CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

S GIO DC V O TO HNG YN

SNG KIN KINH NGHIM

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

Ngi vit: Nguyn Th Nhung

n v cng tc: T Ha
Trng THPT chuyn Hng Yn

NGUYN TH NHUNG

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THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

PHN I: M U
1. C s khoa hc ca sng kin kinh nghim cn nghin cu
C s l lun
i b phn cc phn ng ha hc hin nay c xem hoc l phn ng axit baz hoc
l phn ng oxi ha kh. Phn ng axit baz l rt quan trng c v mt nghin cu l thuyt
v mt ng dng ha hc vo thc tin. Trong 10 ha cht m th gii sn xut hin nay th c ti
6 cht l axit hoc baz , l: H2SO4, CaO, NH3, NaOH, H3PO4 v HNO3.
Phn ng axit baz l phn ng quan trng, thng xuyn xy ra trong dung dch.
hiu v suy on c tnh cht axit baz trong dung dch cn cn nm c thuyt Bronxtet v
axit baz.
gii bi ton nh lng cn bit cch m t cn bng trong cc h axit baz khc
nhau: axit , baz mnh, n axit, n baz yu; a axit, a baz, cc cht lng tnh, cc phc
hiroxo ca cc ion kim loi. Vic tnh ton thng c tnh theo nh lut tc dng khi lng
v nh lut bo ton proton.
C s thc tin
Ha hc phn tch ni chung v phn ng axt- baz ni ring c vai tr to ln, chim mt
v tr quan trng trong qu trnh ging dy mn ho hc trng trung hc ph thng, c bit
i vi cc trng chuyn v luyn thi hc sinh gii Quc gia, Quc t. Trong nhng nm qua,
thi hc sinh gii Quc gia thng hay cp ti phn ng axit baz di nhiu gc khc
nhau. Tuy nhin, trong sch gio khoa ph thng , do iu kin gii hn v thi gian nn nhng
kin thc trn ch c cp n mt cch s lc. Qua thc tin ging dy i tuyn hc sinh
gii Quc gia ti nghin cu, la chn v h thng nhng kin thc l thuyt c bn, trng tm;
su tm nhng bi tp in hnh son chuyn Cn bng axit baz trong dung dch cht
in li vi mc ch gip cho hc sinh hiu su v vn dng c tt nhng kin thc hc
vo vic gii cc bi tp, gp phn nng cao cht lng ging dy v hc tp mn Ha hc.
2. Mc ch ca sng kin kinh nghim
Xy dng h thng l thuyt v bi tp v phn ng axit baz trong dung dch cht
in li dng cho hc sinh lp chuyn Ha hc bc THPT gip hc sinh hc tt hn v chun b
tt hn cho cc k thi hc sinh gii ha hc v c l thuyt bi tp phng php gii, gp phn
nng cao cht lng ging dy v hc tp mn Ha hc.
3. i tng nghin cu, phm vi nghin cu
ti Cn bng axit baz trong dung dch cht in li tp trung h thng l thuyt
v su tm cc bi tp in hnh c lin quan n:
A- C S L THUYT
I. Mt s khi nim
1. Khi nim axit - baz
2. Cp axit- baz lin hp
3. Ch s hot ion hiro( pH)
4. Hng s phn li axit hng s phn li baz
5. Phn s nng ()
II. Mt s nh lut bo ton
1. nh lut bo ton vt cht
2. nh lut tc dng khi lng(LTDKL)
3. nh lut bo ton proton( iu kin proton)
NGUYN TH NHUNG

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THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

II. Nguyn tc chung nh gi thnh phn cn bng trong dung dch
1. Nguyn tc chung v tnh thnh phn cn bng trong dung dch
2. Tnh gn ng khi h ch c mt cn bng ch yu
III. Dung dch cc axit - baz
1. Axit mnh v baz mnh
2. n axit yu v n baz yu
3.Hn hp cc n axit v n baz
4. a axit v a baz
5.Cc cht lng tnh
6. Dung dch m
B. CC DNG BI TON MINH HA PHN NG AXIT- BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH
I. Cn bng trong dung dch axit mnh v baz mnh
II.Cn bng trong dung dch n axit yu hoc n baz yu
III. Cn bng trong dung dch cha hn hp axit mnh v n axit yu hoc baz
mnh v n baz yu
IV. Hn hp cc n axit yu v hn hp cc n baz yu
V. Cn bng trong dung dch a axit v a baz
VI. Cn bng trong dung dch cc cht lng tnh
i tng nghin cu l cc kha hc sinh i tuyn d thi hc sinh gii quc gia t nm
2011 n nm 2013
4. K hoch nghin cu
Sng kin kinh nghim ny ti nghin cu ging dy bi dng hc sinh i tuyn d thi
hc sinh gii quc gia, ti trng THPT chuyn Hng Yn t nm hc 2011-2013.
5. Phng php nghin cu
a) Nghin cu ti liu.
b) Thc nghim (ging dy), y l phng php chnh.
6. Thi gian hon thnh
2 nm
7. Cu trc ca sng kin kinh nghim
Ngoi phn m u, kt lun v ti liu tham kho, sng kin kinh nghim bao gm cc phn
chnh sau y:
A. C S L THUYT
B. CC DNG BI TP MINH HA PHN NG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH
PHN II: NI DUNG
A- C S L THUYT
I. Mt s khi nim
1. Khi nim axit - baz
Ti liu gio khoa chuyn ho hc a ra 3 nh ngha v axit- baz nh sau:
*Theo Areniut( Arrhenius):
- Axit l nhng cht c kh nng phn li trong dung dch thnh cation hiro(H+), cn baz l
nhng cht c kh nng phn li trong dung dch thnh anion hiroxit( OH-).
*Theo Bronstet v Lauri:
NGUYN TH NHUNG

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THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

- Axit l nhng cht c kh nng nhng proton(H+), cn baz l nhng cht c kh nng nhn
proton(H+).
Cc cht lng tnh va c tnh axit( cho proton), va c tnh baz( nhn proton).
*Theo Liuyt:
- Axit l nhng cht c kh nng nhn cp electron khng phn chia, cn baz l nhng cht c
kh nng cho cp electron khng phn chia.
2. Cp axit- baz lin hp
Mt axit khi cho proton th bin thnh baz tng ng v mt baz khi nhn proton th bin
thnh mt axit tng ng, ngha l bin i thun nghch:
HA( axit)
A- baz) + H+.
Trong qu trnh thun nghch ny HA v A- hp thnh mt cp axit- baz lin hp. i vi cp
axit- baz lin hp ta lun c: Ka.Kb = Kw.
3. Ch s hot ion hiro( pH)
pH c trng cho tnh axit- baz ca dung dch.
Biu thc: pH= -lg(H+) hoc pH= -lg[H+] (i vi cc dung dch long).
Nu dung dch c [H+] = 10-a pH = a
Trong dung dch axit: [H+] > 1,00.10-7M; pH < 7,00; pOH > 7,00
Trong dung dch baz : [H+] < 1,00.10-7M; pH >7,00; pOH < 7,00
Trong mi trng trung tnh: [H+] = [OH-] = 1,00.10-7M; pH= 7,00
Trong mi trng nc lun lun c biu thc: Kw = [H+].[OH-] = 10 -14 .
4. Hng s phn li axit hng s phn li baz
nh gi mnh yu ca axit- baz phi da vo hng s axit v hng s baz:
H3O+ + A-

Hng s axit Ka c tnh theo cng thc: HA + H2O

H O . A

Ka

HA

i vi cc a axit th mi nc phn li c hng s c trng cho qu trnh :

H . A

H2A

H+ + HA-

K a1

HA-

H+ + A2-

K a2

H 2 A

H . A
HA

Cn hng s baz ca cc baz yu cng c tnh da theo cn bng ca baz, v d: NH3 +

H2O

NH4 + + OH-

Kb

NH . OH

NH 3

5. Phn s nng ()
5.1. Phn s nng ca n axit, n baz
Trong dung dch axit, baz phn s nng i l t s gia nng cn bng ca cu t i vi
tng nng cc dng c mt ca i trong dung dch.
i vi cn bng: HA
H+ + AHA HA
Ta c: HA
HA A C HA

Ka
(5)

Hay

HA C HA . HA

Tng t:

A C

HA

. A (7)

NGUYN TH NHUNG

(6)
. D nhin: HA A 1
-4-

(8)
THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

H ;
K H

y : HA

Ka
Ka H

(9)

5.2. Phn s nng ca a axit a baz

- i vi axit H2A:

H2 A

h2
h 2 hK a1 K a1K a 2

(IV.1)

HA

K a1.h
h h.K a1 K a1 K a 2

(IV.2)

A2

K a1.Ka 2
h h.K a1 K a1K a 2

(IV.3)

- i vi axit HnA:

Hn A

hn

(IV.4)

hn K a1h n1 K a1 K a 2 h n 2 ... K ai
i 1

K
An

ai

i 1

(IV.5)

n
n

h K a1h

n 1

K a1 K a 2 h

n 2

... K ai
i 1

Tng qut:
n

h n i K ai

i
ni A

i 0

vi Ka0 = 1

(IV.5)

n i

h K
i 0

ai

i 0

II. Mt s nh lut bo ton

1. nh lut bo ton vt cht
1.1. Quy c biu din nng
* Nng gc: nng cht trc khi a vo hn hp phn ng(C0 mol/l)
* Nng ban u: nng cht trong hn hp trc khi xy ra phn ng
(C0 mol/l)
* Nng cn bng: nng cht sau khi h t ti trng thi cn bng([i]).
* Nng mol: biu din s mol cht trong 1 lt dung dch hoc s mmol trong 1ml dung dch(C
mol/l)
* Nng %: biu din s gam cht tan trong 100 gam dung dch.
1.2. nh lut bo ton nng (LBTN) ban u
Nng ban u ca mt cu t bng tng nng cn bng ca cc dng tn ti ca cu t
khi cn bng: Ci=[i]
1.3. nh lut bo ton in tch(LBTT)
[i]Zi=0
Zi l in tch (m hoc dng) ca cu t i c nng cn bng [i].
2. nh lut tc dng khi lng(LTDKL)
* i vi cn bng: aA +bB

NGUYN TH NHUNG

cC + dD

-5-

K (a )

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

K (a)

(C ) c .( D ) d
( A) a .( B) b

(i): l hot ca cht i ; K(a) l hng s cn bng nhit ng;

vi (i)=[i].fi ; fi l h s hot ca i
*i vi cc php tnh gn ng, c th coi cc gi tr h s hot u bng 1 v hng s cn
bng nhit ng K(a) c coi nh l hng s cn bng Kc:

Kc

C c .Dd
Aa .B b

*C th nh gi hng s cn bng ca cc qu trnh phc tp bng cch t hp cc cn bng n

gin bit:
A+B

C+D

K1

C+D

A+B

K=K1-1

A+B

C+D

K1

C+D

E+G

K2

A+B

E+G

K=K1K2

nA + nB
nC + nD
K = (K1)n
3. nh lut bo ton proton( iu kin proton)
nh lut bo ton proton (hay cn gi l iu kin proton (KP)), ni dung ca nh lut
ny nh sau:
Nu ta chn mt trng thi no ca dung dch l chun (thng gi l trng thi quy
chiu hay l mc khng ) th tng nng proton m cc cu t mc khng gii phng ra bng
tng nng proton m cc cu t thu vo t n trng thi cn bng.
Ni cch khc, nng cn bng ca proton c trong dung dch bng hiu gia tng nng
proton gii phng ra v tng nng proton thu vo t mc khng:
[ H ] ( H ) cho ( H ) nhan
i

( H )cho ch tng nng proton gii phng ra.

i

( H ) nhan ch tng nng proton thu vo t cc cu t ca mc khng.

j

i,j ch cc cu t c kh nng cho v nhn proton.

