol) => 0) 06 cfu tnie ving kin rit khong bn = edu trie ny khong chép nin dug. Bai 6: Entanpi sinh tiéu chun cia CHyay va C:Hay lan lugt bing -74,80 va -84,60 ki/mol Tinh entanpi tiéu chudn cia CyHyo q. Bign ludn vé két qua thu duge, Cho biét entanpi é He H ln Iugt bing: 710,6 va - 431,65 thang hoa ciia than chi va ning Iugng lién xksimol. Git * (1) C amar t 2Hbqy > CHaay ANS cy, ~-74.8K Q) Cows Ca AH, = 710.6) (G) Haq 92Hq AH, = 431,651 Ly (1)~ [) + 2.@)] ta duge: Cay +4Hay > CHaay AME gomcn, = “1648, 7(KH/mol) = Nang long lign két tung binh oa ign két © ~H lis 1(1648,7) = - 412,175 (mol). * (A) 2C anc + 32 > CoHeay AM Speyy,0) ~ 84,6 (kd/mol) Lay (4) (2.2) + 3.G)] ta duge: 2C ay + 6H a) > CaHs «AH. 280,75 (kJ/mol) Coi Be 4: trong CH, va CzHe nbw nhaw thi E cc 7 71800,75 ~ 6(- 412,175) = -327,7(kI/mol) * Coi Bou: Bo-c trong cae chat CHe, CyHs, CHio déu nhw nhau thi: MHS eimoqu,, 73 Bove + 10.Eo. ~3.(+ 327,7) + 10( 412,75) ~ -5110,6 (ks/mol) * (8) AC +10 Hay > Cathio AMZ agsneys,, ” 511046 (kd/mol) w15-Lay (2). 4 + 3).5 + (5) ta duge: scents + Soa) > CaHhoay Al 3e,9,, =-109,95(s/mel) * Két qua thu duge chi la gan ding do da coi Enyce, Engc-m) trong moi traéng hgp la nhu nhau, Va vi vay sé kh6ng tinh r5 duge AM; ciia cdc déng phan khéc nhau. Tinh AH? cha cée phan img sau: 1) Fe:Oxq) + 2A) > Fey + AlzOsy (1) Cho bist AMZ, ~ $22.2 kIimol; so) 7 71676 (KSimol) 2) $+ 40m) > $Osa) @ Biét (3) : Sq Ora) > SOsa) AHS, 195,96 ki (4): 28024) + O24) > 28054) AH ‘Tir két qua thu duge va kha nang dign bién thye té cua 2 phin tng trén 06 thé nit ra két ug gi? Gia 1) AM fue) SHG cya, ~ MH Sao,,, 71676 + 82,2 ~ - 853,8(K) Bn 2) AMS A po + ; AMT jo, = -2966 = ; 195,96 ~ -394,58 (kl) KL: Hai phan img (1), (2) déu toa nhigt manh. Song trén thyc té 2 phan ung dé khong ty xy ra, Nhu vay, chi dya vio AH khong di dé kbing dinh chigu cia 1 qua trink hod hoe (uy nhiéa trong nhiéu tudng hop, dye dosn theo tiéu chudn nay 1a ding). Bai: 1) Tinh higu ting nbigt ding tich tiéu chun cia ede phan tng sau 6 25°C. 8) FesOsq) +3COg) > 2Fe) + 3COs) AMS, = 28,17 (Kd) 1b) Caran ti + Ory > CO2 4) — AH og = -393,1(KJ) ©) Zing + Sy) ZnSqy AHS = -202,90K0) €) 2SOy4) + Osu) > SO5q AMT yg = -195,96 (I) -16-2) Khi cho 32,69g Zn tée dung véi dung dich H:SO, loang du trong bom nhigt Igmg ké & 25°C, nguéi ta thy c6 thost ra m6t nbiét lnong 14 71,48 KJ. Tinh higu dng nhigt ‘a mhigt d6 d6. Cho Zn = 65,38 Gidi 1) AH = AU+AnRT Do cdc phan ting a), b), ¢) ¢6 An ~ 0 nén AU*~ AH? Phan img d): AU’ = AH’ - An.RT = -195,96 + 1.8,314. 298,15. 10° 193,5 (kD) 2) Zinyy + HaS0¢ qu) -> Hoy + 280g ‘Trong bom nhigt lugng ké c6 V = const. 1 = AU ~~ 71,48. -—— 32,69765,58 142,96 (ky/mol) => AH = AU + An.RT = - 142,96 + 1, 8,314 .298,15 107 = - 140,5 (ki/mol) Bai 9: Tinh AH" cla phan ting téng hop 1 mol adenine CsHsNsqq ti 5 mol HCN (Cho igt AMS yy) ==7AB (Rdfmol); AHS yg = A6,TKIMMOl; A21ygey = 9141 Kol Va CHa) + NHsqy 9HCNg) + 3Haq) AH? = 251,2 kJ.mol" Giai: (2): Cy + 2H) > CHe AMS cy,4) =-74,8 (kd/mol) () EN + Hay)» NHaa) AIS yg, =~ 46,1kJ/mo) (0):5Cp* $H59)* SNoq) PHN AM Saguiy Mot Kho (@) : CHgq) + Ny) HON) + 3a) AH? = 251,2 kJ.mol Ta ly: 5 (a) + £5 (0)] + (©) + [-5.(0)] ta duge: SHCNg) > CsHsNw) AH =251,2 ky/imol Bail ‘Tinh nhi¢t thoat ra khi tong hyp 17kg NH; 100K. Bit AH} soy.y,,) ~ 46,2 kJ.mol™ ya) 24,7 + 37,48.10° T Jmol'K Crus.” 27,8 + 4,184.10° T Jmol"K* Crane) 286 +1,17.10° T Jmol" “17-Gidl 1 3 . ‘ Nag) + Saw NEba) AMS ye == 462ml ACE Cros) = 5 Crises 2 3 Cre == 24,7 +37,48.10°T S178 + 4184.10] - 21286 + 1,17 10°T) -32,1 + 31,541.10° T Alling = AS + [AC ,.AT AM, + (-32131541.10° TAT vp ir AM, + fc-32ar-sisaiio? Sy a + Il 7 46,2.10° +31,541 10°. 