40 NGON NGU & DOL SONG S612 (218)-2013 | CHUYEN LOALTRONG TIENG ANH DUGLGOC NHIN NGON NGU HOC HiNH THUC VA NGON NGU HOC TRI NHAN Conver: on in English from the viewpoint of formal linguistics and cognitive linguistics VO THINGOC AN (Truong D: Abstr: tradition ‘il approach with the zero-de and disadvantages, Therefore. hoe KHXH&NV, DHQG TP HOM) This paper discusses the different approaches to conversion in English, that is, the ation theory in formal linguistics and the approach with the metonymy theory in cognitive linguistics. In general, both of the approaches have advant we need to take their advanta es in explaining, teaching and researching this linguistic common but quite diverse and complex phenomenon, Key words: conversion: derivation: zero-derivation; metonymy: event-schema metonymy 1, Dat van dé Hign tong chuyén di tir loai 1a mgt hign twong pho bién trong ngon nit. 1a mot trong cae phwong thite cdu tao tir ¢6 kha nang sin sinh (productive) rit cao. Vige chi ra cde dich thire Khée nhau cia qué trinh chuyén loai, phan bigt chuyén loai hoan toan, d& on dink v6i chuyén loai tung dé lam can thiét trong qua trinh nghién ecru giang day ngoai ngit Trong tieng Vigt - m6t ngon ng don lip, tir duge xde dinh va phan loai dua trén co so ngit nghia, kha nang két hop va chire nang ci phap cua tr. Con trong tiéng Anh-mot ngén ngit bién hinh, vige xite dinh va phan loai nay dua trén co so ngit nghia. cit phap hode hinh thai. Chang han nhur sing trong She sings to a romantic song bieu thi mot loai hanh déng (ngit nghia), 6 vi tri thir hai trong cau tong thuat (cu phap) va c6 hinh thire ngéi thir ba so it -» (hinh thai), Tat ca déu ki de trumg ctia dong tir, do dé sing thude vé tir loai ding ti. Hign tuang chuyén tir loai trong tiéng Anh co mhiéu tén goi Khie nhau nhu conversion, cero derivation, root formation, transposition, MGi thudt ngir biéu thi cho cach chuyén tir loai 1ién quan hudng nghién functional change ctu cy thé. Thudt ngtt coversion (chuyén loai) hay zero derivation (phdi sinh khuyét/ phéi sinh zero) nhaim chi cach thite chuyén loai ma khdng c6 bat cir thay d4i ndo vé mat hinh thi hudt ngit root formation (cdu tao tie cain than tie) nham chi cach thie thinh lap tir ign quan khéng chi dén tir can ma con lign quan dén tir co phy t6 va tir ghép. ‘Thudt ngtr transposition (hodin vi) hoae functional change (thay déi chive nding) nhim chi cach thite lign quan chi yéu voi Tinh vue sir dung tir hon la Tinh vue tao tir [2 : 153 Hign loai (theo ny conversion/zero-derivation) « duege cic tong chuyén nha ngén ngé quan tam nghién ciru trong hon mot thé ki tir Khi thuat ngir conve dura ra vao cudi thé ki 19. That ra, cho dén nira sau cia thé ki 20, hién tugng chuyén loai moi rsion duge Sweet nh§n duge sir quan tam thye sur cua gidi ngdn ngit hoc nh Marchand (1960). Kastovsky (1968) va Dokulil (1968) [3:7]. Mae dit durémg, nhwrbj lang quén trong mot thoi gian, nhumg hai thap nign tr lai day. vin dé nay duge qu tam tro lai voi quan diém moi - q ngdn ngi hoe tri nhan. Cu thé ki nam 2008, urie Bauer va Salvador Valera tip hop mot sd bai viet trong hi nghj chuyén dé vé chuyénSO 12 (218)-2013 