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LATEX
TRA CU V SON THO
LI GII THIU
S pht trin ca TEX
Nh ton hc ngi M D. E. Knuth sng to ra TEX do nhu
cu in mt cun sch v ton. ng d nh vit chng trnh xp
ch ny trong vng tm thng, nhng thc t ko di thnh
tm nm. Nhng nm 70 l thi k khng hong v chng trnh
bin dch. Chnh trong thi k ny, nhiu chng trnh bin dch
ra i nh Pascal, C, .... Chng trnh TEX cng l mt loi
chng trnh bin dch nhm mc ch s dng ring cho vn
bn v to khun v in n. Mt lot lnh ca TEX c ci ln vo
vn bn, sau khi bin dch qua TEX s c sn phm m tt c
cc my in v mn hnh u s dng c (tt nhin cc chng
trnh c v hin th c tp kt qu ca TEX khng ph thuc
vo phn cng). Tip sau l s pht trin TEX trn ton th
gii. Ngy nay, nhng ngi lm ton, nhng nh in sch khoa
hc t nhin, nhng tp ch ton u dng TEX lm tiu chun
ch bn. Trn th gii cn c hi nhng ngi dng TEX trn
Internet. Hin nay, TEX ang c pht trin v tho lun rt si
ni. Mi vn lin quan n TEX c th tm thy trn cc trang
web:
1. http://ctan.tug.org/ ti Boston, M.
2. http://www.tex.ac.uk/ ti Cambridge, Anh.
3. http://www.dante.de/ ti Mainz, c.
Rt nhiu phng n v xut m rng TEX, ng k l:
AMSTEX c ph bin M, do hi Ton hc M ti tr v tc
gi l M. Spivak. Vn bn c cu trc, c nhiu phng ton
p v phong ph.
LATEX c ph bin chu u do L. Lamport xy dng da
trn TEX. Son trn LATEX thun tin, c nhiu khun mu
sn. Cc mc lc, ch s, nh s cng thc c th lm t
ng c. Vic lm sch v vit mt bi bo theo LATEX rt
d v kim sot c cc li c th xy ra. c sa i ln
cc phin bn trc, hin ti l LATEX 2 . Phin bn ny c
th dng tt c nhng u vit ca AMSTEX v LATEX. Vn
Li gii thiu
bn c chia thnh cc lp, v trong cc lp ta dng gi
lnh (\usepackage{...}).
S dng TEX
T nhng nm 90 mt s nh ton hc Vin Ton hc,
trng i hc Tng hp H Ni, ... s dng TEX son tho
cc bi bo gi ng cc tp ch nc ngoi. Mt s ngi
do nhu cu cng vic em TEX v s dng trong n v mnh.
Hu ht nhng ngi s dng TEX u cm thy hng th
v b ch, cn mt s t ngi thy ngi v khng hin th, ting
Vit cha thng dng trong TEX. Mt thi gian di chng ti c
gng ci du ting Vit trong TEX bng h thng macro v to
cc cng c chuyn i m ting Vit sang macro. Rt nhiu sch
ton, lun n v ton ting Vit c son tho theo h macro
ny. Do hn ch v h iu hnh DOS nn vic ph bin v s
dng TEX gp nhiu kh khn. Ngy nay, cc chng trnh qun
l TEX chy trn Windows, nn vic lin kt qu trnh s dng
TEX tr nn d dng. Mt khc, phng ch trong TEX l nh h
thng Windows nn s dng c n gin hn. C nhiu chng
trnh qun l TEX hon ho nh:
MikTeX. Chng trnh min ph, tc gi l Christian
Schenk (ngi c). Hin nay c bn MikTeX 2.0 ti
http://www.miktex.de. Chng trnh ci t chy trn
Windows 9x/NT, i km vi h son tho v kt ni t
ng WinEdt.exe ca Aleksandre Simonic.
+ u im: D s dng, t sinh phng, c chng trnh
chuyn i tp dvips, nhiu k hiu ton ko vo c.
Dng cho TEX v LATEX.
+ Nhc im: WinEdt phi mua ring. Vic ci t thm
phng phi c tp Meta phng v khai bo rt cht ch,
nht l LATEX.
PcTeX32 for Windows. L chng trnh thng mi phi mua.
c bn 4.0 hon ho. C th xem thng tin
http://www.pctex.com. u im: D s dng, ci t
phng khng i hi g ngoi tp *.rtf (tp Metric phng).
Chy c c TEX, LATEX, AMSTEX. C c chng trnh son
tho theo cc phng TrueType. Cu hnh li ca chng
trnh d dng.
Li gii thiu
Li gii thiu
NI DUNG
Li gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NI DUNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
14
16
16
1.2. Phn m u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
19
30
33
37
Chng 2. Xp ch trong vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
39
2.2. T, cu v on vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
42
45
51
53
58
2.8. Hp cha vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
2.9. Ch thch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
Chng 3. Mi trng vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
67
70
72
77
81
86
10
88
88
4.2. Cu trc c s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
93
94
4.5. Tn hm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
4.6. Ch ci hy lp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
4.7. Ch ci Hbr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
100
4.9. Du ton t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101
4.10. Du quan h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
103
4.11. Du mi tn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
106
107
107
109
110
112
113
116
118
118
120
120
122
122
126
131
133
137
138
Mc lc
11
140
140
6.2. To mi trng mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
146
6.3. Gn s v o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
149
152
153
159
7.1. Lm bng mc lc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
159
160
7.3. Ch dn cho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
162
7.4. Lm ch s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
166
Chng 8. ha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
172
172
8.2. a nh t ngoi vo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
184
186
187
192
Ph lc A: Hi p v s dng LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . .
203
203
204
205
206
208
208
209
12
210
211
213
218
B.1. S m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
218
219
B.3. nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
219
B.4. Lp vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
221
B.5. Mi trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
222
B.6. Ghi ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
232
B.7. di . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
233
233
B.9. Lm mt on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
234
B.10. Ghi ch bn l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
235
235
236
238
238
240
B.16. Mt ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
242
243
251
251
DANH MC T KHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
252
1.1
1.2
1.3
Cu trc mt vn bn LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Trang vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Giao din trang hai ct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.1
7.1
Qu trnh lm ch s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
8.1
8.2
Du gch ngang . . . . . . . .
Bng k t c bit . . . . . .
Bng ch ci ASCII-vntime .
K hiu c bit . . . . . . . .
Biu tng TEX . . . . . . . .
Lnh to du . . . . . . . . . .
H phng mc nh . . . . . .
Lnh to dng p con ch .
Bng cc c phng . . . . . .
n v o . . . . . . . . . .
Khong trng ngang . . . . .
Khong trng ngang thng s
Khong trng ngang phantom
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3.1
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
K t bin . . . . . . . . . . . . .
K t mi tn . . . . . . . . . . .
Gc trong gi amsmath . . . . . .
Tn cc hm c sn . . . . . . . .
Tn cc hm trong gi amsmath .
Hm ng d . . . . . . . . . . .
Ch ci Hy Lp hoa . . . . . . . .
Ch ci Hy Lp thng . . . . .
Ch ci Hbr . . . . . . . . . . .
K hiu ton khc . . . . . . . . .
K hiu ton t . . . . . . . . . .
Ton t ln . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bng ton t trong gi latexsym.
Du quan h chun . . . . . . . .
K hiu quan h trong AMS . . .
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45
46
47
48
48
49
52
52
53
58
59
59
59
94
94
95
97
97
98
98
99
99
100
101
102
103
103
104
15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
6.1
6.2
6.3
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105
106
107
110
113
116
CHNG 1
CU TRC CA VN BN LATEX
16
1.2. Phn m u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
19
30
LAT
EX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LAT
33
37
1.2. Phn m u
\documentclass{...}
\usepackage{...}
...
\begin{document}
\title{...}
\author{...}
Tn
\date{...}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents
\begin{abstract}
...
Tm tt
\end{abstract}
\chapter{...}
17
M u
Thn bi
\section{...}
Ni dung
\appendix
\chapter{...}
\begin{thebibiography}{9}
Kt thc
\end{thebibiography}
\end{document}
Hnh 1.1: Cu trc mt vn bn LATEX
dn cc ti liu tham kho.
1.2. Phn m u
1.2.1. Nhng lnh bt buc
Cu lnh bt buc cho phn m u l \documentclass,
thng s l lp vn bn v cc tu chn tc dng trn ton vn
bn nh
\documentclass[12pt, draft]{article}
thng s tn lp vn bn article, tu chn phng ch 12pt v
draft s v hnh vung en bn l khi dng qu di.
18
19
7
\documentclass[12pt, draft]{article}
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
\theoremstyle{plain}
\newtheorem{theorem}{nh l}
\newtheorem{corollary}{H qu}
\newtheorem{main}{nh l c bn}
\newtheorem{lemma}{B }
\newtheorem{proposition}{Mnh }
\begin{document}
\title{Mt s ch v s v t}
\author{Nguyn Phng Hnh
\thanks{Ti tr bi hc bng Ti nng tr}\\
Phng Gii tch s v Tnh ton khoa hc\\
Vin Ton hc, Vit Nam\\
{\tt nphanh@hanimath.ac.vn}
\date{13 thng 6 nm 2000}
20
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
Trong bi bo ngn ny chng ti mun im li mt
s s v t ni ting nh $\pi, e$ v cch chng minh
chng l s v t c t xa xa.
\end{abstract}
MT S CH V S V T
Nguyn Phng Hnh1
Phng Gii tch s v Tnh ton khoa hc
Vin Ton hc, Vit Nam
nphanh@hanimath.ac.vn
13 thng 6 nm 2000
\section{Gii thiu}
Ngi u tin a ra gi thuyt s $\pi$ l v t l
Aristotle khi pht biu rng ng knh v chu vi ng
trn khng t l vi nhau.
Ngi u tin chng minh vn ny l Johann
Heinrich Lambert nm 1876. Chng ta im li y
cch chng minh ca Ivan Niven nm 1947 rt ngn gn v
bng tnh ton c s. Ta chng minh hai khng nh sau:
1. $\pi^2$ l s v t.
2. $e^r$ l s v t vi mi s hu t $r\ne 0$.
Phng php ca Niven bt ngun t mt bi bo c s
ca Charles Hermite nm 1873.
D thy rng $e=\sum_{k\ge 0}\frac{1}{k!}$ l s v
t. Tht vy, t $e=\frac{a}{b}$ (vi $a, b$ l nhng
1 Ti
tr bi hc bng Ti nng tr
21
1. Gii thiu
\[ N=n!\left(e-\sum_{k=0}^n\frac{1}{k!}\right) \]
l s nguyn vi $n\ge b$ v $n!e$ v $\frac{n!}{k!}$
(vi $0\le k \le n$) l nhng s nguyn.
Tuy nhin ta trin khai nh gi s nguyn ta tm
c
\[ N=\sum_{k\ge n+1} \frac{n!}{k!}
=\frac{1}{n+1}+\frac{1}{(n+1)(n+2)}+... \]
v nh vy $N$ c th so vi cp s nhn
\[ 0<N<\frac{1}{n+1}+\frac{1}{(n+1)^2}+... \]
iu ny v l vi $N$ l mt s nguyn.
iu trn cng khng dn n vic chng minh $e^2$
l mt s v t. Bi ny chng ti dng mt phng php
khc do Charles Hermite xng.
22
N = n!
1
e
k!
k =0
n!
(vi 0 k n) l nhng s
l s nguyn vi n b v n!e v
k!
nguyn.
Tuy nhin ta trin khai nh gi s nguyn ta tm c
N=
n!
1
1
=
+
+ ...
k!
n
+
1
(
n
+
1
)(
n
+
2
)
k n +1
v nh vy N c th so vi cp s nhn
1
1
0 < N < n+
1 + (n+1)2 + ...
iu ny v l vi N l mt s nguyn.
iu trn cng khng dn n vic chng minh e2 l mt s
v t. Bi ny chng ti dng mt phng php khc do Charles
Hermite xng.
\section{Kt qu chnh}
\begin{lemma}
Vi $n\ge 1$ c nh, cho $ f(x)=\frac{x^n(1-x)^n}{n!}
$
\begin{description}
\item{(i)} Hm $f(x)$ l mt a thc dng
$f(x)=\frac{1}{n!}
\sum_{i=n}^{2n}c_i x^i$, y h s $c_i$ l nhng s
nguyn.
\item{(ii)} Vi $0<x<1$ ta c $0<f(x)<\frac{1}{n!}$.
\item{(iii)} o hm $f^{(k)}(0)$ v $f^{(k)}(1)$ l s
nguyn vi mi $k\ge 0$.
\end{description}
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}[Chng minh] Phn (i) v (ii) l hin
nhin. chng minh phn (iii) ta ch theo
23
:
B 1.1. Vi n 1 c nh, cho f ( x ) =
(i) Hm f ( x ) l mt a thc dng f ( x ) =
x n (1
x )n
n!
1 2n
c xi , y h s
n! i=n i
ci l nhng s nguyn.
1
.
n!
(iii) o hm f (k) (0) v f (k) (1) l s nguyn vi mi k 0.
\begin{theorem}
$e^r$ l s v t vi mi $r\in Q\setminus \{ 0 \}$.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}[Chng minh]
Ta ch cn chng minh $e^p$ khng th l s hu t vi
24
25
nh l 1.1.
er
l s v t vi mi r Q \ {0}.
Z 1
0
Z 1
0
ap2n+1
1
=
< 1,
n!
n!
26
\begin{theorem}
$\pi^2$ l s v t.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}[Chng minh]
Gi s $\pi^2=\frac{a}{b}$ vi nhng s nguyn
$a, b >0$. By gi ta s dng a thc
\begin{gather*}
F(x)=b^n\left( \pi^{2n}f(x)-\pi^{2n-2}f^{(2)}(x)+
\pi^{2n-4}f^{(4)}(x)\mp\right. \\
\left.\cdots+(-1)^nf^{(2n)}(x)\right).
\end{gather*}
T (iii) ca B ta nhn c $F(0)$ v $F(1)$ l
nhng s nguyn. Theo nguyn tc ly o hm c bn suy
ra
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{d}{dx}[F(x)\sin(\pi x)-\pi F(x)\cos(\pi x)]
&=&(F(x)+\pi^2F(x))\sin(\pi x)\\
&=&b^n\pi^{2n+2}f(x)\sin (\pi x)\\
&=&\pi^2a^nf(x)\sin (\pi x).
\end{eqnarray*}
Nh vy
\begin{eqnarray*}
N&=&\pi\int_0^1a^nf(x)\sin(\pi x)dx\\
&=&\left[\frac{1}{\pi}F(x)\sin(\pi x)F(x)\cos(\pi x)\right]\Bigg\vert_0^1\\
&=&F(0)+F(1)
\end{eqnarray*}
l mt s nguyn. Hn na $N$ l mt s dng v
c xc nh nh mt tch phn ca hm. Tuy nhin nu
ta chn $n$ ln sao cho $\frac{\pi a^n}{n!}<1$, khi
t phn (ii) ca B ta nhn c
\[ 0<N=\pi \int_0^1 a^nf(x)\sin (\pi x) dx
< \frac{\pi a^n}{n!}<1. \]
27
iu ny v l.
\end{proof}
:
nh l 1.2.
l s v t.
Chng minh. Gi s 2 =
a
vi nhng s nguyn a, b > 0. By
b
gi ta s dng a thc
F ( x ) = bn 2n f ( x ) 2n2 f (2) ( x ) + 2n4 f (4) ( x )
n (2n)
+ (1) f
(x) .
= 2 an f ( x ) sin(x ).
Nh vy
N =
Z 1
0
an f ( x ) sin(x )dx
1
1 0
F ( x ) sin(x ) F ( x ) cos(x )
= F (0) + F (1)
l mt s nguyn. Hn na N l mt s dng v c xc nh
nh mt tch phn ca hm. Tuy nhin nu ta chn n ln sao
an
cho
< 1, khi t phn (ii) ca B ta nhn c
n!
0<N=
iu ny v l.
Z 1
0
an
< 1.
n!
28
\begin{thebibliography}{9}
\bibitem{tma83}
T. M. Apostol, {\it A proof that Euler missed:
Evaluating $\xi(2)$ the easy way}, Math. Intelligencer
5 (1983), 59-60.
\bibitem{in47}
I. Niven, {\it A simple proof that $\pi$ is
irrational},
Bulletin Amer. Math. Soc. 53 (1947), 509.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
7
\documentclass[12pt, draft]{article}
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
\begin{document}
\centerline {\bf THI MN TON LP HA SINH}
\centerline {(Thi gian 120 pht)}
\centerline { s 2}
\vskip 1cm
\noindent {\bf Cu 1.} (3)
29
s 2
Cu 1. (3) Cho R3 l tp b chn, o c v f : R l
30
x 2 + y2 + z2 = b2
z0
\topmargin
\headheight
Header
\headsep
\evensidemargin
Body
Margin
\textwidth
\marginparpush
\marginparsep
Note
\marginparwidth
\textheight
\footskip
Footer
Lengths are to the nearest pt.
page height = 831pt
page width = 650pt
\hoffset = -36pt
\voffset = 36pt
\evensidemargin = 7pt
\topmargin = 40pt
\headheight = 40pt
\headsep = 20pt
\textheight = 555pt
\textwidth = 450pt
\footskip = 50pt
\marginparsep = 7pt
\marginparpush = 7pt
\columnsep = 40pt
\columnseprule = 3.0pt
31
32
\topmargin
\headheight
Header
\headsep
\evensidemargin
\columnsep
Col. 1
Col. 2
Margin
\textwidth
\marginparpush
\marginparsep
Note
\marginparwidth
\textheight
\footskip
Footer
Lengths are to the nearest pt.
page height = 831pt
page width = 650pt
\hoffset = -36pt
\voffset = 36pt
\evensidemargin = 7pt
\topmargin = 40pt
\headheight = 40pt
\headsep = 20pt
\textheight = 555pt
\textwidth = 450pt
\footskip = 50pt
\marginparsep = 7pt
\marginparpush = 7pt
\columnsep = 40pt
\columnseprule = 3.0pt
33
34
letterpaper
legalpaper
executivepaper
a4paper
a5paper
b5paper
Mc nh: letterpaper
35
7
\documentclass{letter}
\usepackage{vnfonts}
\begin{document}
\address{Nguyn Hu in\\
Phng GTS v TTKH\\
Vin Ton hc, Vit Nam\\
P.O. Box 631,B H, H Ni}
\singnature{Nguyn Hu in}
\date{20/06/2000}
\begin{letter}{Gio s Hunh Vn Ti\\
36
Nguyn Hu in
Phng GTS v TTKH
Vin Ton hc, Vit Nam
P.O. Box 631,B H, H Ni
20/06/2000
Gio s Hunh Vn Ti
Khoa cng ngh thng tin
i hc bch khoa TP HCM
Tha Gio s
Ti gi km theo y danh sch sinh vin s n thc tp ti
ch ca Gio s trong nm hc 2000-2001.
Knh cho Gio s
Nguyn Hu in
cc: Vn phng
Trng khoa
encl: Danh sch sinh vin
P.S. Gio s c ngh g, xin cho kin.
37
38
v tabular.
dcolumn gi lnh sp xp nhng phn t trong bng i hi
phi c gi array.
delarray gi lnh thm k hiu bin ln cho array. i hi gi
array.
hhline gi lnh kim sot ng k ngang ca bng.
longtable gi lnh to cho bng c th in trong nhiu trang.
tabularx gi lnh cung cp cc phng n ca mi trng
tabular. i hi gi lnh array.
enumerate gi lnh m rng mi trng enumerate.
ftnright gi lnh t tt c cc lnh ch thch bn phi ct khi
vn bn c hai ct.
indentfirst gi lnh lm tht u dng ca on u tin.
layout gi lnh ch ra nh ngha ca lp vn bn.
multicol gi lnh sp xp nhiu ct trn mt trang.
showkeys gi lnh chn v in ra nhng nhn c dng trong
\label, \ref, \cite.
theorem gi lnh cho php nh ngha mm do nhng pht
biu nh l nh trong amsmath.
varioref gi lnh kim sot tham kho nhiu trang.
verbatim gi lnh m rng mi trng verbatim in hnh l
mi trng comment trong n khng in ra.
xr gi lnh cho php tham kho cho gia cc ti liu vi nhau.
xspace gi lnh cung cp khong trng thch hp sau cu lnh.
Nhng gi lnh ny c tho lun k trong cun sch [9].
