GII HN DY S

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DY S THC

Dy s l tp hp cc s c nh ch s
t nh n ln trong tp hp s t nhin N.
VD:

1/ xn = n2, n = 0, 1, 2,
2/ xn = 1/n, n = 1, 2,
3/ {xn} l cp s cng: a, a+d, a+2d,

Cc cch cho dy s
1/ Dng lit k:
VD: dy 1, 2, 3,; dy 1, 1/2, 1/3,
2/ Dng tng minh:
{xn} cho dng biu thc gii tch ca bin n.
2
VD: xn n , xn 1 / n
3/ Dng quy np:
S hng i sau tnh theo cc s hng i trc
VD: dy x1 1, xn 1 xn2 xn 1
xn 1 xn
dy x1 1, x2 1, xn 1
2

Dy n iu
{xn} l dy tng xn xn+1, vi mi n ln
{xn} l dy gim xn xn+1, vi mi n ln
B du = trong nh ngha ta gi l tng
(gim) ngt.
Dy tng v dy gim gi chung l dy n iu.

Phng php kho st dy n iu:

1.Xt hiu s: xn+1 xn (so vi 0)
2.Xt thng s: xn+1/xn (so vi 1)
(dng cho dy s dng)
3.Xt o hm ca hm s f(x), vi f(n) = xn

V d
1
1
a / xn 1 K :
2
n

1
xn 1 xn
0 tng
n 1
1
1

b / xn 1 K 1 :
2

xn 1
1
1
gim
xn
n 1

2n 3
c / xn
:
3n 4
Biu thc ging hm s, xt o hm

2x 3
1
f (x)
, f ( x )
0
2
3x 4
(3x 4)
f(x) tng {xn} tng.

Dy b chn

{xn} l dy b chn trn M : xn M, n N0

{xn} l dy b chn di m : xn m, n N0
{xn} b chn {xn} b chn trn v b chn di
VD: Xet tnh b chan
cua cac day

1
a/ 2
n
n
b/ 3

c / 1 n
n

DY CON

Cho {xn}, chn ra cc s hng t dy ny

1cch ty theo th t ch s tng dn ta
c 1 dy con ca {xn}.
VD:

xn x1, x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 , x7 , x8 ,L , xn ,L
{x2n1}
{x2n

{x2n-1} = {x1, x3, x5, }

{x2n} = {x2, x4, x6, }
Cc ch s ca dy con cng ko di ra

GiI HN DY S

nh ngha n gin: {xn} c gii hn l a

khi n ra tc l xn a khi n ln
nh ngha cht ch:
Dy hi t a h
u han : lim xn a
n

0, N0 N : xn a , n N0
0, N0 : a xn a n N0
a

x3 x 2a xN0

a
x n ( n N0 )

x1

V d

n
Chng minh lim
1
n n 1
n
1
xn a
1
n 1
n 1
1
1
xn 1
n 1
n 1

Chn N0 1/ , vi > 0 ( b)

1
1
n N0 n n 1 x n 1

* Vi = 10-3, tm N0?

Tnh cht dy hi t

Dy hi t th b chn.
an 0 v an a th a 0
an a v a < c th an < c vi n N0
a

an, n N0

a-
an, n N0

a-

a+

c
a+

Cc php ton trn dy hi t

lim tng (hiu, tch, thng, cn,)
= tng (hiu) lim

lim xn , lim y n (hu hn)

n

lim x y lim x lim y

n
n
n
n

lim xn y n lim xn lim y n K : lim y n 0

n
n
n
n

lim x lim x K : x 0 & lim x 0

n
n
n
n
n
n n

S HOI TU VA DAY CON

lim xn = a Mi dy con ca xn u a
y con pha
n ky
Dy xn phn k 1da
2 da
y con colim nhau

VD: dy {xn} = {(1)n} phn k

x2n 1 1
V 2 da
y con
x2n 1 1 1
x2n a
xn a
H qu: x
2n 1 a

GII HAN KEP

Cho 3 dy xn, yn, zn

xn y n zn n N0
lim x lim z a
n
n

lim y n a
n

xn y n zn

a
H qu: 0 x y n & lim y 0 lim x 0
n
n
n
n
n

Dy phn k ra v cng

Dy khng hi t gi l dy phn k:

Khng c gii
hn

Phn k ra v
cng

Gii hn = : khng th xt | xn a | !

