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Kha hc h phng trnh bc nht n thi vo lp 10

Bi ging s 2: GII H PHNG TRNH BC NHT BNG PHNG PHP

TH

A. KIN THC TRNG TM

ax by c
Phng php th: H phng trnh
ax by c
a
c

a
c

ax by c
b
b
y x
Ta c:

b
b
ax by c
ax b a x c c
ax by c

b
b
T ta tm c nghim ca h phng trnh.
Ch : Phng trnh ax b 1
+) Nu a 0 th phng trnh 1 c dng 0x b .
-

Khi b 0 th phng trnh 1 c dng 0 x 0 phng trnh c v s nghim.

Khi b 0 phng trnh 1 v nghim.

+) Nu a 0 th phng trnh 1 c nghim duy nht x

b
.
a

B. CC V D MU
V d 1: Gii cc h phng trnh:

3a 3b 8

b) a
2 b 4

2 x y 7
a)
4 x 3 y 4
Gii

y 7 2 x
2 x y 7
y 7 2x
y 7 2x
x 2,5
a)

4 x 3 7 2 x 4
4 x 3 y 4
10 x 25
x 2, 5
y 2
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l: 2,5; 2 .
a

a
a
40

b 4
a
b 4
b 4
3a 3b 8

3
2
2
b) a

3a 3 4 a 8
2 b 4
3 a 20
a 40
b 32

2
3
3

40 32
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l: ; .
3
3

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Kha hc h phng trnh bc nht n thi vo lp 10

(m 1) x 4my 2 (1)
V d 2: Cho h phng trnh
x (m 1) y m 2 (2)
a) Gii h phng trnh vi m 2 .
b) Gii v bin lun h phng trnh.
c) Tm m h c nghim duy nht tha mn x 0, y 0.
d) Tm m h phng trnh c nghim x, y .
Gii:
a) Thay m 2 vo h phng trnh ta c:

2 1 2 2 2 1 y 4 2 y 2
2 1 x 4 2 y 2
3 6 2 y 2 2

x 2 1 y 2 2
x 2 2 2 1 y
x 2 2 2 1 y

2 2

2 2
y

36 2

3 6 2

x 2 2 2 1 y
x 18 14 2

3 6 2
18 14 2 2 2
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l:
;
.
3

6
2
3

6
2

b) 2 x m 2 m 1 y . Th vo 1 ta c:

m 1 m 2 m 1 y 4my 2 m 1 y m 2 m 3
Vi m 1 th 3 c dng 0. y 0 ng y . H phng trnh c v s nghim tho mn
2 m 1 2m 1 2 2m 1

x
2
m 1
m

Vi m 1 , h c nghim duy nht

y m m 1 m
2

m 1 m 1

m 1
x 2 2m 1 0

m 1
m 1
c) m 1
2

m 1
m
y
0

m 1

m 0

m 1

m 0

d) m 1 , h phng trnh c nghim x 2 y 1 x 2 y 1

Vy h phng trnh c nghim nguyn x 2 y 1, y

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x 2 y 1.

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Kha hc h phng trnh bc nht n thi vo lp 10

2
4m 2
x

m 1
m 1

m 1:
m 1 (1),(2)
y m 1 1

m 1
m 1
m 1 1
m 2
x, y nguyn

m 11
m 0
Vy h phng trnh c nghim nguyn m 2, 1, 0 .
(m 1) x 2 y 1 (1)
V d 3: Cho h phng trnh
(2)
3 x my 1
a) Chng t vi mi gi tr ca m h phng trnh lun c nghim.
b) Tm m nghim ca h tho mn x y ln nht.
c) Tm m h phng trnh c nghim x 0, y 0.
Gii:
m 1 x 1 . Th vo 2 : 3x m. m 1 x 1 1 (3) m2 m 6 x m 2
a) 1 y

2
2
m2

x 2
2

1 23
m m6

V m2 m 6 m 0 m nn h phng trnh lun c nghim duy nht:

.
m

4
2
4

m2 m 6
6
6 24
24
1
b) x y 2

nn x y nh nht
khi m
m m 6 23 23
23
2
4
m2

x m2 m 6 0

c)
2 m 4 (V m 2 m 6 0 m )
y m 4 0
m 2 m 6

mx y 2
V d 4: Cho h phng trnh:
. Gii v bin lun h theo m .
2 x y 1
Gii:
mx y 2
2 m x 3 1

2
2 x y 1
2 x y 1
+) Xt phng trnh 1 : 2 m x 3
Nu 2 m 0 m 2 th phng trnh 1 c dng 0.x 3 (v nghim). Do h v nghim.
Nu 2 m 0 m 2 th phng trnh 1 c nghim duy nht x
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3
2m

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Kha hc h phng trnh bc nht n thi vo lp 10

