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955
Ch : S IN LI
a).[ Na+] = 0,4/0,4 = 1(M) ; [Ca2+] = 0,1/0,4 = 0,25 (M) ; [Cl-] = (0,4 + 0,2)/0,4 = 1,5 (M)
b). [Fe3+] = 0,38 (M) ; [SO42-] = 0,48 (M) ; [Cl- ] = 0,18 (M)
c). [ Mg2+] = 0,2(M) ; [Al3+] = 0,4 (M) ; [SO42-] = 0,8 (M)
Bi 1.5. a). Ha tan 12,5 gam tinh th CuSO4.5H2O trong nc thnh 200 ml dung dch . Tnh nng mol
cc ion trong dung dch thu c .
b). Ha tan 8,08 gam Fe(NO3)3 .9H2O trong nc thnh 500 ml dung dch . Tnh nng mol cc ion
trong dung dch thu c .
.
a.) nCuSO4. 5H2O = 12,5/250 = 0,05 (mol)
CuSO4.5H2O Cu2+ + SO42- + 5H2O
0,05
0,05
0,05 (mol)
2+
2[ Cu ] = [SO4 ] = 0,05/0,2 = 0,25 (M)
b.) 0,04 (M) ; 0,12 (M)
Bi 1.6. a). Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0,5M c cha s mol H+ bng s mol H+ c trong 0,3 lt dung dch
HNO3 0,2M .
b). Cn bao nhiu ml dung dch HCl 2M trn vi 180 ml dung dch H2SO4 3M c mt dung dch
c nng mol ca H+ l 4,5M . Cho bit H2SO4 in li hon ton.
.
a). VHCl = 0,12 (lit) b). VHCl = 108 (ml)
-1-
Mol dt () Mol dt ()
a = 0,3 mol .
Bi 2.2. Dung dch A cha Na+ 0,1 mol , Mg2+ 0,05 mol , SO42- 0,04 mol cn li l Cl- . Tnh khi lng mui
trong dung dch .
m = 11,6 gam.
Bi 2.3. Trong mt dung dch c cha a mol Ca2+ , b mol Mg2+ , c mol Cl v d mol NO3a. Lp biu thc lin h gia a, b, c, v d
b. Nu a = 0,01 ; c = 0,01 v d = 0,03 th b bng bao nhiu ?
0,01
2
2
Bi 2.4. Mt dung dch c cha hai loi cation l Fe2+ (0,1 mol) v Al3+ (0,2 mol) cng hai loi anion l Cl- (x
mol) v SO42- (y mol) . Tnh x v y bit rng khi c cn dung dch v lm khan thu c 46,9 gam cht
rn khan .
-2-
n
C
so phantu dienli
dien li M dien li
so phantu hoa tan nhoa tan CM hoa tan
AB
A B
Ban u : a
in li :
x
Cn bng : a x
0
x
x
0
x
x (M) .
x
a
* = 1 : cht in li mnh
* 0 < < 1 : cht in li yu
* = 0 : cht khng in li
Bi 3.1. Vit phng trnh in li ca cc cht sau trong dung dch :
1. Axit mnh H2SeO4 (nc th nht in li mnh)
2. Axit yu ba nc H3PO4 .
3. Hi r xit lng tnh Pb(OH)2 .
4. Na2HPO4 .
5. NaH2PO4
6. Axt mnh HMnO4
7. Bazo mnh RbOH.
Bi 3.2. in li dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M c dung dch c [H+] = 1,32.10-3 M . Tnh in li ca axit
CH3COOH .
iu cn nh : bi ton ny cho nng in li ca cht in li
CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COO in li : =
1,32.10-3
1,32.10-3 (M)
in li ca axit CH3COOH
1.32.103
.100 1,32%
=
0,1
Bi 3.3. Tnh nng mol cc ion H+ v CH3COO- c trong dung dch axit CH3COOH 0,1M . Bit phng
trnh in li : CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+ v in li = 4%
C = C0 = 0,1.4% = 0,004 M
T phng trnh in li :[CH3COO-] = [H+] = 0,004 M
Bi 3.4. Cho dung dch HClO c nng mol 0,01M, nng ny HClO c in li l = 0,172% .
a). Tnh nng cc ion H+ v ClO- .
b). Tnh nng mol HClO sau in li .
.
a). [H+] = [ClO-] = 1,72.10-5 (M) .
b). [HClO] = 9,9828.10-3 (M) .