loai/phai sinh zero (1 chite tai Szentendre, Hungary nam 2002) va xuat bain dui tiéu dé Ipproaches to Conversion Zero-Derivation. Bai viét thao Iuin hai cach tigp edn khae nhau vé hign tuong chuyén logi (theo nghia ion/ero-derivation): cach tgp can truyén théng theo li thuyeét phai sinh zero (the zero-derivation theory) thude linh_vye ngon ngit hoe hinh thite (formallinguisties) va li thuyét hon dy (themetonymytheory) thude linh vue ngénngir nhin — thite (cognitivelinguisties). 2. Hign tryng chuyén loai theo quan m ngon ngir hinh thire 2.1. Qué trinh phai sinh vi hau 6 phai sinh zero Thuat ngit phai sinh ding chi mt trong hai qua trinh cau tao tir, qua trinh con lai goi 1a bién hinh (inflection), tuong tng voi hai loai phu t6 (affix) lién quan dén cau tao tir. Noi chung, két qua cua qué trinh phai sinh la mot tir mdi (vd. nation + national): trong khi dé, két qua ctia qua trinh bién hinh lai a hinh thite khae cua cling mgt tir (vd. nations, nationals). Phu t6 phai sinh (derivational affix) lam thay d6i tir loai cia hinh vj ma ching gan két (nhur trong phuong thtre ding hau 6 (suffixation), conver hoe di vd. -tion la mot hau t6 phai sinh dé thanh lap danh tir). Phu t6 phai sinh cing thurmg 6 vi tri bignhinh, vd. nation-al-ize *-ing/-s/-d. Thudmg thi ching c6 nghia tir vyng on dinh, iée két hop gitta edn t6 (root) va phu 16 phai sinh duge goi 14 than tir hode tir cin (stem of word), sau dé than tir nay duge ede phu t6 bién hinh gan ket vao. Trong qua trinh chuyén loai tir tiéng Anh, ¢6 hign tomg chuyén loai tao ra tir méi thuge tir loai khac cé nghia lién quan dén tir goc hoae cd duge mot ¥ nghia nia ma khong can thém hau t6 hiw hink/hién 16 (visiblesuftix) Dicu nay cho thay méi quan hé gitta hinh thite voi chire nang (hay y nghia) khong phai lie nao cing 1% ring. Chang han mOt tir nhur clean NGON NGU' & DOL SONG 41 (Adj) trong The blackboard is clean c6 thé trés thanh (V) clean nhw trong / blackboard hoke kiss (V) trong céu John wanted to kiss her becomes kiss (N) a sin Johnble where a kiss. Trutmg hgp clean and kiss khong co hau to (hitu hinh) cho thay su chuyén doi chire nang hode ¥ nghia thém vao;va dé giai quyét tnrimg hop nay co mot loai hau t6 duge dua ra - hau t6 zero (zero- derivational suffix). Déng thoi qua trinh chuyén loai nhur vay duge goi la qua trinh phai sinh zen 2.2. Uu va nhuge diém cua li thuyét phai sinh zero 2.2.1. Uu diém Uu digm rd rang nhat cua li thuyét phai sinh zerola tinh don gian. Véi sw hé tro ciia hau t6 zero, qué trinh chuyén loi c6 thé durge xem nhw li qué trinh phai sinh. Déng thoi phuong thite phai sinh duge xem nhu 1a mot trong nhimg phurong thite thanh lap tir thé hign. qua vige chirvkim him (blocking), vige chuyén doi am (sound)trong dm (stress) va vige co thé dién giai (paraphrasing) ngit nghia ctia tir phai sinh bang cdich tham chiéu dén tir gde ic chan xay ra khi mot tir da t6n tai, kim ham vige ao ra mét tir méi theo cich thire ng hét cha mot hau t6 voi mot nhom tir ge eu thé, Ching han hau t8 - er co kha nang san sinh rat cao trong tiéng Anh dé tao danh tir tir dong tir nh teacher tir teach, player tir play... Tuy nhién, tiéng Anh