O HM V VI PHN.

O HM TI 1 IM
Cho y = f(x) xc nh trong (a, b) x0, xt t s
f ( x0 ) f ( x ) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 x ) f ( x0 )

x
x x0
x
Nu t s trn c gii hn hu hn khi x x0
hay x 0 th f c o hm ti x0.
t

f ( x 0 )
f ( x0 ) lim
x x0
x
( x 0)

f ( x0 )
tan
x

f(x0)

x x0
x0

tan f ( x0 )

f(x0) l h s gc tip tuyn ca ng cong

(C): y = f(x) ti tip im M(x0, f(x0))

o hm tri ti x0:

f ( x0 )
f ( x0 ) lim
x
x x0
( x 0 )

o hm phi ti x0:

f ( x0 )

lim

x x0
( x 0 )

f ( x0 )
x

f c o hm ti x0
f ( x0 ) f ( x0 )

Cch tnh o hm
1. Nu f xc nh bi 1 biu thc s cp: dng cng
thc o hm s cp v cc quy tc(tng, hiu,
tch, thng, hm hp).
2. Nu ti x0, biu thc f khng xc nh: tnh bng
nh ngha.
3. Nu hm s c phn chia biu thc ti x0: tnh
bng nh ngha.
4. Nu f(x) = u(x)v(x) hoc f(x) l tch thng ca
nhiu hm: tnh (lnf)

V d: tnh o hm ti cc im c ch ra

1 / f (x) 2
f ( x ) 2
2

x ln x

x ln x

x ln x

f (1) ln 2

ti x = 1

ln 2( x ln x )

ln 2(ln x 1)

2 / f (x) x

ti x = 0

x, x 0
f (x)
x, x 0

f ( x ) f (0) x 0

x 0
x
0+ 1

x
x

f (0) khng tn ti

0-

 x 2 sin 1 , x 0

3 / f (x)
x
0,
x 0
x0

1
1
f ( x ) 2 x sin cos
x
x

x 0

Tnh bng nh ngha.

1
x
sin

0
f ( x ) f (0)
x

x 0
x
1
x 0
x sin

x
f (0) 0
2

 x ,
x 1
4 / f (x)
2 x 1, x >1
2

ti x = 1

2
f ( x ) f (1)
x 1
lim

lim

x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1

f ( x ) f (1)
2x 1 1
lim
lim

1
x 1
x 1
x 1
f (1) 2

o hm v lin tc
f c o hm ti x0 th f lin tc ti x0.
VD: tm cc hng s a, b f c o hm ti x0
(Nn xt tnh lin tc ti x0 trc)

a sin x b cos x 1, x 0
f (x)
2 x 1, x 0
Tm a, b f c o hm ti x = 0

o hm hm ngc
Cho y = f(x): (a, b)(c, d) lin tc v tng ngt.
Khi tn ti hm ngc f 1: (c, d) (a, b) lin
tc v tng ngt.
Nu tn ti f (x0) 0, xo(a, b) th ti y0 = f(x0), f 1
c o hm v
1
(f )( y 0 )
f ( x0 )
1

Ta thng vit:

1
(f )
f
1

o hm cc hm lng gic ngc

1. y = arcsinx, x(-1, 1) x = sin y, y ,
2 2
1
1
1
1

y (x)

2
2
x ( y ) cos y
1 sin y
1 x

2. y = arctanx, xR x = tan y, y ,
2 2

1
1
1
y ( x )

x ( y ) 1 tan 2 y 1 x 2

Bng cng thc o hm cc hm mi

arcsin x

1
2

1 x
1

arccos x
2
1 x
1

arctan x
2
1 x
1

arccot
2
1 x

cosh x sinh x

sinh
x

cosh x
1
2
cosh x
1

coth x 2
sinh x

tanh x

o hm hm cho theo tham s

x x (t )
Cho cc hm s :
y y (t )
Nu : * x = x(t) c hm ngc t = t(x)
* x(t) v y(t) c o hm, x(t) 0
y ( x ) y (t ).t ( x )
y (t )
y ( x )
x (t )