Trng thi quy chiu (mc khng) c th l trng thi ban u, trng thi gii hn hay mt
trng thi tu chn. Thng thng tin cho vic tnh gn ng, ngi ta thng chn trng thi
trong nng ca cc cu t chim u th lm mc khng.
II. Nguyn tc chung nh gi thnh phn cn bng trong dung dch
1. Nguyn tc chung v tnh thnh phn cn bng trong dung dch
- Bc 1: M t y cc cn bng c th xy ra.
- Bc 2: nh gi, so snh cc cn bng
+ Nu h ch c mt cn bng quyt nh thnh phn cn bng ca h: Ta p dng nh lut
bo ton khi lng cho cn bng t xc nh thnh phn cn bng ca h.
+ Nu h c nhiu cn bng tng ng quyt nh thnh phn cn bng ca h : Ta p dng
cc nh lut khc nhau (LTDKL, LBTN, LBTT, KP...) thnh lp h phng trnh
hoc phng trnh bc cao.
NGUYN TH NHUNG
-6THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

- Bc 3: Gii h phng trnh hoc phng trnh bc cao.
- Bc 4: Kim tra cc gi thit
- Bc 5: nh gi cc thnh phn khc ca h
2. Tnh gn ng khi h ch c mt cn bng ch yu
- Trong trng hp n gin thng gp khi h ch c 1 cn bng duy nht th c th t hp
LBTN vi LTDKL tnh nng cn bng ca cc cu t. Chng hn, trong dung dch
MX C mol/l ch c cn bng.
MX Mn+ + XnK
(1).
n+
Theo LBTN i vi MX ta c : CMX = [M ] + [MX] = C
(2)
n+
Hay
[MX] = C - [M ]
(3)
Theo biu thc LTDKL p dng cho (1) ta c :

[ M n ].[ X n ]
K
[ MX ]

[Xn-] = [Mn+] = x

t to phn ng bng x ta c :

(4)
(5)

x2
(6)
Cx
Gii phng trnh (6) s tnh c x v t phng trnh (3), (5) tnh c nng cn bng
ca cc phn t trong dung dch.
cho tin, ta ghi s tnh nh sau:
MX
Mn+ +
XnK
0
Nng ban u: C
C
Thay (3) v (5) vo (4) ta c :

C
Nng cn bng: [ ]
x l to phn ng.
Theo LTDKL : K =

K=

-x
C-x

x
x

x
x

x2
Cx

x2
= K x = K.C
C
- Trong trng hp K rt ln ngha l phn ng xy ra rt mnh theo chiu thun th cn xc
nh TPGH v tnh theo cn bng ngc vi cn bng cho.
III. Dung dch cc axit - baz
1. Axit mnh v baz mnh
Axit mnh(k hiu l HY) l nhng cht trong dung dch nc c kh nng nhng hon ton
proton cho nc:
HY + H2O H3O+ + YCn bng trn thng c vit di dng n gin : HY H+ + YTrong dung dch baz mnh(k hiu XOH) ton b lng baz c th thu proton ca nc: XOH
+ H2O X+(H2O) + OHMt cch n gin c th biu din: XOH X+ + OHKhi tnh ton c th coi h s hot ca cc cu t u bng 1, do :
pH= -lg(H+) - lg[H+]
2. n axit yu v n baz yu
*n axit yu HA l nhng cht trong dung dch c kh nng nhng mt phn proton cho nc
v dung dch c phn ng axit. mnh ca cc n axit yu c c trng bi hng s phn li
Nu x C ( khi K rt b) th

NGUYN TH NHUNG

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THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

axit Ka hoc ch s hng s phn li axit pKa = -lgKa. Gi tr Ka cng ln hay pKa cng b th axit
cng mnh.
* mnh yu ca axit yu cng c phn nh qua in li . in li l t s gia s mol
n ca cht phn li thnh ion vi tng s mol n0 ca cht tan trong dung dch. Hoc l t s
gia nng cht phn li vi tng nng cht in li. in li t l thun vi hng s phn
li K v t l nghch vi nng . i vi n axit HA ta c lin h:

K
2
a
1
C
Trong dung dch axit HA xy ra cc qu trnh sau:
H+ + A-

HA

Ka

(1)

H2O
H + OH
Kw
(2)
Nu Ka.CHA>> Kw th c th tnh thnh phn ca h theo cn bng(1)
Nu Ka.CHA Kw th phi k n s phn li ca nc.
*n baz yu A- l nhng cht m trong dung dch , mt phn ca chng c kh nng thu proton
ca nc v dung dch c phn ng baz. mnh ca cc baz ph thuc vo hng s baz Kb=
Kw/Ka hoc ch s hng s baz pKb = -lgKb = pKw- pKa
( vi Ka l hng s phn li ca axit lin hp). Khi Kb cng ln hoc pKb cng b th baz cng
mnh. Nh vy khi axit lin hp cng mnh th baz cng yu v ngc li.
Trong dung dch n baz A- c cc cn bng:
H+ + OH-

H2O
-

Kw (3)
-

A + H2O
HA + OH
Kb =Kw/Ka (4)
Tng t, nu K b .C A K w th c th tnh cn bng theo (4). Trng hp nu
K b .C A K w th phi tnh n qu trnh phn li ca nc.

3.Hn hp cc n axit v n baz

c1)Hn hp cc axit mnh HY C1 mol/l v cc axit yu HX nng C2 mol/l
Trong dung dch c cc qu trnh:
HY H+ + Y(10)
H+ + X- Ka

HX

(11)

H2O
H + OH
Kw
(12)
Do s c mt ca axit mnh HY, trong a s trng hp dung dch c phn ng axit nn b qua
s phn li ca nc v thnh phn ca dung dch c tnh theo LTDKL cho cn bng (11),
trong c k n s c mt ca nng ion H+ do axit mnh phn li ra.
C
[]
Ta c

HX
C2
C2-x

Ka

H+
+
C1
C1+x

X-

Ka

C1 x .x

(13)

C2 x

c2) Hn hp baz mnh XOH C1 mol/l v cc baz yu A- nng C2 mol/l

Trong h xy ra cc qu trnh sau:
XOH X+ + OH(14)
H2O
-

A + H2O
NGUYN TH NHUNG

H+ + OH-

Kw
-

HA + OH

Kw.Ka
-8-

-1

(15)
(16)
THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

Tng t nh trn do s c mt ca baz mnh XOH nn c th coi qu trnh phn li ca nc l
khng ng k, do vic tnh ton cn bng da vo cn bng (16) c k n nng ca ion
OH- C1 mol/l do XOH phn li ra:
Kw.Ka-1
C
C2
[]
C2-x
Ta c

K w .K a1

A- +

HA + OH-

H2O

C1
C1+x

C1 x .x

(17)

C2 x

c3) Hn hp cc n axit HA1(C1 mol/l, Ka1), HA2(C2 mol/l, Ka2)

Cc cn bng xy ra :
H+ + A 1 -

HA1

HA2

H + A2
+

H2O

H + OH

Ka1

(18)

Ka2

(19)

Kw

(20)

Nu K a1 .C1 K a2 .C 2 K w th thnh phn cn bng ca h c th c tnh theo(18) nh i

vi dung dch cha n axit HA1.
Trong trng hp cc cn bng xy ra tng ng (tc l K a1 .C1 K a2 .C 2 K w ) th tin hnh
tnh lp gn ng theo KP:

h H OH A1 A2

(21)

Sau khi t hp cn thit ta c:

h K a1 HA1 K a2 HA2 K w

(22)

tnh gn ng bc 1(gi tr h1) chp nhn [HAi]0= Ci thay h1 vo(23) tnh li [HAi]i:
HAi Ci . i Ci . h
(23)
K ai h
thay cc gi tr [HAi]1 va tnh c vo (22) tnh gn ng bc 2( gi tr h2) v tip tc tnh
lp cho n hi t.
c4) Hn hp cc n baz A1 C1 mol / l , K b1 v A2 C 2 mol / l , K b2
Cc qu trnh:
H+ + OH-

H2O

Kw

(24)

A1 + H2O

HA1 + OH

K b1

(25)

A2- + H2O

HA2 + OH-

K b2

(26)

Vic tnh ton cn bng i vi hn hp cc n baz tng t cc n axit:

Nu C1 .K b1 C 2 .K b2 K w th c th tnh ton theo cn bng (25).
Nu C1 .K b1 C 2 .K b2 K w th phi tnh lp theo KP:

h H OH HA1 HA2

hay

Kw
1 K . A1 K a21 . A2

NGUYN TH NHUNG

1
a1

(27)

-9-

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

tnh gn ng c th chp nhn Ai C i v sau kim tra li Ai theo biu thc:

A C .

Ci .

K ai

(28)

K ai h

c5) Hn hp cc axit yu HA( Ca mol/l) v baz lin hp A-( Cb mol/l).

Trong dung dch ngoi cn bng phn li ca nc cn c cn bng:
H+ + A -

HA
-

A + H2O

HA + OH

Nu gi tr H K a .

HA K

Ka

(29)

Kb

(30)

Ca
10 7 (dung dch c phn ng axit) th vic nh gi thnh
Cb

phn cn bng ca h tnh theo(29).

Nu K a .

Ca
10 7 (mi trng baz) th tnh ton cn bng da vo (30)
Cb

Trong trng hp K a .

Ca
10 7 th phi tnh c s phn li ca nc v tnh theo KP:
Cb

h H OH A C b hoc h OH HA C a

(31)

Trong trng hp Ca, Cb >>h, Kw/h v Ka, Kb khng qu b th c th tnh gn ng pH ca hn

hp n axit(Ca) v baz lin hp(Cb) (dung dch kho st ny c gi l dung dch m):
pH pK a lg

Cb
Ca

(32)

4. a axit v a baz
4.1. a axit:(HnA)
Trong dung dch, a axit HnA c kh nng phn li theo tng nc
H+ + Hn-1A-

HnA
Hn-1A.......
HA

(33)

K a1

H+ + Hn-2A2- K a2
.....

(n-1)

(34)

........

......

n-

K an

H +A

(35)

C th coi a axit nh mt hn hp gm nhiu n axit.

* Nu K a 1 K a2 K a3 ..... K an th c th coi s phn li ca a axit xy ra ch yu nc
1 v c th tnh cn bng theo LTDKL p dng cho nc phn li th nht ca axit:
[]

HnA

H+ + Hn-1A-

C-x

K a1

K a1

x
Cx

[H+] =x, t tnh c nng cc cu t khc

4.2.a baz
Trong dung dch, a baz c kh nng thu proton tng nc ca nc. Qu trnh proton ho ca a
baz xy ra ngc vi qu trnh phn li ca a axit tng ng:
An- + H2O

HA(n-1)- + OH-

K b1 K w .K an1

HAn-1 + H2O

H2A(n-2)- + OH-

.....

.....

.....

NGUYN TH NHUNG

(39)

K b2 K w .K an11

(40)

.....
- 10 -

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

Hn-1A- + H2O

HnA + OH-

K bn K w .K a11

(41)

*Nu K b 1 K b2 K b3 ..... K bn , ngha l qu trnh proton ho nc 1(39) chim u th,

khi c th nh gi thnh phn cn bng ca a baz nh mt n baz :
An- + H2O
[]

C-x

HA(n-1)- + OHx

K b1

x2
x=[OH-], t nh gi c thnh phn cn bng ca h.
Cx
* Lu : i vi cc a axit v a baz c cc hng s phn li k tip gn nhau th phi p dng
KP tnh lp nng [H+] cho n hi t.
5.Cc cht lng tnh
Cc cht va c tnh axit (cho proton) va c tnh baz (thu proton) c gi l cc cht
lng tnh. Cc cht lng tnh gm cc hidroxit ca 1 s kim loi (nhm, km, crom, thic,
ch) cc aminoaxit, cc mui axit, mui ca axit yu v baz yu.
Xt dung dch mui NaHA, trong dung dch c cc cn bng
Ta c : K b1

NaHA Na+ + HA-.