lai khong co danh tir stealer tit dong tir steal don gidn chi vi tir thief da ton tai; cach 1 Ip tuong tyr nhur 1 bigy un good ciing bi chan do cé tir small va bad (3: 87). Vige kim ham nay khong chi c6 & phy t6 hién [6/hiu hinh (overt affix) truyén thong ma con xay ra & phy t6 phai sinh zero, Ching han cash (N) c6 thé tra thanh cash (V), nhung atom (N) khéng ¢6 the tro thanh atom (V), vi d6ng tir atomize da tn tai va ngan chin qué trinh phai sinh zero nay42 NGON NGU' & DOL SONG Sy thay déi trong 4m thudmg xay ra khi tir trai qua mOt qua trinh chuyén loai theo phuong thire phai sinh, chang han: ‘dialect + dia'lectal, ‘paren’ > pa'rental. ‘origin > o'riginal, ‘residue —+ re'sidual (3:18). Trong sé cac |i thuyét vé chuyén loai, phai sinh zero la li thuyét duy nhat co thé giai thich vé thay déi am va trong am trong hinh thie duge chuyén déi. Dé Ia vige thay déi trong am lign quan dén phy t6 phai sinh an/vé_ hinh (invisiblederivationalaffix) - phy t6 zero; né gin vao tir géc va tao anh hudng dén am va hay trong am cia tir méi:to in'vite — an ‘invite. 10 re'cord — a ‘record. to pro'duce +a ‘produce 1:39) Vige c6 thé dign giai ngi nghia cia tir phai sinh bang cach tham chiéu dén tir ge nhur legalize(V): 10 make something legal (Adj). Cing vay, tir phdi sinh zero clean (V)e6 thé duge dién git twong ty cheat (N) = someone who (V): stop (N) = a place where one stops (VY. cash (V) = to convert into cash (N) [12:138} la 10 make something clean; yeas Nhu vay, tir phai sinh theo phuong thite phai sinh zero co khuén mau kim ham, m6 hinh trong am, cach thire dién giai thong qua ng nhwe tir phai sinh theo phuong thire phai sinh hién 16 vi phu 16 hirw hinh (overt affix) nén ¢6 thé cho ra zero cling véi phai sinh hién 16 1a cua phdi sinh truyén thong tro1 thanh lap tir. 2.2.2. Niuege diém Trong li thuy cé méi quan hé giita hinh thire va y nghia va nd doi hoi néu tir duge chuyén loai hoe 6 thém mot ¥ nghTa méi cdn phai bo sung mot dom vi hinh thie cho n6. ‘Trong phai_ sinh théng, cd nhiéu phy t6 trong dé moi phy t6 mang mot y nghfa cy thé, Vi dy hu t6 ce két hop véi dong tir dé tao danh tir nhwr ki bé ngi cia dong tir nhu uppoin'ee (ngudi duege ho nhiém)pa'vee(ngudi deve ira tién) (12:1550]... Digu nay cho thay rang mdi phy S6 12 (218)-2013 16 hit hinb/hién 19 (visibleaffix) duvmg nhur cé ¥ nghia gidi han nhung hau t6 zero thi khong phai vay. ching han: answer (V) —> answer (Ny: N la b8 ngit cua V: butter (N) butter (V): cung cap N; murse (N) + nurse (V): hanh dong nhur N.... (12:1560}. Nhu vay hau t6. zero 06 thé mang nhieu y nghia, cho thay ring trong phai sinh zero méi quan hé gifa hinh thite (hode khéng c6 hinh thire) va y nghia thi khéng rd ring. Li thuyét hinh thai hoc truyén théng trong cau tgo tir nhan manh dén quan hé J hinh thite -1 § nghia (oneform— onemeaning) va li thuyét phai sinh zero duémg nhur nguge lai véi quan niém nay - hau t6 zero khdng thé hign méi quan hé 19 rang gitta hinh thire va ¥ nghia, tham chi né con mang nhiéu y nghia khac nhau. _ Vi hau t6 zero la ar/vé hinh (invisible)nén rdt khd dé chimg minh ho§e bic bo n6; néi dc, rit kh6 dé thira nhan phai sinh zero nhu mét