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GiI HN HM S

(phn 2)
V cng b v cng ln

NH NGHA
(x) l v cng b khi x xo nu gi tr ca
(x) rt b khi x gn xo.
lim ( x ) 0
x x0

(x) l v cng ln khi x xo nu gi tr ca |


(x)| rt ln khi x gn xo.
lim ( x )
x x0

1 / 0, lim x 0
x 0

V d
x, > 0 l VCB khi x 0

2 / 0, lim x x, > 0 l VCL khi x +


x

3 / lim ln x
x

4 / lim ln x
x 0

5 / lim ln x 0
x 1

lnx l VCB khi x1


l VCL khi x +, 0

TNH CHT CA V CNG B


1. Tng, hiu, tch cc VCB l VCB.
2. c 0, (x) l VCB c(x) l VCB.
f ( x ) a f ( x ) a ( x ),
3. xlim
x
0

vi (x) l VCB khi x xo.

SO SNH BC CC V CNG B
(x) v (x) l 2 VCB khi x xo, t

(x)
K lim
x x0 ( x )
1. K=0, (x) l VCB bc cao hn (x),
k hiu: (x) = o((x)) .
2. K 0, : (x) v (x) ng bc.
K= 1: (x) v (x) tng ng: (x) ~ (x)

SO SNH BC CC V CNG B
(x) v (x) l 2 VCB khi x xo, nu tn ti n>0
sao cho:

(x)
K lim
0,
n
x x0 ( x )
(tc l (x) ng bc vi [(x)]n )

Th (x) c gi l VCB bc n i vi (x)

V D
( x ) 3 x 3 2 x 4
1/
( x ) x
3 3
(x)
x 2x 4

(x)
x

(x) : (x)

l 2 VCB khi x 0

3
4
x

2
x
3

3
x

x0

( x ) ln(cos x )
2/
(x) x

(x)
(x)

l 2 VCB khi x 0

ln(cos x )
ln(1 cos x 1)

x
x
ln(1 cos x 1) cos x 1

x
2
cos x 1
x
x0 1
( 1/ 2) 0

( x ) o ( ( x ))

(x) bc cao hn (x)

( x ) ln(cos x )
3/
(x) x

l 2 VCB khi x 0

(x)
ln(cos x )
2
x2
( x )
ln(1 cos x 1) cos x 1

cos x 1
x2
x0

1 (
1 / 2)
(x) l VCB bc 2 i vi (x).

1/ 2

Cc vcb tng ng c bn
Khi x 0

sin x : x
2

x
1 cos x :
2
tan x : x
arcsin x : x
arctan x : x

ln(1 x ) : x
x

e 1 : x
x

a 1 : x ln a

(1 x ) 1 : x

V d

sin 2 x : 2 x , khi x 0
1 4
1 cos x : x , khi x 0
2
tan(ln(1 x )) : ln(1 x ) : x , khi x 0
2

ln x : x 1, khi x 1
1
1

arctan : , khi x
x
x

Nguyn tc thay tng ng VCB


1. Ch c thay tng ng qua tch cc VCB

( x ) : 1 ( x ), ( x ) : 1 ( x ) khi x x0
( x ) ( x ) : 1 ( x ) 1 ( x )
VD: khi x 0
1 / (e x 1) sin x : x x x 2 ,
2/

1 2 x 1 (e 1) tan x

1
: (2 x 5 ) x 3 x
3

16
2 3
x

Nguyn tc thay tng ng VCB


2. Nguyn tc ngt b VCB bc cao: tng cc VCB
khc cp tng ng vi VCB bc thp nht

1 ( x ) 2 ( x ) L n ( x ) : i ( x )
vi i l VCB bc thp nht
VD: khi x 0
2

x 2 x 3x
3

sin x 2 x

: 3x
: 2x 2

Nguyn tc thay tng ng VCB


3. (x) ~ 1(x), khi xxo, lim f ( x ) a 0
x x0

f (x) (x)

: a ( x ) : a 1 ( x )

VD: khi x 0

1 / ( x 1) ln( x 1) : 1 ln( x 1) : x

2/e

2x
0

x2

x2

2 xx2

e e

: e e

2 x x2

1 : 1 2x x

: 2x

4. Nguyn tc thay tng ng trong tnh gii hn

( x ) : 1 ( x ), ( x ) : 1 ( x ) khi x x0
(x)
1 ( x )
lim
lim
x x0 ( x )
x x0 ( x )
1
sin x 3x 2
sin x
lim
1
VD: 1 / lim
x 0 ln(1 x )
x 0 x
x2

(e 1)arctan x
x 2x
x3
2 / lim
lim
lim
x 0
x 0 ln(1 cos x 1)
x 0 cos x 1
ln(cos x )
x3
lim 2 0
x 0 x