H2O H+ + OHKw
+
2HA H + A
Ka2
+
HA + H H2A
Ka1-1
Nu chn mc khng l : HA-; H2O.
Ta c biu thc KP: h= [H+] = [OH-] + [A2-] - [H2A]
Sau khi t hp cn thit ta c:
K w K a2 .[ HA ]

h=

(42)
(43)
(44)
(45)

(46)

1 K a 1 .[ HA ]

Trong a s trung hp HA- phn li yu nn c th coi gn ng

[HA- ] CNaHA = C, v vy biu thc (46) tr thnh :
h

K w K a2 .C

(47)

1 K a 1 .C

- Nu Kw << Ka2.C ; Ka11 C >> 1 hay Ka1 << C th biu thc (47) tr thnh biu thc n
gin:

h= K a1 .K a2

hay pH =

pK a1 pK a2

(48)

-Nu Kw Ka2. C; Ka1 C th khi tnh ton cn bng cn p dng biu thc (46).
6. Dung dch m
Dung dch m l nhng dung dch gi c pH ca mnh thay i khng ng k khi ta
cho vo dung dch mt lng nh axit mnh hoc baz mnh hoc khi pha long( khng qu
long) dung dch. Cc dung dch m thng l hn hp axit yu v mui ca n vi baz mnh
hoc baz yu v mui ca n vi cc axit mnh.
Dung dch m l nhng dung dch c kh nng iu chnh sao cho pH ca h t thay i khi
a vo h mt lng khng ln axit mnh hay baz mnh. Dung dch m thng l hn hp
mt axit yu v baz lin hp( v d HCOOH v HCOO-, HCO3- v CO32-) hoc c th l dung
dch mui axit ca cc a axit nh NaHCO3, kali hirophtalat KHC8H4O4, hay l mui ca axit
NGUYN TH NHUNG

- 11 -

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

yu hay baz yu(NH4CN, NH4CH3COO). Bn cht tc dng m c th hin ch: khi thm
vo h mt lng axit mnh th baz lin hp c mt(A-) s thu proton to ra mt lng tng
i b HA so vi lng HA c sn, do pH gim khng nhiu; cn nu thm vo h mt
lng baz mnh th n s b HA trung ho to ra mt lng tng ng baz yu A-, lng
ny tng i b so vi lng baz A- c sn, v vy pH tng ln khng ng k.
i vi h m gm axit yu HA(Ca) v baz lin hp A-(Cb) c cc cn bng:
H+ + A -

HA

Ka

H2O
H+ + OHKw
+
Nu [H ], [OH ] <<Ca, Cb v Kw<<Ka.Ca th cng thc tnh gn ng ca dung dch m l:

K
H K . HA
A

pH pK a lg

Ca
Cb

(49)

Cb
Ca

(50)

B. CC DNG BI TON MINH HA PHN NG AXIT- BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH

I. Cn bng trong dung dch axit mnh v baz mnh
1.1. Trng hp 1
Nu nng cc axit mnh, baz mnh ln th c th b qua s phn li ca nc v c th
chp nhn nng ion H+ hoc OH- ca axit hoc baz cho vo l nng chung ca cc ion
ny.
Dng 1: Tnh pH ca dung dch axit mnh hoc baz mnh m khng c s pha trn.
V d 1: a) Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c khi ho tan 0,05ml dung dch HNO3 15 M trong 1 lt
nc.
b) Tnh pH ca dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,0025 M.
Gii:
0,05.15
a)
C M ( HNO3 )
7,5.10 4 ; trong dung dch nc c cc cn bng sau:
1000
HNO3
H+
+
NO3(1)
-4
-4
7,5.10
7,5.10
H2O
v C H ( HNO )
3

H+ + OHKw=10-14
(2)
C H ( H O ) nn c th b qua s phn li ca nc, do tnh H+ theo cn bng (1):

H 7,5.10

pH lg H 3,125

b) C cc cn bng xy ra:
Ba(OH)2 Ba2+
0,0025
H2O
v C OH ( Ba (OH )

2)

OH0,0025

(1)

H+ + OHKw=10-14
(2)
C OH ( H O ) nn c th b qua cn bng (2), tnh ton theo cn bng (1):

OH 0,0025 2,5.10

10 14
4.10 12 pH 11,4
3
2,5.10

Dng 2: Tnh pH ca cc dung dch c s pha trn cc cht.

V d 2: Trn 100 ml dung dch HCl 0,1 M vi 100 ml dung dch HNO3 0,03 M. Tnh pH ca
dung dch thu c.
NGUYN TH NHUNG

- 12 -

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

Gii:
Bi ton cho bit nng gc ca dung dch, khi pha trn cc dung dch cn phi tm nng
ban u ca cc dung dch(C):
100.0,1
100.0,03
C HCl
0,05M ; C HNO3
0,015M
200
200
Cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch:
HCl
H+ + Cl0,05
0,05
+
HNO3
H + NO30,015
0,015
+
[H ]=[Cl ] + [NO3 ] = 0,05+0,015 = 0,065M( y l dung dch axit mnh nn H+ do nc
phn li khng ng k).

pH= - lg(0,065) = 1,19

V d 3: Trn 100 ml dung dch HCl 0,10M vi 100ml dung dch NaOH 0,20 M. Tnh pH ca
dung dch thu c.
Gii: y l bi ton trn mt dung dch axit mnh vi mt dung dch baz mnh, v vy ta phi
xc nh TPGH, t xc nh pH ca dung dch.
- Nng gc C0: HCl 0,10 M; NaOH 0,20 M
- Nng ban u C0 : HCl = (0,10.100)/ 200 = 0,05M
NaOH = (0,20.100)/ 200 = 0,10 M
Phn ng: HCl
+
NaOH NaCl + H2O
0
C
0,05
0,10
C
0,05
0,05
TPGH: NaOH 0,05 M; NaCl 0,05 M; H2O
Tnh pH ca dung dch theo NaOH( B qua s phn li ca nc).
NaOH
Na+ + OH0,05
0,05
+
-14
[OH ] = 0,05M [H ] = 10 / 0,05 = 2.10-13 pH = -lg(2.10-13) = 12,7
Lu : i vi dung dch hn hp gm axit mnh v mui ca n vi baz mnh hoc hn hp
gm baz mnh v mui ca n vi axit mnh, th khi tnh pH ca dung dch ta tnh theo axit
mnh hoc baz mnh, cn cc mui ca chng khng nh hng g n vic tnh ton pH ca
dung dch.
V d 4: Trn 10,00 ml dung dch hn hp HCl v HNO3 c pH = 2 vi 10,00 ml dung dch
Ba(OH)2 c pH = 12. Tnh pH ca dung dch sau phn ng.
Gii:
Bi ton ny khng cho nng ca cc cht m cho pH ca cc dung dch tham gia phn ng
nn phi da vo pH tm nng mol/l ca cc ion H+ v OH-, t vit cc phn ng, ri tm
thnh phn gii hn, thnh phn cn bng v tnh pH.
- Nng gc C0:
[H+]= 10 -2 M
[OH-]= 10 -14/ 10 -12=10-2 M
- Nng ban u C0: [H+]= (10 -2.10)/ 20=5.10 -3 M
[OH-]= (10 -2.10)/ 20= 5.10-3 M
Phn ng :
H+
+
OH-
H2O
-3
-3
5.10
5.10
NGUYN TH NHUNG
- 13 THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

TPGH: Cl , NO3 , Ba , H2O
Nh vy, trong dung dch sau phn ng ch cha mui ca axit mnh v baz mnh, u l nhng
cht trung tnh nn pH ca dung dch sau phn ng bng 7. y TPGH cng chnh l thnh
phn cn bng.
1.2. Trng hp 2
Nu nng ca axit v baz qu nh C H ( axit ) C H ( H O ) hayCOH (bazo ) COH ( H O )
-

2+

th khng b qua cn bng phn li ca H2O trong dung dch, ta phi da vo KP.
V d 5: Thm 9,95 ml dung dch NaOH 2.10-4 M vo 10,00 ml dung dch HClO4 2.10 -4 M. Tnh
pH ca dung dch thu c.
Gii:
9,95 ml dung dch NaOH 2.10-4 M phn ng ht vi 9,95 ml dung dch HClO4 2.10-4 M. Vy
HClO4 cn d l 0,05 ml C HClO4

0,05.2.10 4
10 8 M
1000

Vy C( H ) 10 8 M C H ( H O ) nn khng b qua s phn li ca nc. Cc qu trnh xy ra trong

2

dung dch:
HClO4

H+ + ClO4-

H2O

H+ + OH-

KP: H ClO4 OH H C HClO4

Kw
H

10 8 H 10 14 0

[H+]= 1,05.10 -7 pH= 6,97

II. Cn bng trong dung dch n axit yu hoc n baz yu
2.1. Dung dch n axit yu.
V d 6: Tnh pH ca dung dch axit CH3COOH 1,00.10-3 M. Bit CH3COOH c Ka=10-4,76.
Gii: Cc cn bng xy ra:
CH3COO- + H+

CH3COOH

Ka = 10-4,76 (1)

H2O
H+ + OHKw = 10 -14 (2)
i vi bi ton ny ta phi so snh (Ka.Ca) vi Kw, loi b cn bng phn li ca H2O.
Ta c: Ka.Ca=10 -4,76.10 -3= 10-7,76 >> Kw= 10-14 , vy c th b qua s phn li ca H2O, trong dung
dch cn bng (2) xy ra l ch yu.
C0
[]

CH3COOH
10-3
10-3-x

10 4,76

CH3COO- + H+
x

Ka=10 -4,76
x

x2 + 10-4,76x - 10-7,76 = 0 x= 1,23.10 -4pH = 3,9

10 x
( i vi trng hp ny khng th gii gn ng m phi gii phng trnh bc 2 v gi tr x gn
ng l 1,3.10-4 li nh hn 10-3)
V d 7: Tnh nng cn bng ca cc cu t trong dung dch thu c khi ho tan 0,535 gam
NH4Cl trong 200 ml nc. Bit NH4 + c Ka=10-9,24.
0,535
0,01
Gii : n NH 4Cl
0,01mol C M
0,05M
53,5
0,2

Cc qu trnh xy ra trong dung dch:

NGUYN TH NHUNG

- 14 -

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

NH4 + + Cl-

NH4Cl

H+ + OH-

H2O
+

Kw=10-14

NH4
NH3 + H
Ka = 10
-9,24
-2
-11,24
-14
Ta c: Ka.C = 10 .5.10 = 5.10
>> 10
Vy trong dung dch cn bng (2) xy ra l ch yu:
C0
[]

NH4 +
0,05
0,05-x

NH3

-9,24

H+

(1)

(2)

Ka = 10-9,24

10 9, 24

x
vi x<< 0,05 x =[NH3]=[H+]= 5,36.10-6
0,05 x

[OH-] = 10-14/ 5,36.10-6 = 1,86.10-9.

V d 8: Cn ly bao nhiu gam NH4Cl pha thnh 250 ml dung dch c pH = 5,5. Coi th tch
dung dch khng thay i.
Bit NH4+ c Ka=10-9,24.
Gii:
Cc qu trnh xy ra trong dung dch:
NH4Cl
NH4 + + ClH+ + OH-

H2O
+

NH4 +
4a
53,5

NH3

Kw=10-14

(1)

-9,24

NH4
NH3 + H
Ka = 10
(2)
+
-5,5
-8,5
Ta c: pH = 5,5 [H ]= 10 >> [OH ]= 10 c th b qua cn bng phn li ca nc v
tnh theo (2).
a.1000
4a

M
Gi s gam NH4Cl cn ly l a C NH 4Cl
53,5.250 53,5

C0
[]

4a
-x
53,5

H+

Ka = 10-9,24

x2
10 10
10 9, 24 trong x= 10-5,5 ;
10 9, 24 a = 2,324 gam
4a
4a
5 , 5
x
10
53,5
53,5
2.2. Dung dch n baz yu
V d 9: Tnh pH ca dung dch NH3 10 -2 M.Bit NH4 + c Ka=10 -9,24.
Gii:
Cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch:
NH3 + H2O

NH4+ + OH+

Kb= 10 -14/ 10 -9,24= 10-4,76

-14

H2O
H + OH
Kw = 10
-6,76
-14
Ta c: Cb.Kb= 10
>> Kw=10 b qua cn bng phn li ca nc.