li thuyét thuc sy. Né cho thay phuong thire phai sinh, néi chung, chua han la phuomg thire gidi thich hign tugng chuyén logi tot nhat Digu nay din dén mOt li thuyét nita, rit khac 0 v6i li thuyét phai sinh zero - li thuyét hoan ng xem chuyén loai nhur 1a mOt qua trinh phai sinh ma la mot qua trinh thie, trong dé phép hodn du duge dura ra i thich hign tuong chuyén loai cing nhur cach sir dung moi cia tit 3. Hign tugyng chuyén logi theo quan diém ng6n ngir tri nhan 3.1. Hotin du vit quan diém tri nhan vé hodn dy Hodn dy ding chi m6t hinh anh tu tir ma 6 tén goi thuge tinh cita mét thu thé duge sit dyng dé thay thé cho toan bd ban thin thy thé 46, Chang han khi n6i she violins dé chi nguoi choi din nhu trong The violins are playing well; hoe He drank the whole bottle c6 vat chita thay cho chat durge chira dymg, ‘Theo quan diém tri nhiin, hoan dy la “mot trong nhimg dac diém co ban ctia nhan thit. Xay ra phd bién cho tat ed moi ngudi trong vige nam ldy mot khia canh dé higu hoae déSo 12 (218)-20 nan thire cua mét cai gi dé va str dung n6 dé thay thé cho thay thé toan b9 hoge cho mot phan khée cua edi nay” [7:77]. Digu nay eding 6 nghia 1a hoan dy 1a mOt eéng cu nhan thire higu qué dé truy cép nhimg gi triru tugng hode kho truy cp vé phuong dign tinh than, Hon nifa, vai trd quan trong etia hoan dy trong tri nhan duge thé hién rd qua dinh nghia: “Hoan du Ja mot qua tinh ni thie trong dé mot thu thé nhan thie - mée/phuong tign so sénh (vehicle). cung cap m9t truy cép tinh than cho mét thye thé nin thie khie - myc tigu (target), trong cing mot khung/mién” [6:39] Trong hodn dy. phuong tign so sanh thé hign qua vige mot tir ngt Ndi bat hon duge sit dung dé chi tir ngér it ndi bat hon. Chang han Khi cS phuc vu noi: “Phe hamburger left without paying” thi thuat ngit ndi bat hon the hamburger duge str dung dé chi thuat ngir it ndi bat honla kKuich hang (c6 danh tinh khong durge biét) di goi va an cai banh nay (4:275} Dai v6i cd phy vu. do mdi ngay cd nhieu khach hang khéc nhau nén sy truy cAp vé khdch hang vé phuong dign nhan thire rat mo nhat; vi vay ¢6 sir dung chiée banh hamburger (mot phan cua nhing gi ma c6 rat quen thude) dé chi khiich hang, Theo quan diém nhan thitc, hoan du khéng chi dom thuan a mt cach choi chir ma li mOt cdng cy nhan thie quan trong, Ching ta c6 kha nang truy cap va tham chiéu dén mét thye thé trim tugng voi hd try cla phép hodin du la nha vao kién thire phd thong ctia chung ta vé thé gigi. Va hoan du xay ra bat ctr lie néo ching ta e6 “m6 hinh nhan thite |i tung hoa” (“idealizedcognitivemodel” hoge ICM) [6:41]. ICM va mot s6 thudt ngir Khe nhw m6 hinh nhan thite, mién (domain) hode khung (frame) dé chi vige ching ta higu duge hia cua mot bigu thie ngon ngir dua vao nén tang ctia boi canh nhdn thite eta nd [12141], Petruck giai thich cach thire m6 hinh nay hoat ding nhu sau: “Khai niém nay €6 thé duge lim 13 voi khung giao dich thuong mai cé thanh phan bao gom nguési inva (buyer), ngudi ban (seller), hang hod NGON NGU' & DOL SONG 43 (goods) va tién bac (money)... Cée dong tir lién quan ngit nghia voi khung nay 1A mua (buy), ban (sell,), tra tién (pay), chi tidu (spend), tri gia (cost) va tinh phi (charge), moi dong tir nhim chi hode goi én nhimg khia canh khac nhau cla khung giao dich nay. Déng tir mua tp trung vao ngudi mua va hang hod, day lui vao hau canh (backgrounding) ngudi ban va tién bac: bein tp trung vao ngudi ban va hang hod, day lui vao hau canh ngudi mua va tién bac: rd tién tap trung vao ngudi mua, tién bac va ngudi ban, day lai vio hau canh hing hod, v.v.. Digu can luu ¥ & day a dé biét ¥ nghia cua bat ki mét trong nhiing dong tir nay doi hoi phai biét nhimg gi dign ra trong mét giao dich thuong mai va theo mt nghia nao d6, cing phai biét y nghia cua tit ca dng tir néu trén” [9:41] M6 hinh nhan thie ¢6 thé duce xem nhw la nguyén mu miéu ta sy tinh va cae thanh phan tham gia dién hinh cua né: “Chung ta cd ICM cua tat ca moi thir duge khai nigm hod, trong dé bao gém cée khai niém hod cua sir At va sy tinh, tir vung va ¥ nghfa cita chiing. cing nhu pham tri cla sy vat va sur tinh” [6:41]; va nho vao cae ICM nay ma chung ta c6 thé str dung phuong thtre hoan du dé truy cap hoae tham chiéu dén cae thue the trim tung. Kivecses va Radden cho rang kién thire chung cia chiing ta vé thé gidi durge cau tric boi cée ICM nay. va dé nghj rang phuong thite hoan du xudt phat tir hai cdu hinh nhan thite: gitra m6t toan bo ICM va cae thanh phan cia n6 hoa gitra cde thanh phan khae nhau ctia mot ICM [6:49] Cn chit ¥ 1a eG mot logi kha khae bigt cua phép hodn dy, dé la moi thir (N) khong nat thiét phai sit dung dé chi nhimg thir kha ma con due ding dé chi hinh dng (V) shampoo my hair; hode tinh tit c6 thé durge ding dé chi hanh dong (V): (0 clean the table va dng tir chi hanh dng e6 thé duge str dung dé chi két qua (N): he gave the ball a kick [12:41]. Logi hoan dy nay thuimg xay ra trong44 __NGON cling mot ICM, tite la khi mot di tuong thude mot sur tinh duge str dyng dé chi chinh sy tinh do, ching han / cover the bed with the blank tro thanh / blanket the bed va I wash my hair with shampoo tre thanh [ shampoo my hair Loai hoan du nayduge Dirven goi la loai hoan dy khung. sy tinh (event-schema meton 14:279} 3.2.Vai tham to Khung su tink Vai tham 16 (thematicrole)la chi ngir hoae phu ngir cua dng tir va duge xc dinh bing cach tham chiéu dén mét chudi chite nang tham 16 (themantic funtion) phd quat va cd vidi han, chang han nhu tée thé (agent), di tugmg/bi thé (patient), vi tri (locative), nguén (source). dich (goal). v.v.. Tham 16 (argument) dong mt vai tro quan trong khi phan tich sur tinh, cho thay mat ngir nghia cua mdi thanh phan trong su tinh, moi lién hé cua no dén sir tinh cling nhue dén dong ti. Khéng giéng nhu eéch hoan dy truyén thong (sur tham chiéu xay ra gitta hai thye thé 6 trong cing tir loai - thong la danh tin), cach hoan du khung str tinh lai tham chiéu “xuyén” qua tir loai, va thinh phan tham gia/thye thé noi tri nhat trong ICM tro thanh vai phan dinh cho chinh ban thin sw tinh [4:279}. Chang han nhu John hit the nail with the hammer. vai cong cu (the hammer) la thanh 6 noi tri nhat trong sur tinh, vi vay né thay thé cho chinh su tinh, va két qua la biéu dat John hammered the nail. Vuong tw, [will put the canoe up on the