3
6
4m
vo phng trnh 2 ta c: y 2 x 1
1
2m
2m
2m
3

x 2 m
Vy vi m 2 th h c nghim duy nht
.
4

m
y

2 m

+) Thay x

(1)
(m 1) x 2my 2
V d 5: Cho h phng trnh
2mx (m 1) y m 1 (2)
a) Gii v bin lun h phng trnh.
b) Trong trng hp h c nghim duy nht, tm h thc gia x, y khng ph thuc m.
c) Tm cc gi tr m sao cho x, y .
Gii:
x 2
x 2
a) Nu m 0 h phng trnh:

y 1
y 1
2 m 1 x
Nu m 0 : (1) y
. Th vo 2 3m 1 m 1 x 2 m 2 1 3
2m
1
16
Vi m th 3 tr thnh: 0.x
(V nghim) H v nghim.
3
9
Vi m 1 th h c nghim x y 1

m
Vi
3 th h c nghim duy nht:
m 1

2 m 1
x
3m 1

y m 1

3m 1

2
4

x 3 3 3m 1
1
m

b) Vi
x y khng ph thuc vo m.
3 th
4
4
m 1
y 1

3 3 3m 1
4

3 x 2 3m 1

c)
3 y 1 4

3m 1
Nu x, y 3 x, 3 y 3m 1 (4). C 3 gi tr m tho mn:
m 1 x 1, y 0
m 0 x 2, y 1
m 1 x 0, y 1

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Kha hc h phng trnh bc nht n thi vo lp 10

m 2 x 2 y 5 1
V d 6: Cho h phng trnh:
. Tm m h c nghim nguyn.
mx

1
2

Gii:
T 2 ta c: y mx 1 . Thay vo 1 ta c:

m 2 x 2 mx 1 5
3mx 2 x 7

3m 2 x 7
x

m
3

7
3m 2

Thay vo y mx 1 y

7
4m 2
.m 1 y
.
3m 2
3m 2

7
3m 2 7 7; 7;1; 1
3m 2
3m 2 7 m 3
5
3m 2 7 m (loi)
3
1
3m 2 1 m (loi)
3
3m 2 1 m 1

x
+)
+)
+)
+)

Thay m 3 vo y

4m 2
y 2 (tha mn).
3m 2

Thay m 1 vo y

4m 2
y 6 (tha mn).
3m 2

Vy vi m 3 hoc m 1 th h c nghim nguyn.

mx y m 2
V d 7: Cho h phng trnh:
2
2 x my m 2m 2

1
2

a) Chng minh rng h phng trnh lun c nghim duy nht vi mi m .

b) Tm m biu thc x 2 3 y 4 nhn gi tr nh nht. Tm gi tr .
Gii:
a) Do m 2 0 m m 2 2 0 m hay m2 2 0 m .
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Kha hc h phng trnh bc nht n thi vo lp 10

Vy h phng trnh lun c nghim duy nht vi mi m .

b) Rt y t 1 ta c: y mx m 2

3 . Th vo 2

ta c: 2 x m mx m 2 m 2 2m 2

2 x m 2 x m3 m 2 2m 2 2 x m 2 x m3 m 2 2m 2 x 2 m 2 m3 2m m 2 2

x 2 m 2 m 1 m 2 2

do m

2 0 x m 1

Thay vo 3 y m m 1 m2 m . Thay x m 1 v y m vo

min x 2 3 y 4

5
5
khi m ta c:
4
2
2

m 1

5 5
5

3m 4 m 2 5m 5 m
2 4
4

Vy min x 2 3 y 4

do

5
5
khi m
4
2

2mx 3 y 5
V d 8: Cho h phng trnh:
x 3my 4
a) Chng minh rng h lun c nghim duy nht.
b) Tm h thc lin h gia x, y khng ph thuc m .
Gii:
a) h c nghim duy nht ta xt hiu: 2m.3m 3. 1 6m 2 3 0 m
Vy 6m 2 3 0 m . Hay h lun c nghim duy nht.
5 3y
5 3y
b) Rt m t 1 ta c: m
thay vo 2 ta c: x 3.
4 2 x 2 8 x 15 y 9 y 2 0
2x
2x
y chnh l h thc lin h gia x, y khng ph thuc m .
C. BI TP T LUYN
Bi 1: Gii cc h phng trnh bng phng php th:
3 x 2 y 4
1.
2 x y 5
4 x 2 y 3
2.
6 x 3 y 5
2 x 3 y 5
3.
4 x 6 y 10

S: 2;1
S: V nghim
S: V s nghim

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Kha hc h phng trnh bc nht n thi vo lp 10

3 x 4 y 2 0
4.
5 x 2 y 14
2 x 5 y 3
5.
3 x 2 y 14
4 x 6 y 9
6.
10 x 15 y 18

S: 2; 2
S: 4; 1
S: V nghim

2
x ay a a 1
Bi 2: Cho h phng trnh:
. Tm a h phng trnh c nghim x 0, y 0 .
2
ax 3 y a 4a
S: 1 a 0
x 2 y 5
Bi 3: Cho h phng trnh:
. Tm m h c nghim x 0, y 0 .
mx y 3
S: m
2
3mx n 3 y 6

Bi 4: Cho h phng trnh:

2
m 1 x 2ny 13
a) Gii h phng trnh vi m 2; n 1 .
S: 5; 6

b) Gii h phng trnh vi m 1; n 3 .