C0
[]

NH3 + H2O
10-2
10-2- x

NGUYN TH NHUNG

NH4 + +
x

OH-

(1)
(2)
Tnh theo cn bng(1)

Kb= 10 -4,76

x
- 15 -

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

x2
x 2 10 4,76 x 10 6, 76 0 x 4,08.10 4 OH H 2,46.10 11
10 2 x
Vy : pH = 10,6
V d 10: Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COOK 2,0.10-5 M. Bit CH3COOH c Ka=10-4,76.
Gii:
Cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch:
CH3COOK
CH3COO- + K+
2,0.10 -5
2,0.10 -5

10 4,76

CH3COO- + H2O

CH3COOH + OH-

Kb = 10-9,24 (1)

H2O
H+
+
OHKw= 10-14 (2)
Ta c : Cb.Kb = 2.10 -5.10 -9,24= 1,15.10 -14 Kw =10-14, nn khng th b qua s phn li ca nc,
khi tnh ton phi da vo KP.
Biu thc KP i vi cn bng(1) v (2) l:
[OH-]= [CH3COOH] + [H+]

H . CH COO , mt cch gn
10

H
K

14

ng chp nhn [CH3COO-] C(CH3COO-

-5

)=2.10
[H ] = 6,82.10 -8 pH = 7,166
* Kim tra kt qu bng cch tnh lp: kt qu hi t ti pH= 7,166
III. Cn bng trong dung dch cha hn hp axit mnh v n axit yu hoc baz mnh v
n baz yu
3.1.Hn hp axit mnh v axit yu
V d 11: Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c khi trn 40 ml dung dch HCl 2,5.10-2 M vi 60 ml
dung dch CH3 COOH 1,67.10-4 M.Bit CH3COOH c Ka=10-4,76.
Gii: Sau khi trn: CHCl = (2,5.10 -2.40)/ 100 = 0,01 M = 10-2 M
C CH 3COOH (1,67.10 4.60) / 100 10 4 M

Cc qu trnh xy ra trong dung dch:

HCl
H+ + ClCH3COOH

CH3COO- + H+
+

Ka= 10 -4,76

-14

H2O
H + OH
Kw =10
V Ka >> Kw nn b qua cn bng (2), tnh ton da vo cn bng (1)
C0
[]

CH3COOH
10-4
10-4-x

p dng LTDKL ta c: 10 4,76

CH3COOx

H+
10-2
10-2+x

(1)

(2)
Ka= 10 -4,76

x(10 2 x)
10 4 x

x 2 (10 2 10 4, 76 ) x 10 8,76 0 x 1,73.10 7

[H+] 10 -2 pH = 2
V d 12: Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c khi trn 10,00 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,01 M vi 40,00
ml dung dch HNO3 c pH=1,3. Bit HSO4- c Ka=10 -2.
Gii: Dung dch HNO3 c pH=1,3 [H+]= 10 -1,3=0,05 M = C0(HNO3)
0,01.10
0,05.40
Nng cc cht sau khi pha trn: C H 2 SO4
2.10 3 M ; C HNO3
0,04 M
50
50
NGUYN TH NHUNG

- 16 -

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

Trong dung dch c cc cn bng:
H2SO4 H+ + HSO4HNO3 H+ + NO3HSO4-

H+ +

SO42-

Ka = 10-2

(1)

-14

H2O
H + OH
Kw = 10
(2)
Do Ka rt ln nn c th b qua s phn li ca nc, tnh ton da vo cn bng (1).
HSO42.10-3
2.10-3-x

H+ +
SO42Ka = 10-2
C0
0,042
[]
0,042+x
x
x(0,042 x)
p dng LTDKL ta c: 10 2
x 2 0,052 x 2.10 5 0 x 3,82.10 4
0,002 x
[H+]= 0,042+3,82.10 -4=0,0424 pH = 1,37
3.2. Hn hp baz mnh v baz yu
V d 13: Tnh pH ca dung dch gm NaOH 1,0.10-4 M v NaNO2 0,10 M. Bit HNO2 c Ka=
10-3,3.
Gii : Cc qu trnh xy ra trong dung dch:
NaNO2

Na+ + NO2NaOH
Na+ + OHNO2- + H2O
C0
0,10
[]
0,1-x
p dng LTDKL ta c:
10 10, 7

OH1,0.10 -4
1,0.10 -4+x

HNO2 +
x

Kb = 10-10,7

x(1,0.10 4 x)
x 2 (1,0.10 4 10 10,7 ) x 10 11, 7 0
0,1 x

x= 1,99.10 -8 [OH-]= 10-4

pH = 10
V d 14: Tnh khi lng NaOH phi cho vo 500 ml dung dch HCOONa 0,010 M pH ca
dung dch thu c l 11,50 (b qua s thay i th tch ca dung dch). Bit HCOOH c Ka=10 3,75
.
Gii:
Gi s mol NaOH cn thm vo l a mol CNaOH= (a.1000)/ 500= 2a M.
Cc qu trnh xy ra trong dung dch:
NaOH
Na+
+ OH2a
2a
+
HCOONa

Na
+ HCOO0,010
0,010
HCOO- + H2O

HCOOH + OH+

Kb= 10 -10,25

(1)

H2O
H + OH
Kw = 10 -14
(2)
+
-11,5
-2,5
V pH= 11,5 [H ]= 10 << [OH ]= 10
nn c th b qua cn bng phn li ca nc, tnh
ton theo cn bng (1).
C0
[]

HCOO- + H2O
0,01
0,01-x

NGUYN TH NHUNG

HCOOH +

OH-

Kb= 10 -10,25
2a

2a+x
- 17 -

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

Ta c: 10 10, 25

x ( 2a x )
0,01 x

trong (2a+x) = 10-2,5

x= 17,8.10 -9 a= (10-2,5-17,8.10-9)/2= 1,58.10 -3 mNaOH=0,0632 gam

IV. Hn hp cc n axit yu v hn hp cc n baz yu
4.1. Hn hp cc n axit yu
V d 15: Tnh nng cn bng ca cc cu t v tnh pH ca dung dch gm CH3COOH 0,010
M(C1) v NH4Cl 0,100 M(C2). Bit CH3COOH c Ka=10-4,75; NH4+ c Ka=10-9,24.
Gii:
Trong dung dch c cc cn bng sau:
NH4Cl NH4+ + Cl0,100
0,100
H2O

H+ + OH-

CH3COOH

Kw = 10 -14

H + CH3COO

Ka1 = 10

-4,76

(1)
(2)

-9,24

NH4
H + NH3
Ka2 = 10
(3)
-10,24
V: Ka1.C1=10 >> Ka2.C2= 10
> Kw nn mt cch gn ng ta ch tnh ton cn bng theo
(2)
-6,76

H+ + CH3COO-

CH3COOH
0,010
0,010-x

C0
[]

Ka1 = 10-4,76

x
10 4,76 x 10 3,38 4,17.10 4 H CH 3COO pH= 3,38
0,01 x

* Kim tra kt qu:

0,1
10 6,86 10 3,38 vy s phn li ca NH4 + l
3, 38
10
khng ng k so vi CH3COOH v [NH4+]= 0,1 M. Cch tnh gn ng trn l chp nhn c.
V d 16: Tnh nng cn bng ca cc cu t v pH ca dung dch thu c khi trn 3 ml
HCOOH 0,03 M vi 6 ml CH3COOH 0,15 M. Bit CH3COOH c Ka=10 -4,76; HCOOH c Ka=10 3,75
.
Gii: Nng ban u ca cc cht:
0,03.3
0,15.6
C HCOOH
0,01M C1 ; C CH 3COOH
0,1M C 2
9
9
Cc cn bng xy ra:

T cn bng (3) ta c: NH 3 10 9, 24.

HCOO- + H+ K1=10 -3,75

HCOOH

CH3COOH

CH3COO + H
+

(1)

K2 = 10-4,76

(2)

-14

H2O
H + OH
Kw= 10
(3)
-5,76
Ta c: K1.C1=10
K2.C2= 10
>> Kw nn trong dung dch cn bng (1) v (2) xy ra l
ch yu, c th b qua cn bng (3).
Ta c KP: [H+] = [HCOO- ] + [CH3COO-]
-5,75

H KH.C KH.C

H K 1 .C1 K 2 .C 2 10 5, 75 10 5,76 1,875.10 3

pH = 2,73

NGUYN TH NHUNG

- 18 -

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

* Kim tra kt qu: HCOOH 0,01.

10 2, 73
9,13.10 3
10 2,73 10 3,75

CH 3COOH 0,1.

Tnh lp li: H

10 2,73
0,099
10 2,73 10 4,76

10 3,75.9,13.10 3 10 4, 76.0,099 1,83.10 3

pH= 2,74.
Vy kt qu tnh gn ng trn c th chp nhn c. T tnh tip nng cn bng ca cc
cu t trong dung dch.
4.2. Hn hp cc n baz yu.
V d 17: Tnh pH ca dung dch hn hp gm CH3COONa 0,0010 M(C1); HCOONa 0,020
M(C2) v NaCN 0,0050 M(C3). Bit CH3COOH c Ka=10-4,75; HCOOH c Ka=10-3,75; HCN c
Ka=10 -9,35.
Gii: Cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch:
CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+
0,0010
0,0010
HCOONa
HCOO- + Na+
0,020
0,020
+
NaCN
Na + CN0,0050
0,0050
CH3COO- + H2O
H2O

HCOOH
CN-

CH3COOH + OH-

+ OH

+ H2O

Kb2=10

Kb1=10-9,24(1) HCOO-

-10,25

(2)

HCN

OH-

Kb3=10-4,65(3)

H2O
H+
+ OHKw=10-14 (4)
Ta c:Kb3.C3(=5.10 -7,65) >> Kb1.C1(=10 -12,24) Kb2.C2(=2.10 -12,25)> Kw nn mt cch gn ng ta
c th ch tnh ton theo cn bng(3).
C0
[]

CN+ H2O
0,0050
0,0050-x

HCN

OH-

Kb3=10-4,65

p dng LTDKL ta c: 10 4,65

x
x 2 10 4,65 x 5.10 7 ,65 0
0,005 x

x=3,24.10-4 = [OH-] pH= 10,51.

V d 18: Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c khi trn 20 ml KCN 0,25 M vi 30 ml NH3 0,1667 M.
Bit NH4+ c Ka=10-9,24; HCN c Ka= 10-9,35.
Gii:
Nng ban u ca cc cht trong dung dch:
0,25.20
0,1667.30
C KCN
0,1M C1 ; C NH 3
0,1M C 2
50
50
Cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch:
KCN
K+
+
CN0,1
0,1
CN- + H2O

HCN + OH- Kb1=10-4,65 (1)

NH3

NH4 + +

+ H2O

NGUYN TH NHUNG

- 19 -

OH-

Kb2=10-4,76 (2)
THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

H2O
H+
+
OHKw=10-14 (3)
V Kb1.C1(=10 -5,65) Kb2.C2(=10-5,76) >> Kw nn c th b qua cn bng(3), tnh ton theo cn
bng(1) v (2).
KP i vi cn bng (1) v (2): [OH-] = [HCN] +[NH4+]
K b .C1 K b .C 2
OH 1 2 OH 10 5, 65 10 5,76 2.10 3
pH= 11,3
OH
OH

* Kim tra kt qu bng cch tnh lp:

4.3.Hn hp cc axit yu v baz lin hp.
V d 19: Tnh pH ca h dung dch gm HCOOH 0,20 M v HCOONa 0,50 M. Bit HCOOH c
Ka=10 -3,75.
Gii:
Cch 1: Cc cn bng xy ra trong h dung dch:
HCOONa HCOO- + Na+
0,50
0,50
HCOO- + H+

HCOOH
-

HCOO + H2O
V K a .