CHNG 2
XP CH TRONG VN BN
39
40
42
45
51
53
58
62
66
52
phm
ch
ci
Ch s: Gm 10 ch s 1 2 3 ... 9 0. Nhng
dng ch s c c nh dng bng lnh \oldstylenums,
v d \oldstylenums{1234567890} cho ra .
Du kt thc: Gm 9 phm ,
. ?
! :
~. Trong
40
Chng 2. Xp ch trong vn bn
& ~ _
^ \ {
@ " |
2.2. T, cu v on vn bn
Mt vn bn bao gm nhng t, nhng cu v nhng on
gp li. Trong vn bn nhng t tch nhau bi mt hoc nhiu
du trng. Mt nhm t kt thc bi du chm, du hai chm
hoc du hi lm thnh mt cu. Mt nhm cu kt thc bng
mt hoc nhiu dng trng to ra mt on.
2.2. T, cu v on vn bn
41
42
Chng 2. Xp ch trong vn bn
T phn th hai, th ba, v.v.\ i hi,\\
T phn th hai, th ba, v.v. i hi,
:
T phn th hai, th ba, v.v. i hi,
:
iu ny suy ra t nh l A. Do ta c th s dng
iu ny suy ra t nh l A\@.
Do ta c th s dng\\
iu ny suy ra t nh l A. Do ta c th s dng
iu ny suy ra t nh l A. Do ta c th s dng
Ch : Ngi ta c th ra lnh cho LATEX tnh khong trng
gia cc t v khong trng gia cc cu bng nhau bng lnh
\frenchspacing. hai khong trng ny khc nhau ta dng
lnh \nonfrenchspacing.
43
44
Chng 2. Xp ch trong vn bn
V d: lnh \sqrt c i s tu chn
cho cn thc cc bc khc
3
nhau nh \sqrt[3]{101}, in ra 101.
7
{ch c \bf ch m} khng m na.
ch c ch m khng m na.
45
G vo
---$-$
In ra
V d
Khng gian 3-chiu.
c trang 3 4.
Ti thy c 3 ngi.
Nhit xung 300 C.
46
Chng 2. Xp ch trong vn bn
K t
\
{
}
%
&
_
#
Mc ch
Bt u lnh iu khin
Bt u mt nhm vic
Kt thc mt nhm vic
Ch thch
Ging ct cho bng
Khng ngt khong trng
Khi u v kt thc cng thc ton
Ch s trn trong ton
Ch s di trong ton
Bin thay th dng trong macro
G vo
$\backslash$
$\{$
$\}$
\%
\&
\~{}
\$
\^{}
\_{}
\#
(
2
<
F
P
Z
d
n
x
)
3
=
G
Q
[
e
o
y
!
+
5
?
I
S
]
g
q
{
"
,
6
@
J
T
^
h
r
|
*
4
>
H
R
\
f
p
z
#
7
A
K
U
_
i
s
}
47
6
$
.
8
B
L
V
j
t
~
%
/
9
C
M
W
a
k
u
&
0
:
D
N
X
b
l
v
1
;
E
O
Y
c
m
w
7
\symbol{167}\\
\symbol{174}\\
\texttt{\symbol{92}}
8 :
48
Chng 2. Xp ch trong vn bn
In ra
G vo
\textvisiblespace
\textperiodcentered
\textbullet
\pounds
\textcircled{a}
In ra
In ra
TEX
LATEX
LATEX 2
AMS
Ch
- Sau cc lnh ny dng \ v {}
trnh c dnh vo t sau .
- Dng trong gi amsmath
49
In ra
o
o
In ra
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
50
Chng 2. Xp ch trong vn bn
51
\end{comment}
Nhng khi dng mi trng comment phi a) Dng lnh kt
thc \end{comment} cn nm ring mt dng; b) Khng c
mi trng comment trong comment.
4. Mi trng comment c ch l thu hp khong vn bn c li ta
mun tm, v ta c th ngt i nhng khong vn bn dch
ng.
52
Chng 2. Xp ch trong vn bn
hoc
{\normalfont...}
{\rmfamily...}
{\sffamily...}
{\ttfamily...}
Chuyn vn bn
phng vn bn
h Rman
h khng chn
h nh my
hoc
{\upshape ...}
{\itshape...}
{\slshape...}
{\scshape...}
{\em...}
chuyn vn bn theo
ng thng
dng ng
dng xin
DNG HOA
dng nghing
53
Vit nam
Vit nam
Vit nam
Vit nam
Vit nam
Vit nam
Vit nam
Vit nam
Vit nam
Vit nam
54
Chng 2. Xp ch trong vn bn
2.6.1. Dng vn bn
LATEX c vn bn mt on vo cng mt lc. N c gng
chia on vn bn thnh cc dng c di bng nhau; nu
khng lm c m c dng qu di, ta s nhn c thng bo
overfull \hbox message. V d in hnh c thng bo:
Overfull \hbox (22.707pt too wide) in paragraph at
lines 79
Trong tp *.log ghi li nhng dng qu rng. nhn c
thng bo khi dch ta chn tu chn draft ngay dng u tin
ca bi:
\documentclass[draft]{article}
Nhng dng rt di s c nh du sm bn bin; vt en
ny l vch ng c rng bng \overfullrrule.
Khng lo lng g khi ang nhp vn bn i vi li ny. Khi
no n phng n cui cng ta ly tt c cc thng bo ny, xem
k li dng thng bo xem dng c th ngt c u. Khi
c thng bo loi ny m ch ra dng di hn c 1.5578pt th cng
b qua v chp nhn c.
Ch :
Nu khng mun thng bo trn 1.55587pt khi dch th ta t
trong on vo trong cu trc sau:
{\setlength{\hfuzz}{2pt} ...on vn... }% end of \hfuzz
Chn thng s ny khng nh hng g n vic xp ch m
ch ngn chn nhng thng bo b tha dng dn 2pt. Nhiu khi
chc chn v kim sot c thng bo li dng qu di trong
mt on ta s dng mi trng setlength
\bengin{setlength}{\hfuzz}{2pt}
...on vn bn...
\end{setlength}
Ta c th ch th ngt dng gia mt on bng \linebreak.
Lnh ny ngt dng ti im a vo trn dng v ko dn dng
ra; nu LATEX thy v pha tri ca dng cn rt t ch th n
55
thng bo
Underfull \hbox (badness 4328) in paragraph at line
812
Ta c th dng \linebreak vi thng s tu chn t 1 n
4: i s cng ln tc dng cng mnh, nh \linebreak[4]
tng ng vi \linebreak; \linebreak[0] cho php ngt
dng nhng khng thc hin n.
Lnh \newline ngt dng nhng khng dn dng. Dng vn
bn tip theo lnh \newline bt u t dng tip nhng
khng c tht u dng.
Lnh \\ cng ging ht nh \newline, nhng n c hai s
khc bit:
- Lnh \\* u tin ngt trang sau dng ny.
- Lnh \\[length ] vi length l khong cch dng ta phi ch ra
c th nh 12pt, .5in hoc 1.2cm,...
8 :
8 :
56
Chng 2. Xp ch trong vn bn
\setlength{\hangindent}{30pt}
\noindent {\bf Tui tr th ao c:} tnh yu, tin bc
v sc khe. Mt ngy kia khi v gi h s ao c:
sc khe, tin bc v tnh yu.\\
\hfill {\bf P. Gi-ran-di (M)}
\setlength{\hangindent}{60pt}
\noindent Thin ti c th t nn mng, nhng
hon tt cng vic phi l lao ng kin nhn.\\
\hfill {\bf T. Man (c)}
57
58
Chng 2. Xp ch trong vn bn
2.6.4. In nhiu ct vn bn
LATEX cung cp lp vn bn c tu chn twocolumn. Ta t
lnh \twocolumn s to ra trang hai ct bt u t trang mi.
Mun chuyn li trang mt ct ta dng lnh \onecolumn.
Gi lnh multicol ca F. Mittelback cung cp mi trng
multicols, vic chia ct bt u t gia trang. Mi trng c
gi bng \begin {multicols}{n}[title], y n l s ct v
title l thng s tu chn.
2.6.5. n v o
iu khin cc khong cch ngang v dc LATEX dng cc
o. C rt nhiu n v o trong LATEX nh trong bng 2.10.
LATEX dng c s o m v kt hp vi cc lnh iu khin
li i tng hoc nng i tng ln.
n v o c nh nh in, cm, pt, pc. n v o ph thuc
vo phng ca vn bn em, ex.
Tn
inch
centimetre
point
pica
Ph thuc phng
Ph thuc phng
Vit tt
in
cm
pt
pc
em
ex
So snh
1in
2.54cm=1in
72.27pt=1in
1pc=12pt
bng rng M
bng cao x
Hnh 1 n v
Bng 2.10: n v o
c
||
| |
|
|
59
tng ng
Khong trng t co dn
1em
2em
C khong trng
| |
|
|
|
|
c khong trng
|di bng y |
|
|
8 :
2
c
pht
u dng
\hspace{2cm}u dng\\
\hspace*{2cm}u dng
8 :
u dng
u dng
u dng
60
Chng 2. Xp ch trong vn bn
8 :
u dng
\noindent u dng\\
\hspace*{24pt}u dng phi tht u dng phi tht
2.7.2. Khong trng dc
Khong trng theo chiu dc c th ch cho hnh v hoc
thm dng trng trnh by vn bn sng sa hn. Ta bit
rng lnh rt d thc hin l \\[length]. Lnh thng dng nht
l \vspace, n hon ton tng t nh \hspace, ch c khc l
khong cch dc.
C
Lnh \vspace{12pt}
\vspace{0.3in}
\vspace{1cm}
6pt
\medskip
12pt
\bigskip
8 :
Ht on trc y.
Ht on trc y.
\vspace{12pt}
Bt u on mi y
Bt u on mi y
By gi th li khc
8 :
Ht on trc y. Bt u
Ht on trc y.
\vspace{12pt}
Bt u on mi y, nhng on mi y, nhng khng
khng cch ra c u m micch ra c u m mi dng
sau.
dng sau.
61
7
n dng s \dotfill 15
n dng s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Chia i nh
nh i chia
Bn trong bn c
v . . . . . . . . . . . . c bn trong bn.
62
Chng 2. Xp ch trong vn bn
8 :
\begin{center}
u y\\
Ngy thng lm\\
\hfill Tn tc gi
\end{center}
u y
Ngy thng lm
Tn tc gi
2.8. Hp cha vn bn
i khi ta phi xp vn bn vo mt ci hp tng tng, ta
dng nhng hp ny nh mt ch ln trnh by ln trang.
Hp trn mt dng l \mbox hoc \makebox hoc \text trong gi
amsmath.
2.8.1. Nhng hp dng
Lnh \mbox cung cp hp dng, xp t thng s ca lnh ny
khng ngt dng. V d \mbox{nh l} xp nh l c cao
ca dng v khng cho LATEX ngt t, k c du trng. Mt khc
n cho php vn bn i s dng trong mi trng ton.
Lnh \text trong mi trng amsmath tng cng hn \mbox
l n xp t i s theo c phng nh trong ch s trn v ch s
di.
Lnh tng qut cho hp trn dng
\makebox[width][alignment]{text},
y
text vn bn trong hp.
width tu chn rng ca hp, nu b qua th n rng mc
cn thit, thng s c ch ra c th theo nhng n v o
ca LATEX.
alignmen l mt trong cc k t sau: c, l, r hoc s; l y vn
bn v tri, r y v phi, c qui tm v l mc nh, s co
gin vn bn cho di ca hp.
2.8. Hp cha vn bn
63
8 :
HH
\makebox{HH $\to$}$\odot$\\
\makebox[2.8cm][l]{HH $\to$}$\odot$\\HH
HH
\makebox[2.8cm]{HH $\to$}$\odot$\\
HH
\makebox[2.8cm][r]{HH $\to$}$\odot$\\
\makebox[2.8cm][s]{HH $\to$}$\odot$ HH
ngha
cao trn dng c bn
su di dng c bn
tng ca hai cao trn
rng ca hp
8 :
Nam
Nam \makebox[3\width]{haaa} Ly
haaa
Ly
8 :
8 :
\framebox{\makebox[\totalheight]{1}}\\ 1
\framebox[\totalheight]{1}
1
2.8.2. Hp on vn bn
Hp vn bn cng ging nh on vn bn ch c khc l
di ca dng do ngi dng t t. Lnh \parbox{ }{ } c
hai thng s, thng s th nht qui nh di dng trong hp;
thng s th hai l nhng dng vn bn ta cho vo. V d
64
Chng 2. Xp ch trong vn bn
8 :
\parbox{6cm}{
Nu Anh Khng gp Em
{\bf Nu Anh Khng gp Em}\\
Nu Anh khng gp Em
Nu Anh khng gp Em\\
Lm sao Anh bit c
Lm sao Anh bit c\\
C mt vng Trng khc
C mt vng Trng khc\\
Li sng gia ban ngy.
Li sng gia ban ngy.
}
y l trng hp ring ca mi trng tabular. Ch s c
ch ra vi s o c th l in, cm hoc pt. Nu ta b qun thng s
th nht LATEX s bo li:
+ Missing number, treated as zero.
<to be read again>
T
1.234
Nu ta b qun thng s th hai th khng c thng bo li
nhng khng c kt qu g a ra.
C php y ca \parbox l
\parbox[alignment][height][alignment]{width}{text}
Cng ging nh lnh \makebox v cch dng height vi gi tr
\height, \depth, \totalheight, \width.
Cn inner-alignment cng ging nh i s alignment ca
\makebox.
2.8.3. Li bnh bn l
Mt dng khc ca hp on vn bn l lm li bnh bn l
Bn l trang bng lnh \marginpar. V d:
\marginpar{\it Bn l}.
Khng dng lnh ny trong mi trng ton equation v
multline, cng khng nn dng qu nhiu li bnh.
2.8. Hp cha vn bn
65
8 :
1 inch :
1 inch : \quad
\makebox[1in]{\rule{0.4pt}{4pt}
\hrulefill\rule{.4pt}{4pt}}
Ch :
1. Nu \rule thiu i s LATEX s thng bo li
+ paragraph ended before \@rule was complete.
or
+ Missing number, treated as zero.
2. \rule khng chp nhn rng hoc cao bng 0:
+ Illegal unit of measure ( inserted)
<to be read again>
66
Chng 2. Xp ch trong vn bn
h
1.233 \rule{0}{4pt}}
2.9. Ch thch
Dng lnh \footnote ch thch cui trang.
y l v d 1 \footnote{Nhn xung thy ngay!}
Mun
thay
i
k
hiu
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}
{\ensuremath{\fnsymbol{footnote}}}
1 Nhn
ch
thch:
CHNG 3
Mi trng vn bn
67
70
72
77
81
86
68
Chng 3. Mi trng vn bn
B. Paxcal (Php)
Mi im ca danh sch bt u bng \item. S th t trong
danh sch c sinh ra c th tham kho cho bng lnh \label.
Cu trc ny c th dng cho vic pht biu nh l v nh ngha
hoc lit k cc iu kin cng nh kt lun.
3.1.2. Danh sch chm im itemize
Loi danh sch ny cc im l ngang hng nhau. V d
7
Mi ngy phi t xt mnh ba iu:
\begin{itemize}
\item Gip ngi ht lng cha?
\item Vi bn hu c thnh tht, tin tng cha?
\item Li thy dy c hc ht cha?
\end{itemize}
\hfill {\bf Tng T (Trung Quc)}
69
Puypanlp (Nga)
70
Chng 3. Mi trng vn bn
8 :
\begin{enumerate}
\item M1-$\diamondsuit$
\begin{enumerate}
\item M2-$\heartsuit$
\begin{enumerate}
\item M3-$\spadesuit$
\begin{enumerate}
\item M4-$\clubsuit$
\item M4-$\clubsuit$
\label{bac4}
\end{enumerate}
\item M3-$\spadesuit$
\end{enumerate}
\item M2-$\heartsuit$
\end{enumerate}
\item M1-$\diamondsuit$
\end{enumerate}
$\clubsuit$: \ref{bac4}
1. M1-
(a) M2-
i. M3-
A. M4-
B. M4-
ii. M3-
(b) M2-
2. M1-
: 1(a)iB
8 :
\begin{tabbing}
{\it No}\= {\it Tn vt t}
\= {\it n gi}\\
1\> a cng\> 100\$\\
2\> Mn hnh\> 200\$\\
3\> Bn phm\> 20\$
\end{tabbing}
NoTn vt t n gi
1 a cng 100$
2 Mn hnh200$
3 Bn phm20$
71
8 :
\begin{tabbing}
{\it No}\quad
\={\it Tn vt t}\quad
\= {\it n gi}\quad\\
1\> a cng\> 100\$\\
2\> Mn hnh\> 200\$\\
3\> Bn phm\> 20\$
\end{tabbing}
No
1
2
3
2
Tn vt t
a cng
Mn hnh
Bn phm
n gi
100$
200$
20$
8 :
\begin{tabbing}
xxxxxx\=xxxxxxxxxxxx\= \kill
{\it No}\> {\it Tn vt t}
\> {\it n gi}\\
1\> a cng\> 100\$\\
2\> Mn hnh\> 200\$\\
3\> Bn phm\> 20\$
\end{tabbing}
No
1
2
3
2
Tn vt t
a cng
Mn hnh
Bn phm
n gi
100$
200$
20$
8 :
\begin{tabbing}
\hspace{1cm}\=\hspace{3cm}
\=\hspace{2cm} \kill
{\it No}\>{\it Tn vt t}
\>{\it n gi}\\
1\> a cng\> 100\$\\
2\> Mn hnh\> 200\$\\
3\> Bn phm\> 20\$
\end{tabbing}
No
1
2
3
2
Tn vt t
a cng
Mn hnh
Bn phm
n gi
100$
200$
20$
72
Chng 3. Mi trng vn bn
8 :
\begin{tabbing}
\hspace*{.25in}\=\hspace{2em}Program Uscln;
Var
\=\hspace{2em}\kill
m, n: integer;
Program Uscln;\\
a, b: integer;
Var\\
Begin
\> m, n: integer;\\
Writeln(Nhap m, n:);
\> a, b: integer;\\
Readln(m,n); a:=m; b:=n;
Begin\\
While m do
\>Writeln(Nhap m, n:);\\
if M>n then m:=m-n
\>Readln(m,n); a:=m; b:=n;\\
else n:=n-m
\> While m do\\
Write(Uscln:,a,b,la,m);
\>\>if M$>$n then m:=m-n\\
Readln;
\>\>else n:=n-m\\
End.
\>Write(Uscln:,a,b,la,m);\\
\>Readln;\\
End.
\end{tabbing}
Ch : Sau lnh \skill khng c du ngt dng \\. Nhiu khi
t khong tabs phi c lnh \hspace pha trc. Mi trng
ny c ch cho vic th hin thut ton, chng trnh ngun, ...
8 :
\begin{tabbing}
Type
Ty\=pe\\
Hoc sinh = Record
\>Hoc \=sinh = Record\\
Hoten: String[30];
chu khong hien ra\kill
Lop: 1..12;
\>\>Hoten: String[30];\\
Truong: String[30];
\>\>Lop: 1..12;\\
DiemTB: Real;
\>\>Truong: String[30];\\
Ketqua: Boolean;
\>\>DiemTB: Real;\\
\>\>Ketqua: Boolean;
\end{tabbing}
73
\begin{quote}
Ci g bit cho l bit, ci g khng bit chu l khng
bit, y l bit vy. \emph{Khng T (Trung Quc)}
Bit phi lm g cn cha , cn phi c dng cm
thc hin iu na. \emph{G. imitrp (Bungari)}
\end{quote}
:
Ci g bit cho l bit, ci g khng bit chu l khng
bit, y l bit vy. Khng T (Trung Quc)
Bit phi lm g cn cha , cn phi c dng cm
thc hin iu na. G. imitrp (Bungari)
3.3.2. Mi trng trch dn quotation
\begin{quotation}
\textbf{Khng T ni:} Nh phi rn mnh v s ghen ght,
kp ln phi rn mnh v sc dc, n gi phi rn mnh
v tnh tham lam.
\end{quotation}
:
Khng T ni: Nh phi rn mnh v s ghen
ght, kp ln phi rn mnh v sc dc, n gi phi
rn mnh v tnh tham lam.
74
Chng 3. Mi trng vn bn
\begin{verse}
n mt ngy ri con s hi:\\
Cha lm g trong nm thng hm nay?