Bi 3.5. Ha tan 3 gam CH3COOH v nc c 250 ml dung dch, bit in li = 0,12 . Tnh nng
mol ca cc phn t v ion trong dung dch .
.
[CH3COOH] = 0,176 (M) ; [H+] = [CH3COO-] = 0,024 (M) .
Bi 3.5. Mt lt dung dch CH3COOH 0,01 M c cha tng s 6,28.1021 ion v phn t CH3COOH . Tnh
in li ca axit ny .
iu cn nh :
- S phn t N = n . 6,02.1023
- cho lng ban u v lng cn li, nn s dng pp ba dng :
Ban u
in li
Khi cn bng
CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COO
Ban u:
in li:
Khi cn bng
0,01
x
0,01 x
x
x
-3-
x
x
mol
HNO
H+ + NO22
Ban u
n0
in li
3,6.1020
3,6.1020
21
Khi cn bng
5,64.10
3,6.1020
S phn t ha tan trong dung dch l : n0 = 3,6.1020 + 5,64.1021 = 6.1021
3,6.1020
=
0,06 6%
6.1021
6.1021
0,1( M ) .
b. Nng dung dch l:
6,02.1023.0,1
Bi 3.7. Tnh nng mol ca cc ion H+ v CH3COO- trong 2 lit dung dch c cha 24 gam CH3COOH ha
tan . Bit in li ca axit l = 1,2%
C0 = 0,2 M
C = 1,2% x 0,2 = 0,0024 M
T phng trnh in li : [ CH3COO-] = [H+] = 0,0024 M
Bi 3.8. Dung dch axit CH3COOH 0,6% c khi lng ring xp x 1 g/ml . in li ca axit = 1% . Tnh
nng mol ca ion H+ trong 1 lt dung dch .
CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COO0,05
0
0
-3
-3
6.10
6.10
6.10-3
-3
-3
0,05 6.10
6.10
6.10-3 (mol).
[CH3COOH] = 0,176 (M) ; [H+] = [CH3COO-] = 0,024 (M).
Bi ton 4. XC NH HNG S IN LI
B1 : Xc nh hng s in li ca axit.
HA
H+ + Aka
[ H ].[ A ]
[ HA]
BOH
OH- + B+ .
[OH ].[B ]
kb
[BOH ]
- [OH-], [B+], [BOH] trng thi cn bng .
- kb : cng ln th tnh bazo cng mnh.
Bi 4.1. C mt dung dch axit CH3COOH (cht in li yu) . Nu ha tan vo dung dch mt t tinh th
CH3COONa (Cht in li mnh), th nng H+ c thay i khng , nu c th thay i th no ? Gii
thch .
iu cn nh.
- S phn li ca cht in li yu l mt qu trnh thun nghch dn n cn bng ng (cn bng in
li) Cn bng in li cng c hng s cn bng K v tun theo nguyn l L Sa t li .
- in li ch ph thuc vo nhit khi in li .
.
CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+
[ H ][CH 3COO ]
[CH 3COOH ]
Khi ha tan cht in li CH3COONa vo dung dch th nng CH3COO- tng ln do s phn li :
CH3COONa Na+ + CH3COOV Ka khng i [H+] gim xung
.
CH3COOH
H CH 3COO
k=
[H ]
[CH 3COO ]
in li : =
[CH 3COOH ] [CH 3COOH ]
a. Khi nh HCl vo lng H+ tng ln cn bng dch chuyn sang phi lng CH3COOH tng
ln gim
b. Khi pha long dung dch CH3COOH in li nhiu tng
c. Khi nh vo dd NaOH cn bng dch chuyn sang phi, (v H+ + OH-) tng
d. CH3COO- tng ln cn bng dch chuyn chiu nghch (lm gim nng CH3COO- )
gim.
Bi 4.3. Tnh nng mol ion H+ ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M , bit hng s phn li ca axit
Ka = 1,75.10-5 .
.
CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COOB :
0,1
0
0
li :
x
x
x
Cb :
0,1 x
x
x (M)
[H ][CH 3COO ]
x2
5
k
1,75.10
Hng s in li ca axit : a
[CH 3COOH ]
0,1 x
V : x << 0,1 0,1 x = 0,1
Do : x2 = 1,75.10-5.0,1 x = 1,32.10-3
Vy : [H+] = 1,32.10-3 (M).