Ka= 10 -3,75

HCOOH + OH

Kb= 10

(1)

-10,25

(2)

Ca
0,2
10 3,75.
4.10 4, 75 10 7 nn dung dch c phn ng axit, tnh pH ca h theo
Cb
0,5

cn bng (1).
C0
[]

HCOOH
0,20
0,20-x

p dng LTDKL ta c: 10 3,75

HCOO- + H+
Ka= 10 -3,75
0,50
0,50+x
x
x(0,5 x)

x 2 (0,5 10 3,75 ) x 2.10 4,75 0

0,2 x

x= 7,11.10-5 = [H+] pH = 4,15

Cch 2: Tnh gn ng theo cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch m:
pH pK a lg

Cb
=3,75 + lg(0,5/0,2) = 4,15
Ca

[H+]= 10 -4,15 << Ca, Cb , vy gi tr pH tnh c l ng

V d 20: Tnh pH ca dung dch gm NH3 9,8.10-4 M v NH4Cl 1,00.10-3 M. Bit NH4+ c
Ka=10 -9,24.
Gii:
Cch 1: Cc cn bng xy ra trong h:
NH4Cl

NH4 + + Cl1,00.10 -3
1,00.10-3
NH4 +
NH3

NH3 + H+
+ H2O

Ka = 10-9,24
-

NH4 + OH

Kb= 10

-4,76

(1)
(2)

V K a .

Ca
1,00.10
10 9, 24.
5,87.10 10 10 7 nn dung dch c phn ng baz, tnh pH theo
4
Cb
9,8.10

cn bng (2).
C

NH3
+ H2O
-4
9,8.10

NGUYN TH NHUNG

NH4 +
+ OH- Kb= 10-4,76
1,00.10-3
- 20 -

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

9,8.10 -4-x

[]

1,00.10-3+x

10 4,76

x(10 x)
x 2 (10 3 10 4,76 ) x 9,8.10 8, 76 0
9,8.10 4 x

x= 1,65.10-5 pH = 9,22.
Cch 2: Tnh gn ng theo cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch m:
pH pK a lg

Cb
= 9,24 + lg(9,8.10-4/ 10-3)= 9,24-0,0088 =9,22
Ca

[H+] = 10 -9,22 << Ca, Cb , vy gi tr pH tnh c l ng.

V d 21: Tnh pH ca hn hp gm HCN 1,00.10-3 M v KCN 0,100 M. Bit HCN c Ka=10 9,35
.
Gii:
KCN
K+ + CN0,100
0,100= Cb
H+ + CN- Ka = 10-9,35

HCN
Ca =1.10 -3
Kim tra iu kin gn ng:
Ka.

Ca
10 3
10 9,35. 1 10 11,35 << 10 -7 ; [OH-]=10-2,65, khng b hn Ca nn khng th tnh gn
Cb
10

ng.
Cn bng ch yu l:
CN- +
0,100
0,1-x

C0
[]

Ta c: 10 4,65

H2O

OH-

HCN +
10-3
10-3+x x

Kb= 10 -4,65

x(10 3 x)
x 2 (10 3 10 4,65 ) x 10 5, 65 0
0,1 x

x=1,07.10 -3=[OH-] [H+]= 9,35.10-12 pH=11,03

V. Cn bng trong dung dch a axit v a baz
5.1. Cn bng trong dung dch a axit
Dng 1: Dung dch cha mt a axit.
V d 22: Tnh pH v nng cn bng ca cc cu t trong dung dch H2S 0,1 M.Bit H2S c
Ka1= 10 -7; Ka2=10 -12,92.
Gii: i vi bi ton ny yu cu hc sinh phi bit phn tch v tm c cn bng ch yu.
H+ + HS-

H2S
HS-

Ka1=10 -7

H+ +

S2-

(1)

Ka2=10 -12,92
-

(2)

-14

H2O
H + OH
Kw= 10
(3)
Ta c: Ka1>>Ka2>>Kw.nn b qua cn bng(2), (3), tnh ton da vo cn bng (1).
C0
[]
2

10 7

H+ + HS-

H2S
0,1
0,1-x

Ka1=10 -7

x
x 10 4 H HS pH 4 nn [OH-] = 10-10M.
0,1 x

H . S S 10
HS

Da vo cn bng (2) ta c: 10 12,92

NGUYN TH NHUNG

- 21 -

12, 92

M;
THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

[H2S]=0,1-10-4 10-1M.
V d 23: Dung dch axit H3PO4 c pH= 1,5. Xc nh nng mol/l ban u ca dung dch
H3PO4. Bit H3PO4 c Ka1=10-2,15; Ka2=10 -7,26;Ka3=10 -12,32.
Gii: Cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch:
H+ + H2PO4- Ka1 = 10-2,23

H3PO4
H2PO4
HPO4

2-

H + HPO4 Ka2 = 10

2-

H + PO4

3-

-7,26

(1)
(2)

Ka3 = 10-12,32 (3)

H2O
H+ + OHKw = 10 -14
(4)
So snh: pH = 1,5 < pKa1 = 2,23; trong dung dch cn bng (1) xy ra l ch yu:
H+ + H2PO4- Ka1 = 10-2,23

H3PO4
C0
x
[]
x-10 -1,5

10-1,5

10 -1,5

(10 1,5 ) 2
x 0,2014 .
x 10 1,5
Vy nng ban u ca H3PO4 l 0,2014 M.
Dng 2: Hn hp a axit v axit mnh.
V d 24: Tnh pH v nng cn bng ca cc cu t trong h gm HCl 0,010 M v H2S 0,10
M. Bit H2S c Ka1= 10 -7; Ka2=10 -12,9.
Gii: V y l mi trng axit nn s phn li ca nc l khng ng k..
Cc cn bng xy ra trong h:
HCl
H+
+ Cl0,010
0,010
10 2, 23

H+ + HS-

H2S
V Ka1 >> Ka2

HSH+ + S2nn cn bng (1) l ch yu.

H+
+
0,010
0,010+x
x

H2S
0,10
0,10-x

HS-

Ka1 = 10-7

(1)

Ka2 = 10-12,9

(2)

Ka1 = 10-7

C0
[]
x(0,01 x)
10 7. Gi s x<< 0,01 x= 9,55.10-7 << 0,01(tho mn)
0,1 x
Vy [HS-]=x= 9,55.10-7 ; [H2S]= 0,10 -x 0,10 M
[H+] = 0,010+x 0,010 M pH = 2,00;
10 7

10 12,9.9,55.10 7
1,2.10 17 M
0,01

[S2-]<< [HS-] , vy cch gii trn hon ton tho mn.

V d 25: Tnh pH trong hn hp gm H3PO4 0,010 M v NaHSO4 0,010 M.
Bit H3PO4 c Ka1=10 -2,23; Ka2=10-7,26; Ka3=10 -12,32; HSO4- c Ka=10-1,99.
Gii: Cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch l:
HSO4-

H+ + SO42-

H3PO4
H2PO4
HPO4
NGUYN TH NHUNG

Ka= 10 -1,99

-2,15

(2)

2-

-7,21

(3)

H + H2PO4 Ka1= 10
-

2-

H + HPO4
+

H +
- 22 -

PO43-

Ka2= 10

Ka3= 10 -12,32

(1)

(4)

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

Do Ka1>>Ka2>>Ka3 v Ka Ka1 v 2 axit cng nng nn phi tnh theo c cn bng (1) v (2).
Nu chn mc khng l H3PO4 v HSO4- th KP l:
K a .H 3 PO4 K a . HSO4
h H H 2 PO 4 SO42 1

h
h

h K a1 .H 3 PO4 K a HSO4

(5)

- Bc 1: v C= 0,010 Ka Ka1
Chn [H3PO4]0 = [HSO4-]0 = C/2=0,005 M v thay vo (5) tnh h1 :
h1 10 2,15.0,0050 10 1,99.0,0050 9,3.10 3

Thay gi tr h1 vo biu thc tnh [H3PO4] v [HSO4-] :

[H3PO4]1 = C.

h
9,3.10 3
0,01.
5,68.10 3 M
3
2,15
K a1 h
9,3.10 10

[HSO4-]1 = C.

h
9,3.10 3
0,01.
4,67.10 3M
Ka h
9,3.10 3 10 1,99

Bc 2: Thay gi tr [H3PO4]1v [HSO4-]1 vo (5) tnh h2 :

h2 10 2,15.5,68.10 3 10 1,99.4,76.10 3 9,4.10 3 h1

Vy kt qu tnh lp gn ng. Vy pH = -lgh2 = 2,03.

5.2. Cn bng trong dung dch a baz
Dng 1: Dung dch cha mt a baz
V d 26: Tnh pH ca dung dch Na2S 0,010 M. Bit H2S c Ka1= 10-7; Ka2=10-12,92.
Cc qu trnh xy ra trong dung dch:
Na2S
2Na+ + S2S2- + H2O

HS- + OH-

Kb1 = 10-14/10 -12,92= 10 -1,08 (1)

HS- + H2O

H2S + OH-

Kb2 = 10-14/10 -7= 10-7

(2)

-14

H2O
H + OH
Kw= 10
V Kb1>>Kb2>>Kw nn trong dung dch cn bng (1) xy ra l ch yu.
C0
[]

S2- + H2O
10-2
10-2-x

HS- + OHx

p dng LTDKL ta c: 10 1,08

(3)

Kb1= 10 -1,08

x
2

x 2 10 1,08 x 10 3,08 0

10 x
x= 9.10 = [HS-] = [OH-]
[H+] = 1,1.10 -12 pH = 11,95.
V d 27: Tnh khi lng mui Na2S phi cho vo 1 lt nc c dung dch c pH = 11,5.
Bit H2S c Ka1= 10-7; Ka2=10-12,92.
Gii : Cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch l:
Na2S
2Na+ + S2a
a
-3

S2- + H2O
HS- + H2O

HS- + OH-

Kb1 = 10-14/10 -12,92= 10 -1,08 (1)

H2S + OH+

Kb2 = 10-14/10 -7= 10-7

-14

(2)

H2O
H + OH
Kw= 10
(3)
V Kb1>>Kb2>>Kw nn trong dung dch cn bng (1) xy ra l ch yu.
NGUYN TH NHUNG
- 23 THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

S2- + H2O
a
a-x

C0
[]

HS- + OHx

Kb1= 10 -1,08

10 1,08

x
trong x= [OH-] =10 -14/ 10 -11,5 = 10-2,5
ax

a = 3,28.10-3 = C Na2S m Na2 S 3,28.10 3.78 0,256 g

Dng 2: Hn hp a baz v baz mnh
V d 28: Trn 10,00 ml dung dch NaOH 8,00.10-3 M vi 30,00 ml dung dch H2S 1,00.10-3 M.
Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c.
Bit H2S c Ka1= 10-7; Ka2=10-12,92.
Gii:
y l bi ton pha trn gia a axit (H2S) vi baz mnh nn c phn ng xy ra, chng ta cn
xc nh thnh phn gii hn, t m t cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch v tnh pH.
- Nng ban u ca cc cht trong dung dch: C NaOH

8.10 3.10
2.10 3 M
40

1.10 3.30
0,75.10 3 M
40
NaOH
+
H2S NaHS
+ H2O
-3
-3
0,75.10
0,75.10
0,75.10-3
NaOH
+
NaHS Na2S
+ H2O
-3
-3
0,75.10
0,75.10
0,75.10-3
TPGH gm: Na2S 0,75.10-3 M; NaOH d 0,5.10-3 M.
Vy dung dch l hn hp a baz ( S2-) v baz mnh, nn ta c cc cn bng xy ra:
CH 2S