Cha khng c xy nhng ngi nh cao ti tri my\\
v ngn sng cho dng in sng ni ni,\\
nhng con i, cha dnh c cuc i\\
cho cng trnh khoa hc xng vi qu hng.
\hfill\emph{N. H. in}
\end{verse}
:
n mt ngy ri con s hi:
Cha lm g trong nm thng hm nay?
Cha khng c xy nhng ngi nh cao ti tri my
v ngn sng cho dng in sng ni ni,
nhng con i, cha dnh c cuc i
cho cng trnh khoa hc xng vi qu hng.
N. H. in
3.3.4. Mi trng gi nguyn verbatim
75
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{equation}
x^n+y^n=z^n
\end{equation}
\end{verbatim}
\begin{equation}
x^2+y^2=z^2
\end{equation}
8 :
x 2 + y2 = z2
(3.1)
76
Chng 3. Mi trng vn bn
8 :
Mun in ra k t c bit
\% ngi ta phi dng lnh
trc n \verb+\%+.
Mun in ra k t c bit %
ngi ta phi dng lnh trc
n \%.
77
\begin{theorem}
S lng s nguyn t l v hn.
\end{theorem}
78
Chng 3. Mi trng vn bn
\begin{theorem}[nh l ln Fecma]
Vi mi s nguyn $n>2 $, \\
phng trnh $x^n+y^n=z^n $ khng
nguyn.
\end{theorem}
8
c nghim
79
\newtheorem{envname}[procCounter]{name}[secCounter]
y hai thng s tu chn loi tr nhau v
envname l tn ca mi trng dng trong thn ti liu. Tn mi
trng c th chn tu , nhng nn trnh tn mi trng
v tn lnh c trc .
procCounter l thng s tu chn; s m ca mi trng khai
bo mi tip tc s m ca mi trng khai bo trc .
Kt qu hai mi trng c nh s lin tip.
Name l chui k t c gi v in ra cng vi s m nh nh
l 1, nh l 2.
secCounter l thng s la chn nh s cnh Name theo s
m chng mc tng ng. Nh vy nu theorem l tn
mi trng evnname v section l secCounter th trong mc
1 s c nh l 1.1, nh l 1.2, .... nh s ny c th trong
subsection, sections hoc chapters.
3.4.2. Thit lp vi phong cch
Trong gi lnh amsmath ta c th chn mt trong ba thit lp
phong cch: plain, mi trng in nghing; definition; remark,
in nghing t nht.
Ta cng nhn c mt s la chn ngoi l trong amsthm.
V d phng n * cui lnh ca \newtheorem xc nh thit lp
khng nh s trong mi trng na. Ta ch ra mt s cch la
chn phong cch:
\theoremstyle{plain}
\newtheorem{theorem}{nh l}
\newtheorem{corollary}{H qu }
\newtheorem*{main}{nh l c bn}
\newtheorem{lemma}{B }
\theoremstyle{definition}
\newtheorem{definition}{nh ngha}
\theoremstyle{remark}
\newtheorem*{notation}{Notation}
80
Chng 3. Mi trng vn bn
8 :
\begin{proof}[Chng minh]
Chng minh. Ni dung chng
Ni dung chng minh a vo minh a vo y ...
y ...\hfill \end{proof}
81
8 :
\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|}
\hline
Tn &Ton&L&Ho\\\hline
Hiu &7&8&7\\ \hline
Hnh&9 &10&8\\ \hline
Ly
&6 &7& 6\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
Tn
Hiu
Hnh
Ly
Ton
7
9
6
L
8
10
7
Ho
7
8
6
82
Chng 3. Mi trng vn bn
\hline
&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9\\
\hline\hline
0&\symbol{0}&\symbol{1}&\symbol{2}&\symbol{3}
&\symbol{4}&\symbol{5}&\symbol{6}&\symbol{7}
&\symbol{8}&\symbol{9}\\ \hline
10&\symbol{10}&\symbol{11}&\symbol{12}&\symbol{13}
&\symbol{14}&\symbol{15}&\symbol{16}&\symbol{17}
&\symbol{18}&\symbol{19}\\ \hline
20&\symbol{20}&\symbol{21}&\symbol{22}&\symbol{23}
&\symbol{24}&\symbol{25}&\symbol{26}&\symbol{27}
&\symbol{28}&\symbol{29}\\ \hline
30&\symbol{30}&\symbol{31}&\symbol{32}&\symbol{33}
&\symbol{34}&\symbol{35}&\symbol{36}&\symbol{37}
&\symbol{38}&\symbol{39}\\ \hline
40&\symbol{40}&\symbol{41}&\symbol{42}&\symbol{43}
&\symbol{44}&\symbol{45}&\symbol{46}&\symbol{47}
&\symbol{48}&\symbol{49}\\ \hline
50&\symbol{50}&\symbol{51}&\symbol{52}&\symbol{53}
&\symbol{54}&\symbol{55}&\symbol{56}&\symbol{57}
&\symbol{58}&\symbol{59}\\ \hline
60&\symbol{60}&\symbol{61}&\symbol{62}&\symbol{63}
&\symbol{64}&\symbol{65}&\symbol{66}&\symbol{67}
&\symbol{68}&\symbol{69}\\ \hline
70&\symbol{70}&\symbol{71}&\symbol{72}&\symbol{73}
&\symbol{74}&\symbol{75}&\symbol{76}&\symbol{77}
&\symbol{78}&\symbol{79}\\ \hline
80&\symbol{80}&\symbol{81}&\symbol{82}&\symbol{83}
&\symbol{84}&\symbol{85}&\symbol{86}&\symbol{87}
&\symbol{88}&\symbol{89}\\ \hline
90&\symbol{90}&\symbol{91}&\symbol{92}&\symbol{93}
&\symbol{94}&\symbol{95}&\symbol{96}&\symbol{97}
&\symbol{98}&\symbol{99}\\ \hline
100&\symbol{100}&\symbol{101}&\symbol{102}
83
&\symbol{103}&\symbol{104}&\symbol{105}&\symbol{106}
&\symbol{107}&\symbol{108}&\symbol{109}\\ \hline
110&\symbol{110}&\symbol{111}&\symbol{112}&
\symbol{113}&\symbol{114}&\symbol{115}&\symbol{116}
&\symbol{117}&\symbol{118}&\symbol{119}\\ \hline
120&\symbol{120}&\symbol{121}&\symbol{122}&
\symbol{123}&\symbol{124}&\symbol{125}&
\symbol{126}&\symbol{127}&& \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
Mun a bng vo gia dng dng mi trng center
8 :
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|r|}
\hline
Tn &Ton&L&Ho\\
\hline
Hiu & 7& 8 & 7 \\ \hline
Hnh& 9& 10 & 8\\ \hline
Ly
& 6 & 7 & 6\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
2
Tn
Hiu
Hnh
Ly
Ton
7
9
6
L
8
10
7
Ho
7
8
6
8 :
\begin{tabular}{l r@{.} l}
Ton&7&5\\
L&6&5\\
Ha &8&3\\
\end{tabular}
Ton
L
Ha
2
7.5
6.5
8.3
84
Chng 3. Mi trng vn bn
8 :
\begin{tabular}
{|p{1.5cm}|r|r|r|}\hline
Tn &Ton&L&Ho\\
\hline
Hiu&7 &8 & 7\\ \hline
Hnh&9&10 & \\ \hline
Ly&6 &7 &6 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
Tn
Hiu
Hnh
Ly
2
Ton
7
9
6
L
8
10
7
Ho
7
6
8 :
\begin{tabular}
{| p{1.5cm} | r| r| r|}
\hline
Tn&Ton&L&Ho\\ \hline
Hiu& 7 & 8 &7 \\ \hline
Hnh&\multicolumn{3}{c |}
{\emph{B\ hc}}\\ \hline
Ly & 6 & 7 & 6\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
Tn
Hiu
Hnh
Ly
2
Ton
7
L Ho
8
7
B hc
6
7
6
\begin{table}[!htp]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|| c c | c | r ||}\hline
\rm Tn & \rm Thng&\rm Tun &\rm im TB\\ \hline
\rm Hiu & 10 &1
& 7\\ \cline{3-4}
& &2
& 8\\ \cline{3-4}
85
& &3
& 8\\ \cline{3-4}
& &4
& 7\\ \cline{2-4}
&\multicolumn{2}{| l}{ Bnh qun:} &7,5\\ \hline
\rm Ly & 10 &1
& 7\\ \cline{3-4}
& &2
& 6\\ \cline{3-4}
& &3
& 6\\ \cline{3-4}
& &4
& 7\\ \cline{2-4}
&\multicolumn{2}{| l}{Bnh qun:} &6,5\\ \hline
\multicolumn{3}{|| l}{Bnh qun chung:}&7\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Bng c ng dng $\backslash$\texttt{multicolumn}v
$\backslash$\texttt{cline}} \label{B:mulcline}
\end{center}
\end{table}
:
Tn Thng
Hiu
10
Tun
1
2
3
4
Bnh qun:
Ly
10
1
2
3
4
Bnh qun:
Bnh qun chung:
im TB
7
8
8
7
7,5
7
6
6
7
6,5
7
86
Chng 3. Mi trng vn bn
Hiu
Ly
Hnh
im TB
7.5
6.5
0
Th
13
19
-
im TB
Th
Hiu
7.5
13
Ly
6.5
19
Hnh
\begin{flushright}
Ci tha \begin{itshape} ban u \end{itshape} lu luyn y\\
Nghn nm cha d ai qun\\
\begin{bfseries} Th L \end{bfseries}
\end{flushright}
87
2
Ci tha ban u lu luyn y
Nghn nm cha d ai qun
Th L
CHNG 4
MI TRNG TON HC
88
90
93
94
96
98
99
100
101
103
106
107
107
109
110
112
113
116
118
118
89
ab
(mod ) v
i=
i =1
n ( n + 1)
2
90
4.2. Cu trc c s
Cng thc ton c xy dng trong mi trng ton bng
cc cu trc c s: Nhng php ton s hc, ch s trn v ch s
di, cn thc, h s a thc, k hiu vi phn, ...
4.2.1. Php tnh s hc
Nhng php tnh dng ngay t cc bn phm nh: a + b, a b,
a, a/b v ab ta g vo tng ng $a+b$, $a-b$, $-a$, $a/b$,
$ab$.
Ring php nhn nu ta dng du chm hoc ta phi
dng lnh tng ng \cdot hoc \times nh $a\cdot b$ v
$a\times b$ cho ra a b v a b.
Php chia thay bng / ngi ta hay dng lnh
\frac{...}{...}.
8 :
\[
\frac{x+y}{1+xy}
\]
x+y
1 + xy
8 :
\( \tfrac{1+a^2}{2+b^2}
\qquad\dfrac{1+a^2}{2+b^2}\)
1+ a2
2+ b2
a2
1+
2 + b2
4.2.2. Ch s trn v ch s di
Ta to ch s di bng k t _ v ch s trn bng k t .
Phm vi ca ch s c bao trong ngoc nhn { }.
4.2. Cu trc c s
91
8 :
x 1 , y i2
, a 2 , x i1 , x
+ 1, xi+1
8 :
a1 b x + y
$a\sb{1} - b\sp{x+y}$
Ch :
8 :
$\sqrt{3}$
$\sqrt{b^2-4ac}$
8 :
2
b2 4ac
Du cn c th lng nhau
\[ \sqrt{1+\frac{1}{2}
\sqrt{2+\frac{1}{3}
\sqrt{3+\cdots}}}\]
8 :
2
s
1
1+
2
r
2+
1
3+
3
92
8 :
$\sqrt[9]{5}$\\
5
9
$\sqrt[\leftroot{2}\uproot{2} 9]{5}$\\
5
9
$\sqrt[\uproot{2} 9]{5}$
5
4.2.4. H s Niutn
Trong gi lnh amsmath cung cp lnh \binom cho h s Niutn trn dng vn bn Cab+c v C n1 +1 , trn dng cng thc ton
2
8 :
$$\binom{a}{b+c}
\binom{\frac{1}{2}}{n+1}$$
2
Cab+c C n1 +1
2
2
dng e x dx = . du gii hn ta dng lnh \limits
nh sau
8 :
$\int\limits^{\infty}_{-\infty}
e^{-x^2}\,dx=\sqrt{\pi}$
e x dx =
7
$\oint, \iint, \iiint,\\
\iiiint, \idotsint$
8 :
H RR
RRR
,
,
RRRR R , R
,
93
4.2.6. Du ba chm
Trong mi trng ton du ba chm c th hin nhiu cch
khc nhau. Nu ta dng ba chm t bn phm s khng c p
v nhiu khi b ngt dng vo ng nhng du ny. Ta dng cc
lnh tng ng:
- Ba chm pha di dng lnh \ldots
8 :
F ( x1 , x2 , . . . , x n )
7
$x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_n$
8 :
x1 + x2 + + x n
7
$A=\{ x|x \in X_i
\mbox{ vi }i\in I\,\}$
8 :
A = { x | x Xi vi i I }
7
$A=\{x|
\mbox{vi $x$ dng}\}$
8 :
A = { x |vi x dng}
94
8 :
\[ x_ {\text{\rm tri}}+4=
x_ {\text{\rm phi}}\]
xtri + 4 = xphi
G vo
(
[
\{
\
\lange
|
\lfloor
\lceil
In
(
[
{
\
h
|
b
d
Tn gi
Ng. trn phi
Ng. vung ph.
Ng. nhn phi
Gch cho
Gc bt phi
Vch ng
Ca phi di
Ca phi trn
G vo
)
]
\}
/
\range
\|
\rfloor
\rceil
In
)
]
}
/
i
k
c
d
G vo
\uparrow
\Uparrow
\downarrow
\Downarrow
\updownarrow
\Updownarrow
Bng 4.2: K t mi tn
- Trong gi amsmath c cc gc nh bng 4.3
In ra
l
m
G vo
\ulcorner
\llcorner
95
In
p
x
Tn gc
phi trn
phi di
G vo
\urcorner
\lrcorner
In
q
y
8 :
$( $ $\bigl( $ $\Bigl( $
$\biggl( $ $\Biggl( $
8 :
\[ F(x)|^{a}_{b}\quad
F(x)\bigr|^{a}_{b}\quad
F(x)\Bigr|^{a}_{b} \]
F ( x )|ba
a
F ( x )
8 :
a
F ( x )
$x\big|$ $x\Big| $ $a\Bigg|$
x x a
Ch :
1. Ta g vo $|| a ||$ v $\| a \|$ cho ra kt qu hon ton
khc nhau || a|| v k ak.
2. K hiu bin dng c i nhng c th ch dng mt k hiu
n cng c nh F ( x )|ba .
4.4.3. Bin c kch thc tu bin
cc k hiu bin trong hai bng trn bin i tng ng
vi kch thc ni dung trong lng n ngi ta dng lnh tng
96
8 :
8 :
\[\left|\frac{a+b}{2}\right|
\left\| A^2\right\|,
\left(\frac{a}{2},b\right]
\left. F(x)\right|_{a}^{b}\]
x2
2}
a i
a + b
b
2
A
, , b F ( x )| a
2
2
$\left\{\,x\biggm|\int_{0}^xt^{2}
dt \leq 5 \, \right\}$
8 :
Rx 2
x 0 t dt 5
4.5. Tn hm
Nhng k t trong mi trng ton l nhng ch nghing.
in ra tn nhng hm ton hc khng nghing LATEX cung cp
nhng tn hm thng dng.
4.5.1. Bng tn hm c sn
Bng 4.4 gm tn cc hm c sn.
V d: Ta cng dng c cc lnh \limits cho cc ch s
thch hp ca hm. Ch khng c hm tg v cotg ca Vit Nam.
8 :
lim f ( x ) = 1
x 0
8 :
$\varliminf\limits_{x\to 0}\quad$
$\varlimsup\limits_{x\to 0} $\\
$ \varinjlim\limits_{x\to 0}\quad $
$\varprojlim\limits_{x\to 0}$
lim
lim
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
lim
lim
4.5. Tn hm
G vo
\cos
\sin
\tan
\cot
\csc
\sec
\arccos
\arcsin
\arctan
\cosh
\coth
97
In ra
cos
sin
tan
cot
csc
sec
arccos
arcsin
arctan
cosh
coth
G vo
\sinh
\tanh
\det
\dim
\exp
\ln
\log
\lg
\arg
\deg
\gcd
In ra
sinh
tanh
det
dim
exp
ln
log
lg
arg
deg
gcd
G vo
\hom
\ker
\inf
\sup
\lim
\liminf
\limsup
\max
\min
\Pr
In ra
hom
ker
inf
sup
lim
lim inf
lim sup
max
min
Pr
Bng 4.4: Tn cc hm c sn
G vo
\varliminf
\varprojlim
\varinjlim
In ra
lim
lim
lim
G vo
\varlimsup
\projlim
\injlim
In ra
lim
proj lim
inj lim
7
\(\injlim\limits_{x\to 0} \quad
\liminf\limits_{x\to 0} \\
\limsup\limits_{x\to 0} \quad
\projlim\limits_{x\to 0}\)
8 :
inj lim
x 0
2
lim inf
x 0
lim sup
proj lim
x 0
x 0
4.5.2. Hm ng d
Hm mod l hm c bit cho ng d. LATEX cung cp cho ta
hai lnh \bmod v \pmod. Nu ta dng gi amsopn (t ng c
gi vo khi dng amsmath hoc dng lp vn bn AMS) ta c
thm hai lnh na \mod v \pod. tinh t gia cc lnh ny ta
c th xem trong bng 4.6.
98
v
v
v
v
\mod{\theta}$
\bmod{\theta}$
\pmod{\theta}$
\pod{\theta}$
Kt qu in
x v mod
x v mod
x v (mod )
x v ( )
Bng 4.6: Hm ng d
4.5.3. To nhng tn hm mi
to ra mt tn hm bt k trong amsmath s dng lnh
\DeclareMathOperator{opCommand}{opName}
y \opCommand l lnh ca hm ta nh ngha, cn opName l
tn hm cn in ra. V d:
\DeclareMathOperator{\tg}{tg}, khi $\tg\alpha$ s in ra
tg.
4.6. Ch ci hy lp
Ch ci Hy Lp hoa cng rt hay c p dng trong cng
thc, xem bng 4.7.
G vo
\Gamma
\Delta
\Lambda
\Xi
\Pi
\Sigma
\Upsilon
\Phi
\Omega
In ra
G vo
\varGamma
\varDelta
\varLambda
\varXi
\varPi
\varSigma
\varUpsilon
\varPhi
\varOmega
In ra
4.7. Ch ci Hbr
99
G vo
In
\alpha
\digamma
z
\varepsilon
\theta
\kappa
\mu
\pi
\varrho
$
\tau
\varphi
\omega
G vo
In
\beta
\delta
\zeta
\vartheta
\varkappa
\nu
\varpi
v
\sigma
\upsilon
\chi
G vo
\gamma
\epsilon
\eta
\iota
\lambda
\xi
\rho
\varsigma
\phi
\psi
In
4.7. Ch ci Hbr
G vo In ra
\aleph
\daleth k
G vo In ra
\beth
i
\gimel
100
In ra
h
>
[
]
}
8
k
N
O
]
s
`
@
G vo
\ell
\jmath
\Re
\partial
\prime
\backslash
\exists
\triangle
\Vert
\bot
\S
\ddag
\natural
\angle
\diamondsuit
\spadesuit
In ra
`
<
0
\
4
k
\complement
\vartriangle
\varnothing
\diagdown
\blacktriangledown
\Game
\blacksquare
\blacklozenge
\sphericalangle
\bigstar
\eth
{
M
H
a
^
F
4.7. Ch ci Hbr
101
4.9. Du ton t
G vo
In ra G vo
In ra
\pm
\mp
\times
\cdot
\circ
\bigcirc
\div
\diamond
\ast
\star
?
\cap
\cup
\sqcap
u
\sqcup
t
\wedge
\vee
\triangleleft
/
\triangleright
.
\bigtriangleup
4
\bigtriangledown
5
\oplus
\ominus
\otimes
\oslash
\odot
\bullet
\dagger
\ddagger
\setminus
\
\uplus
]
\wr
o
\amalg
q
\dotplus
u
\centerdot
\ltimes
n
\rtimes
o
\leftthreetimes
h
\rightthreetimes
i
\circleddash
\smallsetminus
r
\barwedge
Z
\doublebarwedge
[
\culywedge
f
\curlyvee
g
\veebar
Y
\intercal
|
\Cap
e
\Cup
d
\circledast
~
\circledcirc
}
\boxminus
\boxtimes
\boxdot
\boxplus
\divideontimes
>
Bng ton t phn di dng trong gi amssymb.