4 (10007 -198%) — 32,1(1000 ~298)= - 54364,183 (Jmol) => Khi tng hop 17 kg NH, thi nhigtlugmg tod ral: _ 17000 Q 17 (-54364,183 .10°) = -54364,183 (kl) ‘Tinh nang lngng mang ludi tinh thé BaCl, ti 2 8 hgp dit kign sau: 1) Bntanpi sinb ctia BaCl, tin thé: - 859,41 kJ/mol Entanpi phan li cua Cly: 238,26 kIimol Entanpi thang hoa cia Ba: 192,28 kJ/mol i cia Ba: 500,76 ki/mol Ba: 961,40 kJ/mol 4i Ie electron cia Cl: - 363,66 kJ/mol Nang lueng ion hod thi: Nang lugng ion hod this hai ei 2) Higu tng nhigt ca qué trinh hoa tan 1 mol BaCl: vao ce mol H0 la (0,16kJ/mol. Nhiét hidrat hod ion Ba”’ : - 1344 kJ/mol Nhigt hidrat hod fon CU: - 363 knot ‘rong cde két qué thu duge, két qué mio ding tin ey hon G -18-AH pct, | AH), [18:09 fen 3 Un = Alf 5 Alla) © Alyy lie “aan -2Ae - 859,41 - 192,28 - 238,26 - 500,76 - 961,40 + 2 .363,66 = = 2024,79 (kJ/mol) 2) BaClyqy Ehsan, pg, Unt = AH; + AH = AB ocr -1344 - 2.363 + 10,16 = -2059,84 (kJ/mol) &t qui 1) ding tin efy hon, két qua tinh theo m6 hinh 2) chi la gdn ding do mé hinh ny khéng mé ti h cic qué trinh dign ra trong dung dich, cdc ion nhdt 18 cation it nhieu edn 6 wong téc lan nhau hoe tong tac véi HO. Bai Cho gin né 10 lit khi He 60°C, 10atm dén dp sudt 18 Latm theo 3 qué trind saw: a) Gian ding nhigt thudn nghich ) Gian doan nhigt thu ©) Gian dogn nhigt khong thudn nghich. nghich. Cho nhigt dung ding tich cia He Cy = 3 va chp nbgn kh6ng déi trong digu kign d cho cca bai tod Tinh thé tich cudi cing cia hé, nhiét Q, bién thién ni ning AU va céng W trong méi qué trio néi ten? Giai: a) T~const =» AU~0; AH~0 AU=Q+W=0 >Q=-W Yes oRtin Ze eg wee par = juan * -19-Voi kh Uewing: PV) =PaVe B= Zo vs= Fy, = 2 10 = 1000 >W=-(aRT)In 2 ?, 10.10 In 10 = 230,259 (Lat) > W = 230,259 101,33 107 = 23,332 ks) Q=- W= 23,332 (KD) byQ-0 au-we-n.c.at= 243 pay-t) RT, 2 AU = W (T)-T) ‘Theo PT poisson: T.V"' = const > PP! = const 10)" = 108,74 (K) AQIS (108,74 - 273,15) 101,33 = 914860) 273.16 PLWiTp _10.10.108,74 Tavs 39,81) )Q=0 AU=W GTM) Pa Ve Vos (RE 3 (/: qT) eon Bray) --0R (EB) ory oon 3 (Ti) Pvt Dy, —PLNLD _10.10.0.64T _ gag PT, Th > AU = W~-Py(Vs~ Vy) = -1(64~10) = -54(L. atm) -20-~54(L.atm) 101,33 J/Latm = - $471,82 (J) Bai13; Phin mg sau: Ag + 4.Cl,= AgCl ay ta duéi dp sult | atm vag 25°C ra 1 nhigt lngng 1a 126,566 kl. 1Néu cho phan img dé xay ra trong 1 nguyén 16 ganvani & P, T ~ const thi hoé nang sé duge chuyén thinh dign ning va sn ra cong W" = 109,622 kl. Hiy ching tring wong ed 2 trudng hop ten, bién thién n6i ning cia hé van chi a. mgt, con nhiét thi khde nbau va tinh gia tri bién thién ndi ning 46. Gia = Do U la ham trang thai nén AU ~ U; ~ U, ~ const, cbo di sy bién déi duge thye hién bing céch nio, Vi vy AU trong 2 témg hop tién chi 1A mét. = ViAU-Q+W=Q4W" Do AnRT ~ const; AU = const PAV~Q4+W?-An.RT [Nén khi W" (cng ¢6 fch) thay déi thi Q cing thay déi ~ AU = AH - AnRT = -126,566~ +. 