V d
Cho :

x (t ) t .et 1

Tnh y(x) ti x = -1

y (t ) t t
y (t )
2t 1
y ( x )
t
t
x (t )
e t .e
x = -1 t.et 1 = 1 t = 0

y (1) 1

O HM CP CAO
Cho f(x) c o hm cp 1 trong ln cn x0, nu f
c o hm ti x0, t

f ( x0 ) f ( x )

x x0

f ( x ) f ( x )

C th vit:

Tng qut: o hm cp n l o hm ca o
hm cp (n 1)

(n )

( n 1)

(x) f
( x )

V d

1
Tm o hm cp 2 ca f ti x = 1: f ( x ) arctan
x

1 1
1
1
1

2
f ( x )

2
2
2
x
x
1

x
1
1 x

1
2
x
x
1

f ( x )
2
1 x
1
f (1)
2

2x

1 x

2 2

o hm cp cao cc hm c bn

x (n )

ax b

( n )

(n )

ax b

ln(ax b)

(n )

ln a

x (n )

a ( 1)L ( n 1) ax b
n

(1) n !
(1)

n 1

(ax b)

(n 1)!

n 1

(ax b)n

o hm cp cao cc hm c bn

sin(ax b) a sin ax b n
2

(n )

n
cos(ax b) a cos ax b n
2

(n )

Cng thc o hm cp cao

o hm cp cao
ca tng hiu:

o hm cp cao
ca tch:

f g

f .g

(n )

(n )

f (n ) g (n )

k (k ) (n k )
C
nf g

k 0

(cng thc Leibnitz)

V d
1. Tnh o hm cp 7 ti x = 1.

f (x)
f

(7)

2x 3
2

x x2

5 1
1 1

3 x 1 3 x 2

5 (1)
1 (1)
(x)

3 ( x 1)8 3 ( x 2)8

(7)

5 (1)
1 (1)
1 5
(1)

8 1
8
8
3 (1 1) 3 (1 2)
3 2

2. Tnh o hm cp 7 ti x = 1.
2

f ( x ) ( x x ).e
f

(7)

(x)

k 0

x)

(k )

2 x (7 k )

e
7 2
(7) 2 x (7 7)
C7 ( x x ) e

0 2
C7 ( x

k 2
C7 ( x

2x

x)

(0)

2 x (7)

1 2
C7 ( x

x)

(1)

2 x (7 1)

e
7 2
(7) 2 x (7 7)
L C7 ( x x ) e
C70 ( x 2

x)

(0)

2 x (7)

7 2x

1.( x x ).2 e

C71 ( x 2

6 2

(1) 28.2 .e

2 x (7 1)

6 2x

7.(2 x 1).2 e

7.6

2 25 e2 x 0
2
(7)

x)

(1)

o hm cp cao ca hm tham s

x x (t )

Cho cc hm s :
y y (t )

y ( x ) y ( x ) x

y ( x ) t
x (t )

y (t )
y ( x )
x (t )

y (t )
x (t )
t
x (t )

( n 1)
y (t ) x (t ) y (t ) x (t )
y
(x)
y ( x )
(n )
t
3
y
(
x
)

x(t )
x (t )

V d
Cho y(t) = t2 + 1, x(t) = t3 t + 2, tnh y(t)

y (t )
2t
y ( x )
2
x (t ) 3t 1
2t
2
y ( x ) t
3
t

t
y ( x )

2
x (t )
3t 1
2

2(3t 1) 6t .2t

(3t 2 1)3
2 6t
2
(3t 1)3

Cch 2:

y(t) = t2 + 1, x(t) = t3 t + 2

y (t ) x (t ) y (t ) x (t )
y ( x )
3
x(t )
2

2.(3t 1) 6t .2t
2 6t

2
2
3
3
(3t 1)
(3t 1)

