HIDROCACBON

A. TM TT L THUYT
I. Cc hidrocacbon
1. Ankan: Ch cha lin kt n trong phn t v c cng thc tng qut CnH2n+2 (n 1)
ng phn: V mch cacbon
Tn gi: S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn mch chnh
VD: Vit cng thc cu to v gi tn ca C6H14
2. Xicloankan: Ch cha lin kt n v cu to mch vng v c cng thc CnH2n (n 3)
ng phn:
S nguyn t C trong vng
V s nhnh trong vng
VD: Vit cng thc cu to dng mch vng ca C5H10 v gi tn
3. Anken: Cu to mch h v c 1 lin i trong phn t v c cng thc CnH2n (n 2)
ng phn
Mch C
V tr ni i
ng phn hnh hc cis tran. (Lu : ng phn cis-tran ch tnh 1 ng phn)
R1

R3

R1

R2

R4

R3

R4

C C
R2

Tn gi: S ch v tr nhnhtn nhnh tn mch chnhs ch ni ien

VD 01: Vit cng thc cu to mch h v gi tn cc ng phn c cng thc l: C5H10
VD 02: Hp cht no sau y c ng phn hnh hc?
A. 2-metylbut-2-en.
B. 2-clo-but-1-en.
C. 2,3- iclobut-2-en.
D. 2,3 imetylpent-2-en.
4. Ankaien: Cu to mch h c 2 lin i trong phn t v c cng thc CnH2n-2 (n 3)
ng phn
Mch C
V tr hai ni i
ng phn hnh hc cis tran.
VD: Cho cc cht sau: CH2=CHCH2CH2CH=CH2; CH2=CHCH=CHCH2CH3;
CH3C(CH3)=CHCH2; CH2=CHCH2CH=CH2; CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH3;
CH3C(CH3)=CHCH2CH3; CH3CH2C(CH3)=C(C2H5)CH(CH3)2; CH3CH=CHCH3.
S cht c ng phn hnh hc l:
A. 4.
B. 1.
C. 2.
D. 3.
Tn gi: S ch v tr nhnhtn nhnh tn mch chnhs ch v tr hai ni ien
VD: Vit cng thc cu to v gi tn ankaien c cng thc C5H8
5. Ankin: Cu to mch h c 1 lin ba trong phn t v c cng thc CnH2n-2 (n 2)
ng phn
Mch C
V tr hai ni ba

 Tn gi: S ch v tr nhnhtn nhnh tn mch chnhs ch v tr ni bain

6. Hidrocacbon thm bao gm:
Benzen v ng ng ca n: cng thc CnH2n-6
Stiren (vinylbenzen) v naphtalen
CH CH2

ng phn v tn gi
ng phn
Aren c ba ng phn v tr
Ortho (o-)

meta (m-)

(1,2-)

(1,3-)

para ( p-)
(1,4-)

Nu c t 3 nhm th th cch c tn s theo nh s

Br
1 2 NO
2

4
NO2

H3C
1-Brom-2,4- initrobenzen

II.Tnh cht ha hc
1. Phn ng cng H2
Xicloankan t 3 n 4C th c phn ng cng m vng
Ni, t0
CH3 CH2 CH3
+ H2
+ H2

Ni, t0

Cn H 2n H
2

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3

Ni,t 0

C n H 2n 2

Anken:
Ankin v ankaien
Xc tc Pd/PbCO3

C n H 2n 2 H
2
Xc tc Ni; t0

Pd/PbCO3 ,t 0

C n H 2n

CH3
Cumen
(isopropylbenzen)

Ni,t 0

C n H 2n 2 2H
2

Cn H 2n 2

Hidrocacbon thm
+ 3H2

Ni, t0

Benzen
xiclohexan
2. Phn ng cng Br2
Xicloankan: vng 3 cnh cho phn ng m vng vi dung dch Br2
Br CH2 CH2 CH2 Br

+ Br2

3. Phn ng cng HX ( X l OH hoc halogen)

Xicloankan c 3C phn ng m vng vi HBr cho sn phm hu c duy nht
CH3 CH2 CH2 Br
+ HBr
Cc hidrocacbon khng no tc dng HX theo quy tc Maccopnhicop