lim xn M >0, N0 N : xn M , n N0

lim xn M >0 , N0 N : xn M , n N0

V d
n

Chng minh lim 2

n

Vi M > 0 (ln) ty ,
n

2 M n log 2 M
Chn N0 > log2M + 1, ta c :

n N0 n log 2 M 2n M

Cc php ton trn dy phn k ra

1
lim 0
n a
n

lim an th

1/ Nu

lim an 0
n

2/ Nu

an 0( 0), n N0

th

lim an

()

lim (an bn )

3/

lim an , lim bn c
n
n

an bn , ne
uc 0
nlim

lim an , lim bn

lim (an bn )

lim an , lim bn

lim an bn

n
n

n
n

GII HAN C BAN

1/. Luy
tha:

0 lim n

lim
n
0

a 1 lim a n
2/. Ham
n

n
mu:

lim
a
0

n
3 / lim n n 1,

ln p n
5 / lim 0, 0
n n
n
lim n 0, a 1
n a

an
lim
0, a 0
n n !

4 / lim n a 1, a 0
n

ln p n = n = a n

V d

a / lim n 2
n

c / lim 2
n

e / lim n
n

1
b / lim
lim n 1 2 0
n n
n
n

d / lim 0
n 2
2

n
f / lim n 0
n 3

7 DNG V NH

i vi 4 php ton cng, tr, nhn, chia:

0
,0 , ,
0
i vi dng m

1 ,0 ,

an

bn

V d tng hp

n!
1 / lim n
n n

n ! 1 2K n 1
0 n
0
n nK n n
n
n sin n
n
0 2
2
0
n 1 n 1

n sin n
2 / lim 2
n n 1
1000

3 / lim

n
n
Vi n 2000:

1000 1

0

n 2

Tng cp s nhn

lim 1 q q K q

lim u0 u0q K u0q

n 1

1 q
lim
n 1 q

nlim

u0 1 q n 1
1 q

q 1

1 q

q 1

u0

1 q

1 1
1

4 / lim 1 K n
n
2 4
2
n 1

11 2
1
lim

2
n 1 1 2
11 2

2 1 3 9

5/ S lim K ,
n 3 2 8 32

1 3
3
2
8
q , u0 S
2 2
4
3
21

5 / lim

n 1 n

lim

n 1 n

n 1 n

1
1
1
lim
lim
0. 0
2
2
n
n n
2
n 1 n
1 n 1

6 / lim n
n

7 / lim

n2 1 n
2

n 1 2n

8 / lim 3 2

( 0 )

3 xn 3 2 n 2 3n 3 n 2
n

3 1

lim xn 3
n

2 n

8 / lim 3 n 2
n

TIEU CHUAN WEIRSTRASS

Dy tng & b chn trn th hi t,

Dy gim & b chn di th hi t

VD: 1/ Chng minh tn ti gii hn sau:

1 1
1

lim 1 2 2 ... 2
n
2 3
n
1
1
xn 1 2 ... 2 :
2
n
1
(
xn 1 xn
0 xn tang
2
(n 1)
1
1
1
1

xn 2
2
n
n 1 n n 1 n

TIEU CHUAN WEIRSTRASS

2/ Chng minh tn ti v tm gii hn dy s:

xn
x0 3, xn 1
1
2
Dng quy np chng minh xn > 2 (b chn
di)
x
2
n
Gs xk > 2, xk 1
1 1 2
2
2
1 xn
n iu: xn 1 xn xn 1 x
0
n
2
2
{xn} gim v b chn di nn hi t

Gi:

lim xn L

Khi

lim xn 1 L

Ta li c

xn
xn 1
1
2

Qua gii hn khi n, ta c

L
L 1 L 2
2

SO e

Chng minh tn ti gii hn sau :

e lim 1
n
n
Tnh n iu:

xn 1
n

s dng bt Cauchy cho 1 v n s (1+1/n)

n 1 1 1

1
1
n 1

Vy {xn} tng.

1
1

1 1

n
n

n 1

 B chn: 1 1

Cnk
k
k 0 n
n

n n 1 K n k 1 1
2
k
k!
n
k 2
n

1
k
1 1

2 1 K 1

n
n
k!
k 2
n

1
2
k 2 k !
n

12
2 k1 2
3
11 2
k 2 2

PHA DANG VO NH 1
n

a : lim
n

a
a
1 e .
n

VD :1 / lim
n

1
1
1
n
e

n 2

2 / lim

n n 4

2 n 3

Dang1 .

2
Bie
n o
i lim 1

n
n 4

2 n 3
n4 n4

2 2

1
4
e