8,314 .298,15.10° =~ 125,327 (kJ) Bai Tinh cong cia sy bién déi ding nhigt thufn nghich va bét thudn nghich 42g kh 300K khis 4) Gin né tr Satm dé Lat, b) Nén tir Latm dén Satm. (Ri durge coi la I img). So sinh cic két qua va nit ra két ud, Gili a) * Wi > - fray Ly , p Jr = ner = nary faery 7, R Win= 42.8,314 300. n= -6201,39() ae 3 *Wom = -Pog AV = Pae(Vi ~ Vi) = Peg Ft a)- b) Wy — aR Tin = 42 8314 300.1n2= 6201,39(5) 7 T 1) 314.300 (-4) = 293,04 0) a “ue}=14965,2 0) KL: - Cong ma hé thye hign (sinh) trong qué trinh bién thién thug nghich tr trang thai 1 dén trang thdi 2 bing cong ma hé nhén khi tir trong théi 2 vé trang théi 1. Cdn trong qué trinb bién thién bat thudn aghich thi cOng hé sinh nhé hon céng hé nhén, - Trong sy bién thién thud nghich thi hé sinh céng lén hon trong qué trinh bién thién bat thug ngbjeh, 18 Bait: Phan Ging: CoH, > 8 300K 06 Qe — Qy = 1245(J). Hoi CsHs va HO trong phin img 6 trang théi long hay hei? Gia Qe Qv-AMRT = 1245() pn ~ 1288 - => HO va CoH phai 6 thé hoi thi An = 0,5 Tinh nhigt lugng cdn thiét dé nang nhigt d6 cua 0,5 mol H,O tir -50°C dén 500°C & P= Latm. Biét nhigt néng chay cia nude 6 273K 18 Ly. ~ 6004S/mol, nhigt bay hoi cia made 6 373K 18 Le = 40660 Jmol Chuuo.w) ~ 30,2 +10°TU/molK) ; Chuy,9.7 35,56WimolK); Cy,0,)> 75,3 (UimolK) Giai: at au 10 2 20-282 109-28 0p 22! tho, S8 nso, ¢su0'e) SOC COON taore AH SAW = Inch dP nd + [Cig dP snd, Inia AP = 0,5 35,56(273 ~228) + 0,5 6004 + 0.5.75. (373-273) + 0,5 40660 + + 0,5.30,2 (773 ~ 373) + “ 0,5 (773* — 373°) = 351720) Bail7: -n-Tinh sy bién thién entropi cua qué trinh dun néng 0,5 mol H,0 ti - 50°C dén 500°C & P= Latm, Biét mhigt néng chay cia nude & 273K = 6004J/mol; nhiét bay hoi cba nuée & 273K ~ 40660J/mol. Nbiét dung mol ding 4p C; cha nude dé va nude long lin legt bing 35,56 va 75,3J/molK; C; ciia hoi nude [a (30,2 + 10°T) J/molK. Gis AS, :, s As 1,09 S22 1405-22 Hop 22 1,09 2% 104° Ho) 223K 273K 273K 373K 373K BK AS -A8, +A8; + AS) + ASY + ASS rm Lo Lo Be Cp EB [Cp Stee fry LASro a tana oor tars” Lo | 05. [ la BBE 1550 AS 30.210 a0 13-379] 93,85(I/IK) Bail: Tinh sy bién thién entropi khi trOn lin 200g nude & 15°C véi 400g nude & 60°C. Biét ring hé 1a c6 lap va nhiét dung mol ciia nude long 1a 75,3 J/moL.K Gidi: Goi T 1a nhigt d6 cia hé sau khi pha tron, Do Q im = Q sos nen: 200 & r—288) = 28.331) 18 18 T-288-2.333-27 > T- 2238788 sig(Ky AS ne AS +.AS)~ [2253.40 + [A053 aT gy RT = 200 75,3 nib + $00 75,3 in 318 - 5.78 WK) >0 18 ee Te a => Qué trinh san bing nhigt d6 may ty xay Bait Tinh sy bién thién entropi va AG cia sy hin thinh 1 mol hén hgp khi i teéng gdm 20% Ns; $O%H> vi 30%NHs theo thé tich, Biét ring hén hgp hi duge tgo thanh do sy khuéch tén 3 kf vlo nbau bing céch suit cia cée khf kie diu déu & dke (273K, Latm), 3 binh dyng 3 khi théng voi nhau. Nhiét d6 va 4p Git: -23-Vi khf Ii twéng Khuéch tén vdo nhau nén qué trinh la ding nhigt Goi thé sich cia 1 mol bbn hop Khf la V => thé tich méi khi ban diu (6 ciing digu kign) a ¥4,=0.2N5 Vy, = 03V5 Vy, = 05V. Do %V =%n => my, 0,2 mol; m,,~ 0,5 mol; my, ~0,3mol ~ Sq bién thién entropi duge tinh theo CT: AS Rint y AS ,,~ 0,2.8,314 In 2,6760K " a9 AS,, = 0,5.8,314.In = 2,8819/K " 17 AS, =0.3.8,314 In 2 3,0081K AS = AS, + AS, + ASyy,~ 8,56(0/R) * Qua trinh khuéch tan kh i tuog la ding nhigt nén AH ~0 => AG mp5 = AH T. AS = -273.8,56 = -2336,88()) Bi ‘Trong céc phan img sau, nhting phan tng nio 6 AS > 0; AS <0 vi AS # 0 it. Cy + COs) F2COw 1) CO + L0sq) + COsm 2) Hyg) + Cly)>2HChy 3) Spy + Onn) + SOzm a Gia Phan tg (1) ¢6 An khi=2-1=1>0-» AS>0 1 Phiin img xay ra theo chiéu thagn ° Soaps = Scnor ~SonetgSst010 82 - 219,45 ~ 188,72 = - 126,1700/K) AG= AH-T. AS > Attsspe = AGlospe +1. ASosps 8,13 + 298(- 126,17 109 Als pu <9 > phin ig toa nhigt 45,72866(K1) Bi (M61 mol Kai Ii ting don nguyén ti & 300K va Salm gin né t6i dp sudt latm, Si gin né-duge thy hign bing con dng: a) Biing nhgit va thugn nghich nhigt ddng b) Ding nhigt vi khong thuin nghich, ¢) Doan nhiét va thufn nghich. 