Cn H 2n HX

C n H 2n 1X

C n H 2n 2 HX

CH3 CH CH2

C n H 2n X 4

CH3 CH CH3

+ HOH

Sa
n pha
m chnh

OH
CH3 CH2 CH2 OH

Sa
n pha
m phu

Axetilen cng nc iu kin thch hp cho anehit cn ng ng th cho xeton

4. Phn ng tch

Cn H 2n
2

xt,t 0

Ca H 2a 2 CbH 2b(a b

n)

5. Phn ng oxi ha

3C n H 2n 2KMnO 4 4H 2O

y
C x H y (x )O
2
4

xCO
2

3C n H 2n (OH)
2 2MnO
2

2KOH

y
H 2O
2

6. Phn ng vi AgNO3/NH3
Nhng ankin c ni ba u mch cho phn ng to ta vng nht
CH CH + 2AgNO3 + 2NH3

Ag

C C Ag + 2NH4NO3

R C CH + AgNO3 + NH3

R C C Ag

+ NH4NO3

7. Phn ng th

Cn H 2n 2 Cl2

as

Cn H 2n1Cl HCl

Phn ng th: Cn ch in iu kin phn ng nu l hidrocacbon thm

Th nguyn t H vng benzen
Tc dng vi halogen
Br
+ Br2

Fe; t0

+ HBr

Cho ankyl benzen phn ng vi brom c bt st th thu c hn hp sn phm th brom

ch yu vo v tr ortho v para.
VD:
CH3

CH3

Br
+Br2

Fe; t0
+ HBr
CH3

Br
Phn ng gia benzen v ng ng vi axit HNO 3 xy ra tng t nh phn ng vi
halogen.

Quy tc th

Khi trong phn t benzen c nhm th loi 1 nh: Cl; Br; I; OH; NH 2; gc ankyl;
-OCH3...) th nhm th th 2 s u tin vo v tr ortho v para

loai 1
ortho

para

Khi nhm th th nht thuc loi 2: nhm ht e t nhn benzen(-COOH; -CHO;

NO2;

C CH

...) th nhm th th s u tin th v tr meta

loai 2

meta
Th nguyn t H mch chnh
C6H5CH3

Br2

t0

C6H5CH2Br +

HBr

III: iu ch hidrocacbon
B. PHNG PHP GII BI TP
I. Phn ng th
1. Cho C5H10 tc dng vi Clo theo t l 1 : 1. Tnh s dn xut monoclo thu c
2. Clo ha mt ankan theo t l mol 1 : 1 ch thu c mt dn xut mono clo c t khi i vi NO l
4,95. Ankan ny l:
A. 2,3,3-trimetylpentan
B. 2,2,3,3-tetrametylbutan
C. 2,3,4-trimetylpentan
D. octan
3. Khi cho ankan X (83,72% khi lng cacbon trong phn t) tc dng vi clo theo t l mol 1:1 (trong
iu kin chiu sng) ch thu c 2 dn xut monoclo ng phn ca nhau. Tn ca X l
A. butan
B. 2- metylpropan
C. 2,3-imetylbutan
D. 3-metylpentan.
4. Cho 17,92 lt hn hp kh X gm 3 hidrocacbon l ankan, anken v ankin ly theo t l th tch tng
ng l 1:1:2 li qua bnh cha dung dch AgNO 3/NH3 ly d thu c 96g kt ta v hn hp kh Y.
t chy ho ton hn hp kh Y thu c 13,44 lt CO 2. Th tch cc kh o ktc. Tm CTPT ca 3
hidrocacbon?
A. CH4; C2H4; C3H4
B. CH4; C2H4; C2H2
C. CH4; C3H6; C3H4 D. C2H4; C3H8; C2H2
5. Cho hn hp kh X gm H2, propin v mt anken.Cho 1,008 lt hn hp X tc dng vi dung dch
AgNO3 trong NH3 d th thu c 0,735 gam kt ta.Nu cho 1,008 lt hn hp X tc dng vi dung

