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PHN 1: TM TT L THUYT
A. DN XUT HALOGEN
I. nh ngha, phn loi, ng phn v danh php.
1. nh ngha
Khi thay th mt hay nhiu nguyn t hiro trong phn t hirocacbon bng cc nguyn
t halogen ta c dn xut halogen ca hirocacbon, thng gi tt l dn xut halogen.
2. Phn loi : Dn xut halogen c dng C aHbXc ( X l halogen cn c l s nguyn t
halogen X)
NaOH
C2H5 Br + NaOH
R OH + NaX
t C2H5
0
OH + NaBr
Mt s ch :
ROH s h bin thnh cht khc khi OH gn vo C c cha ni i ci ny em s
c nhc n k hn trong mt s bi tp lin quan.
Khi nh s v c tn phi u tin lin kt i, ba ri mi n halogen, nh s sao
cho tng s ch v tr nhnh l nh nht.
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B. ANCOL V ETE
I. nh ngha, phn loi:
1. nh ngha:
Ancol l nhng HCHC trong phn t c nhm hiroxyl (- OH) lin kt trc tip vi nguyn
t cacbon no.
V d: CH3OH ; CH2 = CH CH2 OH ...
2 . Phn loi:
Ancol no, n chc, mch h c CTPT l: CnH2n + 1OH hay CnH2n + 2O (vi n 1).
II. ng phn, danh php:
1. ng phn: T C3H8O mi c ng phn.
ng phn mch cacbon.
ng phn v tr nhm chc.
V d: C4H10O c 4 ng phn ancol.
2 . Danh php :
a) Tn thng thng: Tn gi= ancol + tn gc hirocacbon + ic.
V d: C2H5OH : ancol etylic
b) Tnh cht c trng ca glixerol: 2C3H5 (OH)3 + Cu(OH)2 [C3H5 (OH)2O]2Cu + H2O
ng (II) glixerat mu xanh lam
Phn ng ny dng phn bit ancol n chc vi ancol a chc c 2 nhm OH cnh
nhau trong phn t.
2 . Phn ng th nhm OH:
Trang 2
a) Phn ng vi axit v c:
C2H5OH + HBr
to
2 SO4 d
H140
C2H5OH + HOC2H5
o
C
b) Phn ng vi ancol:
C2H5Br + H2O
C2H5 - O - C2H5 + H2O
2 SO4 d
H170
H CH2 CH2 OH
o
C
CnH2n +2 +
3n
O2 nCO2 + (n +1)H2O
2
ancol bc
I
ancol bc III
V d:
anehit.
CuO ,t o
ancol bc II
CuO ,t o
xeton
kh b oxi ho.
to
V. iu ch:
1. Phng php tng hp:
a) Etanol:
t etilen
b) Glixerol:
(C6H5OH)n
H 2O
t o , xt
C6H12O6
enzim
C2H5OH
Mt s ch quan trng:
ru
Vancol
.100
Vdd
n(n 1)
ete khc nhau.
2
1
n Ancol khi un n ru khc nhau s cho
2
Trang 3
Ancol thm l nhng cht c nhm OH gn vo mch nhnh ca vng benzen. Ancol
thm khng phi l axit nn khng phn ng vi NaOH.
V d:
II. Tnh cht ho hc:
a) Phn ng th nguyn t hiro ca nhm OH:
C6H5OH + Na C6H5ONa +
H2
Natri phenolat
C6H5OH + NaOH C6H5ONa + H2O
Tc dng vi baz:
Phenol c tnh axit, tnh axit ca phenol rt yu; dung dch phenol khng lm i mu
qu tm.
b) Phn ng th nguyn t hiro ca vng benzen:
OH
OH
Br
Br
+ 3HBr
+ 3Br2
Br
2,4,6- trinitro phenol
OH
OH
+ 3HNO3
H2SO4 ac
O2N
NO2
+ 3H2O
NO2
Trang 4
Cch 1:
CH 3
CH 2 CH
H
1) O2
2) ddH
2 SO4
Cch 2:
Br2
Fe ,t o
NaOH
to
HCl
2.
C. 4.
D. 5.
Cc ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t C 8H10O (u l dn xut ca benzen) c tnh cht: tch
nc thu c sn phm c th trng hp to polime, khng tc dng vi NaOH. S lng ng
phn ng vi cng thc phn t C8H10O, tha mn tnh cht trn l
A. 4.
3.
B. 3.
B. 1.
C. 3.
D. 2.
4.
X l ng phn ng vi CTPT l C 6H13Br. Bit khi un nng X vi dung dch kim/etanol th thu
c 3 anken (tnh c ng phn hnh hc) v cc anken cng nc (xc tc axit) thu c sn
phm chnh khng b oxi ha bi CuO. Tn gi ca X l:
A. 1-bromhexan.
B. 3-brom-3-metylpentan.
C. 2-bromhexan.
D. 2-brom-2,3-imetylbutan.
Tch nc
1.
2.
Khi tch nc t mt cht X c cng thc phn t C 4H10O to thnh 3 anken l ng phn ca nhau
(tnh c ng phn hnh hc). Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l
A. (CH3)3COH.
B. CH3CH(CH3)CH2OH.
C. CH3OCH2CH2CH3.
D. CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3.
Khi thc hin phn ng tch nc i vi ru (ancol) X, ch thu c mt anken duy nht. Oxi
ho hon ton mt lng cht X thu c 5,6 lt CO 2 ( ktc) v 5,4 gam nc. C bao nhiu cng
thc cu to ph hp vi X?
A. 5.
3.
B. 4.
C. 3.
Chia mt lng hn hp hai ancol no, n chc thnh hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1 em t chy hon ton thu c 2,24 l CO 2 (ktc)
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D. 2.