4) Dogn nhigt bit thugn nghich, Trong céc qua trinh bat thuda nghich, su gid né chéng lai ép sudt Latm. Tinh Q W, AU, AH, ASp cho mai truémg hop. Gia a) T = const > AU =0; AH=0 WIN © - fray © -aRTIn ~ atin Woy = -1(mmol).8,314 (J.mot"K") Int, 300(K) = -6754,420) 1 Q=-W = 6754,42(0) Qué trink gin né thudn nghich: Sq = ASre + AS = 0 -25-b) T= const > AU =0 ; AH=0 War ~ Pa(Vo = Vi) A arr. 1) = 1, 8.314300 Le ne - 2327,92() —Qurn = -W = 2327,92(0) Sy = AS + AS au , jc, Ss far ein = in Sram) = ASyerm) = SB 1.8314 nt = 22,515(/K) Qu 2327,92 TT ~~ 300 ASun -1,76(N/K) => ASy = 22,515 - 7,76 = 14,755 (WK) (© Qua trinh gin nd nay ty xay ra) ©) Doan nhigt => Q=0 ‘Doan nhigt thudn nghich => Theo Poisson TV"! SR 2 > T, = 300. &) = 101,55(K) 3 SAU = W=nCy(T; - Ty) = 1, 2.8,314.(101,55 - 300) = -2474,87(0) -26-AH ~nCy(T, =) = 1, 5.8314 (101,55 - 300 -4124,780) AS 2-0 T 4) Doan nhigt-> Q=0 ‘Doan nhigt, khong thudn nghich => khOng ap dung duge PT poisson AU = W «ony. AT= on. 38-7) =P 3 qr -300)- 7 At, -450=-T + 2 7 ART, 1,0,082.188 SV: P, 15,416() vy, = 2 = 1,640), = AU > W> 1, 2.8,314,(188- 300) = -1396,7520) 38 oir recur =nCyinZ +nRin® =1, 3.831410 !88+ 18,314 in'S416 ~12,s010/K) >0 Bai23; Tinh AGS, ciaphan ing: CHag) + H:0 g) > COm) + 3Haye Bid CH = H:0(K) COW) Haw) AM (kUimol) -748 2418-11050 S24(JimolK) 186.2 188,7 197,6 130,684 a) Tir gid trj AG? tim duge cé thé két ludn gi vé kha nang ty dién bién cia kha nang phan ing 6 373°K? ») Tai nhigt d6 nao thi phan img 48 cho ty xay ra 6 digu kign chudn? (Coi AH", AS® khong phy thuge T) Giai: AH2, = 3.0 + 1(-110,5) -(-74,8) (-241,8) = 206,1() “mes2, —3.(130,684) + 197,6 - 188,7 - 186,2 ~ 214,752 (J/K) Do AH’, AS” khéng phu thude vio T nén: =>.AG!,, = AH® - T. AS® = 206,1 = 373.214,752.10°=125,9975(kI) > 0 = dke vA T= 373K => Phan tng kh6ng thé ty dign bién b) Dé phan tng ty dign bign & nhigt d6 T(K) thi: AG?<0 <> AH" -T. AS’<0 AH® _ 206,.10° eo T> AMT — 2061.10" as” 214752 = 959,71(K) Entanpi ty do chudn eta phan ing tgo thanh HzO tir ede don chit phy thude vo T theo phuon: inh sau: AG!, = -240000 + 6,9ST + 12.9TIgT (Jimol) Tinh AG’, AS’ va AH' cia phan mg tgo think H,0 6 2000K Giai: AG? yo -240000 + 6,95.2000 + 129.20001g2000~ -140933,426(J:mol) aG~ var - sat = (22) --5 a, 3 5in= (BE) = 695+ 12.5190 +1297. = 695 + 29gT + BS ar), Tinto Taio = 6,95 + 12,91g2000 + = 55,1357(/molk) =? Al gg9™ =P AG agg + T. AS'hp,~ -140953,426 + 2000, 55,1357 ~ -30662,054 (mol) Mt Hoe sinh khi lim bai ting trinh thé nghigm do nbigt d6 d6t chay mot bop chit hau co cho ring: AH = AU +P. AV. Sw dét chy trong bom nhigt long ké lim cho AV 0, do d8 AH AU. Kétludn nay sai & di? H-U+P.V > AH= AU + A(PV)~AU +P, AVY, AP Hay AH = AU +A(@RT) ‘Trong bom nhigt lugng ké thi: AV=Onén; AH = AU + V, AP= AU + AG@RT) Bai26: Hay chi ra nhing ménh dé sai a) Déi v6i 1 hg kin, qua trinh gid né khi 18 doan nhigt = hé la c6 lip > Q = 0; => AS=0. -28-by) M6t hg bat ky o6 thé wy didn bin 1% trang théi 6 entanpi thip hon (AH <0) va entropi én hon (AS > 0). Hay hg theo chigu giim entanpi ty do (AG <0), ©) AGP= aH?