I.

Cc khi nim
1. Cht in li: Cht in ly l cht khi ha tan trong nc phn li ra ion.
V d: NaCl , HCl l nhng cht in li
2. in ly ca cht in li: L t s gia s phn t phn li ra ion n v tng s phn t ha tan
n0.

n
(0 1)
n0

Khi = 0 th cht khng in li.

Khi = 1 th l cht in li mnh.

0 1

cht in li yu hoc trung bnh tu trng hp c th.

II. Phn loi

1. Cht in li mnh: l nhng cht khi tan trong nc cc phn t phn li ra cc ion.
Cc axit mnh: HCl, HI, HNO3, HClO4, H2SO4
Cc baz mnh: NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2
Hu ht cc mui tr HgCl2, CuCl2 v Hg(CN)2

NaCl

Na

Cl

V d:
2. Cht in li yu: Cht in li yu l nhng cht khi ha tan trong nc phn li mt phn thnh ion.
Phn cn li vn tn ti dng phn t trong dung dch. Cht in li yu 0 < < 1.
Cc axit hu c: CH3COOH
Cc axit v c: HClO, H2S, HF, H2SO3, H2CO3
Baz yu: Bi(OH)3, Mg(OH)2

CH 3COOH

H CH 3COO

V d:
Cn bng in li: s in li ca cc cht in li yu l qu trnh thun nghch nn cn bng
in li l cn bng ng.
3. Cht khng in li: Cht khi tan trong nc khng phn li ra ion hay cc thnh phn khng tan ca
mt s mui:
V d: ng, ru, cc cht kh khng ha tan trong nc
III. Axit baz v hidroxit lng tnh
1. Axit
a) Theo A-r-ni-ut: Axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation

H
.

CH 3COOH

H Cl

HCl

H CH 3COO

V d:
b) Theo Bron-stt: Axit l phn t hay ion c th nhng proton

CH3COOH H 2O

CH 3COO H3O

V d:
proton

H .
CH3COOH

. phn ng ny

nhng

cho nc nn n l axit.

2. Baz
a) Theo A-r-ni-ut: baz l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra anion

Na

NaOH

OH

Ba(OH)
2

OH .
Ba 2

2OH

V d:
b) Theo Bron-stt: baz l phn t hay ion c th nhn proton

CH 3COO H 2O

CH 3COOH OH

V d:

. phn ng ny

CH 3COO

l baz v n nhn proto

ca H2O

H2O cho proton

nn n l axit
c) u im ca Bron-stt
Thuyt A-r-ni-ut ch ng cho trng hp dung mi l nc v trong phn t baz phi c
nhm OH.
C nhng cht khng c nhm OH nhng vn l baz nh NH 3, amin th thuyt khng gii
thch c.
Thuyt Bron-stt c th p dng ng cho bt k dung mi no.
3. Axit v baz nhiu nc
a) Axit nhiu nc: l axit khi tan trong nc m phn t phn li nhiu nc ra ion

H 3PO
4

H H 2 PO 4

H 2 PO
4

H HPO 42

HPO 24

H PO34

H.

V d:
b) Baz nhiu nc: l baz khi tan trong nc m phn t phn li nhiu nc ra ion

OH .


Mg(OH)
2

Mg(OH) OH

Mg(OH)

Mg 2 OH

V d:
4. Hidroxit lng tnh v cht lng tnh
Hidroxit lng tnh: l nhng hidroxit khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nh axit va c
th phn li nh baz. Cc hidroxit thng gp t tan trong nc v lc axit cng nh baz

Al(OH)3 ; Zn(OH) 2 ; Pb(OH) 2 ; Sn(OH) 2 ; Cr(OH) 3.

u yu:

Cht lng tnh: l cht hay ion c th nhng hoc nhn proton
. Ngha l cht lng tnh
va th hin tnh axit v baz. Kim loi khng phi l cht lng tnh cho d mt kim loi
c th tc dng vi axit v baz v qu trnh phn ng khng cho nhn proton

H
.

Al 2O3 , ZnO, Cr2O 3 , HCO ...

V d:
IV. Mui
1. nh ngha

NH 4
Mui: l hp cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation kim loi (hoc

(NH 4 ) 2 SO
4
NaHCO
3

2NH

Na

SO

) v anion gc axit

2
4

HCO3

V d:
Mui trung ha: l mui m anion gc axit khng cn hidro c kh nng phn li ra ion

NaCl, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , Na 2CO 3 , Na 3PO 4 , Na 2HPO3 , NaH 2PO 2 ...

V d:
Mui axit: l mui m anion gc axit cn hidro c kh nng phn li ra ion

NaHCO3 , NaH 2 PO 4 , Na 2 HPO 4 , NaHSO 4 ...

V d:
Mui phc tp nh cc mui kp v cc phc cht:

NaCl.KCl; KCl.MgCl 2 .6H 2O; [Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ]Cl; [Cu(NH 3 )]SO4 ...

2. S in li ca mui trong nc

NH 4
Hu ht cc mui phn li hon ton ra cation kim loi (hoc cation

K 2SO
4
V d:

2K

SO

2
4

NaHSO
3

Na

) v anion gc axit

HSO 3

 Nu anion gc axit cn cha hidro c tnh axit th tip tc in li yu ra ion

HSO
3

H
.

H SO32

V d:
V. pH v cht ch th axit-baz
1. Mi trng v tch s ion ca nc

[H ].[OH ] 1014
Tch s ion: trong mi trng bt k ta lun c
Cc loi mi trng

[H ] [OH ] 107
Mi trng trung tnh:

[H ] 107
Mi trng axit:

[H ] 107
Mi trng baz:
2. pH v cht ch th axit-baz:
pH: l ch s nh gi axit v baz ca mt dung dch

pH log[H ]

pH pOH=14

Biu thc tnh:

Cht ch th axit v baz:

pH
Mu sc

Qu tm

8,3

phenolphtalein

Khng i

Xanh

Khng mu

8,3

Hng

VI: Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li.

iu kin phn ng trao i ion xy ra l
1. Phn ng to thnh cht kt ta
V d:

Na 2SO 4 BaCl
2

2
4

2NaCl

BaSO 4
2

2Na SO Ba 2Cl

2Na

2Cl

2
2
Ba SO 4

BaSO 4

2. Phn ng to thnh cht in li yu:

a) Phn ng to thnh nc
V d

NaOH HCl

NaCl

H 2O

Na OH H Cl
b) Phn ng to thnh axit yu
V d:

Na Cl

H 2O

H OH

H 2O

BaSO 4

HCl CH 3COONa

CH 3COOH

NaCl

H Cl CH 3COO Na

H CH 3COO

CH 3COOH

Na

Cl

CH 3COOH

3. Phn ng to thnh cht kh

V d:

Na 2 CO3 2HCl

2NaCl

CO 2

2Na CO32 2H 2Cl

H CO32

CaCO3 2HCl

CO 2

CaCO3 2H

2Na

2Cl

CO 2 H 2O

H 2O

CaCl
2
CO 2

CaCO3 2H 2Cl

H 2O

Ca
2

H 2O

2Cl

CO 2 H 2O

Ca
2
CO 2 H 2O