Bng 4.11: K hiu ton t
102
G vo
trn dng
\prod_{n=1}^n
nn=1
\coprod_{n=1}^n
nn=1
dng ring
n
n =1
n
\bigcap_{n=1}^n
Tn
n =1
n
\
\bigcup_{n=1}^n
Sn
n =1
n
[
\bigwedge_{n=1}^n
Vn
n =1
n
^
\bigvee_{n=1}^n
Wn
n =1
n
_
\bigsqcup_{n=1}^n
Fn
n =1
n
G
\biguplus_{n=1}^n
Un
n =1
n
]
\bigotimes_{n=1}^n
Nn
n =1
n
O
\bigoplus_{n=1}^n
Ln
n =1
n
M
\bigodot_{n=1}^n
Jn
n =1
n
K
\sum_{n=1}^n
nn=1
n =1
n =1
n =1
n =1
n =1
n =1
n =1
n =1
n =1
n =1
n
n =1
4.7. Ch ci Hbr
G vo
\lhd
\unlhd
103
In ra
G vo In ra
\rhd
\\unrhd
4.10. Du quan h
4.10.1. Du quan h chun trong LATEX
G vo
In ra G vo
In ra
\in
\ni
3
\leq
\geq
\ll
\gg
\prec
\succ
\preceq
\succeq
\sim
\cong
=
\simeq
'
\approx
.
\equiv
\doteq
=
\subset
\supset
\subseteq
\supseteq
\sqsubset <
\sqsubseteq v
\smile
^
\frown
_
\perp
\models
|=
\mid
|
\parallel
k
\vdash
`
\dashv
a
\propto
\asymp
\bowtie
./
\sqsubset <
\sqsupset
=
\Join
1
Ba k hiu cui cng dng trong gi latexsym.
Bng 4.14: Du quan h chun
104
In ra
6
0
.
/
u
l
Q
S
+
$
:
v
w
4
2
w
j
b
C
E
`
p
l
G
G vo
\geqslant
\eqslantgtr
\gtrsim
\gtrapprox
In ra
>
1
&
'
\gtrdot
\ggg
\gtrless
\gtreqless
\gtreqless
\eqcirc
\fallingdotseq
\triangleq
\thicksim
\thickapprox
\succcurlyeq
\curlyeqsucc
\succsim
\succapprox
\supseteqq
\Supset
\vartriangleright
\trianglerighteq
\Vdash
R
R
P
;
,
<
3
%
v
k
c
B
D
\smallfrown
\shortparallel
\Bumpeq
\pitchfork
\backepsilon
\blacktriangleright
\becaus
a
q
m
t
I
4.7. Ch ci Hbr
105
In ra
6=
.
0
1
6
5
*
"
(
$
&
G vo
\notin
\ngtr
\ngeq
\ngeqslant
\ngeqq
\gneq
\gneqq
\gvertneqq
\gnsim
\gnapprox
\nsucc
\nsucceq
\succneqq
\succnsim
\succnapprox
\ncong
\nshortparallel
\nparallel
\nvDash
\nVDash
\ntriangleright
\ntrianglerighteq
\nsupseteq
\nsubseteqq
\supsetneq
\varsupsetneq
\supsetneqq
\varsupsetneqq
In ra
/
2
3
7
4
+
"
)
!
%
'
106
4.11. Du mi tn
G vo
In
G vo
In
\leftarrow
\rightarrow or \to
\longleftarrow
\longrightarrow
\Leftarrow
\Rightarrow
\Longleftarrow
= \Longrightarrow
=
\leftrightarrow
\longleftrightarrow
\Leftrightarrow
\Longleftrightarrow
\uparrow
\downarrow
\Uparrow
\Downarrow
\updownarrow
l
\Updownarrow
m
\nearrow
%
\searrow
&
\swarrow
.
\nwarrow
\mapsto
7
\longmapsto
7
\hookleftarrow
\hookrightarrow
,
\leftharpoonup
(
\rightharpoonup
*
\leftharpoondown
)
\rightharpoondown
+
\rightleftharpoons
\leftleftarrows
\rightrightarrows
\leftrightarrows
\rightleftarrows
\Lleftarrow
W
\Rrightarrow
V
\twoheadleftarrow
\twoheadrightarrow
\leftarrowtail
\rightarrowtail
\looparrowleft
"
\looparrowright
#
\upuparrows
\downdownarrows
\upharpoonleft
\upharpoonright
\downharpoonleft
\downharpoonright
\leftrightsquigarrow ! \rightsquigarrow
\multimap
(
\nleftarrow
8
\nrightarrow
9
\nLeftarrow
:
\nRightarrow
;
\nleftrightarrow
=
\nLeftrightarrow
<
T phn th hai tr xung dng trong gi amssymb.
Bng 4.17: K hiu mi tn
107
In
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
...
o
....
o
o`
G vo
\Hat{o}
\Tilde{o}
\Acute{o}
\Bar{o}
\Breve{o}
\Check{o}
\Dot{o}
\Ddot{o}
In
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
\Grave{o}
\Vec{o}
o`
G vo
\widehat{o}
\widetilde{o}
a\sphat
a\sptilde
a\spbreve
a\spcheck
a\spdot
a\spddot
a\spdddot
In
b
o
e
o
ab
a
a
a
a.
a..
a...
8 :
A A
$\Hat{\Hat{A}}\hat{\hat{A}}$
8 :
$\widehat{ABCDE},\widetilde{aiai}$
g
\ aiai
ABCDE,
108
\(\overbrace{a+b+\cdots+z}\)\qquad
\(\overbrace{a+a+\cdots+a}^{n}\)\qquad
\(\underbrace{a+a+\cdots+a}_{n}\)
}|
{
z
a+b++z
z
}|
{
a+a++a
|a + a +{z + }a
n
7
\[\underbrace{\overbrace{a+\cdots+a}^{\frac{m-n}{2}}
+\underbrace{b+\cdots+b}_{n}
+\overbrace{c+\cdots+c}^{\frac{m-n}{2}}}_{m}\]
2
mn
mn
2
2
z }|
{
z }|
{
a + + a + b| + {z
+ b} + c + + c
n
{z
m
8 :
$\overline{\overline{X}\cup X X = X
a
\overline{\overline{X}}}=
\overline{\overline{X}}$
$\overleftarrow{a}\quad
\overrightarrow{aa}$
- Trong gi amsmath c thm mt s lnh na nh
aa
109
8 :
xxx
$\overleftrightarrow{xx}
xx
\[A \xrightarrow{\text{1-1}}B\xleftarrow[\alpha\to\beta]
{\text{onto}}C\xleftarrow[\gamma]{}D\xleftarrow{ } E\]
1-1
onto
A B C
D
E
110
Ngn
\,
\:
\;
Ngn
\!
Dng y
\negthinspace
\negmedspace
\negthickspace
5cm
3. Trn dng
khc vi 5 cm
4. Trn dng sin x/logn
khc vi sin x/logn
$|-f(x)|$
$\left |-f(x)\right |$
$\sqrt{5} \mbox{cm}$
$\sqrt{5}\,\mbox{cm}$
$\sin x / \log n$
$\sin x /\! \log n$
7
$x \stackrel{?}{=} y$
8 :
2
?
x=y
111
8 :
\[\overset{\alpha}{\star}\quad
\underset{\rightarrow}{X}\quad
\overset{\dagger}{\odot}\]
8 :
def
$f(a)\overset{\text{def}}{=}a^2$
f ( a ) = a2
Lnh c ba thng s
\sideset{_{ll}^{ul}}{_{lr}^{ur}}{large_op}
to ra large_op gi nguyn, cn k hiu ll t v tr tri di, k
hiu ul t v tr tri trn. Bn phi cng vy cho lr v ur.
$\sideset{_{\flat}^{\dag}}
{_{\heartsuit}^{\sharp}}{\prod}$
Ta c th xy dng cng thc
8 :
]
[
8 :
0
xi y j
$\sideset{}{}{\sum}\limits
_{\substack{i <10\\ j < 10}}x_iy_j$
i <10
j<10
8 :
ab
khc vi ab
$a \mathbin{\alpha} b$\\
khc vi $a \alpha b$
8 :
$a \mathrel{\text{R}} b$\\
khc vi $a \text{R} b$
aRb
khc vi aRb
112
8 :
$\operatorname{Trunc}f(x)$
Trunc f ( x )
8 :
8 :
7
$\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{b}$
a+
2
b
p ln ri:
7
$\sqrt{\mathstrut a}+
\sqrt{\mathstrut b}$
8 :
p
2
a+
Cch khc:
7
$\sqrt{\vphantom{b} a}+\sqrt{b}$
8 :
a+
2
b
113
8 :
$\mathit{Hymalaya}$
Lnh
\mathsf{a}
\mathrm{a}
\mathtt{a}
\mathnormal{a}
Hymalaya
K t ton
khng chn
r man
nh my
nghing
kt qu
a
a
a
a
114
115
\mathbb.
$\mathbb{A}$, $\mathbb{E}$,$\mathbb{F}$ in ra A, E, F.
ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Ch : Nu gi amsfonts th khng cn phi gi gi lnh
eufrak ta cng c th dng c lnh ca gi ny.
4.17.3. K hiu ton m
Trong mi trng ton, hu nh tt c cc k t u cung cp
bi LATEX tr phng m. lm mt k t m trong cng thc
ton ta dng \mathbf. V d lm m k hiu vect V ta phi g
vo $\mathbf{v}.
lm m k hiu ton li phi dng lnh \boldsymbol
trong gi amsbsy c gi t ng trong lp AMS-LATEX hoc
gi lnh amsmath
$\boldsymbol{7}$,$\boldsymbol{\alpha}$, in ra 7, ,
$\boldsymbol{\pi}$,$\boldsymbol{\mathcal{B}}$ in ra . B ,
$\boldsymbol{\to}$, $\boldsymbol{B}$ in ra , B.
lm cho c cng thc m ta dng lnh \mathversion{bold}.
{\mathversion{bold}$x\equiv y\pmod{\theta}$} in ra x y
(mod ). Trong phm vi xc nh ca lnh \mathversion{bold}
tr li bnh thng bng lnh \mathversion{normal}.
Ch khng phi k hiu no cng c tc dng bi lnh lm
m trn. V d nh \sum khng thay i trong cc lnh trn m
thay vo phi dng lnh \pmb trong gi lnh amsmath. Nhng
cng khng c m mn nh mong mun.
8 :
$\sum_{k=1}^{n}k^2\\
\pmb{\sum}_{k=1}^{n}k^2\\
\mathop{\pmb{\sum}}_{k=1}^{n}k^2$
nk=1 k2
nk=1 k2
n
k =1 k 2
4.17.4. Thay i c
C bn c cho k hiu c gi bng cc lnh trong bng 4.21
Nhng lnh ny quyt nh c ca cc k t sau n:
116
Lnh
\displaystyle
\textstyle
\scriptstyle
\scriptscriptstyle
8 :
\[
\frac{1}{\displaystyle 2 +
\frac{1 }{\displaystyle 3+ \ddots}}
\]
1
2+
1
.
3 + ..
\[
\cfrac{1}{2 +
\cfrac{1}{3+ \ddots}}
\]
8 :
1
2+
8 :
\[
\cfrac[l]{1}{2 +
\cfrac[l]{1}{3+ \ddots}}
\]
1
.
3 + ..
1
2+
1
.
3 + ..
117
8 :
\begin{equation}\tag{NT}
\binom{n}{k}=\binom{n}{n-k}
\end{equation}
Cnk = Cnnk
8 :
\begin{equation} \tag*{N-T}
\binom{n}{k}=\binom{n}{n-k}
\end{equation}
(NT)
2
Cnk = Cnnk
N-T
8 :
\begin{subequations}\label{E:pt}
n!
\begin{equation}\label{E:pt1}
Cnk =
k!(n k )!
\binom{n}{k}=\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}
\end{equation}
Cnk = Cnnk
\begin{equation}\label{E:pt2}
\binom{n}{k}=\binom{n}{n-k}
\end{equation}
\end{subequations}
(4.1a)
(4.1b)
nh s khc ca ng thc nh
8 :
\begin{equation} \label{E:pt1}
n!
\binom{n}{k}=\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} Cnk =
k!(n k )!
\end{equation}
8 :
2
(4.2)
118
8 :
\[\frac{x+y}{z},
x+y x+y x+y
\genfrac{}{}{1pt}{}{x+y}{z},
,
,
z
z
\genfrac{}{}{2pt}{}{x+y}{z}\]
z
\[\genfrac{}{}{3pt}{}{x+y}{z}, x + y
x+y
x+y
\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{x+y}{z},
,
,
z
z
\genfrac{]}{[}{0pt}{}{x+y}{z}\]
z
119
8 :
n
2
n
$\boxed{z^n=r^n
z = r (cos n + i sin )
(\cos n \phi +i \sin \phi) }$
Trn mt dng ta cng c th ng khung nh
$\boxed{i^2=-1}$ in ra i2 = 1 .
CHNG 5
120
122
122
126
131
133
137
138
121
8 :
\[\begin{array}{c r l}
a & 20 & b\\
c-10&d+30&e\\
f+40&g-50&h+i
\end{array}\]
a
20 b
c 10 d + 30 e
f + 40 g 50 h + i
8 :
\[\left|\begin{array}{cccc}
a_0 &a_1& \cdots & a_n\\
a_1 &a_2& \cdots & a_{n+1}\\
\vdots &\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\
a_n &a_{n+1}&\cdots&a_{2n}\\
\end{array}\right|\]
a0
a1
..
.
a1
a2
..
.
a n a n +1
an
a n +1
..
..
.
.
a2n
8 :
\[ \left( \begin{array}{c}
\left[ \begin{array}{cc}
a & b \\
c & d \\
e & f
\end{array}\right]\\
y\\ z
\end{array} \right) \]
a b
c d
e
f
y
z
8 :
\[\begin{array}{|r@{,}l|}\hline
2 &5\\
44&9\\
23&3\\
\multicolumn{2}{|l|}{\rm ---}\\
70&7\\ \hline
\end{array} \]
2,5
44,9
23,3
70,7
122
\begin{gather}
\delta_1=x_1+x_2+x_3\label{E:ga1}\\
\delta_2=x_1x_2+x_1x_3+x_2x_3\label{E:ga2}\\
\delta_3=x_1x_2x_3\label{E:ga3}
\end{gather}
1 = x1 + x2 + x3
(5.1)
2 = x1 x2 + x1 x3 + x2 x3
(5.2)
3 = x1 x2 x3
(5.3)
123
\begin{multline}\label{E:mu2}%
(x_1y_1+x_2y_2+\cdots+x_ny_n)^2=(x_1^2+x_2^2+\cdots+x_n^2)
(y_1^2+y_2^2+\cdots+y_n^2)\\
-(x_1y_2-x_2y_1)^2-(x_1y_3-x_3y_1)^2-\cdots\\
-(x_1y_n-x_ny_1)^2-(x_2y_3-x_3y_2)^2-(x_2y_4-x_4y_2)^2\\
-\cdots-(x_2y_n-x_ny_2)^2-\cdots-(x_{n-1}y_n-x_ny_{n-1})^2.
\end{multline}
124
\begin{setlength}{\multlinegap}{0pt}
\begin{multline*}\label{E:mu3}
(x_1y_1+x_2y_2+\cdots+x_ny_n)^2=(x_1^2+x_2^2+\cdots+x_n^2)
(y_1^2+y_2^2+\cdots+y_n^2)\\
-(x_1y_2-x_2y_1)^2-\cdots-(x_1y_n-x_ny_1)^2\\
-(x_2y_3-x_3y_2)^2-\cdots-(x_2y_n-x_ny_2)^2\\
-\cdots-(x_{n-1}y_n-x_ny_{n-1})^2.
\end{multline*}
\end{setlength}
7
\begin{multline*}
(x_1y_1+x_2y_2+\cdots+x_ny_n)^2=(x_1^2+x_2^2+
\cdots+x_n^2)(y_1^2+y_2^2+\cdots+y_n^2)\\
\shoveleft{-(x_1y_2-x_2y_1)^2-(x_1y_3-x_3y_1)^2
-\cdots-(x_1y_n-x_ny_1)^2}\\
-(x_2y_3-x_3y_2)^2-(x_2y_4-x_4y_2)^2
-\cdots-(x_2y_n-x_ny_2)^2\\
-\cdots-(x_{n-1}y_n-x_ny_{n-1})^2.
\end{multline*}
125
C5i + a2
i <5
Nu ta g vo
Khi LATEX s bo li
\begin{gather}
\delta_1=x_1+x_2+x_3\label{E:vie1}\\
\delta_2=x_1x_2+x_1x_3+x_2x_3\tag{\ref{E:vie1}a}\\
\delta_3=x_1x_2x_3\tag{\ref{E:vie1}b}
\end{gather}
126
2
1 = x1 + x2 + x3
(5.5)
2 = x1 x2 + x1 x3 + x2 x3
(5.5a)
3 = x1 x2 x3
(5.5b)
\begin{subequations}\label{E:su}
\begin{gather}
\delta_1=x_1+x_2+x_3 \label{E:su1}\\
\delta_2=x_1x_2+x_1x_3+x_2x_3 \label{E:su2}\\
\delta_3=x_1x_2x_3 \label{E:su3}
\end{gather}
\end{subequations}
2
1 = x1 + x2 + x3
(5.6a)
2 = x1 x2 + x1 x3 + x2 x3
(5.6b)
3 = x1 x2 x3
(5.6c)
127
\begin{align}\label{E:al2}
\arcsin(\sin x)&=x &\mbox{ Vi }&-\frac{\pi}{2}\le x
\le \frac{\pi}{2}\\
\arccos(\cos x)&=x &\mbox{ Vi } &-\pi\le x \le \pi\notag
\end{align}
:
arcsin(sin x ) = x
arccos(cos x ) = x
x
2
2
Vi x
Vi
(5.7)
5.4.1. im t ging ct
t ging ct theo nguyn tc sau y
1. Nu phi ging n ct th trn mi dng phi c 2n 1 khong
gia cc & tch ct v s th t chn ca & c nh du l
im ging.
2. Khng c nh du ging ct & vo gia cng thc c lnh
bn tri v bn phi lin kt nh \left v \right hoc l gia
cc i s ca lnh. V d:
\begin{align}
\binom{a&+b}{2}\\
x&+y=z
\end{align}
LATEX s bo li khng to c
cng thc:
\begin{align}
!Argument of\align has...}
<inserted text>
\par
...