Nguyn tc thay tng ng VCB

5. Php thay qua hiu 2 VCB


( x ) : 1 ( x ), ( x ) : 1 ( x )
khi x x0

( x ) : ( x )
( x ) ( x ) : 1 ( x ) 1 ( x )
(ch thay tng ng qua hiu nu 2
VCB ban u khng tng ng)

Cch thc hin


Thay v qua cc tng ng trung gian
(chng hn xp khi x0), n khi khng cn thay
c na, nu hiu trit tiu th v l 2 VCB
tng ng khng thay qua hiu trong
trng hp ny

V D
1 / arctan x sin x 2

x2

2 / tan x sin x

3 / (e 1)( x 1) sin x
x 1

4 / x ln( x 2 1) sin x

x2

Lu
1. Khng chuyn v trong tng ng c bn.
2. Khng thay tng ng qua hm s ngoi
tr hm ly tha dng(ch thay tng
ng cho VCB, VCL.)
3. Tnh trit tiu trong tng ng tng hiu
ch xt cho tng cp hm

V d
Xt tnh ng, sai trong cc tng ng sau
Khi x 0
ex : 1 x

sin 2 x
: x2

ln(1 sin x ) : ln(1 x ) : x

sin x

1 : e 1 : x

sin 2 x : x 2

ln(1 sin x )
: sin x : x

sin x

1 : sin x : x

V D TNG HP
1. Tm cc hng s a v p sao cho

x : ax p , khi x 0
2. So snh bc cc VCB
3. Tnh gii hn

x
:
ax
, khi x 0
Tm cc hng s a v p sao cho

1 / ( x ) sin( x 2 x ) : x 2 x : 2x
a = -2, p = 1

2 / ( x ) sin( x tan 2 x )
2

: x tan 2 x
2

: x 2x

a = -2, p = 1

x
:
ax
, khi x 0
Tm cc hng s a v p sao cho

3 / ( x ) sin x tan 2 x
: x 2x x

a = -1, p = 1

3 x

4 / ( x ) ln 1 sin (e 1)
3 x
: sin (e 1)
x

: (e 1)

3 a = -1, p = 3
x

x
:
ax
, khi x 0
Tm cc hng s a v p sao cho

5 / (x) x 2 2
x

x2 2
x
1
:
a
,p 1
2 2
2 2

So snh bc cc VCB khi x 0

( x ) sin( x 2 2 x )

1/

( x ) 1 3x 1

Bc 1 theo x
( x ) : 2 x

1
2 Bc 2 theo x

(
x
)
:
(

3
x
)

3
( x ) o ( ( x )) ((x) bc cao hn (x))

So snh bc cc VCB khi x 0

( x ) arctan x

2/

(x) e
(x) : x

x ( x 1)

( x ) : x ( x 1) : x
(x) (x)

So snh bc cc VCB khi x +

1
x
3 / (x)
, (x) x
ln x
e
x
1 e
(x)
lim

lim
x ln x
x ( x )
x
x

x e
lim
2
x ln x x
(x) bc cao hn (x)

Tnh gii hn

lim
x 0

x tan x
3

e
2

3x 2

x sin x

lim

3x2

x tan x 3 x 2

x 0

lim

lim
x 0

1 x tan x 3x
x

x 0
2

3x
x

Tnh cht v cng ln


1. Tch cc VCL l VCL.
2. c 0, (x) l VCL c(x) l VCL.
3. f(x) b chn trong ln cn xo,
(x) l VC khi x xo
(x) + f(x) l VCL khi x xo.

SO SNH BC CC V CNG LN
(x) v (x) l 2 VCL khi x xo, t
(x)
K lim
x x0 ( x )

1. K= + , (x) l VCB bc cao hn (x).


2. K 0, : (x) v (x) ng bc.
K= 1: (x) v (x) tng ng: (x) ~ (x)

Nguyn tc thay th VCL


1. Ch c thay tng ng qua tch cc VCL
2. Nguyn tc ngt b VCL bc thp: tng cc VCL
khc cp tng ng vi VCL bc cao nht
3. (x) ~ 1(x), khi xxo, lim f ( x ) a 0
f (x) (x)

x x0

: a ( x ) : a 1 ( x )

4. Nguyn tc thay tng ng trong tnh gii hn:


ging VCB
5. f(x) b chn trong ln cn xo, (x) l VCL
khi x xo (x) + f(x) (x) khi x xo.

V D
1. Khi x +, m > n >0:
xm l VCL bc cao hn xn.
2. Khi x +, p > 0, > 0, a > 1:
p

ln x = x = a

3. Khi x +,ln x sin x : ln x

x /2

xe
1 / lim
x x e x

x /2

xe
lim
x e x
lim

x e x /2

x
lim 2x /2 2 0
x e
x /2

x /2
xe
xe
x /2
lim e 0
2 / lim
lim
x
x
x x e
x
x

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