beach tre thanh I will beach the cane oo dich (the beach) La thank phan noi toi mhat trong khung sy tinh, Dirven. thich su chuyén doi nay nhur sau “to clean c6 Khung tham té gém tae thé (agent), bi thé (patient); va c6 thé co cong cu (instrument), cach thire (manner) va két qua (result), Cau hinh ng6n ngir nay thye ra eo thé duge xem nhw la sy phan anh hinh hiéu (iconic) cua cau hinh tri nhan, trong do tac thé nhu 1a nguén chuyén tai nding long dén mot déi tuong bi tac dong. Trong truimg hop V makes the table ymy) i phuwong tite hodn du 0 & DOLSONG 4 12 (218)-2013 clean, tinh tir clean biéu thi trang thai ket qua cia nang lugng duge tac thé truyén tai, vi thé ket qua truyen tai 1a thanh 16 ndi tdi nh: trong toan bo khung sy tinh va n6 thay thé cho khung sw tinh nay: X cleaned the table (4:27) Phuong thire hoan du khung sir tinh ka phuong thite nang san trong tigng Anh nhumg trén thy té c6 nhigu ngudi khong nhan thire duge sw chuyén doi hoan du nay vi no da duge tir vumg hoa [12:48]. Chang han dong tir 10 clean da tro thinh mot mue tir trong tir dién tiéng Anh, vi vay moi quan hé hodn dy cua no voi tinh tir Khong con hién nhién nhu trade, Bay gid chung ta hay khao sit mite do théng tue hod/quy tac hoa (conventionalized) cua cach thre chuyén déi hoan du qua cae vi dy sau: cau Jam sure thecoach will pul me on the bench 6 dich (target) 1a thanh to noi trdi nhat trong khung vi tir va n6 tro thanh I'm sure the coach will bench me: ciu I eat the soup out of the bow! with a table spooneé vai cng cy noi tri nhat nén tro thanh I sable spoon the soup out of the bowl: con cau Traditionally they spend the summer in Reykjavik tre thanh Traditionally they summer in Reykjavik boi vi vai bi thé (the summer) li thanh phan quan trong nhat eta khung sy tinh, Nhimg biéu dat hon du nay duge théng tue hoa « mite do kha nhau: phan lon ngudi ban ngit tiéng Anh cho rang vige str dung dgng tir clean va hammer thi tw nhién hom vige str dung dong tir beach va tablespoon (vi phai c6 ¥ thire hon khi sir dung ching), 33. Ue va nhuve diém cia li thuyér hoin du : 3.3.1.Uu diém Chuyén loai 6 tinh nang san cao trong thanh lap tir. Cac nha ng6n ngir hoe nhan thire cho ring viée céu tao tir theo phurong thie chuyén logi nhiy vao eéich thite hoan du nhdn thie, va sin phém cua né duige xem nhur Lit bigu dat hoan dy chit khdng li phai sinh zero (4:147]. Vi dy tinh tir clean chuyén loai thinh dong tir cho thy qua trinh nay khéng chi xaySé 12 (218)-2013 i hoe ma cdn o cap do ngir nghia. Li do nguiti str dung tiéng Anh ¢6 thé d& dang hiéu va vin dung sur chuyén déi tir loai nhur vay 1a vi qui trinh duge dinh huémg boi hé théng nhan thie 6 hiw an sau trong tim tri etia ho [5:61]. Mgt vi dy cho con duong khai niém hoa nay nhur sau:Céng cu (instrument) thay cho hanh dng (action): to ski, to shampoo (one shair). ‘Tae thé (agent) thay cho hinh dong: 10 butcher (a cow), to author (a book): Hanh ding thay cho tie thé (agent): snitch; Ddi tugng (object) thay cho hanh dong (action): fo blanker (the bed): Hanh dong thay cho doi tugng: (give meone) bite [5:54-55]. Hé thong nhdn thite nay thuge phan kién thie cua tit ca moi ngudi