1.9 \binom{a&+b}{2}
\\
\end{align}
128
\begin{flalign}\label{E:fla2}
\arcsin(\sin x)&=x &\mbox{ Vi }&0\le x \le \frac{\pi}{2}\\
\arccos(\cos x)&=x &\mbox{ Vi } &- \pi\le x \le \pi\notag
\end{flalign}
:
arcsin(sin x ) = x
arccos(cos x ) = x
(5.8)
2
Vi x
Vi 0 x
\begin{alignat}{2}\label{E:ali1}
\arcsin(\sin x)&=x &\mbox{ Vi }&0\le x\le\frac{\pi}{2}\\
\arccos(\cos x)&=x &\mbox{ Vi }& -\pi\le x \le \pi\notag
\end{alignat}
2
arccos(cos x ) = x Vi x
arcsin(sin x ) = x Vi 0 x
(5.9)
\begin{alignat}{2}\label{E:ali2}
\arcsin(\sin x)&=x&\qquad\mbox{ Vi }&0\le x\le\frac{\pi}{2}\\
\arccos(\cos x)&=x &\qquad\mbox{ Vi }&- \pi\le x \le \pi
\end{alignat}
129
2
arcsin(sin x ) = x
arccos(cos x ) = x
2
Vi x
Vi 0 x
(5.10)
(5.11)
\begin{alignat}{2}
A&=A\cap (B\cup C)&&\quad\text{(theo tnh phn b)}\\
&=(A\cap B)\cup(A\cap C)&&\quad
\text{(theo iu kin (*))}\notag\\
&=B\cup C\notag
\end{alignat}
A = A (B C)
(5.12)
8 :
\begin{eqnarray}
x&=& 17y\\
y&>& a+b+c
\end{eqnarray}
x = 17y
(5.13)
y > a + b + c (5.14)
\begin{align}
x&= 17y\\
y&> a+b+c
\end{align}
8 :
x = 17y
y > a+b+c
2
(5.15)
(5.16)
130
\begin{align}
(x+y)^n&=\sum_{k=0}^{n}\binom{n}{k}x^{n-k}y^k\\
\intertext{D dng nhn c biu thc sau}
&=x^n+\sum_{k=1}^{n}\binom{n}{k}x^{n-k}y^k\notag
\end{align}
( x + y)n =
Cnk xnk yk
(5.17)
k =0
= xn +
Cnk xnk yk
k =1
Hoc mt v d c
\begin{align*}\label{E:ali4}
\arcsin(\sin x)&=x &\mbox{ Vi }&0\le x \le \frac{\pi}{2}\\
\intertext{Bn c c th tm c cng thc tng t}
\arccos(\cos x)&=x &\mbox{ Vi }&- \pi\le x \le \pi\notag
\end{align*}
2
arcsin(sin x ) = x
Vi 0 x
Vi x
131
8 :
\[ \begin{aligned}
x&=5+a+\beta\\ y&=7+b\\ z&=9+c
x = 5+a+
x = 11 +
\end{aligned}
y = 7+b
hoc y = 13
\text{ hoc }
z = 9+c
z = 15 + d
\begin{gathered}
x=11+\beta\\ y=13\\ z=15+d
\end{gathered}\]
Mt s mi trng ph nh aligned, gathered v array c
tu chn theo i s [c], [t] hoc [b] cho vic cn vo trng
tm, ln trn hoc xung y tng ng. V d
8 :
\[ \begin{aligned}[b]
x&=5+a+\beta\\ y&=7+b\\ z&=9+c
x = 5+a+
x = 11 +
\end{aligned}
y = 7+b
y = 13
\text{ hoc }
z = 9+c
hoc z = 15 + d
\begin{gathered}[b]
x=11+\beta\\ y=13\\ z=15+d
\end{gathered}\]
Trong mi trng ph LATEX khng nh s v gn nhn.
Ta c th dng mi trng ph aligned vit cng thc
nhiu dng m nhn s nh vo gia cc dng.
7
\begin{equation}\label{E:tong1}
\begin{aligned}
(x+y)^n&=\sum_{k=0}^{n}\binom{n}{k}x^{n-k}y^k\\
&=x^n+\sum_{k=1}^{n}\binom{n}{k}x^{n-k}y^k
132
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
2
( x + y)n =
Cnk xnk yk
k =0
n
=x +
(5.18)
Cnk x nk yk
k =1
\begin{equation}\label{E:dh1}
\begin{split}
(u_1u_2\ldots u_n)&= u_1u_2\ldots u_n\\
&+ u_1u_2\ldots u_n+\ldots+u_1u_2\ldots u_n
\end{split}
\end{equation}
(u1 u2 . . . un )0 = u10 u2 . . . un
+ u1 u20 . . . un + . . . + u1 u2 . . . u0n
(5.19)
133
8 :
\begin{gather}\label{E:bp1}
\begin{split}
( a + b + c)2 = [ a + (b + c)]2
(a&+b+c)^2=[a+(b+c)]^2\\
= a2 + 2a(b + c) + (b + c)2
&= a^2+2a(b+c)+(b+c)^2\\
&=a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2bc+2ca
= a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
\end{split}\\
(5.20)
\begin{align*}
2
2
a b = ( a b)( a + b)
a^2-b^2&=(a-b)(a+b)\\
a3 b3 = ( a b)( a2 + ab + b2 )
a^3-b^3&=(a-b)(a^2+ab+b^2)
\end{align*}
\end{gather}
8 :
\begin{align}\label{E:bp2}
\begin{split}
(a&+b+c)^2=[a+(b+c)]^2\\
&= a^2+2a(b+c)+(b+c)^2\\
&=a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2bc+2ca
\end{split}\\
&a^2-b^2=(a-b)(a+b).
\label{E:bp3}
\end{align}
( a + b + c)2 = [ a + (b + c)]2
= a2 + 2a(b + c) + (b + c)2
= a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(5.21)
a2 b2 = ( a b)( a + b).
(5.22)
134
5.6.1. Ma trn
Mi trng ph ma trn matrix phi nm trong mi trng
equation hoc equation*. V d
8 :
$$\left( \begin{matrix}
a+b & uv & 157\\
ab & u+v & 51
\end{matrix}\right)$$
a + b uv 157
ab u + v 51
\medskip
$$\setcounter{MaxMatrixCols}{12}
\left(\begin{matrix}
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 8 & 9 & 10 & 11 & 12\\
1 & 2 & \hdotsfor{8} & 11 & 12
\end{matrix}\right)$$
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2
............
11 12
$$\begin{matrix}
a+b+c & uv \\
abc
& u+v
\end{matrix}$$
8 :
a + b + c uv
abc
u+v
135
a + b + c uv
pmatrix:
abc
u+v
a + b + c uv
vmatrix:
abc
u + v
a + b + c uv
bmatrix:
abc
u+v
a + b + c uv
Vmatrix:
abc
u + v
8 :
$$\left( \begin{matrix}
a+b+c & uv \\
abc
& u+v
\end{matrix} \right]$$
2
a + b + c uv
abc
u+v
8 :
$$\begin{pmatrix}
a_{11} &a_{12}&\dots&a_{1n}\\
a_{21} &a_{22} &\dots &a_{2n}\\
\vdots &\vdots &\dots &\vdots\\
a_{n1} &a_{n2} &\dots &a_{nn}
\end{pmatrix}$$
a11 a12
a21 a22
..
..
.
.
an1 an2
. . . a1n
. . . a2n
..
... .
. . . ann
7
Cng trn dng vn bn
$\begin{pmatrix}
a+b+c & uv \\
abc
& u+v
\end{pmatrix}$
lm dng cch rng.
8 :
Cng
trn dng
vn bn
a + b + c uv
lm dng
abc
u+v
cch rng.
136
8 :
Trnh iu ta dng mi
trng smallmatrix nh
$\left(\begin{smallmatrix}
a+b+c & uv \\
abc
& u+v
\end{smallmatrix}\right)$
Trnh iu ta dng mi
trng
smallmatrix
nh
a+b+c uv
abc u+v
8 :
$$\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
a+b & uv & 157\\
ab & u+v & 51
\end{array} \right)$$
2
a + b uv 157
ab u + v 51
137
8 :
\begin{equation}
|a|= \begin{cases}
a & \text{nu $a>0$}\\
0 & \text{nu $a=0$}\\
-a & \text{nu $a<0$}
\end{cases}
\end{equation}
a
| a| = 0
nu a > 0
nu a = 0 (5.23)
nu a < 0
\[\begin{CD}
A
@>>>
@VVV
C
@=
\end{CD}\]
8 :
B \\
@AAA\\
D
B
x
138
\[ \begin{CD}
\mathbb{A} @>H_1>> \mathbb{B} @>>H_2> \mathbb{C} \\
@VP_1VV
@AAP_2A
@VVP_3V
\\
\mathbb{D} @<<H_3< \mathbb{E} @>>H_4> \mathbb{F}
\end{CD}\]
A 1
P1 y
B
H2
x
P
2
P
y 3
D E F
H3
H4
Ta b i mt nt
\[ \begin{CD}
\mathbb{A} @>H_1>> \mathbb{B} @>>H_2> \mathbb{C} \\
@VP_1VV
@AAP_2A
\\
\mathbb{D} @>>H_3> \mathbb{E}
\end{CD}\]
A 1
P1 y
B C
H2
x
P
2
D E
H3
139
{\allowdisplaybreaks
\begin{align}\label{E:nd1}
a&=b+c,\\
d&=e+f,\\
x&=y+z.
\end{align} }
cho php ngt bt k dng no sau dng th nht.
Trong min ca \allowdisplaybreaks th \\* c u tin
ngt hn \\. Phng n khc l sau \\ ta c th t lnh
\displaybreak cho im ngt hoc \displaybreak[0] cho php
ngt sau mt dng. Tng t nh vy cho \displaybreak[n]
y n l 1, 2 hoc 3. Nh vy \displaybreak[4] tng ng vi
\displaybreak.
CHNG 6
K THUT T TO LNH
140
146
149
152
153
141
142
143
7
\[\mathbf{A}=
\begin{pmatrix}
\pts{1}{1}&\pts{1}{2}&\cdots&\pts{1}{n}\\
\pts{2}{1}&\pts{2}{2}&\cdots&\pts{2}{n}\\
\vdots&\vdots&\cdots&\vdots\\
\pts{n}{1}&\pts{n}{2}&\cdots&\pts{n}{n}
\end{pmatrix}\]
a1 11
a 2
2
A= . 1
..
an 1n
a1 12 a1 1n
a2 22 a2 2n
..
..
.
.
n
an 2 an nn
6.1.3. To li mt lnh
LATEX bao gi cng thng bo li khi mt lnh mi lp trng
vi nhng lnh c t trc. V d
\newcommand{\or}{\o} LATEX s thng bo
! LaTeX Error: Command alrready defined.
123 \newcommand{\or}{\o}!
Nhng ta c th to li bng
\renewcommand{\or}{....}
y cng l lnh ci du ting Vit b li khi chy vi LATEX .
y l lnh c bn ca LATEX , khi ta nh ngha li lnh th LATEX
chy bin dch khng cn ng na v mt lnh nguyn bn ri.
Chnh v vy m chng ti phi sa li bng
\newcommand{\oh}{.....}
Nn trnh ht sc nh ngha li nhng lnh ca LATEX .
Nhng nhiu khi cng c ch khi ta nh ngha li k hiu kt
thc chng minh \qedsymbol trong gi lnh amsmath
144
\newcommand{\qedsymbol}{$\blacksquare$} hay l
\newcommand{\qedsymbol}{\ensuremath{\blacksquare}}.
\renewcommand c lnh ng hnh: nu lnh ny ri vo
trong nhng lnh c th \providecommand s b qua, cn lnh
nguyn thu vn gi nguyn. Ngc li, \providecommand s tin
hnh ging nh \newcommand. Tr li v d trn:
\providecommand{\oh}{.... }
Khi dng \oh, LATEX s thng bo li khng c lnh s
dng.
6.1.4. To lnh c i s ty chn
Ta c th nh ngha lnh m thng s ca n tu chn hoc
cung cp gi tr mc nh cho tu chn. Ta xt v d sau:
\newcommand{\tong}{\ensuremath{a_{1}+a_{2}+\cdots+a_{n}}}.
$\tong$.
8 :
a1 + a2 + + a n .
By gi ta in ra tng t 1 n m no , vi gi tr mc nh n.
\newcommand{\Tong}[1][n]{\ensuremath{a_{1}+\cdots+a_{#1}}}.
$\Tong$\\
$\Tong[m]$
8 :
a1 + + a n
a1 + + a m
$\Ttong{x}$,\\
$\Ttong{a}$,\\
$\Ttong[i]{a}$.
8 :
x1 + x2 + + x n ,
a1 + a2 + + a n ,
a1 + a2 + + a i .
6.1.5. Gn li cc tn mc nh
Trong LATEX c nhiu t a vo t ng v in ra cng t
ng nh Table ", List of Tables ", Abstract ",... Nhng chng
145
ta c th gn li cc t ny theo ca mnh. V d thay cc t abstract " thnh Tm tt ", ... \newcommand{\abstract}{Tm tt}.
Bng sau y lit k tt c nhng tn m ta c th thay i c,
trong cun sch ny chng ti thay i sang ting Vit bng
cc lnh nh trn (Xem bng 6.1).
Lnh
\abstractname
\alsoname
\alsoseename
\appendixname
\bibname
\ccname
\chaptername
\contentsname
\datename
\enclname
\figurename
\indexname
\keywordsname
\listfigurename
\listtablename
\notesname
\headpagename
\pagename
\partname
\proofname
\refname
\tablename
\preffacename
\seename
\subjectname
\tablename
\tocname
\contentsname
\headtoname
Tn
Abstract
Also
Also see
Appendix
Bibliography
Cc
Chapter
Contents
Date
Enclosure
Figure
Index
Key words
List of Figures
List of Tables
Notes
Page
Page
Part
Proof
References
Table
Preface
See
Subject
Table
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
To
Ting Vit
Tm tt
Cng vy
Cng vy xem
Ph lc
Ti liu
Cc
Chng
Mc lc
Ngy
Km theo
Hnh
Ch s
Kho t
Danh sch cc hnh
Danh sch cc bng
Ghi ch
Trang
Trang
Phn
Chng minh
Ti liu tham kho
Bng
Li ni u
Xem
Ch
Bng
Bng danh mc
Bng danh mc
n
146
6.2. To mi trng mi
Nhiu mi trng ca LATEX khng thch hp vi ta, ta c th
sa i v lm tt hn ln cc mi trng c.
t tn li mi trng: V d ta mun thay tn mi trng
proof (trong gi lnh amsmath) ta vit lnh
+ Cch ny khng thay i ni
dung ca mi trng proof.
\newenviroment{cm}
{\begin{proof}}
{\end{proof}}
\newenviroment{cm}
{begin_text}
{end_text}}
\newenviroment{cm}
{\begin{proof}\em}
{\end{proof}}
\newenviroment{cm}
{\begin{proof}}
{\end{proof}}
6.2. To mi trng mi
147
\begin{exception}
new command
body
\end{exception}
148
{\end{minipage}}
kim tra mi trng trn ta g vo
\begin{trangnho}
ng sng theo iu ta c mun. Hy sng theo iu ta c th.
\\ \hfill{\bf Ngn ng Nht Bn}
\end{trangnho}
:
ng sng theo iu ta c mun. Hy
sng theo iu ta c th.
Ngn ng Nht Bn
Khi gi tr tu chn thay i
\begin{trangnho}[3.5in]
ng sng theo iu ta c mun. Hy sng theo iu ta c th.
\\ \hfill{\bf Ngn ng Nht Bn}
\end{trangnho}
on hai bt u.
6.3. Gn s v o
149
Nhng ta nh ngha c *
\newcommand*{\LBF}[1]{{\large\bfseries#1}}
th khng s dng c, LATEX s thng bo li.
! Paragraph ended before \LBF was complete
<to be read again>
\par.
6.3. Gn s v o
LATEX dng s nguyn gn vo cc s m nh cc s chng,
mc v tiu mc. LATEX cng gn di o vo cc lnh
di, v d trong cun sch ny ta gn \textwidth l chiu rng
ca trang 11.3truecm.
6.3.1. Nhng s m
S m c xc nh trong LATEX, trong gi lnh hoc ngi
dng.
S m chun ca LATEX: LATEX t ng sinh ra nhng s ca
cng thc, mc, nh l, ...; nhng s ny tng thch vi b s
m. Bng sau ch ra s m chun ca LATEX.
equation
footnote
part
chapter
paragraph subparagraph
enumi
enumii
figure
section
subsubsection
enumiii
page
subsection
table
enumiv
150
Lnh
\arabic{counter}
\roman{counter}
\Roman{counter}
\alph{counter}
\Alph{counter}
V d
(6)
(vi)
(VI)
(f)
(F)
6.3. Gn s v o
151
\pagenumbering{arabic}
\include{chuong1}
......
\include{chuong9}
\printindex
Trong gi lnh amsmath ta mun i cc nh s trong
cng thc nh t (2a), (2b) sang (2i), (2ii) ta t nh sau:
\renewcommand{\theequation}{\theparentequation\roman{equation}}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{\theparentequation\roman{equation}}
152
153
\def\con#1=#2(#3){#1\equiv#2\mod{#3}}
khi $\con a=b(\theta)$ cho kt qu a b mod .
Ch khng c nhng khong trng xung quanh #.
V d khc ta t li \def\LaTeX{ }/{\LaTeX{ }}, khi s
dng g vo \LaTeX{ }/ th k t c bit ny khng dnh vo
cc t sau .
154
Lnh di dc
\topsep: Khong cch dc gia on mc th nht v vn
bn trc ; cng nh vy gia on mc cui cng v vn
bn tip . Thc ra khong cch ny bng tng \topsep v
\parskip. Mun tng khong cch ny th thm khong cch vo
\partopsep.
\parsep: Khong cch gia hai on mc.
\itemsep: Thm vo \parsep to khong gia cc on danh
mc, vy khong cch ny l \itemsep v \parsep.
Tt c cc lnh khong cch dc u co gin thch hp.
Lnh di ngang
Hai lnh \leftmargin v \rightmargin cho khong cch t
im phn t ca danh sch n l tri v phi tng ng.
rng ca nhn ta c th mc nh hoc thay i bng
lnh \labelwidth, khi thay i \itemindent n v so vi l
tri. \labelsep l khong cch t nhn n vn bn ca \item.
Tht u dng ca mt on cng trong \item o bng
\listparindent.
6.5.2. Mi trng list
Ngi ta c th t to ra mt mi trng danh sch bng mi
trng \list c dng tng qut sau:
\begin{list}{defaul_label}{declarations}
\item phantu1
\item phantu2
...
\end{list}
y defaul_label l nhn s ra ti mi \item, cn
declarations l lnh t chiu di, chiu rng. Ta ly mt v d
8 :
155
\begin{list}{{$\heartsuit$}\arabic{sothutu}}
{\setlength{\leftmargin}{1in}
\setlength{\rightmargin}{.6in}
\setlength{\labelwidth}{1.0in}
\setlength{\labelsep}{.2in}
\setlength{\parsep}{.5ex plus 0.2ex minus 0.1ex}
\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex plus 0.2ex minus 0ex}
\usecounter{sothutu} \itshape}
\item No u d c phi phai thi gian\\
Cn y mi khc ca dao Ti v Em
\item Chn qu ngho, ta c mnh\\
Mt ngy bng my trm nm hi ngi.
\end{list}
156
Ta c th thit lp mi trng
\newenvironment{tramnam}
{\begin{list}{{$\clubsuit$}\arabic{sothutu}}
{\setlength{\leftmargin}{1in}
\setlength{\rightmargin}{.6in}
\setlength{\labelwidth}{1.0in}
\setlength{\labelsep}{.2in}
\setlength{\parsep}{.5ex plus 0.2ex minus 0.1ex}
\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex plus 0.2ex minus 0ex}
\usecounter{sothutu}\itshape}}
{\end{list}}
Ta p dng mi trng mi
7
\begin{tramnam}
\item Thuyn tnh ti c
V ngi con gi ti yu
\item C ai ng chn lm
m ti ng gt chn tin
\end{tramnam}
2
1
C ai ng chn lm bn
m ti ng gt chn tin ....
157
\begin{list}{}
{ \setlength{\leftmargin}{30pt}\setlength{\rightmargin}{0pt}
\setlength{\itemindent}{14pt}\setlength{\labelwidth}{40pt}
\setlength{\labelsep}{5pt}
\setlength{\parsep}{.5ex plus 0.2ex minus 0.1ex}
\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex plus 0.2ex minus 0ex}
}
\item[\textbf{No u}\hfill] d c phi phai thi gian\\
Cn y mi khc ca dao Ti v Em
\item[\textbf{Chn qu }\hfill] ngho, ta c mnh\\
Mt ngy bng my trm nm hi ngi.
\end{list}
\vspace*{1cm}
{\bf Chng trnh khai trng cng vin Ho Lc}
\begin{chuongtrinh}{10h00-10h00x}
\item[{\bf 08h00-09h00:}] Khai mc hi ngh\\
- Gii thiu chng trnh.\\
158
:
Chng trnh khai trng cng vin Ho Lc
08h00-09h00: Khai mc hi ngh
- Gii thiu chng trnh.
- Pht biu ca Gim c.
09h00-11h00: Biu din vn ngh
- on ca ma nhc H Ni;
- on Xic Trung ng.
11h00-13h00: Tic chiu i.
CHNG 7
TO TRCH DN V TRA CU
THNG TIN
7.1. Lm bng mc lc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
159
160
7.3. Ch dn cho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
162
7.4. Lm ch s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
166
7.1. Lm bng mc lc
LATEX to ra cc tp ph tr lm mc lc, tp ny c cng
tn vi tp chnh ta lm vn bn ch c khc l *.toc. Bng lnh
\tableofcontents bin dch hai ln th mc lc s a vo vn
bn ti v tr c lnh ny. V d: Tp ngun ca ta l doclatex.tex
th tp mc lc s l doclatex.toc. Trong tp ny lit k tt c cc
thnh phn n v ca: part, chapter, section, appendics, ....