-T. ase Véi phin tmg hod hoc 6 T = const. Néu AG"> 0 -> Phin dng tyr dién bién theo chidu nghich, AG® = 0: Phan ting 6 trang thai can bing. thug. AG? <0 : Phin img ty xy ra theo chi Gidi: a) Sai. Do AS = 0 chi khi qué trinh bién di thudn nghich, (Cha véi qué tinh bién di bat thuda nghich thi AS > 2 <> as >0 b) Sai . Do ménh dé nay chi diing trong diéu kién T, P = const. ‘Con véi qua trinh bién déi ma V, T = const thi phai xé AF. ©) Sai, Do véi qué trinh hod hoe thi phai xet gi tr: AG = AG" + RTInQ chit khong phai dya vao AG" (Tuy nhién, c6 thé coi ring AG? << 0 thi qué trinh c6 thé xéy ra diege ci & diéu kin chun vi diéu kign thye. Khi AG! <0 thi vé nguyén tic chi c6 qué trink nguege tei méi sxdy ra, khong thé xe djnh durge chink xéc gidi han ciia NG? ma theo &b qué trinh xéy ra theo chiéu nay hay chiéu khdc, M@t céch gan diing cé thé coi rang cdc gidi han nay Khoding ching £40 kI/mol). Bai Ot ki f wong e6 Cy = 3R khong phy thude T duge gidn né doan nhiét trong chan KhOng ti thé tich gp di, Hoc sinh A If ludm ring déi véi qué trinh dogn nbigt thi ( qr ny 7 2a[K) veiy~ 4 do ds Ty 7 A) 3 # Hoe sinh B cho ring: AU=Q+A=0+0=nCy, AT>AT=0> Hoe sinh ndo n6i ding? Hay chi ra I6i sai ca Hoe sind kia Gi - Hoe sinh B néi ding. - Hoe sinh A néi sai : Vi qué trinh gid né trong chén khng 1a qué trinh bat thudn nghich nén khéng st: dung durge phurong trinh poisson -29-Bai 28: ‘Tinh cht nhigt dong cia mot sé phan ti va ion 6 trang thai tiéu chun tai 25°C nw sau: CoH Oru COsqy— HO) COP (aq) Oey AHQ(kiimol) -10185 0 =393,51. = 285,83. -677,14 - 229,99 S'(JimolK) 269,91 205,138 213,74 69,91 = 56,9 — - 10,75 Xét qua trinh ox hod hoan toan 1 mol CsHH,(K) véi Os(K)tg0 thanh theo 2 eéch : a) Bat thun nghich >) Thus nghjch (trong 1 1é bao dign hod) 1) Tinh AH®, AU*, AS*, AG? cua phan ting trong méi céch n6i tn? 2) Tinh nhigt, cong thé tfeh, eGng phi thé tich (te 1a eng hau fel) ma hg trae d6i véi moi truing trong mdi céch? 3) Tinh AS cia moi trudmg va AS téng eOng cua vii tru Ki tién hanh qué trinh theo méi cach, 4) MOt mé hink 1é bio dign hos khde lim vige da trén phiin img oxi hod CsHs(k) boi O26) hi c6 mat dung dich KOH 5M véi dign eve Pt. Céc logi phan si va ion (trie KOH) déu & trang thdi tiéu chudn. Hay viét céc nia phan tmg 6 catot va anot va phan img tng céng trong té bao dign hod. Néu tir +8 bao dign hos dé, 6 25°C, ta thu duge dong dign 100mA. Hay tinh céng sudt oye dai c6 thé dat durge. Gidi: CHa) +5024) > 3COaqy + 44209 1) Do eée ham H, U, S, G 18 him trang théi nén di tién han theo céch ndo thi cée gif tri AU, AH, AS, AG cing nbw nhau véi cing trang thai dau va cudi. Vay: AIP yay” Se MIP AMIS, BAIT coy #4. AIT 93,51 - 285,83 4 + 103,85 = -2220 (kJ) ant’, =213, 4, 3 +4,69,91 - 269,91 - 5, 205,138 = -374,74 (J/K) AH? - T, AS® = -2220 + 298,15 .374,74.10° = -2108,27 (KJ) AU? = AH? - A(PV) = AH® - ANRT = -2220 - (-3).8,314.298,15.10° = -2212,56(KJ) 2) a) Qua trinh bat thudin nghieh: - Nhigt ma hg trao d6i véi méi trading 18 Qury ~ AH ~ -2220 (ki) 0: hé nan cong 5) a) Qua trinh bat thudin ngbicb: ASg~ Yat Sem — AM" 2220.10" wT TT 28s = 7445, 916 (SK) => AS sau = Sue AS 4g = 745,916 - 374,74 = 7071,176(0/K) ) Qué trinh thudn ngbich: Qry — WIT2RTAL T 29815 AS, = 374,74 1K) a T =9 AS vay = ASye + AS yg = 0 4) Cie nita phan ting: Anot: CsH, +260H > 3CO? + 17H;0+20€ Catot: 0; + 2H:0 + 4e > 40H Phan ting ting cng: CsHag) + 5039) + 6OH ag) 3 COR) + THO py = So di pin: (-) Pt, CsHs(1atm)/KOH(5M), K,CO3(IM)/ O,(1atm), Pt (+) AM, = 3(-677,14) + 7.(-285,83) + 103,85 - 5.0 -6(-229,99) = -2548,44(KI) AS2,= 3.