S2- +

HS- +

H2O
HS- + H2O

OH- Kb1= 10 -1,08 (1)

OH- Kb2= 10 -7

H2S +
+

-14

H2O
H
+ OH Kw= 10
V Kb1>>Kb2>>Kw nn trong dung dch cn bng (1) xy ra l ch yu.
C0
[]

S2+ H2O
-3
0,75.10
0,75.10-3-x

HS-

OH0,5.10 -3
0,5.10 -3+x

(2)
(3)
Kb1= 10 -1,08

p dng LTDKL ta c: 10 1,08

x(0,5.10 x)
0,75.10 3 x

Gii PT bc 2 ta c: x = 7,4.10 -4 [OH-]=1,24.10-3 [H+]=8,06.10-12

pH= 11,09.
VI. Cn bng trong dung dch cc cht lng tnh
6.1. Mui axit c to bi baz mnh v axit yu
V d 29: Tnh pH ca dung dch NaHCO3 1 M.
Bit H2CO3 c Ka1=10 -6,35; Ka2=10-10,33.
Gii: Cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch:
NaHCO3 Na+ + HCO3HCO3-

HCO3 + H2O
NGUYN TH NHUNG

H+ + CO32-

Ka2= 10 -10,33
-

H2CO3 + OH
- 24 -

Kb2= 10

-7,65

(1)
(2)

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

H2O
H+ + OHKw= 10-14
V Kb2>Ka2 nn dung dch c phn ng baz.
Kim tra cc iu kin gn ng ta c:
Kw << Ka2.C(10-10,33); Ka1(10 -6,35) << C(1M)
pK a1 pK a2 6,35 10,33
V vy c th p dng cng thc: pH

8,34
2
2
V d 30: Tnh pH ca dung dch NaHSO3 10-3 M .
Bit H2SO3 c Ka1=10 -1,76; Ka2=10-7,21.
Gii: Cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch:
NaHSO3 Na+ + HSO3HSO3-

H+ + SO32-

HSO3- + H2O

Ka2= 10 -7,21

H2SO3 + OH- Kb2=10-12,24

+

(3)

(1)

(2)

H2O
H + OH
Kw= 10-14
(3)
V Kb2<< Ka2 nn dung dch c phn ng axit.
V d ny khng th s dng cng thc tnh gn ng nh v d 41 tm pH v C khng nh hn
nhiu so vi Ka1. Trong trng hp ny phi s dng cng thc sau: [H+] =

K w K a2 .C
1

1 K a 1 .C

nhng v Kw<< Ka2.C( 10 -10,21)

nn [H+] =

K a2 .C

1 K a 1 .C

K a1 .K a2 .C
K a1 C

7,64.10 6 pH 5,12

Nu p dng cng thc tnh gn ng th pH= 4,49 ,sai khc nhau qu nhiu.
V d 31: Tnh pH ca dung dch NaHS 10-2 M.
Bit H2S c Ka1= 10-7,02; Ka2=10 -12,9.
Gii: Cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch:
NaHS
Na+ + HSHSHS

H+ + S2-

+ H2O

Ka2= 10 -12,9
-

H2S + OH
+

Kb2=10

-6,98

(1)
(2)

-14

H2O
H + OH
Kw= 10
(3)
i vi bi ton ny c Ka2.C Kw v Ka1<< C nn chng ta s dng cng thc tnh nh sau:
[H+]=

K w K a2 .C
1

1 K a 1 .C

K w K a2 .C
K a11 .C

3,28.10 10 M pH 9,48

Nu p dng cng thc gn ng th pH= 9,96 , sai khc nhau nhiu.

6.2. Dung dch mui ca axit yu v baz yu.
V d 32: Tnh nng cn bng ca cc ion trong dung dch CH3COONH4 (NH4Ax) 0,1 M.
Bit CH3COOH c Ka=10 -4,76; NH4+ c Ka=10 -9,24.
Gii: Cc qu trnh xy ra trong dung dch:
NH4Ax NH4+ + AxH2O

H+ + OH-

Kw=10-14

NH4 +

NH3 + H+

Ka1= 10 -9,24

-1

(1)
4,76

(2)

Ax + H
HAx
Ka2 = 10
(3)
-9,24
-10,24
V Kw << Ka1.C(10 .0,1=10
) , nn c th b qua cn bng (1)
NGUYN TH NHUNG
- 25 THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

T hp (2) v (3) ta c:
NH4 + +
0,1
0,1-x

C0
[]

Ax0,1
0,1-x

p dng LTDKL ta c:

NH3 + HAx K= 10 -4,48

x

10 4, 48

x2
vi x << 0,1
(0,1 x ) 2

x= 10 -3,34=[NH3]=[HAx]; [NH4+]=[Ax-]=0,1 M.
Da vo cn bng (2) : [H+]= 10-7 [OH-]= 10-7.
Hiu [H+]-[OH -]= 0, ngha l v cng b so vi nng ca NH3 v HAx nn cch gii gn ng
l chp nhn c.
V d 33: Tnh pH ca dung dch (NH4)2SO4 0,1 M. So snh vi gi tr pH ca dung dch thu
c khi trn Na2SO4 0,2 M vi NH4NO3 0,4 M vi th tch bng nhau. Bit NH4+ c Ka=10 -9,24;
HSO4- c Ka=10 -2.
Gii: Cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch:
SO4

2-

NH4 +

NH3 + H+

+ H2O

Ka1 = 10-9,24
-

HSO4 + OH Kb2 = 10
+

H2O
H + OH
+
p dng KP vi mc khng l NH4 v SO42- ta c:
[H+] = [NH3] + [OH-] - [HSO4-]
p dng LTDKL cho cc cn bng t (1) n (3) ta c:

-12

a1

a2

1
a1

1
a2

2
4

14

2
4

(2)

Kw = 10 -14

K .SO . H
H HK K . NH
H
.NH
10 10 .0,2
H K1 KK .SO

3,24.10

1 10 .0,1

(1)
(3)

9 , 24

pH 5,49.

Sau ta tnh lp mt vng v c kt qu hi t ti gi tr pH= 5,49.

i vi dung dch thu c khi trn hn hp Na2SO4 0,2 M v NH4NO3 0,4 M vi th tch bng
nhau th tnh cng tng t trn v nng NH4+ v SO42- khng thay i so vi bi ton trn, cn
cc ion NO3- v Na+ khng gy nh hng n gi tr pH ca dung dch.
6.3. Cn bng trong dung dch m.
V d 34:
Tnh pH ca dung dch m gm CH3COOH 0,050 M v CH3COONa 0,050 M. Bit CH3COOH
c Ka=10-4,76.
Gii: y l bi ton v dung dch m to bi axit yu v baz lin hp ca n, c Ka=10-4,76 >>
Kb=10 -9,24>>Kw nn cn bng trong dung dch ch yu l cn bng phn li ca dng axit.
Cch 1: Xt cn bng xy ra trong dung dch:
C0

CH3COOH
0,05

CH3COO0,05

+ H+

Ka= 10 -4,76

[]
0,05-x
0,05+x
x
-4,76
+
p dng LTDKL
ta c : x=10
=[H ] pH= 4,76.
Cch 2: p dng cng thc tnh gn ng:
Cb
0,05
4,76 lg
4,76.
Ca
0,05
NGUYN TH NHUNG
- 26 pH pK a lg

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

Ta c [H+] = 10-4,76 << 0,05 v Kw<< Ka.Ca nn kt qu tnh theo cng thc gn ng trn chp
nhn c. Vy pH ca dung dch l 4,76.
V d 35: Tnh pH ca dung dch m gm NH3 0,100M v NH4Cl 5,00.10 -3 M. Bit NH4+ c
Ka=10 -9,24.
Gii: Bi ton ny l trng hp dung dch m ca baz yu v axit lin hp, c Kb>>Ka>>Kw
nn cn bng ca dng baz chim u th.
Cch 1:
NH3 + H2O
NH4 +
+ OH- Kb= 10 -4,76
C0
0,1
0,005
[]
0,1-x
0,005+x
x
x(0,005 x)
Kb
10 4,76 x 3,25.10 4 OH H 3,08.10 11 pH 10,51
0,1 x

Cch 2: Tnh gn ng:

pH pK a lg

Cb
0,1
9,24 lg
10,54
Ca
0,005

Ta c [H+]=10 -10,54<< Ca, Cb; [OH-]=10 -3,46 khng nh hn nhiu Ca v Kw<< Kb.Cb nn kt qu
tnh theo cng thc gn ng trn l khng chp nhn c.
V d 36: Dung dch A gm CH3COOH 0,10 M; CH3COONa 0,10 M.
a) Tnh pH ca dung dch A.
b) Thm 0,001 mol HCl vo 1 lt dung dch A th pH s bng bao nhiu ?
c) Thm 0,001 mol NaOH vo 1 lt dung dch A th pH s bng bao nhiu?
Bit CH3COOH c Ka=10 -4,76.
Gii:
a) Dung dch A l dung dch m gm axit yu v baz lin hp, c Ka=10-4,76 >> Kb=10 -9,24 >>
Kw nn cn bng dng axit chim u th.
p dng cng thc tnh gn ng ta c:

pH pK a lg

Cb
0,1
4,76 lg
4,76
Ca
0,1

Vy ta c [H+]=10-4,76 << Ca, Cb v Kw << Ka.Ca nn gi tr gn ng trn chp nhn c.

b) Thm HCl vo dung dch, phn ng xy ra l:
CH3COONa + HCl CH3COOH + NaCl
0,10
0,001
0,1-0,001
0,001
TPGH: CH3COOH 0,101 M; CH3COONa 0,099 M
Cn bng xy ra l:
CH3COONa
CH3COO- + Na+
0,099
C0
[]

CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+
Ka = 10-4,76
0,101
0,099
0,101-x
0,099+x
x
x(0,099 x)
10 4,76 vi x << 0,099 ta c: x= 1,02.10 -4,76 << 0,099
0,101 x

Vy [H+] = 1,02.10-4,76 pH = 4,75

c) Thm NaOH vo dung dch phn ng xy ra l:
NGUYN TH NHUNG

- 27 -

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O

0,10 0,001
0,10-0,001
0,001
TPGH: CH3COOH 0,099 M ; CH3COONa 0,101 M
Cn bng xy ra: CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+
0,101
CH3COOH
CH3COO+ H+
Ka = 10-4,76
0,099
0,101
0,099-x
0,101+x
x
x(0,101 x)
10 4,76 vi x<< 0,099 ta c: x= 0,98.10 -4,76 << 0,099
0,099 x

C0
[]

Vy [H+]= 9,8.10-5,76 pH = 4,77

Nh vy hn hp CH3COOH 0,10 M v CH3COONa 0,10 M l mt hn hp m, v pH hu nh
khng thay i khi thm mt lng nh HCl hoc NaOH.
V d 37: Hy iu ch dung dch m c pH = 5,00 i t dung dch CH3COOH 0,20 M v mui
CH3COONa rn. Bit CH3COOH c Ka=10 -4,76.
Gii: Dung dch c pH = 5 nn [H+]=10 -5[OH-]=10-9<< Ca=0,20 v Ka=10 -4,76 >>Kw, do p
dng cng thc tnh gn ng:
pH pK a lg

Cb
C b 0,348M
0,2

Gi s th tch dung dch m l 1 lt th mCH 3COONa 0,348.82 28,50 gam

Vy cch iu ch l: Cn 28,50 gam CH3COONa v ho tan vo dung dch dung dch
CH3COOH 0,20 M thnh 1 lt.
V d 38:( thi chn hc sinh tham d olympic ho hc quc t nm 2002)
Hn hp B gm 100,00 ml dung dch HCl 0,120M v 50,00ml dung dch Na3PO4.
1. Tnh CM ca Na3PO4. Bit pH ca dung dch B l 1,50. Bit H3PO4 c pK1 =2,23; pK2 =7,26;
pK3 = 12,32.
2. Tnh V ca dung dch NaOH 0,1M cn trung ho 100 ml hn hp B n pH= 7,26.
3. Thm Na2CO3 vo dung dch B cho n pH = 4. Cho bit thnh phn ch yu trong dung dch
thu c, vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra. Bit H2CO3 c pK1=6,35; pK2=10,33.
Gii:
1.Trong 150 ml dung dch B c HCl 0,08 M v Na3PO4 x M.
Dung dch B c pH = 1,5 [H+] = 10-1,5 = 0,0316(M).
H+ + H2PO4-

Xt cn bng sau: H3PO4

H 3 PO 4

H PO

H 10

Ka

K1= 10 -2,23

1, 5

10 2, 23

5,37

Nh vy dng tn ti ch yu l H3PO4 v H2PO4-.