dch brm d th th tch kh cn li bng 55,6% th tch kh ban u.Cc th tch kh o c ktc.
Nu cho 1,008 lt hn hp X qua bt Ni nung nng th thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi hiro
l 27,25.Xc nh CTPT ca anken,bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
A. C4H8
B. C3H6
C. C5H10
D. C6H12
II. t chy
1. t chy hon ton 20,0 ml hn hp X gm C3H6, CH4, CO (th tch CO gp hai ln th tch CH4),
thu c 24,0 ml CO2(cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut). T khi ca X so vi
kh hiro l
A. 12,9
B. 25,8
C. 22,2
D. 11,1
2. Hn hp X c t khi so vi H2 l 32,6 gm pentan, hex-2-in v butan. Khi t chy hon ton a mol
X, ri cho sn phm chy qua nc vi trong d thy c 46 gam kt ta v sau phn ng khi lng
dung dch ca bnh gim 16,6 gam. Tm a
A. 0,15 gam.
B. 0,2 gam.
C. 0,1 gam.
D. 0,3 gam.
3. Ba hirocacbon X, Y, Z l ng ng k tip, M Z = 2,077MX. Cc cht X, Y, Z thuc dy ng ng.
em t chy a gam Y ri dn sn phm chy qua bnh nc vi trong d, sau phn ng thy khi
lng bnh gim 6,6 gam ng thi c 15 gam kt ta. Tnh a
A. 3.
B. 3,15.
C. 2.
D. 6,15.
4. t m gam hn hp gm mt ankan, mt anken, mt ankin. Dn ton b sn phm chy vo 4,5 lt
dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,02M, thu c kt ta v khi lng dung dch tng 3,78 gam . Cho dung
dch Ba(OH)2 d vo dd thu c, kt ta li tng thm, tng khi lng kt ta hai ln l 18,85 gam.
Gi tr m l:
A. 1,34
B. 1,68
C. 1,86
D. 1,87
III: Phn ng vi H2
1. Cho cc cht: xiclobutan, 2-metylpropen, but-1-en, cis-but-2-en, 2-metylbut-2-en. Dy gm cc cht
sau khi phn ng vi H2 (d, xc tc Ni, to), cho cng mt sn phm l:
A. xiclobutan, 2-metylbut-2-en v but-1-en.
B. 2-metylpropen, cis-but-2-en v xiclobutan.
C. xiclobutan, cis-but-2-en v but-1-en.
D. but-1-en, 2-metylpropen v cis-but-2-en.
2. Cho H2 v 1 olefin c th tch bng nhau qua Niken un nng ta c hn hp A. Bit t khi hi
ca A i vi H2 l 23,2. Hiu sut phn ng hiro ho l 75%. Cng thc phn t olefin l
A. C2H4.
B. C3H6.
C. C4H8.
D. C5H10.
3. un nng hn hp kh gm 0,06 mol C2H2 v 0,04 mol H2 vi xc tc Ni, sau mt thi gian thu
c hn hp kh Y. Dn ton b hn hp Y li t t qua bnh ng dung dch brom (d) th cn li
0,448 lt hn hp kh Z ( ktc) c t khi so vi O2 l 0,5. Khi lng bnh dung dch brom tng l
A. 1,04 gam
B. 1,32 gam
C. 1,64 gam
D. 1,20 gam
4. un nng hn hp X gm 0,1 mol C 3H4 ; 0,2 mol C2H4 ; 0,35 mol H2 vi bt Ni xc tc c hn
hp Y. Dn ton b Y qua bnh ng dung dch KMnO4 d, thy thot ra 6,72 l hn hp kh Z (ktc)
c t khi so vi H2 l 12. Bnh ng dung dch KMnO4 tng s gam l:
A. 17,2.
B. 9,6.
C. 7,2.
D. 3,1
VI: Phn ng cracking
1. Khi tin hnh craking 22,4 lt kh C4H10 (ktc) thu c hn hp A gm CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C3H6, C4H8,
H2 v C4H10 d. t chy hon ton A thu c x gam CO2 v y gam H2O. Gi tr ca x v y tng
ng l:
A. 176 v 180.
B. 44 v 18.
C. 44 v 72.
D. 176 v 90.
2. Khi crackinh hon ton mt th tch ankan X thu c ba th tch hn hp Y (cc th tch kh o
cng iu kin nhit v p sut); t khi ca Y so vi H2 bng 12. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C6H14.
B. C3H8.
C. C4H10.
D. C5H12.

3. Khi Crckinh V lt butan c hn hp A ch gm cc anken v ankan. T khi hi ca hn hp A so

vi H2 bng 21,75. Hiu sut ca phn ng Crckinh butan l bao nhiu?
A. 33,33%
B. 66,67%
C. 46,67%
D. 50.33%