B. 1,8g.
C. 2,4g.
D. 3,6g.
Phn ng th
1.
2.
B. CH3CH2CH2OH v CH2=CH-CH2OH.
C. CH3OH v CH2=CH-CH2OH.
D. Phng n khc.
Cho 15,6 gam hn hp hai ancol (ru) n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng ht
vi 9,2 gam Na, thu c 24,5 gam cht rn. Hai ancol l
A. CH3OH v C2H5OH.
B. C3H7OH v C4H9OH.
C. C2H5OH v C3H7OH.
D. C3H5OH v C4H7OH.
Cho m gam mt ancol (ru) no, n chc X qua bnh ng CuO (d), nung nng. Sau khi phn
ng hon ton, khi lng cht rn trong bnh gim 0,32 gam. Hn hp hi thu c c t khi i
vi hiro l 15,5. Gi tr ca m l
A. 0,92.
2.
4.
5.
C. 0,32.
D. 0,64.
Cho mt hn hp hi metanol v etanol i qua ng cha CuO nung nng, khng c khng kh. Cc
sn phm kh v hi sinh ra c dn i qua nhng bnh cha ring r H 2SO4 c v KOH. Sau th
nghim,thy ng ng CuO gim 80 gam, bnh ng H 2SO4 tng 54 gam. Khi lng etanol tham
gia phn ng l
A. 46 gam.
3.
B. 0,46.
B. 15,33 gam.
C. 23 gam.
D. 14,67 gam.
B. CH3-CH2-CH2OH v CH3CH2CH2Br.
C. CH3-CH2-CH2OH v CH3-CHBr-CH3.
D. CH2=CH-CH2OH v CH2=CHCH2Br.
Hn hp X gm ancol metylic v 1 ancol no, n chc A, mch h. Cho 2,76 gam X tc dng vi
Na d thu c 0,672l hiro (ktc), mt khc oxi ha hon ton 2,76g X bng CuO (t o) thu c
hn hp anehit. Cho ton b lng anhit ny tc dng vi dung dch AgNO 3/NH3 d thu c
19,44g kt tA. Cng thc phn t ca A l:
A. CH3CH2OH.
B. CH3CH2CH2OH.
C. CH3CH(CH3)OH.
D. (CH3)2CHCH2OH.
Cho 3 cht hu c n chc c cng cng thc phn t C 3H8O tc dng vi CuO (t oC) thu c
hn hp sn phm. Cho hn hp sn phm tc dng vi AgNO 3/NH3 d thu c 21,6g Ag. Nu
un nng hn hp 3 cht trn vi H 2SO4 c nhit 140oC th thu c 34,5g hn hp 4 ete v
4,5 gam H2O. Thnh phn % khi lng ru bc 2 c trong hn hp l:
A. 61,53%.
B. 46,15%.
C. 30,77%.
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D. 15,38%.
1.
2.
t chy hon ton 3,075g hn hp 2 ancol no, n chc v cho sn phm ln lt i qua bnh 1
ng H2SO4 c v bnh 2 ng KOH rn. Tnh khi lng cc bnh tng ln bit rng nu cho
lng ru trn tc dng vi Na d thy bay ra 0,672 lt H 2 ktc.
A. Bnh 1 tng 3,645g, bnh 2 tng 6,27g.
3.
B. C2H4(OH)2.
D. C2H5OH.
X l mt ancol no, mch h. t chy hon ton 0,05 mol X cn 5,6 gam oxi, thu c hi nc v
6,6 gam CO2. Cng thc ca X l
A. C2H4(OH)2.
4.
C. C3H6(OH)2.
B. C3H6(OH)2.
C. C3H5(OH)3.
D. C3H7OH.
t chy hon ton m gam hn hp ancol A v B thuc loi ancol no, n chc, k tip nhau trong
cng dy ng ng thu c 5,6 lt CO 2 (ktc) v 6,3 gam nc. Mt khc oxi ha hon ton hai
ancol A v B bng CuO (t0) th thu c mt anehit v mt xeton. A, B ln lt l:
A. CH3OH v C2H5OH.
B. CH3CH2CH2OH v CH3CH2CHOHCH3.
C. C2H5OH v CH3CH2CH2OH.
D. CH3CHOHCH3 v CH3CH2OH
Cho 7,872 lt kh C2H4 o 27oC; 1 atm hp th nc c xc tc, hiu sut 80% thu c ru X.
Ho tan X vo nc thnh 245,3 ml dung dch Y. ru trong dung dch Y l:
A. 40.
2.
B. 120.
C. 60.
D. 80.
B. C3H7OH v C4H9OH.
C. C2H5OH v C4H9OH.
D. C4H9OH v C5H11OH.
Phenol v ru thm
1.
Cho s
C6H6 (benzen)
+NaOH
c (d )
to cao, p cao
+axit HCl
Hai cht hu c Y, Z ln lt l:
2.
3.
A. C6H6(OH)6 v C6H6Cl6.
B. C6H4(OH)2 v C6H4Cl2.
C. C6H5ONa v C6H5OH.
D. C6H5OH v C6H5Cl.
Khi t 0,1 mol cht X (dn xut ca benzen), khi lng CO 2 thu c nh hn 35,2 gam. Bit
rng 1 mol X ch tc dng c vi 1 mol NaOH. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l
A. HOCH2C6H4COOH.
B. C6H4(OH)2.
C. C2H5C6H4OH.
D. C6H4(CH3)OH.
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A. C6H5CH(OH)2.
4.
B. HOC6H4CH2OH.
C. CH3C6H3(OH)2.
D. CH3OC6H4OH.
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