str dung tiéng Anh. gitip ho 6 thé dién dich tir “cong cu” sang “dich” rat dé dang ma doi khi chi 1a tiém thire (Kéveeses 1998: 61). Mot uu diém nia cua li thuyét hodn du la giai thich duge hign tugng da nghia, mo rng nghia cua tir, G day. tinh da nghiala nhuge digm cua li thuyét phai sinh zero lai Li uw digmeua li thuyét hon dy. Vige mo rong nghia c6 thé thiy duge qua vige so sinh o nhimg cau nhu: (1) Traditionally they spend the_summer in Revkjavik: (2) Traditionally they summer in Reykjavik ‘Trong cau (1), summer mang nghia 1a mit he, trong edu (2) summer e6 thém nghia va thay thé cho hanh dong spending the summer. Vige mo rong nghia nay da pha vor quy tée nén tang mot hinh thite-mot nghia cia hinh thai hoc truyén thong, lam cho Ii thuyét hodin du ed ve thuyét phuc hon so voi li thuyét phai sinh zero. Dong tir summer during nhur goi ln mot boi anh nhén thire Li ngoai vie wai qua mua hé o dau do ma con c6 ngy ¥ ring nhimg nguisi niy dén dé dé nghi he. Day chinh la uu diém noi troi cua Ii thuyét hoan dy vi li thuyét phai sinh zero theo quan digm hinh thire ludn khdng thé giai thich duge digu nay. 3 ra cr cap 46 hinh th Nhuge diém NGON NGU & DOL SOD 45 Qui trinh chuyén logi theo huémghoan dy cling gidng nhur 1a qua trinh phai sinh duroe danh dau hién 1d. Chang han qua trinh chuyén di theo hug hoan dy ctia clean (Adj) thanh clean (V) ting giéng nhur dong tir phai sinh hign 16 legalize. Legalize la ngoai dong tir ging nhur dong tir clean, c6 thé duge xem nhur Li két qua etia edu hinh nhiin thite trong khung sur tinh: nghia 18 qua trinh chuyén loai J make the table clean— | clean the table c6 co che chuyén logi gidng nhw qui trinh chuyén loai make the contract legal I legalize the contract, ngoai trir 6 vi du sau co hu 16 hin 16 -ice, Trutmg hop legal—slegalize cho thay co hinh thie khée nhau bigu thi khai nigm Khde nhau va hu t6 -ie khéng da nghfa nh hau t6 zero, Noi each khae sur thigt lap tir theo quan diém hoan dy 6 ca tir phai sinh zero va phai sinh hign 1 dit theo cing mot cach thite nhung chi tir phai sinh zero moi duye xem nh 1 bigu dat hoan du edn tir phai sinh hién 16 thi khong. Vi vay. mae di quan hé hodn dy rit quan trong trong vige hiéu biét qua trinh chuyén Jogi, nhumg n6 lai khong gitip giai thich van dé vé hinh thite, khong thé giai thich xdie ding vide tir phai sinh hién 16 khéng duoc xem nhur li biéu dat hoain du. Mét van dé khdic néta li qua trinh chuyén loai tir danh tir sang dong tir c6 lién quan dén phai sinh zero (nhur oF tir hlanket. shampoo, beach. bench,....) duge trinh bay qua cach thire hon du khung sur tinh rat thuyét phue. nhumg dudmg nhu né lai kém thuyét phuc 6 ede dong tir duge chuyén loai nhu kiss, kick va Bite. Mae dit mt trong nhimg con duémg nhan thire ¢é iru 6 ngudsi ndi tiéng Anh ki hanh dong duge ding thay cho déi tung tham gia nhur trong (givemeone)bite, hod hanh dong thay cho két qua nh trong (give the ballja kick [6:279]. Nhung kick va bite khong phai la déi tung trong sur tinh, Nén khi kick chuyén logi tir dng tir sang danh tir f gave the ball a kick, thi danh tie“c6 tinh” m6 ta sy tinh, lam no it nd it dong hon va “khép kin” hon. Nhu.