(-56,9) + 7.69.91 - 269,91 ~ 5.205,138- 6(-10,74) =-912,43(KJ) AG2,= AH?,=T. AS®, = -2548,44 + 298,15.912,43.10% =~ 2276,399(K) 35 pn AGA 276899 ge nF 2096685 wy B= pe. 005024, [COP Fy 1g 0592 965)4— 1 9¢y) 20 (OM PP, Pa 20 >P=E I= 1,19 0,1 =0,119(W) Tinh bién thién entropi khi chuyén 418,4J nbigt tir vat 06 ¢° = 150°C dén vat 6 1° = 50°C. -a1-Gidl (Qué stink bign déi tren 1a Khéng thudn nghich duge coi nhu gdm 3 qué trinh bién thién thujn nghich: 1) Vat & 150°C truyén nhiét thudn nghich 6 T = const. aisa as~ 2 7 is0s27315 = 0,989(N/K) 2) He bin thién dogn nhigt ti 150°C dén 50°C AS)=0 3) Val 6 50°C nbgn nbbigt thud nghich 6 T= const _.Q_ 4184 T 50s27315 AS; 1,295(0/K) Do $ li him trang thai nén: ASpin ~ ASiy~ AS) + AS: + AS: = 0,306(/K) Biét & -15% , Paa(H20, 1) = 1,428 (tort) 6 -15°C, Phy (H20.2) ~ 1,215(t0r2) Hay tinh AG ctia qué trinh dong de 1 mol H:O,, thinh nude dé 615°C va Latm. Gidi: Gena? 15°C, 1 mol H,O1 ————>_- 15°C, Imol H,0(n) (Qué trinh TN do (| #0 has, bao hoa @ rnd can bing v6i H,O()) so @ 1 = 15°C, 1mol H,0 —© __- -15°C, 1mol H,0 (hy 1438 Torr 1,213 Torr (1), 6) 1 qua tinh chuyén pha thus nghich » AG AG.—0 ~aRTIn = 1.8314, 258,15 mee = -346,6870) > AG = AG. 28 BAL31; C61 mol O; nguyen chét & 25°C, 2atm 1 mol O; nguyén chat 6 25°C, Latm 1 mol O; 6 25°C trong khéng khi trén mat dat (P ~ Latm, O, chiém 21% V khéng khi) -a2-- So sanh gid tri ham G eta 1 mol O; trong 3 trudmg hgp trén hon kém nhau bao nhigu 32 ‘Tir dé rit ra két lug: Kha nang phan img cia Os trong mdi trudng hgp trén cao hay thap hon so v6i tring hgp khac? Gidi * G18 ham Gibb cia 1 mol O; 6 Latm = 1 mol Oz, latm, 25°C —» 1 mol Oz, 2atm, 25°C. (6) (Gi) 86)~6,-0P—aktin 2 ~1,83145.29815in2 ~1718290) 3G, >G° - Goi G, a ham Gibb cua Imol O; 6 25°C trong khéng khi (0,21 atm) 1mol O;, 25°C, atm -> 1 mol O, 25°C, 0,21.tm @) (Ga) AG = G: = G?= 1, 8.3145 .298,15.In221 ~.3868,8() 2 & 1 mol O; 6 25°C, 2atm 6 khi ning phin ig cao nhét edn 1 mol O; nam trong khéng Khf thi bé nbét e6 Kid nang phin ing kém Nhigt hod tan (AH,,) 0,672g phenol trong 135,9g clorofom 18 -88J va cua 1,56g phenol trong 148,69g clorofom li -1724 “Tinh mbigt pha lodng déi véi dung dich o6 ndng d6 nhur dung dich thit 2 chita 1 mol phenol ikhi pha loding dén ndng 49 oia dung dich thir nhit bing clorofom. Gidi: + CHCl; AH 2) Mee gg. CUCS aa 94g phenol + CHCl, AB AH pha loing = AH) - AHix2) 94 (172) +525, (88) = - 2004.87) -33-Nhigt hoa tan 1 mol KC] trong 200 ml nude dudi ap suat P = Lamt la: vC a 2B AH 18,154 17,824 (kd) Xe dinh AHos va so sinh véi gid tri thye nghiém la 17,578 (kJ) Gi ‘Theo dinh lust Kirehhoi AlLaoq = AHa5x + ACp.(294 - 298) = 18,454 (kJ) Alou ~ AHaog + ACp-(296 - 298) ~ 17,824(4J) ?{ AH yoy = 17,494 (kJ) ACp = -0,165 (KI/K) Azo. ~ AH2oecrs) 0,48% ABbogersy Vay AHj9s tinh duge theo If thuyét sai khde voi gia tri TN 18 0,48%. Bai 3. Tinh AS cua qué trinh hod hoi 3 mol H:0 (1) & 25°C, Latm. Cho: AF, 204) = 40,656 KF/mol; Cy,o4 = 75,291 (TK); Cy p,oa= 33,58 (IimolK) Gia Xt chu trink: 25°C, 3 mol HzO q, Lat —AS > 25°C, 3 mol H,O%, atm AS, AS; °C AS: 100°C, 3mol HyO,y,Latm "Ze 100°C, 3mol HO gy, Latm 3,.75,291 1n 15 — 50,6822(5/K) IRIS sO" — 326,8605(H/K) 29815 = nCypinZe= 3.33,58.1n 283 — 99 604451 “ 3735 ns) > AS ~ AS, + AS: + ASs ~ 354,9383 (I/K) “Mea) Tinh céng trong qua trinh dét chy 1 mol ngu etylic 6 dke va 25°C. 1b) Néu H,O 6 dang hoi thi cong kém theo qué trinh nay la bao nhiéu? Gia a) C3HsOHyy +303 qy > 2CO3 qj + 3H:0 gy R.T = 8,314.29815 ~ 247882 () b) Néu H.O 6 dang hoi thi: An = 2. => W=- An. RT=-2 8,314 298,15 = - 4957,64() Tinh AS, AG