Made By-Nancy

Class-11
ChapterLocomotion &
Movement

LOCOMOTION
AND MOVEMENT
Voluntary movements
which include change
in place are termed
as locomotion

TYPES OF
MOVEMENT

1.Amoeboid movement-Some cells like

macrophages and leucocytes exhibit this type
of movement.It is affected by pseudopodia.
2.Ciliary Movement-Occurs in internal organs
which are lined by ciliated epithelium.
3.Muscular Movement-Movement of our limbs
jaws require muscular movement.

muscles

About 40-50 percent of body

weight of human being is
contributed by muscles. They have
properties like
excitability,contractility,extensibilit
y &elasticity.
Types of muscles1.Skeletal muscles-They have
striped appearance under

3.Cardiac muscles-they are the

muscles of heart. They are
striated. They are involuntary
in nature.

Skeletal muscles

Each skeletal muscle is made

up of number of muscle
bundles or fascicles held
together by a common
collagenous connective
tissue layer called fascia.
Each muscle fibre encloses

Structure of
myofibril
Myofibril has arrangement of light and
dark bands on it.
Light bands-It contains actin and called
I band. They are thinner filaments.
Dark bands-the dark band contains
myosin and called A band They are
thicker filaments.

Working of A
band and I band

Both the proteins are arranged

in rod like manner In the centre
of each I band is an elastic
fibre called Zline which bisects
it. 'A band are also held
together in the middle of this
band by a thin fibrous

In a resting state the edges of thin

filaments on ether side of the thick
filaments partially overlap the free ends
of thick filaments leaving the central
filaments.This central part is termed as
H zone.

Structure of
contractile
proteins
Actin filament-It is made up of
two f filaments. Two filaments
of another protein,tropomyosin
also run close to F actins.A
complex protein troponin is
distributed at regular intervals.

. Myosin filament-Many

monomeric proteins called

meromyosins constitute one
thick filament.Each
meromyosin has one thick

Mechanism of muscle
contraction
It was explained by sliding
filament theory. Muscle
contraction is initiated by a
signal sent by nervous
system.Then
neurotransmitter is generated
and spreads throughout the

The Z line attached to

actins is also pulled inwards
thereby causing
contraction.The myosin
releasing the ADP and P goes
back to its relaxed state.A
new ATP binds and the cross
bridge is broken.The ATP is
again hydrolysed by the
myosin head and the cycle of

SKELETAL SYSTEM
-It consists of a framework of bones and
few cartilages.
-Axial skeleton comprises 80 bones. The
skull,vertebral column,sternum and ribs.
Skull
-The skull is composed of two sets of
bones-cranial and facial,that totals to 22
bones.

-Cranial bones are 8 in

number.They form the outer
covering cranium for the
brain.
-The facial region is made up
of 14 skeletal elements which
form the front part of the
skull.
-A single U shaped bone

Vertebral column
-Formed by 26 serially arranged
units called vertebrae.
-Extends from the base of skull and
Constitute framework of trunk.Vertebra has a hollow portion through
which
Spinal cord passes.
-First vertebra is atlas.The vertebral
column

RIBS

-There are 12 pairs of ribs.Rib is

A flat bone connected dorsally to the
Vertebral column andventrally to
sternum.
-Two articulation surfaces on its dorsal
End and hence called bicephalic.
-First seven ribs are called true
ribs,they are
Connected with thoracic vertebrae and
sternum.8,9&10 are not connected

GIRDLE
-They are humerus,radius and ulna,carpals(8)
Metacarpals(5)and phalanges(14).
-Each girdle is form of 2 halves-clavicle &
Scapula.Scapula is a flat bone in the dorsal
Part of thorax.
-The flat scapula has a elevated ridge called
Spine which expands the process of acromonion.
-Below the acromonon a depression is where
known as glenoid cavity which articulates with
humerus to form shoulder joint.
-Clavicle is a long slender bone with 2
curvatures,commonly known has collar bone.

Pelvic girdle
-It consist of two coral bones
-Each coral bone is formed by
The fusion of three bonesillium,
Ischium & pubis
-At the point of fusion of this
bones
Is a cavity called acetabulum

joints
-Joints are essential for all kinds of
movements.Joints are point of contact
between bones.
1.Fibrous joints-They do not allow any
movement.These are shown by flat skull
bones which fuse in the form of sutures.
2.Cartiagenous-the bones involved are
joint with the help of cartilages
3.Synovial-fluid is present between the
articulating surface of 2 bones.

disorders

1.Myasthenia gravis-Auto immune

disorder affecting neuromuscular
junction leading to fatigue and
weakening.
2.Muscular dystrophy-Progressive
degeneration of skeletal muscle
mostly due to genetic disorder.
3.Tetany-Rapid spasms in muscle
due to low Ca+ in body fluid.

4.Arthritis-Inflammation of joints.
5.Osteoporosis-Age related
disorder characterized by
decreased bone mass and
increased chance of fractures.
6.Gout-Inflammation of joints due
to accumulation of uric acid
crystals.

the end