S KH VI V VI PHN
f kh vi ti xo nu tn ti mt hng s A sao cho

y f ( x ) f ( x0 ) A.( x x0 ) o ( x x0 )
hay f ( x0 x ) f ( x0 ) A.x o ( x )
Khi i lng:

dy df ( x0 ) A.x

gi l vi phn ca f ti xo

V d
Cho f(x) = x2 , chng minh f kh vi v tm df(1)

f ( x ) f (1) x 2 1
( x 1)( x 1)
( x 1)( x 1 2)

2( x 1) ( x 1) 2
df(1)

o(x 1)

M ( x0 , y 0 )

dy

f ( x0 )x
x
dx

o hm v vi phn
f kh vi ti xo f c o hm ti xo

df ( x0 ) f ( x0 ).x
Cch vit thng thng:

df ( x0 ) f ( x0 ).dx

Cch vit khc ca o hm:

df ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
dx

V d
2. Tm vi phn ca f(x) = xex ti x = 0

df (0) f (0).dx
x

f ( x ) ( x 1)e f (0) 1
df (0) 1.dx dx
2. Tm vi phn ca f(x) = xsinx

df ( x ) f ( x ).dx sin x x cos x dx

Cc php tnh vi phn

d (c.f ) cdf , c const

d f g df dg

d f .g gdf fdg
gdf fdg
f
d
2
g
g

Vi phn hm hp
Nu y = f(x) kh vi theo x (bin c lp): dy

f ( x )dx

Nu x = x(t) , y = f(x) kh vi, x = x(t) kh vi

y = f(x(t)) kh vi theo t (bin c lp):

y (t ) f ( x (t )) f ( x ).x (t )

dy y (t )dt f ( x ).x (t )dt f ( x )dx

D x l bin c lp hay hm s, dng vi phn
ca y theo x khng i.

V d p dng
Cho y = f(x) = sin(x2),
1. Tnh dy theo dx
2. Vi x = x(t) = arctan(t), tnh dy theo dt ti t = 1

1. dy y ( x )dx 2 x cos( x 2 )dx

2

2. y sin( x ) sin(arctan t )

dy y (t )dt arctan 2 t cos arctan 2 t dt

1
2
2arctan t
cos
arctan
t
dt
1 t2

Cch khc: dng vi phn hm hp

2

dy y ( x )dx 2 x cos( x )dx

2 x cos( x ). arctan t dt
2

1
2 x cos( x ) 2 dt
1 t
2

Ti t = 1, x = /4
2

dy cos dt
4
16

dx x(t )dt

VI PHN CP CAO
dx = x : l hng s

1. Nu x l bin c lp:

d 2 y d dy d y dx y dx dx y dx 2
n

d y y
2. Nu x = x(t):

(n )

dx

dx = xdt : l hm s

d y d dy d y dx d ( y ).dx y d dx
2

2
2

d y y dx y d x

V d
Cho y = sin(x)
1. Tnh d2y theo dx.
2. Nu x = ch(t), tnh d2y theo dt.
2
2

1. d y y ( x )dx sin xdx

2

2. y sin cosh t
2

d y y (t )dt

cosh t cos cosh t sinh 2 t sin cosh t dt 2

2. d 2 y y ( x )dx 2 y ( x )d 2 x

y ( x ) cos x , y ( x ) sin x
2

dx sinh tdt dx sinh tdt

2

d x cosh(t )dt

d y sin x.sinh tdt cos x.cosh tdt

sin x.sinh t cos x.cosh t dt

Tng kt.
1. Tnh o hm cho 2 loi hm s (y = f(x), tham
s).
2. Nu x l bin c lp: tnh vi phn l tnh o
hm
3. Nu x = x(t) (l hm s):
1. Vi phn cp 1 : dy = y(x)dx, sau khai trin
dx theo dt
2. Vi phn cp 2: d2y = ydx2 + yd2x
cui cng phi a v dt2(ch tnh n cp 2)