trong qué trinh gin khéng th nghich 2 mol kh faring tr lit dén 20 lit 6 54°C. Vi S, G la cée ham trang thdi nén AS, AG Khong phu thude vio qué trinh bién thign 1a thudin nghich hay bét thugn nghich ma chi phy thude vao trang thai ddu va trang thai cud. Vi vay: AS~ nRln b= 2, §,314.ln22~ 26,76 (WK) T= const +» AH = 0; AU = 0 AG = AH - T. AS = 0 -(273,15 + 54) 26,76 = - 8755,1 (1) Gt binh 66 thé tich V = 5(1) duge nga lam 2 phin bing nhau. Phin 1 chGa Ns & 298K va dp sudt 2atm, phan 2 6 298K va dp suit Iatm, Tinh AG, AH, AS cia qua trinh tn lin 2 khi khi ng ta b6 vich ngin di Gi T= 298K ; Vos (Na) = Vi AS = AS(N;) + AS(O:)= 1y, Rin Pa ¥u, +o, Ke T In2=0,0174(LavK) =0,0174 .101,325 = 1,763 (J/K) 35-= Qué trinh ding nhigt > AH =0 = AG = AH - T. AS =- 298 .1,763 = - 525,374 (J) Cho cée dtr ligu sau day 6 298K chit AHY(klimolk) —S"(JimolkK) ——_-V(m"/mol) Coan ct 0,00 5,696 5,31.10° 1,90 2,427 3,416.10% .6 mt phan rt nho kim cuong ciing tn tai véi than chi duge khOng? thidu phai ding dé o6 thé di luge kim cuong & 298K? Cyimeume = Coaneri AGQog = AH? = AH? gua cx) - AH? kim coony = 0 = 1,9= =1,9 (kd) AS? = $° stan ott ~ S"kim cvong ~ 5,696 ~ 2,427 ~ 3,269 (JK) => AG og y= AHP - T. AS? 1900 - 298.3,269 = -2874,162(J) AG? <0 (Tuy nhién AG? khéng qué 4m) => Phan (mg ty xay ra theo chiéu thufn = khéng tén tai mt long nhé kim cuong cling v6i than chi 2 Cohan chi == Ckimowng —_AG?, = 42874,162 AV = Vac - Vie = 3,416.104 - 5,31.10% = 1,894.10. (mn'/mol) Ta c6: dG = VeP - SaT => AG,~ AG, =AV(P; - Pi) 1Bé digu ché duge kim euome ti than chi thi: AG, <0 > AG, + AV(P2- PI) <0 (Do AV <0) -36-AG, |, 2874162 REPL a av 1894.10°.101325 P= 14977,65 (atm) Vay ap sudt ti thidu phai dig dé digu ché duge kim eang tr than chi la 14977,65atm. Nhu vay 625°C, can biing than chi. == kim cuong t6n tai 6 4p suat khong 15000 atm. 6 ép suat cao hon qua trinh chuyén than chi think kim oong la ty dign big, mac dau véi tic d6 ri cham. Muda ting te d6 phai ting ahigt d6 va dp suit, trong thye t€ qué trinh chuyén than chi thank kim euong duge tién hah khi o6 wit tae (Ni+ Cr+...) & nhigt dé trén 1500°C va P = 50000atm. BAi39: Phan dmg gia Zn va dd CuSOs xay 1a trong éng nghifm toa ra hagmg nhige 230,736kJ. Cling phan dng én cho xay ra trong pin dign thi m@t phan hod nang chuyén thanh dign nang. Céng dign ciia pin 1a 210,672kJ. Chimg minh ring: AU cia 2 qua trin Kndng déi, nhung nhigt tod ra thay déi, Tinh AS cia phan img, ASqr va AS? Cho T 300K Gia: Zn + CuSO, ~ZnS0, +Cu - Khi thye hign trong éng nghiém: (Tién hanh bat thuan nghich) Vas = Veu => Wa = 0; W? = 0 = AUpmy= Quin = AH = -230,736K) - Khi thye hign phan tg trong pin dign (qua trinh thudn nghich) W ux ~~ 210,672 (KI) =9 AG = W' nag = -210,672(K) Hy ~ AH: ~~ 230,736(K) > Quy = T. AS = AH - AG = -230,736 + 210,672 ~ -20,064(kI) => AUin = Q + W' +P. AV = -20,064 = 210,672 +0 =-230,736 (kJ) = AUsiy _20,064.10° - AS 66,88(/K) 300 ASausin == 268 = 23073610" — 969,13¢0/K) T 300 = ASpaurn) ~ 702,24(0/K) ASmciny “= BBA = 88s = AS gens =O Bai 4 ae= AG, = W' nae Xét | phan ting thugn nghich trong pin dign thi AG, ~ W'mex <0 - Nhung m6t hoe sinh viét ring: inh Hud C6: AS gy = ASyy + AS yg (1) Trong moi qua Aig =- AH @ AS = Ae. 3 AS say ee + AS y T T 4 T. AS vane == AH yg + T. AS He “AG np Voi qué trinh thuan nghich thi AS ayy =0 => AG yg = 0 €> A Hi gidi thich mau thudn may. Gia (2) chi diing khi ngoai cong gin né hé khong thye hign cOng ndo Khe: AH AU+P. AV > AU~ AH-P.AV