Cc phn ng xy ra:
PO43- + H+ HPO42x
x
x
2+
HPO4 + H H2PO4NGUYN TH NHUNG
- 28 -

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

x

x
-

H2PO4 + H
4,17
4,17
x.
x.
5,17
5,17

H3PO4
4,17
x.
5,17

Tng nng H+ phn ng l: 2,807x [H+] d = 0,08-2,807x x= 0,01723

Vy trong 50ml dung dch ban u th C M ( Na3PO4 ) 3 x 0,0517( M )
2. Ta c pH = 7,26 = pK2 ca H3PO4, vy H3PO4 v HCl b trung ho ht, H2PO4- b trung ho
1/2.
Cc phn ng xy ra:
H+ + OH- H2O
10-1,5
10-1,5
H3PO4 + OH- H2PO4C0
0,0139
3,33.10-3
C
0,0172
H2PO4 + OH HPO42C0
0,0172
C
8,6.10 -3
8,6.10 -3
VddNaOH

(10 1,5 0,0139 8,6.10 3 ).100

= 54,123(ml)
0,1

3. pH = 4, xt cc cn bng sau y:
H+ + H2PO4-

H3PO4

H 3 PO4

H PO

K1

10 4
0,017
10 2, 23

H2PO4-

H+ + HPO4-

H PO H 10
HPO K 10

4
2

7 , 26

1819,7

H2O + CO2

H 2 CO3 H

HCO

K3

H+ + HCO3- K1 = 10-6,35

10 4
223,87
10 6,35

Nh vy thnh phn ch yu ca dung dch thu c l H2PO4- v H2O, CO2.

Cc phn ng xy ra:
CO32- + H+ HCO3CO32- + H3PO4
HCO3- + H2PO4HCO3- + H+ H2O + CO2
HCO3- + H3PO4
H2O + CO2 + H2PO4V d 39: ( thi HSGQG nm 2002-2003)
Dung dch bo ha H2S c nng 0,100 M. Hng s axit ca H2S:K1= 1,0.10-7; K2 = 1,3.10 -13.
a) Tnh nng ion sunfua trong dung dch H2S 0,100 M khi iu chnh pH = 2,0.
b) Mt dung dch A cha cc cation Mn2+, Co 2+, v Ag+ vi nng ban u ca mi ion u
bng 0,010 M. Ho tan H2S vo A n bo ho v iu chnh pH = 2,0 th ion no to kt ta.
Cho: TMnS = 2,5.10 -10; TCoS = 4,0.10-21; T Ag2 S 6,3.10 50 .
Gii:
NGUYN TH NHUNG

- 29 -

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

a) Tnh nng ion S2 trong dung dch H2S 0,100 M; pH = 2,0.
C H2S = H2S = 0,1 M ; H2S = 101; H+ = 10 2
H2S (k)

H2S (aq)

H2S (aq)

H+ + HS

HS

H+ + S2
2H+

H2S (aq)

H S 1,3.10
K
2

K1 = 1,0.10 -7

20

H 2 S

K2 = 1,3.10 -13

+ S 2

; S2 =1,3.1020.

K =K1.K2 =1,3 1020

H 2 S =1,3.1020.

10 1
=1,3.10 17 (M)
(10 2 ) 2

b) Ta c: Mn 2+ S2 = 10 2.1,3.10 17 = 1,3.1019 TMnS = 2,5.10 10,khng c kt ta.

Co 2+ S2 = 10 2.1,3.1017 = 1,3 1019 TCoS = 4,0.10 21 to kt ta CoS
Ag+2S2 = (102)2.1,3.10 17 = 1,3.1021 T Ag2 S 6,3.10 50 to kt ta Ag2S
V d 40: ( thi chn T d thi Olympic quuc t nm 2003)
1. Hirazin(N2H4) l mt baz hai nc ( ibaz).
a) Tnh cc hng s baz ca N2H4.
b)Trn 10,00 ml H2SO4 0,400 M vi 40,00 ml N2H4 0,100 M ri thm vi git phenolphtalein.
Tnh th tch NaOH 0,200 M cn chun hn hp n va xut hin mu ta (pH ~ 10);
Nu chun hn hp n pH ~ 8 th th tch NaOH 0,200 M cn l bao nhiu?
Cho bit iaxit N2 H62+ c pKa1 = 0,27; pKa2 = 7,94. HSO4- c pKa = 2,00.
2. a) Hirazin c tnh kh mnh. Cho bit 250C, th in cc tiu chun E0 ca cp N2/ N2H5+
bng -0,23 V. Tnh E0 ca cc cp N2/ N2H62+ v cp N2/ N2H4.
b) Hy thit lp phng trnh ph thuc E-pH ca cc cp oxi ho- kh ca hirazin pH < 0;
pH = 2,0- 7,0 v pH > 9,0.
c) Vit phng trnh ion ca phn ng xy ra gia hirazin vi KMnO4 pH = 0 v pH = 9,0.
Bit rng cc pH ny, hirazin u b oxi ho thnh N2.
Gii:
1.a) Tnh cc hng s baz ca N2H4.
N2H4 + H2O

K b1

Kw
Ka

2 ( N2 H6

10 14
10 6,06
10 7,94

N2H5+ + H2O

K b2

Kw
Ka (N H
1

N2H5+ + OH- Kb1

N2H6+ + OH- Kb2

10 14
10 13,73
10 0, 27

b) * Trn dung dch N2H4 v dung dch H2SO4 c dung dch mi c nng u ca cc cht
l: H2SO4 0,08M; N2H4 0,08M.
- Phn ng xy ra: N2H4 + H2SO4 N2H5+ + HSO40,08 0,08
0,08
0,08
+
- Dung dch thu c c cha N2H5 0,08M v HSO4 0,08M
* Chun hn hp n pH = 10 ngha l dung dch phi cha N2 H4.
HSO4- + OH- H2O + SO42N2H5+ + OH- N2H4 + H2O
V(ddNaOH) = (0,08+0,08).50/ 0,2 = 40(ml)
NGUYN TH NHUNG
- 30 THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

* Chun hn hp n pH = 8 pKa2 ca N2H6+, nh vy trung ho na lng N2 H5+:
V(ddNaOH) = (0,08+0,04).50/ 0,2= 30( ml)
2.a) Tnh E0
* Cp N2/ N2H62+:
N2 + 5H+ + 4e

N2H5+

N2H5+ + H+

E0 = -0,23V

N2H62+ K =100,27

N2 + 6H+ + 4e

N2H62+

E N0

/ N2 H 6

0,226V

* Cp N2/N2H4:
N2 + 5H+ + 4e

N2H5+

N2H5+

N2H4 + H+

N2 + 4H+ + 4e

N2H4

E0 = -0,23V
K = 10-7,94

E N0

/ N2 H 4

0,348V

b) * pH < 0, ton b hirazin dng N2 H62+, ta c cp N2/N2H62+

N2 + 6H+ + 4e

N2H62+

6
0,0592
lg H 0,226 0,0888 pH
4
* pH = 2,07,0 th dng ch yu ca hirazin l N2H5+ ta c cp N2/ N2H5+

vi p N 2 1 ; [N2H62+] = 1, ta c: E 0,226

N2 + 5H+ + 4e
N2H5+
E0 = -0,23V
5
0,0592
E 0,23
lg H 0,23 0,074 pH
4
* pH > 9 dng tn ti ch yu l N2H4 ta c cp N2/N2H4

N2 + 4H+ + 4e
E 0,348 0,0592 pH

N2H4

E0 = -0,348V

c) Phn ng ca hirazin vi KMnO4

- pH = 0 : 5N2H62+ + 4MnO4- + 2H+ 5N2 + 4Mn2+ + 4H2O
- pH = 9:
N2H4 + 4MnO4- + 4OH- N2 + 4MnO42- + 4H2O
V d 41: ( thi HSGQG nm 2007)
Mt dung dch c 3 cht HCl, BaCl2, FeCl3 cng nng 0,0150M. Sc kh CO2 vo dung dch
ny cho n bo ho. Sau thm t t NaOH vo dung dch n nng 0,120M. Cho bit:
nng CO2 trong dung dch bo ho l 3.10-2M; th tch dung dch khng thay i khi cho CO2
v NaOH vo. cc hng s: pKa ca H2CO3 l 6,35 v 10,33; pKS ca Fe(OH)3 l 37,5 v ca
BaCO3 l 8,30; pKa ca Fe3+ l 2,17.
Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c.
Gii:
Khi cho kh CO2 vo hn hp gm H+ 0,0150M; Ba2+ 0,0150M; Fe3+ 0,0150M c cc qu trnh
sau:
HCO3- + H+

CO2 + H2O
HCO3HCl

H+

CO32- + H+
+ Cl-

Ka1=10 -6,35
Ka2 = 10-10,33

Fe3+ + H2O
FeOH2+ + H+
Ka = 10-2,17
Dung dch c mi trng axit mnh( v c HCl v Fe3+), s in li ca CO2 l khng ng k( v
nng CO32- v cng b) nn khng c kt ta BaCO3 to thnh.
NGUYN TH NHUNG
- 31 THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

Khi thm NaOH xy ra cc phn ng:
- Trung ho HCl:
H+
+ OH- H2O
0,015
0,120
0,105
3+
- Kt ta Fe(OH)3:
Fe
+ 3OH- Fe(OH)3
0,015
0,105
0,06
0,015
2- Phn ng vi CO2: CO2 + 2OH
CO3
+ H2O
-2
3.10
0,06
0,030
2+
2- Kt ta BaCO3:
Ba
+
CO3
BaCO3
0,015
0,030
0,015
0,015
Thnh phn hn hp kt ta c: Fe(OH)3 0,0150 mol; BaCO3 0,0150 mol.
Trong dung dch c: CO32- 0,015M; Cl- ; Na+ ; H2O.
Cc cn bng xy ra:
H+ + OH-

H2O

3+

Kw = 10 -14
-

Fe(OH)3

Fe

BaCO3

Ba2+ + CO32-

+ 3OH

2-

KS1 = 10

(1)

-37,5

(2)

KS2 = 10-8,30
-

-14

(3)
-10,33

-3,67

CO3 + H2O
HCO3 + OH Kb1 = 10 /10
= 10
(4)
So snh cho thy cn bng (4) l cn bng quyt nh pH ca dung dch( v OH- do nc in li
v do Fe(OH)3 tan ra l rt b), nng CO32- do BaCO3 tan ra khng ng k( v c d CO32- t
dung dch).
Tnh pH theo (4):
CO32- + H2O
0,015
(0,015-x)

C0
[]
2

HCO3- + OHx

Kb1 = 10-3,67
x

x
10 3,67 x OH 1,69.10 3 M pH 11,23
0,015 x

* Kim tra kt qu:

[OH-] =

10 14
10 3 H ( do nc in li khng ng k)
11, 23
10

[Fe3+] =

10 37,5
10 29 rt nh, do OH- do Fe(OH)3 tan ra khng ng k. [Ba2+] =
(10 38 ) 3

10 8,3
4,2.10 7 0,015. V vy [CO32-] do BaCO3 tan ra khng ng k. Vy
(0,015 1,7.10 3 )
cch gii trn l chnh xc.
C. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1: Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c trong cc hn hp sau:
-10ml dung dch axit axtic (CH3COOH) 0,10M trn vi 10ml dung dch HCl c pH = 4,0
- 25ml dung dch axit axtic c pH = 3,0 trn vi 15ml dung dch KOH c pH = 11,0
- 10ml dung dch axit axtic c pH = 3,0 trn vi 10ml dung dch axit fomic (HCOOH) c pH =
3,0.
NGUYN TH NHUNG

- 32 -

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

Bit pKa ca CH3COOH v HCOOH ln lt l 4,76 v 3,75
Cu 2 :
1/ Mt axit yu n chc ho tan vo nc, nng C (mol/l), hng s axit K, nng [H+] lc
cn bng a(mol/l)

a2
a
K
b) T gii thch ti sao dung dch ca mt n axit yu cng long th pH ca dung dch cng
tng.
2/ Trong mt dung dch 2 axit yu HA1 v HA2 c hng s cn bng khc nhau.
a) Tnh nng [H+] trong dung dch 2 axit theo hng s cn bng v nng ca 2 axit.
b) p dng : Trong 1 dung dch 2 axit CH3COOH 2.10-3 (mol/l) v C2 H5COOH 1,92.10 -2 (mol/l).
Tnh pH ca dung dch 2 axit .
Cu 3. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 0,01 M cn dng trung ha hon ton 10ml dung dch
H2SO4 c pH = 2. Bit HSO4- c pKa = 2.
Cu 4:
1. Tnh pH ca dung dch H2C2O4 0,01M.
2. Cho t t dung dch C2O42- vo dung dch cha ion Mg2+ 0,01M v Ca2+ 0,01M.
2.1. Kt ta no xut hin trc.
2.2. Nng ion th nht cn li bao nhiu khi ion th hai bt u kt ta.
3. Tnh pH ca dung dch 0,001moL CaC2O4 tan ht trong 1 Lt dung dch .
Bit H2C2O4 c cc hng s axt tng ng l pK1 = 1,25; pK2 = 4,27
Tch s tan ca CaC2O4 l 10 8,60; MgC2O4 l 10 - 4,82
Cu 5:Tnh pH v nng mol ca Cr O 24 , Cr2 O 27 trong dung dch K2Cr2O7 0,01M v
a) Chng minh : C

CH3COOH 0,1M. Cho:

K CH3COOH = 1,8.10 -5

HCr O 4 + H2O

Cr O 24 + H3O+

pK2 = 6,5

2HCr O 4
Cr2 O 27 + H2O
pK1 = -1,36
Cu 6: Dung dch A gm c H2SO4 0,05 M; HCl 0,18 M; CH3COOH 0,02 M. Thm NaOH vo
dung dch A n nng ca NaOH thm vo l 0,23 M th dng thu c dung dch A1.
a) Tnh nng cc cht trong dung dch A1.
b) Tnh pH ca dung dch A1.
c) Tnh in ly ca CH3COOH trong dung dch A1.
-2
-4,75
Cho: Ka(HSO
4 )= 10 ; Ka(CH3COOH) = 10
Cu 7: Trn 100 ml dd HCOOH 0,1M vi 100 ml dd NaOH 0,05M c 200 ml dd A. Tm pH ca dd A.
- pH ca dd A s thay i nh th no khi thm vo dd 0,001 mol HCl hoc 0,001 mol
NaOH.
- T cc kt qu trn hy nhn xt.
Cu 8: Ha tan 0,1mol NH4Cl vo 500ml nc.
a. Vit phng trnh phn ng v biu thc tnh Ka
b. Tnh pH dung dch trn bit KaNH+4= 5.10 10
Cu 9: Tr s pH ca nc nguyn cht l 7,0; trong khi nc ma t nhin c tnh axit yu do
s ha tan ca CO2 trong kh quyn. Tuy nhin trong nhiu khu vc nc ma c tnh axit mnh
hn. iu ny do mt s nguyn nhn trong c nguyn nhn t nhin v nhng nguyn nhn
xut pht t hot ng ca con ngi. Trong kh quyn SO2 v NO b oxi ha theo th t thnh
SO3 v NO2, chng phn ng vi nc chuyn ha thnh axt sunfuric v axt nitric. Hu qu
l to thnh ma axt vi pH trung bnh khong 4,5.
Lu hunh dioxit l mt oxit hai chc trong dung dch nc. Ti 25 0C :
SO2 (aq) + H2O (l)
HSO3-(aq) + H+( aq)
Ka1 = 10 -1,92 M
+
HSO3 (aq)
SO3 (aq) + H ( aq)
Ka2 = 10 -7,18 M
Tt c cc cu hi sau u xt 250C
1. tan ca SO2 l 33,9 L trong 1 L H2O ti p sut ring phn ca SO2 bng 1 bar.
NGUYN TH NHUNG

- 33 -

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

1.1. Tnh nng ton phn ca SO2 trong nc bo ha kh SO2 (b qua s thay i th tch
do s ha tan SO2).
1.2. Tnh thnh phn phn trm ca ion HSO3-.
1.3. Tnh pH ca dung dch.
2. Nh tng git Br2 n d vo dung dch SO2 0,0100 M, ton b SO2 b oxi ha thnh SO42-. Br2
d c tch ra bng cch sc vi kh N2 .
Vit mt phng trnh phn ng ca qu trnh. Tnh nng H+ trong dung dch thu c.
Bit pKa(HSO4-) = 1,99.
Cu 10: Cho 0,01 mol NH3, 0,1 mol CH3NH2 v 0,11 mol HCl vo nc c 1 lt dung dch.
Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c?
Cho: pK NH = 9,24; pK CH NH = 10,6; pK H2 O = 14.
4

Cu 11: Dung dch K2CO3 c pH=11 (dung dch A). Thm 10ml HCl 0,012M vao 10ml ddA ta
thu c ddB. Tnh pH cua ddB. Biet rng H2CO3 c pk1=6,35 va pk2=10,33.
CU 12:
1)Nu khi nim dung dch m? Cho 2 v d.
2) Dung dch X l dung dch hn hp gm axit yu HA 0,1M v NaA 0,1M.
a) tnh pH ca dung dch X
b) thm vo 1 lt dung dch X trn
b-1: 0,01 mol HCl
b-2: 0,01 mol NaOH
Hy tnh pH ca dung dch thu c trong mi trng hp bit Ka HA = 6,8 10-4
Cu 13: Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COONH4 0,4 M bit rng KA (CH3COOH) = 1,8.10 -5 ; KB (
NH3 )= 1,6 .10 5
Cu 14: c dung dch m c pH = 8,5, ngi ta trn dung dch HCl 0,2M vi 100ml dung
dch KCN 0,01M. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0,2M c dng, bit rng HCN c KA =
4,1.10 -10.
Cu 15: Trn 2 th tch bng nhau ca 2 dung dch CH3COOH 0,2M v NaOCl 0,2M . Tnh
nng ca cc cu t trong dung dch khi phn ng trng thi cn bng . Ka(CH3COOH) =
1,75.10-5 v Ka(HOCl) = 5.10 -8
Cu 16: Ha tan ht 1,25 gam axit HA vo nc thnh 50ml dung dch. chun ht lng
axit ny cn dng 41,20ml dung dch NaOH 0,09M. Hy xc nh pH ca dung dch thu c ti
im tng ng ca php chun ? Bit rng nu thm 8,24ml dung dch NaOH trn vo
lng axit ban u th pH ca dung dch thu c lc l 4,3
Cu 17:
1. C mt dung dch axit HA v HX, bit nng ca axit HX trong dung dch l 2 . 10 3 M.
Tnh nng ca axit HA trong dung dch sao cho in ly ca HX l bng 0,08.
Cho KHA = 1,3 . 10 5 v KHX = 1,8 . 10 5
2. 2.1. Tnh nng ion S2 v pH ca dung dch H2S2 0,010M.
2.2. Khi thm 0,001 mol HCl vo 1 lit dung dch H2S 0,010M th nng ion S2 bng bao
nhiu?
Cho hng s axit ca H2S : K A1 10 7 v K A 2 10 12,92 .
Cu 18: Tnh pH ca dung dch NH4 HCO3 0,1M. Bit:
NH3 c K b 10 4,76 ; H2CO3 c K a1 10 6,35 v K a 2 10 10,33
**************************************************

NGUYN TH NHUNG

- 34 -

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

PHN III: KT LUN

Vic hc tp sng kin kinh nghim s thu c kt qu tt nu m bo cc yu cu sau:
Hc sinh phi c trnh nhn thc v t duy tng i tt. Xut pht t i tng hc u
l hc sinh kh gii, nn kh nng tip thu kin thc kh nhanh v chc chn. l tin rt tt
c th truyn th mt khi lng kin thc trong cng mt n v thi gian nhiu hn so vi
hc sinh khc. Gio vin cn bit tn dng c hiu qu nhng kh nng , chng hn, bng cch
a ti liu, yu cu hc sinh t nghin cu trc sau trnh by, a ra nhn xt, kt qu thu
c trong tit hc chuyn Nh vy s gip hc sinh lnh hi kin thc su sc hn, to iu
kin cc em bc u tp dt nghin cu khoa hc.
1. Kt qu thc tin
Qua thc t,ti c tham gia mt s bui dy i tuyn ; trc tip ging dy sng kin kinh
nghim ny trong cc tit chuyn bi dng hc sinh d thi hc sinh gii quc gia mn Ha 12
ti trng THPT chuyn Hng Yn , vi lng kin thc va phi v h thng v d ph hp
gip hc sinh tip thu kh tt, kch thch v pht huy kh nng t duy, vn dng tng hp kin thc
mt cch lgic, say m t gic hc tp, gi m c tm ti sng to khoa hc.
Hc sinh i tuyn lp 12 d thi hc sinh gii quc gia t tin hn khi gp cc bi tp v
phn ng axit baz.
2. Bi hc kinh nghim
Sng kin kinh nghim ny c ging dy cho cc th h hc sinh cc lp chuyn, nn cn
c thng xuyn trao i, cp nht lin tc cc bi ton lin quan n phn ng axit baz.
3. Kin ngh, xut
Trn y l h thng cu hi v bi tp phn Phn ng axit baz m ti p dng
trong ging dy. ti tng i ph hp vi yu cu v mc ch ging dy, bi dng hc sinh
kh, gii trng chuyn chun b d thi hc sinh gii cc cp . ti ny cng c th dng lm
ti liu hc tp cho hc sinh cc lp chuyn Ho hc v ti liu tham kho cho cc thy c gio
trong ging dy v bi dng hc sinh gii Ho hc bc THPT gp phn nng cao cht lng
ging dy v hc tp mn Ho hc.
NGUYN TH NHUNG

- 35 -

THPT CHUYN HNG YN

CN BNG AXIT BAZ TRONG DUNG DCH CHT IN LI

Tuy nhin, y ch l mt phn rt nh trong chng trnh n luyn cho hc sinh chun b
tham gia vo cc k thi hc sinh gii cc cp. V vy, ti rt mong cc Thy , C ng nghip gp
kin cho ti v chuyn ny v cng nhau pht trin sang cc chuyn khc hc tr
chuyn Ho ngy cng c nhiu ti liu hc tp mt cch h thng hn.

Ti liu tham kho

[1]. Mt s vn chn lc tp 2 Nguyn Tinh Dung
[2]. Ho hc phn tch - Nguyn Tinh Dung
[3]. C s l thuyt ho hc - Nguyn Hnh
[4]. C s l thuyt cc qu trnh ho hc - V ng
[5]. C s l thuyt ho hc - L Mu Quyn
[6]. C s l thuyt cc phn ng ha hc Trn Th , ng Trn Phch

NGUYN TH NHUNG

- 36 -

THPT CHUYN HNG YN