Bi 4.4. Tnh nng mol ca ion OH- c trong dung dch NH3 0,1M , bit hng s phn li bazo kb = 1,8.10-5
-5-
NH3 + H2O
0,1
x
0,1 x
NH4+ + OH- .
0
0
x
x
x
x (M).
[NH 4 ].[OH ]
x2
5
k
1,8.10
Hng s in li ca bazo : b
[NH 3 ]
0,1 x
V x << 0,1 0,1 x = 0,1
Do : x2 = 1,8.10-5.0,1 x = 1,34.10-3
Vy [OH-] = 1,34.10-3 (M).
Bi 4.5. Trong 2 lt dung dch axit flohiric c cha 4 gam HF nguyn cht . in li ca axit ny l 8% .
Hy tnh hng s phn li ca axit flohiric .
.
nHF = 4/20 = 0,2 (mol) ; [HF] = 0,2/2 = 0,1 (M)
HF
H+ + FB :
0,1
0
0
li :
x
x
x
CB : 0,1 x
x
x (M) .
Theo : 0,08 = x/0,1 x = 8.10-3 (M)
Hng s in li ca axit HF l :
[H ].[F ]
(8.103 ) 2
ka
6,96.104
3
[HF ]
0,1 8.10
Bi 4.6. Axit propanoic (C2H5COOH) l mt axit hu c, mui ca axit ny c dng bo qun thc
phm lu b mc . Hng s in li ca axit l Ka = 1,3.10-5 . Hy tnh nng ion H+ trong dung dch
C2H5COOH 0,1M .
.
[H+] = 1,1.10-3 (M) .
Bi 4.7. Tnh nng H+ ca cc dung dch sau :
a. Dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M . Bit Ka = 1,75.10-5 .
b. Dung dch NH3 0,1M . Bit Kb = 6,3.10-5 .
c. Dung dch CH3COONa 0,1M . Bit hng s bazo Kb ca CH3COO- l 5,71.10-10 .
.
B :
li :
CB :
.
a). CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COOB :
0,1
0
0
Li :
x
x
x
CB :
0,1 x
x
x (M).
x2 = 1,75.10-5.0,1 x = 4,18.10-6
Vy : [H+] = 4,18.10-6 (M) .
CH3COO + H2O
CH3COOH + OHB :
0,1
0
0
li :
x
x
x
CB :
0,1 x
x
x
-6-
B
Li
CB
CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COO- .
0,2
0
0,1
x
x
x
0,2 x
x
x + 0,1 .
[H ].[CH 3COO ]
Ka
[CH 3COOH ]
1,75.10-5 (0,2 x) = x.(x + 0,1)
V : x << 0,2 0,2 x = 0,2 x = 3,5.10-5 pH = 4,46 .
CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COOB
a
0
0
L
10-3
10-3
10-3
CB
a 10-3
10-3
10-3 (M).
-5
-3
-3 2
1,74.10 (a 10 ) = (10 ) a = 0,0585 (M) .
S mol CH3COOH ban u : n1 = 0,0585.5 = 0,2925 (mol) .
Khi pha long s mol cht tan khng i : mdd = 0,2925.60.100/40 = 43,875 (g)
V = mdd/D = 41,8 (ml).
b). in li ca dung dch c pH = 3 .
= 10-3/0,0585 = 1,7% .
c).
pH = 3 [H+] = 10-3 (M) nH+ = 10-3.1 = 10-3 (mol) .
HCl H+ + Cl0,1
0,1 (mol) .
nH+ = 0,1 + 10-3 = 0,101 (mol) [H+] = 0,101 (M) pH =
CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COO- .
10-3
0
0
Bi ton 7. AXIT , BAZO V CHT LNG TNH THEO HAI THUYT.
Thuyt A r ni ut (thuyt in li)
Thuyt Bron stt (thuyt proton)
+
Axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra H .
Axit l cht nhng proton H+ .
+
HCl H + Cl .
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl- .
Bazo l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra OH- .
Bazo l cht nhn proton H+ .
.
-9-
NH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OH- .
Hiroxit lng tnh khi tan trong nc va c th Cht lng tnh va c th nhng proton,
phn li nh axit, va c th phn li theo bazo.
va c th nhn proton .