Q=AU-W=(AH-P. AV) -(-P. AV+W") 49 Qig > AH yg W? >= AH ge => Chi khi W"=0 thi AHge = = AH yg * Trong pin: Wma: ~ AG <0 nn AH # AH yp. BALAI: Xét phan ting: Znyy + Cu gy > Zn ay + CUyy ign ra trong dkte 6 25°C. 8) Tinh W, Q, AU, AH, AG, AS ea phan ting & diéu kign trén Bik: Za Zt Cup) Cu AHS (kifmol) -1524 0 0 64,39 Sha(Vimol.K) = 1065 41,6 3 98,7 b) Xét kha nang ty dign bién cis phan ting theo 2 céch khde nhau, ©) Néu thye hign phin img trén 1 ech thug nghich trong pin dign thi cae két qua trén c6 gi thay d6i? Tinh Bp? AHS y+ SH2ey- AE y+ AH® = -152,4 - 64,39 = -216,79 (kD) = Sg) = “106.5 +33,3 - 41,6 + 98,7 = -16,1 (WK) AG},~ AH®-T, AS?=-216,79 + 298,15 .16,1.10°~ -211,99(k) AU = Qp= AHS, = -216,79 (kJ) 38-W = 0; qué trinh BIN; W’ =0 b) "AGS, =-211,99 (kd) <<0 (S-40.k) Do AG#, rit Am nén phan ting ty xay ra KhOng nhimg & dkc ma cin ca 6 cée diéu kign khéc . 2epar 721,12 (UK) AS soy = AS yg + AS =-16,1 + 727,12 = 711,02 (WK) Vi AS se cstp~ AS say ~ 711,02 (J/K) >0 = Qué trinh 1a bat thud nghieh «© phan img ty xay ra ©) Kh thye ign phan ding tin TN trong pin dign thi eéc gid tri AH, AS®, AG", AU® khong thay 48i do H, 8, G, U la cic him trang thdi nén khéng phy thuge qué trinh bién ddi 1a thuaia nghjch hay bat thuan nghich nhug ede gid tj Q, W thi thay bi Cu thé: Wa = 0; W'nee = AGO = -211,99() Q=T. AS = 298,15 (16,1) =~ 480,215 (1) =O T 16,1 (VK) => AS vats = ASan + Sug = 0 v6i nguyén t6 Danien & 15°C ngudi ta xic dinh duge site dign dng E = 1,09337V ahigt d9 cia ste dign dong 22 0.000429 V/K. Hay tinh higu dng nhiét cia phin img hos hoe? Gis AG=-nbF > 2 =-nF ar = AH =AG+T. AS =nFA(T. => AH =2. 96485 .(298,15.0,000429 - 1,09337) - - 187162,5() Bai 4: Cho phan img hod hge: Zn + Cu! > Zn?! + Cu xay ra mOt edch thudn nghich ding nhiét, ding 4p 6 25°C trong nguy Sute dign dong cha nguyén t6 do duge ld 1,1V va hé s6 mhigt d6 cba site dign dong la (S) 3,3.10° (VIK) -39-a) Tinh higu ng nhigt Q, bién thién Gipxo AG va bién thin entropi AS cia phén tmg hos hoe da cho b) Tinh Qa, eta qua tein? thye hign 6 cing nbigt dO va cing dp suét nhung trong ©) Néu cling phan img hod hye t ‘mot binh cu thudng thi cée gid tri cia AG, AS sé 18 bao nhiéu? Gia = 2.1,1 96485 = - 212267(0) eng _ AS=- = 2.96485 .3,3 .10° = 6,368 (SK) AH = AG + T, AS = 212267 + 298,15 .6,368 = -210368,4() b) Qu = T. AS = 298,15 6,368 = 1898,62 (J) on te 18 thye hig éu phn img hod hoe thye hign & cing nhigt d6, 4p sual nhung trong 1 binh edu thing qué trinh m@t edch bat thud nghieh thi AG, AS eta phin ng vin nhu & cfu (a). Do G, 1a ede him trang thai => gid tr ela AG, AS khéng phy thu6e vio qua trin bién thién ive KET LUGN - kin ng] Trén day 1a hé théng cau héi va bai tap phi Hhigt hod hoe” ma ti da dp dung trong ging day. Né tuong d6i phi hyp véi yéu cu va muc dich giing day, bai dudmg hoe sinh kha, gidi 6 trudmg chuyén chudn bj dy thi hge sinh gidi cdc cp . Né c6 thé ding lim tai ligu ge tp cho hoe sinh ede 1ép chuyén Hod hoe va ti ligu tham khdo cho ede thy © gifo trong gidng day va boi during hoc sinh gidi Hod hoc 6 bac THPT gép phin nang cao chat lugng ging day vi hoc tap mn Hod hoe. Tuy nbién, day chi 18 m@t phin rit nhé trong chuong trinh én luyén cho hoe sinh chudn bj tham gia vao cde ky thi hoe sinh gidi ede edp. Vi vay, t6i rit mong ede Thiy , C6 dng nghigp g6p ¥ kién cho t6i vé chuyén dé nay va cing nhau phat trién sang ede chuyén 48 hie 48 hoe trd chuyén Hod ngay cdng o6 nbibu tai ligu hoe tap mot cach hé théng hor. -40-