28 3
S: ;
5 10

nx y 2n
Bi 5: Cho h phng trnh:
. Gii v bin lun h theo n .
nx ny n
S: +) n 1 : V nghim

1 2n n
+) n 1 : Nghim l
;

1 n 1 n
Bi 6: Gii cc h phng trnh sau

12 x y 10

a)
1
4 x 3 y 4

S: V nghim

x 2 y 6

b) 1
2 x y 2 3 2

S: V s nghim

Bi 7: Gii cc h phng trnh sau:

3 x ( 3 1) y 5
a)
( 3 1) x y 2

S: 8 3 3;5 3 3

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Kha hc h phng trnh bc nht n thi vo lp 10

2
(a 1) x a y a
b)
( a l tham s)
2
ax (a 1) y 1

S: a;1

Bi 8: Xc nh m v n bn ng thng sau y ng qui: d1 : x 2 y 6 , d 2 : 2 x y 3 ,

d3 : mx ny 1 , d 4 : nx my 13 .

S: m

m 1 x my 3m 1
Bi 9: Cho h phng trnh:
2 x y m 5
a) Gii v bin lun h theo m .

61
47
;n
9
9

S: +) m 1 : V s nghim: y 2 x 4
+) m 1 : Nghim l m 1; m 3

b) Vi cc gi tr nguyn no ca m th h c nghim duy nht x; y sao cho x 0, y 0 .

S: m 0;1; 2
2

c) nh m h c nghim duy nht x; y m P x y t gi tr nh nht.

S: Pmin 8 m 1
d) Xc nh m h c nghim duy nht x; y tho mn x 2 2 y 0 . (Hoc: sao cho M x; y nm trn
parabol y 0,5 x 2 ).
S: m 1; m 5
e) Chng minh rng khi h c nghim duy nht x; y th im D x; y lun lun nm trn mt ng
thng c nh khi m nhn cc gi tr khc nhau.
S: y x 4
x my 2
Bi 10: Cho h phng trnh:
mx 2 y 1

1
S: 1;
2
b) Tm cc s nguyn m h c nghim duy nht x; y m x 0 v y 0 .
a) Gii h phng trnh trn khi m 2 .

S: m 3; 2; 1; 0
c) Tm cc s nguyn m h c nghim duy nht x; y m x, y l cc s nguyn.
S: m
d) Tm m h c nghim duy nht x; y m S x y t gi tr ln nht.
S: S max

5
m0
2

m 3 x y 2
Bi 11: Cho h phng trnh:
. Tm m h phng trnh c nghim nguyn.
mx 2 y 8
S: m 5; 7; 4;8; 2;10

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Kha hc h phng trnh bc nht n thi vo lp 10

2
3mx y 3m 2m 1
Bi 12: Cho h phng trnh:
. Tm h thc lin h gia x, y khng ph thuc
2
x my 2m

vo m .
m 1 x y 3

Bi 13: Cho h phng trnh: 1

x y 1
2
3
a) Gii h phng trnh khi m .
2
b) Tm m h phng trnh c nghim 2; 2 .

3x 2 y 2
3x 2 y 2
S: x
y 2

6x 3 y 4
6x 3 y 4

S: 1;
2

3
S: m
2

m 1 x y m
Bi 14: Cho h phng trnh:
. Tm h thc lin h gia x, y khng ph thuc vo m .
x m 1 y 2
S: x 2 3 x y y 2 2 0

5 x ay a 2 12a
Bi 15: Cho h phng trnh:
. Tm h thc lin h gia x, y khng ph thuc vo
2
3ax y 6a a 2

30 x y 2 30 x y 2
S: 5 x y 12

3x 6 y 73 3 x 6 y 73

a.

mx 2my m 1
Bi 16: Cho h phng trnh:
x m 1 y 2
a) Chng minh nu h c nghim x; y th im M x; y lun thuc mt ng thng c nh khi m
thay i.
S: y x 1
b) Tm m im M thuc gc phn t th nht.
S: m 1
c) Xc nh m im M thuc ng trn c tm l gc ta v bn knh bng 5 .
1
S: m 1; m
2
3 x 2 y 8
Bi 17: Cho h phng trnh:
. Tm m h c nghim x; y tha mn:
2
mx 3 x 1 y m 1
4 x 2 y 6 .
S: m 1 7
x my 3
Bi 18: Cho h phng trnh:
. Tm m h c nghim duy nht tha mn
2
x

3
my

1
m2 1 x 10my 4m 5 .
S: m
2

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Kha hc h phng trnh bc nht n thi vo lp 10

m 2 x y 3
Bi 19: Cho h phng trnh:
mx 3 y 7
a) Gii h phng trnh vi m 1 .
b) Tm m x 0, y 0 .

1 5
S: ;
2 2
S: m 3

mx my m
Bi 20: Cho h phng trnh:
. Tm m nghim ca h tha mn iu kin x 0, y 0 .
mx y 2m
1
S: 0 m
2

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