Bi 7.1. a) Hy vit phng trnh ha hc m t tnh axit ca CH3COOH theo quan im ca A r ni ut
v quan im Bron stt . Vit biu thc tnh hng s phn li cho cc cn bng . So snh hai biu
thc tm c .
b) Vit biu thc tnh hng s phn li ca : NH3 , NH4+ , CO32- , HNO2 .
.
a). Theo A r ni ut :
[H ].[CH 3COO ]
CH3COOH
H+ + CH3COO- Ka =
[CH 3COOH]
Theo Bron stt :
[ H 3O ].[CH 3COO ]
+
CH3COOH + H2O
H3O + CH3COO Ka =
[CH 3COOH ]
Hai biu thc ny ging nhau, ch khc nhau cch vit H+ v H3O+ .
[NH 4 ].[OH ]
NH4+ + H2O
H3O+ + NH3 Ka =
[H 3O ].[NH 3 ]
[NH 4 ]
[H ].[NH 3 ]
[NH 4 ]
Bi 7.2. Trong cc phn ng di y, phn ng no nc ng vai tr l mt axit, phn ng no nc
ng vai tr l mt bazo (theo Bron stt).
1. HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl2. Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 .
3. NH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OH- .
4. CuSO4 + 5H2O CuSO4.5H2O .
.
1. HCl H+ + ClH2O + H+ H3O+
H2O nhn proton H+ th hin tnh bazo .
3. NH3 + H+OH NH4+
H2O nhng proton H+ th hin tnh axit .
Bi 7.3. a). Theo nh ngha ca Bron stt, cc ion : Na+ , NH4+ , CO32- , CH3COO- , HSO4- , K+ , ClHCO3- l axit , bazo, lng tnh hay trung tnh ? Ti sao ?
b). Trn c s , hy d on cc dung dch ca tng cht cho di y s c pH ln hn, nh hn
hay bng 7 :Na2CO3, KCl, CH3COONa, NH4Cl, NaHSO4 .
.
Axit : NH4+ , HSO4- .
NH4+ + H2O
NH3 + H3O+ hoc : NH4+
NH3 + H+ .
Hoc : NH4+
H+ + NH3 Ka =
HSO4- + H2O
SO42- + H3O+ .
Bazo : CO32- , CH3COO- .
CO32- + H2O
HCO3- + OH- .
CH3COO- + H2O
CH3COOH + OH- .
Lng tnh : HCO3- .
H2Te + H2O
H3O + HTe .
(2)
C2H5NH2 + H2O
C2H5NH3+ + OH- .
(3)
a) . Cho bit cht no l axit, cht no l bazo ? Gii thch .
b) . Nc l axit, l bazo trong phn ng no ? Gii thch .
. a) . HBr v H2Te l axit v nhng proton H+ .
C2H5NH2 l bazo v nhn proton H+ .
b). (1) v (2) H2O l bazo v nhn proton H+ .
(3) H2O l axit v nhng proton H+ .
Bi 7.5. Qu tm s xut hin mu g khi cho vo cc dung dch : Na2S , NH4Cl . Gii thch .
.
Na2S Na+ + S2- ; S2- + H2O
HS- + OH- .
Dung dch Na2S lm qu tm ha xanh .
a. 89 ml ; b. 120 ml
BI 17: Cho dung dch HNO2 0,1 M c hng s in li K = 0,0005 .
a. Hy tnh nng cc ion H+ , NO2b. Tnh in li ca dung dch ny
x2
0,1 x
(x < 0,1)
x = 6,82.10-3 M
b. in li
x
6.1019
0,1M
6,02.10 23.0,001
BI 24: Cho V lt CH3COOH c 4.103 cation H+ ,4.103 CH3COO- v 2.106 phn t axit . Tnh in li ca
axit ny
CH3COOH H+ + CH3COOBan u : n0
in li :
4.103
4.103
6
Cn bng : 2.10
n0 = 4.103 + 2.106 = 2,004.106
4.103
=
= 0,1996%
2,004.106
BI 25: 10 ml dung dch axit HCOOH 0,3M c cha tng s ht l n0 (phn t v ion) Nu bit in li ca
axit l = 2% th n c gi tr bng bao nhiu ?
HCOOH H+ + HCOOBan u:
3.10-3.6,02.1023 = 1,806.1021
in li :
0,02 x 1,806.1021 = 3,612.1019
n = 1,806.1021 + 3,612.1019 = 18,42.1020
- 13 -
[ H ].[ A ]
[ HA]
- 15 -