Ngoi nhng thnh phn mc nh nh trn ta c th a
thm dng vo tp mc lc bng lnh
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{line add}
Thng s th nht l tn phn ui tp bng mc lc. Thng
s th hai phi l mt trong cc thnh phn: part, chapter, section, subsection, subsubsection, paragraph, subparagraph. Mi
thnh phn ny l nh dng dng trong mc lc mt cch khc
nhau v nh s t ng theo cc thng s ny.
Ta cng c th thm vo dng khng cn nh dng g bng
lnh \addtocontents{toc}{line add}. Lnh ny nhiu khi ta
160
161
\addcontentsline{lof}{section}{line_to_add}
\addtocontents{lof}{line_to_add}
gn thm dng vo danh sch cc hnh.
Nu ta dng gi lnh graphics th cu trc lnh l:
162
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics{file}
\caption{name}\label{Fi:xxx}
\end{figure}
y file l tn tp nh ta c sn vi kch thc to. Nu
ta mun co gin nh so vi kch thc nguyn bn ta phi dng
lnh
\scalebox{.68}{\includegraphics{file}}
V d:
\begin{figure}
% \scalebox{.120}{\includegraphics{hinh.bmp}}
\caption{name}\label{Fi:xxx}
\end{figure}
7.3. Ch dn cho
LATEX c ba loi ch dn cho:
1. Ch dn k hiu bng \ref,
2. Ch dn trang bng \pageref,
3. Ch dn ti liu trch bng \cite.
7.3.1. Ch dn k hiu
Bng lnh \label ta ch th cho LATEX sinh ra mt s ch dn
lu vo thng s ca n \label{symbol}. Sau bt c u
trong vn bn ta c th tham kho n s ny bng lnh \ref
nh \ref{symbol}.
Ta c th gn nhn cho \section mt phng trnh, mt hnh,
mt bng, mt phn t nh s, mi trng nh s no hoc
nhng nh l hoc cc pht biu mnh khc. V d:
1. Ch dn mt chng, mt mc: Vo u chng cng vi tn
chng ta t nhn
\section{Mi trng ton}\label{Ch:mtt}
sau ta c th ch dn s chng bng lnh \ref{Ch:mtt}.
7.3. Ch dn cho
163
164
7.3. Ch dn cho
165
m ..............................................................
GG George Gratzer, Math into LATEX: An introduction to LATEX and
AMSLATEX Birkhauser, Boston, 1995.
Khi dng \cite{gg} s ra [GG].
Ch :
1. Nhn ca ti liu tham kho nh phn trn khng bt u
bng du trng, khng cha du phy v cng khng kt thc
bng du trng.
2. Trong LATEX khng c lnh du gch cho cng mt tc gi c
nhiu ti liu c trch dn. Mun thc hin c iu
th hy a vo nh ngha
\providecommand{\gac}{\makebox[3em]{\hrulefill}\,}
Sau ta c th p dng nh:
\bibitem{dnkbook}
Donald E. Knuth,
{\it \TeX book, } Computers and typesetting, Vol A,
Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1990.
\bibitem{dnkfont} \gac, {\it METAFONT: The Program .}
166
7.4. Lm ch s
Lm ch s l g? Ch s l mt thnh phn no trong vn
bn c lit k cui ti liu v bn cnh s trang ni thnh
phn xut hin. Vic lit k cc thnh phn mun lm ch s
t ng ho trong LATEX. Ngi dng LATEX mun lm ch s
trong mt ti liu di c chng trnh MakeIndex.exe ca Pehong
Chen. Sau y l cch tin hnh lm ch s.
7.4.1. Chun b vn bn
Nh chng trnh MakeIndex.exe nn lm ch s trong khi
son tho vn bn tp ngun ta ch t lnh \index l xong. Cc
bc chun b:
1. Phn m u vn bn t dng lnh
\usepackage{makeidx}
\makeindex
2. Ti im vn bn mun in ra ch s ta t lnh
\printindex
3. nh du tt c phn t mun lm ch s bng lnh \index.
7.4.2. Nhng thnh phn ca ch s
C mt s loi ch s khc nhau v cch dng lnh \index
thc hin chng.
Thnh phn n gin gm mt t, k hiu hoc c cu vi bn
cnh l s trang, v d
7.4. Lm ch s
V d kt qu
, 2
Dien, N.H. 5
167
Cch thc hin nh du
\index{@$\alpha$}
\index{Dien, N.H.}
168
7.4. Lm ch s
169
170
7.4. Lm ch s
171
CHNG 8
HA
172
184
\fbox{bn tri}$\rightarrow$\fbox{gia}$\rightarrow$
\fbox{bn phi}$\rightarrow$
173
\framebox[3cm][l]{bn tri}$\rightarrow$
\framebox[3cm][c]{gia}$\rightarrow$%
\framebox[3cm][r]{bn phi}$\rightarrow$
bn tri
gia
bn phi
8 :
\parbox{3cm}{
\framebox[3cm]{bn trn}\\
\centerline{$\downarrow$}\\
\framebox[3cm]{gia}\\
\centerline{$\downarrow$}\\
\framebox[3cm]{bn di}\\
\centerline{$\downarrow$}}
2
bn trn
gia
bn di
8 :
\begin{center}
\setlength{\fboxrule}{3pt}
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0.2cm}
\fbox{ Cao dao Em v Ti}
\end{center}
2
Cao dao Em v Ti
8.1.1. H to v di n v
v c nhng hnh phong ph hn cht na ngi ta
dng mi trng picture, mi trng ny v cc hnh t hp bi
cc dng ch, ng thng, ng mi tn, ng trn v mt
s ng cong. Mun v hnh trong mi trng ny ta phi ch
174
Chng 8. ha
8 :
\setlength{\unitlength}{2pt}
\begin{picture}(10,20)(1,2)
\put(1,2){\vector(1,2){10}}
\end{picture}
Khi thit k hnh v ta b qua thng s im u to gc
di, khi v xong tt c bng cch chuyn dch im u to
th tt c cc hnh c chuyn theo.
Thng s u tin ca mi trng xc nh c ca hnh v
LATEX s xc nh khong trng tng ng t hnh vo .
Tuy nhin iu ny ch l tng i, LATEX cho php ta v cc hnh
vt ra ngoi khong xc nh , thm ch vt c ra ngoi mt
trang vn bn.
Sau lnh \begin{picture} l mi trng c bit. Ch c
cc lnh cn thit trong mi trng ny mi c xut hin
y nh cc lnh: \put, \multiput, \qbezier v \graphpaper
v c th khai bo nhng lnh \em, \thicklines, \thinlines.
Khng bao gi t li n v di bn trong mi trng, ngha
175
8 :
\setlength{\unitlength}{7pt}
\begin{picture}(10,5)(3,4) Bn tay ai ?
\put (3, 5){Bn tay ai ?}
\end{picture}
Hnh hp: Mt hnh hp c v bng lnh \makebox hoc
\framebox, ta cng c th dng \savebox vi chc nng c bit.
Thng s u tin ca nhng lnh ny l chiu rng v chiu cao
ca hp.
8 :
\setlength{\unitlength}{7pt}
\begin{picture}(15,5)(3,4)
\put (7, 3){
\framebox(10,5){Con ch }}
\end{picture}
2
Con ch
176
Chng 8. ha
\setlength{\unitlength}{7pt}
\begin{picture}(15,5)(3,4)
\put (20, 5){\framebox(15,4)[t]{Con ch }}
\put (3, 4){\framebox(12,4)[br]{Con mo }}
\end{picture}
Con ch
Con mo
\begin{picture}(15,5)(3,4)
\put (20, 5){\makebox(0,0)[t]{Con ch }}
\put (45, 10){\makebox(0,0)[br]{Con mo }}
\end{picture}
: mo
Con
Con ch
8 :
\begin{center}
\begin{picture}(15,5)(3,4)
\put (7, 4){
\dashbox(60,25){Con ch }}
\end{picture}
\end{center}
2
Con ch
177
7
\begin{picture}(15,5)(3,4)
\put (7, 3){(7,3)\line(3,2){30 }}
\end{picture}
Mi tn:
8 :
(7,3)
178
Chng 8. ha
8 :
\setlength{\unitlength}{3pt}
\begin{picture}(10,15)(3,4)
\put (7, 2){\makebox(0,0){(7,4)}}
\put (7, 4){\vector(1,2){5}}
(7,4)
\put (28, 4){\makebox(0,0){(22,4)}}
\put (22, 4){\vector(-1,0){10}}
\put (22,16){\makebox(0,0){(22,14)}}
\put (22, 14){\vector(3,-2){15}}
\end{picture}
2
(22,14)
(22,4)
\setlength{\unitlength}{3pt}
\begin{picture}(10,15)(3,4)
\put (1, 7){\shortstack{Nguyn \\ Hu\\ Cu}}
\put (20, 7){\shortstack[l]{L\\ Vn \\ Duyt}}
\put (40, 7){\shortstack[r]{Hong \\ Hoa \\ Thm}}
\end{picture}
Nguyn
Hu
Cu
L
Vn
Duyt
Hong
Hoa
Thm
179
8 :
\setlength{\unitlength}{3pt}
\begin{picture}(10,25)(0,0)
\put (10, 10){\circle{20}}
\put (10, 10){\vector(0,1){7}}
\put (30, 10){\circle*{5}}
\end{picture}
Hnh van v gc trn: van l hnh ch nht lm trn cc
gc, ngha l gc vung thay bng mt phn t ng trn. Hnh
van c sinh ra bi lnh \oval, thng s ca n l chiu cao
v chiu rng cn im t l tm ca hnh van. LATEX v hnh
trn gc vi kh nng ln nht v ng knh.
8 :
\setlength{\unitlength}{5pt}
\begin{picture}(10,10)
\put(5,5){\oval(8,3)}
\end{picture}
Nu ta cho thng s tu chn ca \oval th LATEX ch v mt
phn t ca van nh: l v phn bn tri, r v phn bn phi, t
v phn trn v b v phn di. Hn na nu kt hp hai ch ci
trn th n ch ra cc on giao vi nhau:
7
\setlength{\unitlength}{5pt}
\begin{picture}(10,10)
\put(5,5){\oval(12,3)[t]}
\put(15,0){\oval(8,3)[br]}
\end{picture}
8 :
180
Chng 8. ha
\begin{center}
\setlength{\unitlength}{1pt}
\begin{picture}(115,115)
\graphpaper(-5,0)(200,100)
\end{picture}
\end{center}
100
50
0
-5
45
95
145
195
\begin{center}
\setlength{\unitlength}{1pt}
\begin{picture}(100,100)
\graphpaper[9](-5,0)(200,100)
\end{picture}
\end{center}
181
90
45
0
-5
40
85
130
175
Good
m ..............................................................
\setlength{\unitlength}{3pt}
\newsavebox{\toy}
\savebox{\toy}(10,5){Good}
\begin{picture}(10,20)
\put(0,0){\frame{\usebox{\toy}}}
\put(15,0){\frame{\usebox{\toy}}}
\put(30,8){\frame{\usebox{\toy}}}
\end{picture}
Lu tm thi hnh v s tn b nh, dng b nh sau khi
s dng lnh \savebox v tho b hnh v tm thi ta phi dng
lnh \sbox{\toy}{} .
Lp li mt i tng: Nhng hnh v thng c nhng phn
lp li bng cch chuyn dch khong cch. Bng cch dng lnh
\multiput vi thng s to ( x, y) v (x, y), lnh
182
Chng 8. ha
\multiput(x,y)( x, y){15}{object}
s t 15 bn sao chp object t v tr ( x, y) v cc bc thm
(x, y) n v nh
\put(x,y){object}
\put(x x,y + y){object}
\put(x2 x,y +2 y){object}
...
\put(x14 x,y + 14 y){object}
8 :
\setlength{\unitlength}{2pt}
\begin{picture}(10,10)
\multiput(25,7)(7,-3){4}{\circle{5}}
\end{picture}
Nhng gi v hnh trong mi trng picture: Mi ngi
u c kh nng v hnh trong mi trng ny, sau y ch l
nhng gi khi u lm quen vi vic v hnh:
1. Nu ta dng di n v l 1pt nh mc nh th phi coi
nh 1cm.
2. Bng cch t cc lnh v hnh v th chy LATEX ri xem trn
mn hnh xem hnh v t kt qu mong mun cha.
3. Lm h to bng lnh \graphpaper v dng h to ny
t hnh.
4. Chia nh cc hnh thnh nhng hnh nh ri ghp li bng
lnh \put, thm ch ta c th dng lnh
\put(x,y){\begin{picture}(a,b) ... \end{picture}}.
Bng cch ny ta c th v hnh nhng to a phng,
hn l phi tnh ton mi to theo to ban u.
5. Rt c kh nng hnh thit k ln u khng c nh
mun, bng cch thay i cc thng s v di n v thch
hp ta s sa li hnh thit k.
Kt thc phn ny bng mt v d t hp
183
\begin{center}
\setlength{\unitlength}{1in}
\begin{picture}(0,0)
\put(0,0){\circle*{.1}}
\put(0,-.5){\framebox(.7,.3){center}}
\put(-1,-.5){\dashbox{0.01}(.7,.3)[tl]{top left}}
\put(1,-.5){\dashbox{0.1}(1.2,.3)[br]{bottom right}}
\put(-.65,-1){\circle{.2}}\put(-.7,-1.05){1}
\put(1,-1){\oval(.5,.25)}\put(.85,-1.05){oval}
\put(0,-1){\fbox{$\begin{array}{c}a\\b\\c\end{array}$}}
\put(-.3,-.35){\vector(1,0){.3}}
\put(-.65,-.5){\vector(0,-1){.4}}
\put(.35,-.5){\vector(4,-3){.5}}
\put(-.55,-1){\vector(1,0){.55}}
\put(0,-1){\vector(-1,0){.55}}
\put(.32,-1){\vector(1,0){.43}}
\put(1.2,-.895){\line(1,1){.3975}}
\end{picture}
\end{center}
:
top left
center
a
b
c
bottom right
oval
184
Chng 8. ha
8.2. a nh t ngoi vo
Tp nh c to ra bi cc chng trnh khc cng c th
a vo bng lnh \special
v hnh nh hnh v ng thng v nh s c hnh ta
phi thc hin trong mi trng figure. Nhng lnh sau y l
a hnh v ng thng phn trc.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
\begin{picture}(11,6)
\includegraphics[width =10cm, height =6cm]{line}
\end{picture}
\caption{Ve duong thang
$\setminus$put(1.4,2.6) $\{\setminus$line(3,-1)$\{$4.8$\}\}$}
\end{figure}
Sau y l cng mt nh ta c th cho co gin khc nhau:
\begin{figure}[ht]
\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
\includegraphics[height=3cm,width=2cm]{nhdien}
\hspace*{0.5cm}
\includegraphics[height=4cm,width=3cm]{nhdien}
\hspace*{0.5cm}
\includegraphics[height=5cm,width=4cm]{nhdien}
\caption{Tc gi vi nh co gin khc nhau}
\end{figure}
8.2. a nh t ngoi vo
185
CHNG 9
187
192
187
188
\def\es{\e}\def\eh{\e}\def\ex{\~e}\def\ej{\d e}
\def\er{e\kern-.370em\raise.16ex\hbox{\char47}\kern.1em}
\def\os{\o}\def\oh{\o}\def\ox{\~o}\def\oj{\d o}
\def\or{o\kern-.370em\raise.16ex\hbox{\char47}\kern.1em}
\def\oo{\^ o}
\def\oos{{\accent"5E o}\kern-.385em\raise.2ex
\hbox{\char23 }\kern-.1em}
\def\ooh{{\accent"5E o}\kern-.62em\raise.2ex
\hbox{\char22}\kern.08em}
\def\oor{{\accent"5E o}\kern-.21em\raise.35ex
\hbox{\char47 }\kern.1em}
\def\oox{{\accent"5E o}\kern-.470em\raise.3ex
\hbox{\char176}}
\def\ooj{\d {\accent"5E o}}
\def\aa{\^ a}
\def\aas{{\accent"5E a}\kern-.385em\raise.2ex
\hbox{\char23}\kern-.08em}
\def\aah{{\accent"5E a}\kern-.62em\raise.2ex
\hbox{\char22}\kern.12em}
\def\aar{{\accent"5E a}\kern-.21em\raise.35ex
\hbox{\char47 }\kern-.03em}
\def\aax{{\accent"5E a}\kern-.470em\raise.3ex
\hbox{\char176}}
\def\aaj{\d {\accent"5E a}}
\def\ee{\^ e}
\def\ees{{\accent"5E e}\kern-.385em\raise.2ex
\hbox{\char23}\kern-.08em}
\def\eeh{{\accent"5E e}\kern-.62em\raise.2ex
\hbox{\char22}\kern.14em}
\def\eer{{\accent"5E e}\kern-.21em\raise.35ex
\hbox{\char47 }\kern-.01em}
\def\eex{{\accent"5E e}\kern-.470em\raise.3ex
\hbox{\char176}}
\def\eej{\d {\accent"5E e}}
189
190
\def\AR{A\kern-.46em\raise.80ex
\hbox{\char47}\kern.18em}
\def\US{\ U}\def\UH{\U}\def\UX{\~U}\def\UJ{\d U}
\def\UR{U\kern-.46em\raise.80ex
\hbox{\char47}\kern.18em}
\def\ES{\E}\def\EH{\E}\def\EX{\~E}\def\EJ{\d E}
\def\ER{E\kern-.46em\raise.80ex
\hbox{\char47}\kern.18em}
\def\OS{\O}\def\OH{\O}\def\OX{\~O}\def\OJ{\d O}
\def\OR{O\kern-.46em\raise.80ex
\hbox{\char47}\kern.2em}
\def\OO{\^O}
\def\OOS{{\accent"5E O}\kern-.5em
\raise.8ex\hbox{\char23}}
\def\OOH{{\accent"5E O}\kern-.78em\raise.8ex
\hbox{\char22}\kern.28em}
\def\OOR{{\accent"5E O}\kern-.33em\raise1.02ex
\hbox{\char47 }\kern.04em}
\def\OOX{{\accent"5E O}\kern-.60em\raise.9ex
\hbox{\char176}\kern.1em}
\def\OOJ{\d {\accent"5E O}}
\def\AA{\^ A}
\def\AAS{{\accent"5E A}\kern-.5em\raise.8ex
\hbox{\char23 }}
\def\AAH{{\accent"5E A}\kern-.78em\raise.8ex
\hbox{\char22}\kern.28em}
\def\AAR{{\accent"5E A}\kern-.33em\raise1.02ex
\hbox{\char47 }\kern.04em}
\def\AAX{{\accent"5E A}\kern-.60em\raise.9ex
\hbox{\char176}\kern.07em}
\def\AAJ{\d {\accent"5E A}}
\def\EE{\^ E}
\def\EES{{\accent"5E E}\kern-.5em\raise.8ex
\hbox{\char23 }}
191
192
193
194
Write(E,s, );
x:=y;
end;
end;
(*-----------------------------*)
Procedure cmass(A:MT;B:MTc);
var k:integer;
begin
for k:=1 to 68 do codt(A[k],B[k]);
end;
(*------------------------------------*)
Procedure cmassh(A:MTh;B:MTch);
var k:integer;
begin
for k:=1 to 66 do codt(A[k],B[k]);
end;
(*--------------------------------*)
Procedure dauchu;
const bk: MT=(174,167,173,181,184,182,183,
185,187,190,188,189,198,
199,202,200,201,203,204,208,206,207,209,
210,213,211,212,214,215,221,216,220,222,
223,227,225,226,228,229,232,230,231,233,
234,237,235,236,238,239,243,241,242,244,
245,248,246,247,249,250,253,251,252,254,
168,169,170,171,172);
Begin
While Not EOF(F) Do
Begin
While Not EOLN(F) Do
Begin
195
196
Begin
Write(Cho ten tep vao : );
readln(VName);
kiemtra;
Write(Cho ten tep vao : );
Assign(E,RName);
Rewrite(E);
end;
(*------------------------------------*)
Procedure bktex;
Begin
ClrScr;
vaovntex;
dauchu;
end;
(*-------------------------------------*)
Begin
bktex
readln;
ClrScr;
End.
tex2abc;
197
198
Writeln(
TeX -> ABC
);
Writeln( Nguoi lap: Nguyen Huu Dien, Tl. 7560253);
Writeln(***********************************);
Writeln(Su dung
);
Writeln(Tep vao: Ten tep , co phan mo rong);
Writeln(Tep ra : Ten tep , co phan mo rong );
Writeln(****************oOo*************);
writeln;
textbackground(0); textcolor(white);
i:=1;
Write(Cho ten tep vao : );
readln(name1);
assign(F,name1);
{$I-}
reset(F);
{$I+}
if ioresult <>0 then begin
Window(1,1,90,25);
gotoxy(13,22);textbackground(5);textcolor(14);
Writeln(KHONG CO TEP ?
