Nguyn Xun Ti

CHUYN VII
DN XUT HALOGEN - ANCOl - PHENOl
A. PHN L THUYT ANCOL
1. nh ngha - Phn loi
a. nh ngha
- Ancol l nhng hp cht hu c trong phn t c nhm OH lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t C no. V d: C2H5OH
- Bc ancol l bc ca nguyn t C lin kt trc tip vi nhm OH.
Th d
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2OH:
ancol bc I
CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-OH:
ancol bc II
CH3-C(CH3)2-OH:
ancol bc III
b. Phn loi
- Ancol no, n chc, mch h (CnH2n+1OH): V d: CH3OH . . .
- Ancol khng no, n chc mch h: CH2=CH-CH2OH
- Ancol thm n chc: C6H5CH2OH
-OH

- Ancol vng no, n chc:

xiclohexanol

- Ancol a chc: CH2OH-CH2OH (etilen glicol), CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH (glixerol)

2. ng phn - Danh php
a. ng phn: Ch c ng phn cu to (gm ng phn mch C v ng phn v tr nhm OH).
- Th d C4H10O c 4 ng phn ancol
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2OH;
CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2OH
CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-OH;
CH3-C(CH3)2-OH
b. Danh php:
- Danh php thng: Ancol + tn gc ankyl + ic
+ V d: C2H5OH (ancol etylic)
- Danh php thay th: Tn hidrocacbon tng ng vi mch chnh + s ch v tr nhm OH + ol
4

+ V d: C H 3 C H(CH 3 ) C H 2 C H 2 OH (3-metylbutan-1-ol)
3. Tnh cht vt l
- Tan nhiu trong nc do to c lin kt H vi nc. tan trong nc gim dn khi s nguyn t C tng ln.
4. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Phn ng th H ca nhm OH
* Tnh cht cung ca ancol
2C2H5OH + 2Na
2C2H5ONa + H2
* Tnh cht c trng ca ancol a chc c hai nhm OH lin k
- Ha tan c Cu(OH)2 iu kin thng to thnh dung dch mu xanh lam. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit
ancol a chc c hai nhm OH lin k.
2C3H5(OH)3 + Cu(OH)2
[C3H5(OH)2O]2Cu + 2H2O
b. Phn ng th nhm OH
* Phn ng vi axit v c
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Nguyn Xun Ti
C2H5 - OH + H - Br
* Phn ng vi ancol
0
2C2H5OH
H2SO4 , 140 C

t0

C2H5Br + H2O

- PTTQ: 2ROH
H2SO4 , 140 C
c. Phn ng tch nc
0
C2H5OH H2SO4 , 170 C

C2H5OC2H5 + H2O
ietyl ete
R-O-R + H2O
C2H4

H2O

- PTTQ:
CnH2n+1OH H2SO4 , 170 C
CnH2n + H2O
d. Phn ng oxi ha:
- Oxi ha khng hon ton:
+ Ancol bc 1 khi b oxi ha bi CuO/to cho ra sn phm l andehit
0
RCH2OH + CuO t
RCHO + Cu + H2O
o
+ Ancol bc hai khi b oxi ha bi CuO/t cho ra sn phm l xeton.
0
R-CH(OH)-R + CuO t
R-CO-R + Cu + H2O
+ Ancol bc III kh b oxi ha.
- Oxi ha hon ton:
3n
0
CnH2n+1OH +
O2 t
nCO2 +
(n+1)H2O
2
5. iu ch:
a. Phng php tng hp:
0
- iu ch t anken tng ng: CnH2n +
H2O H2SO4 , t
CnH2n+1OH
- iu ch Glixerol i t anken tng ng l CH2=CH-CH3.
b. Phng php sinh ha: iu ch C2H5OH t tinh bt.
+H O
(C6H10O5)n t 0 ,2xt
C6H12O6
C6H12O6

enzim

2C2H5OH

+ 2CO2

B. PHN BI TP
I. Dng 1: TON: RU- HIU SUT IU CH
ru (ancol).
- ru (ancol) l th tch (cm 3, ml) ca ancol nguyn cht trong 100 th tch (cm 3, ml) dung dch ancol
( thng l C2H5OH)
Vancol nguyn cht
rou =
.100
Vdd ancol
- Mun tng ru: thm ancol nguyn cht vo dung dch; mun gim ru: thm nc vo dung dch
ancol.
Cu 1. Cho 20ml cn tc dng vi Na d th thu c 0,76 g H2 ( khi lng ring ca ancol etylic l 0,8 g/ml).
ru trong loi cn trn l bao nhiu?
Cu 2. Cho Na d vo 100 ml cn 460 ( khi lng ring ca ancol etylic l 0,8 g/ml) . Tnh th tch H2 ktc?
Cu 3. Cho 1 lt cn 950 tc dng vi Na d . Bit rng ancol nguyn cht c d=0,8g/ml. Tnh th tch H 2 to ra
ktc?
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Cu 4. Cho 50 ml dd ancol etylic( dd X) tc dng vi Na d th thu c 15,68 lt H 2 ( ktc). Bit khi lng ring
ca ancol nguyn cht l 0,8 g/ml. Xc nh ancol v nng mol ca dd X?
Cu 5. Cho 10ml ancol etylic 960 tc dng vi Na d
a/Vit phng trnh phn ng v tnh khi lng ancol nguyn cht tham gia phn ng, bit D ru
=0,8g/ml
b/Ly 100ml ru 960 trn c th pha c bao nhiu lt ancol 400
c/Ly 50ml ru trn th iu ch c bao nhiu gam dung dch axit axetic 5%. Bit hiu sut phn ng t
90%?
Ghi ch: Bin lun tm cng thc phn t ancol.
- Trong ancol (n hoc a) CxHyOz th bao gi chng ta cng c:
y 2x + 2 (y lun l s chn)
- c bit trong ancol a chc: s nhm OH s nguyn t C.
V d: Ancol no, a chc mch h X c cng thc thc nghim (CH3O)n. CTPT ca X l:
A. CH4O
B. C3H8O3
C. C2H6O2
D. C4H12O4.
Hng dn gii:
Cng thc thc nghim X (CH3O)n hay CnH3nOn.
Theo iu kin ha tr ta c: 3n 2n +2 n 2
M n nguyn dng n = 1 hoc 2.
+) Nu n = 1 CTPT ca X l: CH3O (s nguyn t H l: loi)
+) Nu n = 2 CTPT ca X l: C2H6O2 (nhn)
- CTTQ ca ancol no, n chc, mch h l: CnH2n+2O (n 1)
- S ng phn ancol no n chc: 2n-2( n l s nguyn t cacbon trong ancol)
- V d: ancol c cng thc phn t C3H8O, C5H12O, C4H10O c bao nhiu ng phn
( ht bui 1 hn cc em bui sau, cm n)

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