);
gotoxy(13,23); Writeln((Co sai ten khong ?) );
gotoxy(13,24); Write([Enter] thoat ra );
Readln;
textbackground(0);textcolor(white);ClrScr;
halt;
end;
Write(Cho ten tep ra : );
readln(name2);
assign(E,name2);
rewrite(E);
x:= ;
i:=1;
ok:=0;
199
200
201
\renewcommand{\ttdefault}{tcrvn}
%phong chu hoa
\def\rmh{\vhtime}
\def\bf{\vhtimeb}
\def\ith{\vhtimei}
\def\bfith{\vhtimebi}
%co the them dinh nghia khac vao day
\renewcommand{\indexname}{Ch s}
\renewcommand{\chaptername}{Chng}
\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Mc lc}
\renewcommand{\bibname}{Ti liu tham kho}
\renewcommand{\figurename}{{\it Hnh}}
\endinput
b) Cng trong c:\pctexv4\latex2e to ba tp na
ot1ttmvn.fd, ot1tcrvn.fd, ot1tarvn.fd. C ba tp ny hon
ton tng t nhau, ta ch m t mt tp.
%Filename: OT1ttmvn.fd /font vntime
%Written by Nguyen Huu Dien, Vien Toan hoc
%
\DeclareFontFamily{OT1}{ttmvn}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{b}{n}{<-> vntimeb}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{b}{it}{<-> vntimebi}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{m}{n}{<-> vntime}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{m}{it}{<-> vntimei}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{m}{sl}{<->ssub*ttmvn/m/it}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{m}{sc}{<->ssub*ttmvn/m/n}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{b}{sc}{<->ssub*ttmvn/b/n}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{b}{sl}{<->ssub*ttmvn/b/it}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{bx}{n}{<->ssub*ttmvn/b/n}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{bx}{sc}{<->ssub*ttmvn/b/n}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{bx}{it}{<->ssub*ttmvn/b/it}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{b}{ui}{<->sub*ttmvn/b/it}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{bx}{ui}{<->ssub*ttmvn/b/it}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{bx}{sl}{<->ssub*ttmvn/b/it}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{ttmvn}{m}{ui}{<->sub*ttmvn/m/it}{}
\endinput
202
Ch p ch tt. Mt s phng v d
Tn ABC
.VnArial
.VnArial
.VnArial
.VnArial
.VnArialH
V d
PH LC A
HI P V S DNG LATEX
A.1. Chuyn vn bn son trn Maple sang LATEX nh th no?
Tr li. Chng trnh Maple l mt cng c rt tt son
tho v hc tp, nghin cu ton hc. Ta c th son tho ting
Vit trong n v cc tnh ton, cng thc ton trong n mt cch
hin th. Ta c th in vn bn ra giy, nhng nh dng ca
n khng phong ph. Phn ny chng ti trnh by cch chuyn
nhng g Maple lm c sang dng LATEX, s dng v hc
Maple bn c c th tm trong [2], nhm mc ch:
1. nh dng li nhng g Maple th hin sang LATEX.
2. Ly nhng phn quan trng trong Maple chuyn sang LATEX
nh cng thc, hnh v,...
Cc bc tin hnh:
1. Chp ton b cc tp trong c:\maplev4\etc vo th mc
c:\pctexv4\latex2e.
2. Son tho tp trong h MapleV4.
3. Dng chc nng chuyn i trn Menu:
File Export as LaTeX.
4. M tp va chuyn i trong PcTeX v chy vi LATEX. Kt qu
l tp dvi. Ta c th sa cha tp tex ny theo mun hoc ch
ly mt phn sang tp khc.
Ch : nh dng chun ca tp LATEX m Maple chuyn qua
c nh dng v ta thm c ci du ting Vit
\documentclass[fullpage,11pt]{article}
\usepackage{maple2e}
\usepackage{vnfonts}
Ngha l gi lnh cho Maple c dng y. Trong gi lnh
204
Ph lc A: Hi p v s dng LATEX
\nopagenumbers \makeheadline
\advancepageno \makefootline
\pagebody
\dosupereject
\plainoutput
\footstrut
\pagecontents
\vfootnote
\topinsert
\midinsert
\endinsert
205
\leqalignno.
206
Ph lc A: Hi p v s dng LATEX
AMSTEX
\cr
\align,\endalign
\aligned,\endaligned
\gather,\endgather
\gathered,\endgathered
\alignat 3,\endaglinat
\displaylines{...}
\eqalign{ ... }
\multline,\endmultline
\matrix ,\endmatrix
\cases,\endcases
LATEX
\\
\begin{align},\end{align}
\begin{aligned},\end{aligned}
\begin{gather},\end{gather}
\begin{gathered},\end{gathered}
\begin{aglinat}{3},\end{aglinat}
\begin{eqnarray},\end{eqnarray}
\begin{multline},\end{multline}
\begin{matrix}, \end{matrix}
\begin{cases},\end{cases}
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
207
in ra
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
Vo
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
in ra
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Vo
\ia
\iu
\io
\ii
\jj
\bi
\bj
\ei
\ej
\li
\lj
\hh
\bb
\si
\ij
in ra
~
+
Vo
\IA
\IU
\IO
\II
\JJ
\BI
\BJ
\EI
\EJ
\LI
\LJ
\HH
\BB
\SI
\IJ
in ra
^
_
#
208
Ph lc A: Hi p v s dng LATEX
wncyi10
Matematiqeski Institut
wncyb10
Matematiqeski Institut
wncysc10 Matematiqeski Institut
wncyss10 Matematiqeski Institut
210
Ph lc A: Hi p v s dng LATEX
211
212
Ph lc A: Hi p v s dng LATEX
i:=1;
Write(Cho ten tep vao : );
readln(name1);
assign(F,name1);
{$I-}
reset(F);
{$I+}
if ioresult <>0 then
begin
Window(1,1,90,25);
gotoxy(13,22);textbackground(5);textcolor(14);
Writeln(KHONG CO TEP ?
);
gotoxy(13,23); Writeln((Ten tep sai khong?));
gotoxy(13,24); Write([Enter] thoat ra);
Readln;
textbackground(0);textcolor(white);ClrScr;
halt;
end;
Write(Cho ten tep ra : );
readln(name2);
assign(E,name2);
rewrite(E);
x:= ;
i:=1;
While Not EOF(F) Do
Begin
While Not EOLN(F) Do
Begin
y:=x;
Read(F,x);
case x of
chr(10):Begin
Writeln(E);
Write(Den dong so : [,i,]);
213
i:=i+1;
end;
else Write(E,x);
End;
END;
Readln(F);
Writeln(E);
End;
writeln;
Writeln(DA XONG ! -> Nhan phim bat ky);
Close(F);
Close(E);
y:=readkey;
end.
214
Ph lc A: Hi p v s dng LATEX
\makeindex
\voffset=-0.5in
\hoffset=-0.5in
\textheight 16.2truecm
\textwidth 11.3truecm
\parskip 4pt
\abovedisplayskip=6pt plus 3pt minus 9pt
\abovedisplayshortskip=0pt plus 3pt minus 9pt
\belowdisplayskip=\abovedisplayskip
\belowdisplayshortskip=\abovedisplayshortskip
\DeclareTextAccent{\"}{OT1}{125}
\DeclareTextAccent{\}{OT1}{146}
\DeclareTextAccent{\~}{OT1}{152}
\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{OT1}{136}
\DeclareMathOperator{\tg}{tg}
\newtheorem{theorem}{\bf nh l}
\newtheorem{corollary}{\bf H qu}
\newtheorem{main}{\bf nh l c bn}
\newtheorem{lemma}{\bf B }
\newtheorem{proposition}{\bf Mnh }
\font\bfh=vhtimeb
\font\vnt=vntime
\font\hoa=webdings at 14pt
\font\tt=vnmemo at 9pt% at 11pt
\font\it=vncenti at 10pt
\font\it =vncenti at 10pt %
\font\chapf=vn3d scaled \magstep3 %
\font\chuong=vn3d scaled \magstep1
\font\secf=vhclare at 9pt
%%
\font\large=vnantiqb at 11pt %
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215
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216
Ph lc A: Hi p v s dng LATEX
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217
PH LC B
B.1. S m
LATEX c nhiu s m mc nh thng mang tn lnh hoc
tn mi trng. Bng sau y l cc s m khi dng cc lp vn
bn:
equation
footnote
figure
page
part
chapter
section
subsection
paragraph subparagraph subsubsection table
enumi
enumii
enumiii
enumiv
219
B.3. nh ngha
\ newcommand c nhng dng sau
220
B.4. Lp vn bn
221
B.4. Lp vn bn
LATEX
bao
hm
nhng
lp
sau
y:
article, report, letter, book, slides. Lnh gi lp vn bn
ngay u vn bn
\documentclass[options]{class}
options l tu chn nhng mc sau:
10pt, 11pt, 12pt, mc nh: 10pt.
a4paper, a5paper, b4paper, letterpaper, legalpaper, executivepaper, mc nh: letter.
landscape, portrait, mc nh: portrait.
titlepage, notitlepage, trang vn bn mt trang ring.
leqno, reqno, mc nh: reqno.
fleqn, y cng thc sang bn tri, mc nh: trung tm.
openbib, dng dng ti liu tham kho m.
draft, final, nh du hoc khng nh du dng qu di, mc
nh: final.
oneside, twoside, chn in mt mt hoc hai, mc nh l mt tr
lp vn bn book.
openright, openany, khi u cc chng trang bn phi hoc cc
trang bt k, mc nhin l openright.
onecolumn, twocolumn, mt hoc hai ct trn trang, mc nh l
mt ct.
222
B.5. Mi trng
LATEX cung cp mt s mi trng khc nhau, mi trng bt
u v kt thc cng mt tn c dng
\begin{environmen-name}
...
\end{environmen-name}
array y l mi trng ton, c i s bt buc, thng c dng
B.5. Mi trng
223
dong2\\
...
\end{center}
\centering khai bo tng ng mi trng center. Thng
bo ny c th t trong mi trng quote hoc trong
parbox. Nhng ch hoc hnh c th qui tm trn trang
bng lnh ny u cc mi trng hnh, biu bng. Khc
vi mi trng center, lnh \centering khng lm mt
on mi.
description Mi trng dng lm danh sch nhn.
\begin{description}
\item [label] phantu 1
\item [label] phantu 2
...
\end{decription}
Nhn label in m v y v pha tri.
enumerate Mi trng dng lm danh sch nh s. Mi trng
ny c th nm trong mi trng khc su n 4 ln.
\begin{enumerate}
\item phantu 1
\item phantu 2
...
\end{enumerate}
Mi phn t bt u bng lnh \item, phi c t nht mt
phn t. Cch nh s mi trng ny dng enumi, enumiv.
Ta c th thay i s ny bng lnh \theenumi,...
eqarray Mi trng trnh by dy phng trnh v bt phng
trnh. N rt ging vi mi trng array c ba ct, cui
hng c du \\ v mi ct cch ra bi &. S ca phng
trnh lun c nh vo tr trng hp ta dng lnh
khng nh s cng thc \nonumber. Lnh \lefteqn dng
ct cng thc qu di trn mt dng.
224
B.5. Mi trng
225
\begin{flushright}
dong 1\\
dong 2\\
...
\end{flushright}
226
B.5. Mi trng
227
228
B.5. Mi trng
229
230
B.5. Mi trng
231
232
B.6. Ghi ch
Ghi ch cui trang c th sinh ra bng hai cch. Cch th
nht dng trc tip lnh \footenote. Cch th hai dng hai lnh
\footenotemark v \footenotetext.
B.7. di
233
B.7. di
di l o khong cch. Rt nhiu lnh LATEX ly di
lm thng s.
234
B.9. Lm mt on
Mt on kt thc bng mt hoc nhiu dng trng. Nhng
dng trng trong cng thc ton, trong i s cc lnh cho mc
u khng bt u mt on.
B.10. Ghi ch bn l
235
B.10. Ghi ch bn l
\ marginpar, \marginpar [left]{right} lnh to ra ghi ch bn
l trang. Dng u tin ngang vi dng t lnh ny.
Khi ta ch ra tu chn right vn bn s t:
- Bn l phi cho vic in mt mt.
- Bn l mp ngoi nu in hai mt.
- Hai bn l nu in trang c hai ct.
\ reversemarginpar Lnh t l s ngc li nhng g c.
236
\;
\:
\,
\!
1
2
237
238
239
240
241
242
B.16. Mt ch
Mt ch c xc nh bng hai thng s l c v dng ch.
243
RR
R
RRR
R
R
RR
R
RR
RRR
RR
RRR
RR
1.
vhantiq
2.
vhantiqb
3.
vhantiqd
4.
vhantiqi
5.
vharab
6.
vharabb
7.
vharabbi
8.
vharabi
9.
vharia
10.
vhariab
11.
vhariabi
12.
vhariai
13.
vharial
14.
vharialb
15.
vhariali
16.
vharialn
17.
vharis
18.
vharisb
19.
vharisbi
20.
vharisi
21.
vhavan
22.
vhavanb
23.
vhavanbi
244
R
RR
R
R
RR
RRR
RR
RRR
R
R
RR
R
RR
R
RR
R
R
R
RR
R
RRR
R
R
RR
24.
vhavani
25.
vhbaha
26.
vhbahab
27.
vhbahabi
28.
vhbahai
29.
vhblac
30.
vhblacb
31.
vhblacbi
32.
vhblaci
33.
vhbodo
34.
vhbodob
35.
vhbodobi
36.
vhbodoi
37.
vhcent
38.
vhcentb
39.
vhcentbi
40.
vhcenti
41.
vhclar
42.
vhclarb
43.
vhclarbi
44.
vhclari
45.
vhcomm
46.
vhcommi
47.
vhcoop
48.
vhcoopb
49.
vhcoopbi
50.
vhcoopi
51.
vhcorvi
52.
vhcour
53.
vhcourb
54.
vhcourbi
55.
vhcouri
56.
vhexot
57.
vhexotb
58.
vhexotbi
59.
vhexoti
60.
vhfree
61.
vhfreeb
R
R
RR
R
RRR
R
R
RR
R
R
RR
R
RRR
RRR
RR
RRR
R
R
RR
R
RRR
R
R
vhfreebi
63.
vhfreei
64.
vhgoth
65.
vhgothb
66.
vhgothbi
67.
vhgothi
68.
vhhelv
69.
vhhelvb
70.
vhhelvbi
71.
vhhelvi
72.
vhkaol
73.
vhkaolb
74.
vhkaolbi
75.
vhkaoli
76.
vhlinc
77.
vhlincb
78.
vhlincbi
79.
vhlinci
80.
vhlinu
81.
vhlinub
82.
vhlinubi
83.
vhlinui
84.
vhmemo
85.
vhmemob
86.
vhmemobi
87.
vhmemoi
88.
vhmono
89.
vhmonob
90.
vhmonobi
91.
vhmonoi
92.
vhmust
93.
vhmustb
94.
vhmustbi
95.
vhmusti
96.
vhpark
97.
vhparkb
98.
vhparkbi
99.
vhparki
245
246
RR
R
R
RR
R
RR
RR
R
RR
R
RRR
RRR
RR
RRR
R
R
RR
R
RRR
R
RR
100.
vhpres
101.
vhpresb
102.
vhpresbi
103.
vhpresi
104.
vhrevu
105.
vhrevub
106.
vhrevubi
107.
vhrevui
108.
vhsouth
109.
vhsouthb
110.
vhsouthd
111.
vhsouthi
112.
vhtekn
113.
vhteknb
114.
vhteknbi
115.
vhtekni
116.
vhtifh
117.
vhtifhb
118.
vhtifhbi
119.
vhtifhi
120.
vhtime
121.
vhtimeb
122.
vhtimebi
123.
vhtimei
124.
vhuniv
125.
vhunivb
126.
vhunivbi
127.
vhunivi
128.
vhvogu
129.
vhvogub
130.
vhvogubi
131.
vhvogui
132.
vn3d
133.
vn3db
134.
vn3dbi
135.
vn3di
136.
vnantibi
Cngnghthng tin
Cngngh thngtin
Cngngh thngtin
Cngnghthng tin
Cng ngh thng tin
RR
RRR
R
R
RR
R
Cng ngh thng tin
RR
RR
RR
R
RR
R
RRR
RRR
RR
R
R
RR
RR
R
RR
R
vnantiq
138.
vnantiqb
139.
vnantiqi
140.
vnarab
141.
vnarabb
142.
vnarabbi
143.
vnarabi
144.
vnaria
145.
vnaria10
146.
vnaria12
147.
vnaria4
148.
vnaria8
149.
vnariab
150.
vnariabi
151.
vnariai
152.
vnarial
153.
vnarialb
154.
vnariali
155.
vnarialn
156.
vnarianb
157.
vnariani
158.
vnaris
159.
vnarisb
160.
vnarisbi
161.
vnarisi
162.
vnatime
163.
vnavan
164.
vnavanb
165.
vnavanbi
166.
vnavani
167.
vnbaha
168.
vnbahabi
169.
vnblac
170.
vnblacb
171.
vnblacbi
172.
vnblaci
173.
vnbodo
174.
vnbodob
247
248
R
RR
R
RR
RR
RR
R
R
RR
RR
R
RRR
R
R
RR
R
RRR
R
R
RR
R
RRR
R
R
175.
vnbodobi
176.
vnbodoi
177.
vnbtime
178.
vnclarbi
179.
vnclare
180.
vnclareb
181.
vnclarei
182.
vncomsi
183.
vncoop
184.
vncoopb
185.
vncoopbi
186.
vncoopi
187.
vncorsi
188.
vncorsib
189.
vncour
190.
vncourb
191.
vncourbi
192.
vncouri
193.
vnexot
194.
vnexotb
195.
vnexotbi
196.
vnexoti
197.
vnfree
198.
vnfreeb
199.
vnfreebi
200.
vnfreei
201.
vngoth
202.
vngothb
203.
vngothbi
204.
vngothi
205.
vnhelv
206.
vnhelvb
207.
vnhelvbi
208.
vnhelvi
209.
vnkaol
210.
vnkaolb
211.
vnkaolbi
212.
vnkaoli
RR
R
R
RR
R
RRR
RRR
RR
RRR
R
R
RR
R
RRRCng
ngh thng tin
Cng ngh thng tin
R
Cng ngh thng tin
R
Cng ngh thng tin
RR
RRR
RR
R
RR
vnlinc
214.
vnlincb
215.
vnlincbi
216.
vnlinci
217.
vnlinu
218.
vnlinub
219.
vnlinubi
220.
vnlinui
228.
229.
vnmust
230.
vnmustb
231.
vnmustbi
232.
vnmusti
233.
vnpark
234.
vnparkb
235.
vnparkbi
236.
vnparki
237.
vnpres
238.
vnpresb
239.
vnpresbi
240.
vnpresi
241.
vnrevu
242.
vnrevub
243.
vnrevubi
244.
vnrevui
245.
vnsouth
246.
vnsouthb
247.
vnsouthd
248.
vnsouthi
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
vnluci
249.
vnstam
250.
vnstamb
249
250
R
R
RR
R
RRR
R
RR
RR
R
RR
R
R
RR
RR
251.
vnstambi
252.
vnstami
253.
vntekn
254.
vnteknb
255.
vnteknbi
256.
vntekni
257.
vntifh
258.
vntifhb
259.
vntifhbi
260.
vntifhi
261.
vntime
262.
vntimeb
263.
vntimebi
264.
vntimei
265.
vnuniv
266.
vnunivb
267.
vnunivbi
268.
vnunivi
269.
vnvogu
270.
vnvogub
271.
vnvogubi
272.
vnvogui
Cngnghthngtin
Cngnghthngtin
DANH MC T KHA
Symbols
\" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
\$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
$$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
\& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
\, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 236
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 233
-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
--- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
/(/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 236
\; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 236
\= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 71
\> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
\ (\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55, 71
\\* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
\\[ ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 49
^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
\_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 49
~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 46
10pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
11pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
12pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
A
a4paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
a5paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
abstract(mi trng) . . . . . . 33
\abstractname . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\Acute( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\acute() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\addcontentsline . . . . . . . . . 159
\addtocontents . . . . . . . . . . . 159
\addtocounter . . . . . . . 151, 218
\addtolength . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
\addvspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
\advancepageno(cm dng)204
\aleph() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
align(mi trng) . . . . . . . . . 126
alignat(mi trng) . . . . . . 128
aligned(mi trng) . . . . . . 131
\allowdisplaybreaks . . . . . 139
alltt(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\Alph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150, 218
\alph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150, 218
\alpha() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\alsoname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\alsoseename . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\amalg(q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\AmS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
amsart(lp vn bn) . . . . . 18, 37
amsmath(gi lnh) . . . . . . . 18, 98
amsopn(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
amssymb(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\angle() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
\appendixname . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\approx() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\approxeq(u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\arabic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 218
\arccos(arccos) . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Danh mc t kha
\arcsin(arcsin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\arctan(arctan) . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\arg(arg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
array(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
array(mi trng) . . . . 120, 136,
222
\arraystretch . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
article(lp vn bn) 17, 30, 33,
37, 221
\ast() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\asymp() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
aux(ui tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
253
\Biggr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\biggr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bigl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\bigl . . . . .J
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\bigodot( )N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\bigotimes( ) . . . . . . . . . . . .102
\Bigr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\bigr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\bigskip . .F
. . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 238
\bigsqcup( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\bigstar(F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\bigtriangledown(5) . . . . . 101
\bigtriangleup
(4) . . . . . . . 101
U
\biguplus
(
)
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . 102
W
\bigvee( )V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\bigwedge( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\binom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\blacklozenge() . . . . . . . . . 100
\blacksquare() . . . . . . . . . . 100
\blacktriangle(N) . . . . . . . 100
\blacktriangledown(H) . . . 100
\blacktrianglelef(J) . . . . 104
\blacktriangleright(I) . 104
bmatrix(mi trng) . . . . . . 135
\bmod( mod ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\boldsymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
book(lp vn bn) . . 33, 37, 221
\bot() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\bowtie(./) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\Box(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\boxdot( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
\boxed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\boxminus() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\boxplus() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\boxtimes() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\Breve() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\breve() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\bullet() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\Bumpeq(m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
\bumpeq(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
B
\b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
b5paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
babel(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\backepsilon() . . . . . . . . . . 104
\backprime(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\backsim(v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\backsimeq(w) . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\backslash(\) . . . . . . . . . 46, 100
\Bar() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\bar() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\barwedge(Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\Bbbk(k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
bbl(ui tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
\becaus() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\begin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 43
\beta( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\beth(i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
\between(G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\bf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\bfseries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
bfseries(mi trng) . . . . . . 86
\bibitem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164, 231
\bibnameT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\bigcap( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\bigcircS
(
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\bigcup( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\Biggl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
C
\biggl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\biggm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
254
\Cap(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\cap() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\caption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
cases(mi trng) . . . . . . . . . 137
\ccname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
CD(mi trng) . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
\cdot() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\cdot() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
\cdots( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 236
center(mi trng) . . . . 83, 222
\centerdot() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\centering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
centering(mi trng) . . . . . 87
\chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 238
chapter(s m) . . . . . 149, 218
\chaptername . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\Check() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\check() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\chi() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\circ() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\circeq($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
\circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179, 226
\circledast(~) . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\circledcirc(}) . . . . . . . . . . 101
\circleddash() . . . . . . . . . . 101
\circledS(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\cite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162, 231
\cleardoublepage . . . . . 57, 234
\clearpage . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 234
\cleartabs(cm dng) . . . . 204
\cline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84, 230
\clubsuit() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
cm(n v o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
comment(mi trng). . . . . . . .51
\complement({) . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\cong(
=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\contentsline . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
\contentsname . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\coprod() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
c . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\copyright(
)
\cos(cos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\cosh(cosh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\cot(cot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Danh mc t kha
\diamondsuit() . . . . . . . . . . 100
\digamma(z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\dim(dim) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\displaybreak . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
displaymath(mi trng) . . 89,
235
\displaystyle . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
\div() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\divideontimes(>) . . . . . . . 101
document(mi trng) . . . . . . 16
\documentclass . . . . 17, 34, 221
\dosupereject(cm dng) . 204
\Dot() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\dot() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
.
\doteq(=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\doteqdot(+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\dotfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 238
\dotplus(u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\dots(. . . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
\doublebarwedge([) . . . . . . . 101
\Downarrow() . . . . . . . . . 94, 106
\downarrow() . . . . . . . . . 94, 106
\downdownarrows() . . . . . . 106
\downharpoonleft() . . . . . . 106
\downharpoonright() . . . . . 106
draft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
dvi(ui tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
E
\ell(`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\em . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
em(n v o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
em(mi trng) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
\emph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
\emph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
empty(phong cch) . . . . . 33, 237
\emptyset() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\enclname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\endinsert(cm dng) . . . . 204
\enlargethispage . . . . . 57, 234
\ensuremath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
enumerate(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . 38
enumerate(mi trng) . 67, 69,
223
255
enumi(s m) . . . . . . . . 149, 218
enumii(s m) . . . . . . . 149, 218
enumiii(s m) . . . . . 149, 218
enumiv(s m) . . . . . . . 149, 218
\epsilon(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\eqalign(cm dng) . . . . . . . 205
\eqalignno(cm dng) . . . . 205
eqarray(mi trng) . 122, 223
\eqcirc(P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
eqnarray(mi trng) . . . . . 129
\eqref . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
\eqslantgtr(1) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\eqslantless(0) . . . . . . . . . . 104
equation(mi trng)131, 224,
235
equation(s m) . . . . 149, 218
\equiv() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\eta( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\eth() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
ex(n v o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
executivepaper . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\exists() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\exp(exp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
exscale(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . 37
F
\fallingdotseq(;) . . . . . . . 104
\fbox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172, 238
\fboxrule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
\fboxsep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
figure(mi trng) . . . . . . . 224
figure(s m) . . . . . . . 149, 218
\figurename . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\Finv(`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\fivebf(cm dng) . . . . . . . . 205
\fivei(cm dng) . . . . . . . . . 205
\fiverm(cm dng) . . . . . . . . 205
\fivesy(cm dng) . . . . . . . . 205
flalign(mi trng) . . . . . . 127
\flat([) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\flushbottom . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
256
flushleft(mi trng) . . . 224
flushright(mi trng) . . . 42,
224
\fnsymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
\fnsymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
\folio(cm dng) . . . . . . . . . 204
\footenote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
\footline(cm dng) . . . . . 204
\footnote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
footnote(s m) . . . . 149, 218
\footnotemark . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
\footnotesize . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\footnotetext . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
\footskip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\footstrut(cm dng) . . . . 204
\forall() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\frac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 236
\frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
\framebox . . . 63, 172, 175, 226,
239
\frenchspacing . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\frown(_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
ftnright(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . 38
G
\Game(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\Gamma() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\gamma() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
gather(mi trng) . . . . . . . . 122
gathered(mi trng) . . . . . 131
\gcd(gcd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\genfrac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
\geq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\geqslant(>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\gg() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\ggg() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\gimel( ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
glo(ui tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
\gnapprox() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\gneq(
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
I
\gneqq( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\i
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.R. . . . .R. . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\gnsim() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\idotsint
(
) . . . . . . . . . . 92
graphics(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . 37
\graphpaper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 idx(ui tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Danh mc t kha
RRRR
\iiiintRRR
(
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\iiintRR
(
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
\iint( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\Im(=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\imath() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\in() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
in(n v o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\include . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
\includeonly . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
ind(ui tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
\indent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 235
indentfirst(gi lnh) . . . . . . 38
\index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
\indexname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\inf(inf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\infty() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
\injlim(inj lim) . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\input
R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
\int( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\intercal(|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\intertext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
\iota() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
\itemindent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
itemize(mi trng) . . . . 68, 69,
225
\itemsep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
\itshape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
itshape(mi trng). . . . . . . .86
J
\j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\jmath( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\Join(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
257
\labelsep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
\labelwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
\Lambda() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\lambda() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\lange (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\LARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\Large . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\large . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\LaTeX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\LaTeXe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
latexsym(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . 37
layout(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\lceil(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\ldots(. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 236
\left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 121
\Leftarrow() . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\leftarrow() . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\leftarrowtail() . . . . . . . 106
\leftharpoondown()) . . . . 106
\leftharpoonup(() . . . . . . . 106
\leftleftarrows() . . . . . . 106
\leftmargin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
\Leftrightarrow() . . . . . . 106
\leftrightarrow() . . . . . . 106
\leftrightarrows() . . . . 106
\leftrightsquigarrow(!)
106
\leftroot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\leftthreetimes(h) . . . . . . 101
legalpaper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\leq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\leqalignno(cm dng) . . . 205
leqno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\leqslant(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\lessapprox(/) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\lessdot(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\lesseqgtr(Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
K
\kappa( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\ker(ker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\kern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \lesseqqgtr(S) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\keywordsname . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\kill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 \lessgtr() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\lesssim(.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
letter(lp vn bn) 35, 37, 221
L
\label . . . . . . . . . . . 116, 162, 219 letter(mi trng) . . . . . . . 225
258
\lfloor(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\lg(lg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\lhd() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\lim(lim) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\liminf(lim inf) . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 96
\limsup(lim sup) . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176, 227
\linebreak . . . . . . . . . . . . 55, 234
\linethickness . . . . . . . . . . . 227
list(mi trng) . . . . . 153, 225
\listfigurename . . . . . . . . . . 146
\listoffigures . . . . . . . . . . . 161
\listoftable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
\listparindent . . . . . . . . . . . 154
\listtablename . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\ll() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\llcorner(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Lleftarrow(W) . . . . . . . . . . 106
\lll() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\ln(ln) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\lnapprox() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\lneq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\lneqq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\lnsim() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
loc(ui tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
lof(ui tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
\log(log) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
log(ui tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
\Longleftarrow(=) . . . . . 106
\longleftarrow() . . . . . 106
\Longleftrightarrow()
106
\longleftrightarrow()
106
\longmapsto(7) . . . . . . . . . 106
\Longrightarrow(=) . . . . 106
\longrightarrow() . . . . 106
longtable(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . 38
\looparrowleft(") . . . . . . . 106
\looparrowright(#) . . . . . . 106
lot(ui tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
\lozenge() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Danh mc t kha
minipage(mi trng) 148, 225
\mod( mod ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\models(|=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\mp() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\mspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
\mu() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
multicol(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . 38
\multicolumn . . . . . 84, 121, 230
\multimap(() . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\multiput . . . . . . . . . . . . 181, 227
multline(mi trng) . . . . . 122
\multlinegap . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
myheadings(phong cch) . . . 33,
237
N
\natural(\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\ncong() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\ne(6=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nearrow(%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\NeedsTeXFormat . . . . . . . . . . . 19
\neg() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\negmedspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
\negthickspace . . . . . . . . . . . 110
\negthinspace . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
\newcommand. . . . . . . . . .140, 219
\newcounter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
\newenviroment . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\newenvironment . . . . . . . . . 220
\newfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
\newlength . . . . . . . . . . . 152, 233
\newline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55, 234
\newpage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 234
\newsavebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
\newtheorem . . . . . . . . . . . 77, 220
\nexists(@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\ngeq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\ngeqq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\ngeqslant() . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\ngtr() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\ni(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\nLeftarrow(:) . . . . . . . . . . 106
\nleftarrow(8) . . . . . . . . . . 106
259
\nLeftrightarrow(<) . . . . 106
\nleftrightarrow(=) . . . . 106
\nleq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nleqq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nleqslant(
) . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nless() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nmid(-) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\noindent . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 235
\nolimits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\nolinebreak . . . . . . . . . 56, 234
\nonfrenchspacing . . . . . . . . . 42
\nopagebreak . . . . . . . . . 57, 234
\nopagenumbers(cm dng)204
\normalbottom(cm dng) . 204
\normalfont . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
\normalsize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\notag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
\notesname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
\notin(
/ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
notitlepage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\nparallel() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nprec() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\npreceq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nRightarrow(;) . . . . . . . . . 106
\nrightarrow(9) . . . . . . . . . 106
\nshortmid(.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nshortparallel(/) . . . . . . . 105
\nsim() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nsubseteq(*) . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nsubseteqq(") . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nsucc() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nsucceq() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nsupseteq(+) . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\ntriangleleft(6) . . . . . . . 105
\ntrianglelefteq(5) . . . . . 105
\ntriangleright(7) . . . . . . 105
\ntrianglerighteq(4) . . . . 105
\nu() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\numberline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
\numberwithin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
260
\nVDash(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nVdash(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nvDash(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nvdash(0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
\nwarrow(-) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
O
\oddsidemargin . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\odot() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\oldstyle(cm dng) . . . . . 205
\oldstylenums . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\Omega() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\omega( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\ominus( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\onecolumn . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 222
oneside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
onesite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
openany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
openright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\oplus() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\oslash() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\otimes() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\oval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179, 227
\overbrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
\overfullrrule . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\overline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
\overset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
P
\P() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 100
page(s m) . . . . . . . . . 149, 218
\pagebody(cm dng) . . . . . 204
\pagebreak . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 234
\pagecontents(cm dng) . 204
\pageinsert(cm dng) . . . 204
\pagename . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\pageno(cm dng) . . . . . . . . 204
\pagenumbering . . . . . . . . . . . 237
\pageref . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162, 219
\pagestyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\pagestyles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
\paperwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\par . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 56, 235
paragraph(s m) . . . 149, 218
Danh mc t kha
\psi() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
psnfss(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
pt(n v o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\put . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175, 227
261
Q
\qedsymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\qquad . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 110, 236
\quad . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 110, 236
quotation(mi trng) 73, 228
quote(mi trng) . . . . . 73, 228
\rightsquigarrow( ) . . . . 106
\rightthreetimes(i) . . . . . 101
\risingdotseq(:) . . . . . . . . 104
\rm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\rmfamily . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
rmfamily(mi trng) . . . . . . 86
\Roman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 218
\roman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 218
\Rrightarrow(V) . . . . . . . . . 106
\rtimes(o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
\rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 85, 240
R
\raggedleft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
raggedleft(mi trng) . . . . 87
\raggedright . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
raggedright(mi trng) . . . 87
\raise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
\raisebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 240
\raisetag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
\range(i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\rceil(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\Re(<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\ref . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116, 162, 219
\refname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\refstepcounter . . . . . . . . . . 151
\reggedbottom . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
\relax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
\renewcommand . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
report(lp vn bn) 33, 37, 221
reqno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\rfloor(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
\rhd() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\rho() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 121
\Rightarrow() . . . . . . . . . . 106
\rightarrow() . . . . . . . . . . 106
\rightarrowtail() . . . . . 106
\rightharpoondown(+) . . . 106
\rightharpoonup(*) . . . . . . 106
\rightleftarrows() . . . . 106
\rightleftharpoons(
) . . 106
\rightmargin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
\rightrightarrows() . . . 106
S
\S() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 100
\savebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175, 240
\sb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\sc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\scriptscriptstyle . . . . . . 115
\scriptsize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\scriptstyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
\scshape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
scshape(mi trng). . . . . . . .86
\searrow(&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\sec(sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
section(s m) . . . . . 149, 218
\setcounter . . . . . 134, 149, 219
\setlength . . . . . . . 54, 152, 233
\setminus(\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\settabs(cm dng) . . . . . . . 204
\settodepth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
\settoheight . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
\settowidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
\sevenbf(cm dng) . . . . . . . 205
\seveni(cm dng) . . . . . . . . 205
\sevensy(cm dng) . . . . . . . 205
\sf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\sffamily . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
sffamily(mi trng) . . . . . . 86
\sharp(]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\shortmid(p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\shortparallel(q) . . . . . . . . 104
\shortstack. . . . . . . . . .178, 227
\shoveleft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
262
\shoveright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
showidx(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . 37
showkeys(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . 38
\sideset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
\Sigma() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\sigma() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\sim() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\simeq(') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\sin(sin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\sinh(sinh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\sl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
slides(lp vn bn) . . . . . . . 221
\slshape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
slshape(mi trng). . . . . . . .86
\small . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\smallfrown(a) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\smallint( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
smallmatrix(mi trng) . . 135
\smallsetminus(r) . . . . . . . 101
\smallskip . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 240
\smallsmile(`) . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\smash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
\smash(chnh cao dng) . . . . 112
\smile(^) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\sp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\spadesuit() . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\spbreve( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\spcheck( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\spdddot( ... ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\spddot( .. ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\spdot( . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
\sphat( b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\sphericalangle(^) . . . . . . 100
split(mi trng) . . . . . . . . . 132
\sptilde( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\sqcap(u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\sqcup(t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\sqrt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 236
\sqsubset(<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\sqsubseteq(v) . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\sqsupset(=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\square() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
\surd( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\swapnumbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
\swarrow(.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
T
\t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\tabalign(cm dng) . . . . . 204
tabbing(mi trng) . . 72, 228
Danh mc t kha
table(mi trng) . . . . . . . . 229
table(s m) . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
\tablename . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
\tableofcontents . . . . . . . . . 159
\tabs(cm dng) . . . . . . . . . . 204
\tabsdone(cm dng) . . . . . 204
\tabset(cm dng) . . . . . . . . 204
tabular(mi trng) . . 81, 229
tabularx(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . 38
\tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116, 122
\tan(tan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\tanh(tanh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\tau( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\tbinom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\teni(cm dng) . . . . . . . . . . 205
\TeX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\texnormal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 62, 94
\textbf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
\textbullet() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\textcircled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\textheight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\textit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
\textmd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
\textnormal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
\textperiodcentered() . . . . 48
\textrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
\textsc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
\textsf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
\textsl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
\textstyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
\texttt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
\textup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
\textvisiblespace() . . . . . . . 48
\textwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\tfrac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
\thanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
thebibliography(mi trng)
164, 231
\thefootnote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
theorem(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . 38
theorem(mi trng) . . . . . . 231
\theoremstyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
\therefore() . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
263
\theta( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
\thickapprox() . . . . . . . . . . 104
\thicklines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
\thicksim() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\thickspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
\thinlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
\thinspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
\thispagestyle . . . . . . . 33, 238
\Tilde() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\tilde() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\times() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\times() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
\tiny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
titlepage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
titlepage(mi trng) . . . 231
\to() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\tocname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
tools(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\top(>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\topinsert(cm dng) . . . . 204
\topmargin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\topsep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
\totalheight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\triangle(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\triangledown(O) . . . . . . . . . 100
\triangleleft(/) . . . . . . . . . 101
\trianglelefteq(E) . . . . . . 104
\triangleq(,) . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
\triangleright(.) . . . . . . . . 101
\trianglerighteq(D) . . . . . 104
\tt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\ttfamily . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
ttfamily(mi trng) . . . . . . 86
\twocolumn . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 222
twocolumn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\twoheadleftarrow() . . . 106
\twoheadrightarrow() . . 106
twoside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
U
\u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\ulcorner(p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\underbrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
264
\underline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
\unitlength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
\unlhd() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\unrhd() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
\Uparrow() . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 106
\uparrow() . . . . . . . . . . . .94, 106
\Updownarrow(m) . . . . . . . 94, 106
\updownarrow(l) . . . . . . . 94, 106
\upharpoonleft() . . . . . . . . 106
\upharpoonright() . . . . . . . 106
\uplus(]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\uproot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\upshape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 242
upshape(mi trng). . . . . . . .86
\Upsilon() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\upsilon() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\upuparrows() . . . . . . . . . . . 106
\urcorner(q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\usebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181, 240
\usecounter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
\usepackage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
V
\v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151, 219
\varDelta() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varepsilon() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varGamma( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varrho($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varinjlim(lim) . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
varioref(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . 38
\varkappa( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varLambda() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varliminf(lim) . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\varlimsup(lim) . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
\varnothing() . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\varOmega() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varPhi() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varphi( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\varPi( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
W
\varpi(v ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 \wedge() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
\varprojlim(lim) . . . . . . . . . . 97 \widehat(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Danh mc t kha
\widetilde(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
\width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
\wp() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
\wr(o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
X
\Xi() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
\xi( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
xr(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
xspace(gi lnh) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Z
\zeta( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
265
266