Chng 4.

Tnh ton mng mm

Chng 4

TNH TON MNG MM

4.1. Khi nim
4.1.1. nh ngha

Mng mm l loi mng c cng hu hn, l loi mng b un ng k di

tc dng ca ti trng cng trnh. S un ny lm phn b li ng sut tip xc, do cn
k n s un ca bn thn kt cu mng khi tnh ng sut tip xc. Gm c cc mng:
mng bng, bng giao thoa BTCT di cc dy ct, mng b bng BTCT.
Tnh ton mng mm nm trong phn Tnh ton kt cu trn nn n hi. Nn t
thc cht khng phi l n hi , ngoi bin dng n hi cn c bin dng d nhng
n gin trong tnh ton vi chnh xc dng th trong thc t dm, bn, hp, v trn
nn t c coi l kt cu trn nn n hi.
Vic tnh ton cc kt cu va nu trn c k n s un cho php tit kim vt liu
hn so vi khi b qua s un ca mng. Mc chnh xc ca cc kt qu tnh ton kt
cu trn nn n hi ph thuc vo nhiu yu t:
-

Loi m hnh nn c s dng

c tnh ca btng khi chu tc dng lu di ca ti trng...

Trong m hnh nn nh hng n kt qu nhiu hn c.

4.1.2. Vt liu

Ch yu l mng bng BTCT

4.1.3. Phng php tnh ton

Hin nay ngi ta dng cc loi m hnh nn sau tnh ton kt cu trn nn n
hi:
4.1.3.1. M hnh coi nn l nn bin dng n hi cc b (Winker)

M hnh ny cho rng ln ch xy ra trong phm vi din tch gia ti. Gi thit ca
m hnh nn bin dng n hi cc b l mi quan h bc nht gia p lc v ln. M
hnh ny ch xt n ln ni t lc, khng xt n bin dng ngoi din gia ti.
iu cho php coi nn n hi nh gm cc l xo n hi khng lin quan vi nhau.
L xo no nm di din chu ti s c bin dng.

Hnh 4.1. M hnh nn bin dng n hi cc b.

p(x)= - C.W(x)
4-1

(4.1)

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

Trong :
p(x)_ Cng p lc phn lc nn ti ta x;
C_ H s nn ph thuc loi t nn. Tra bng 4.1;
W(x)_ ln ca t trong phm vi din gia ti.
Bng 4.1. Tr s ca h s nn C.
Loi nn

bazan
Granit ( hoa cng), pocfia, isrit
ct kt sa thch
vi (cht), glmit, phin ct
phin st
Tup
t hn ln
Ct ht to v ct ht trung
Ct ht nh
Ct bi
St cng
t loi st do
Nn cc
Gch
xy
Btng
Btng ct thp

H s nn C (KN/m3)

8000000 12000000
3500000 5000000
800000 2500000
400000 800000
200000 600000
100000 300000
50000 100000
30000 50000
20000 40000
10000 15000
100000 200000
10000 40000
50000 150000
4000000 5000000
5000000 6000000
8000000 15000000
8000000 15000000

Hin nay, m hnh ny c nhiu nh bc hc pht trin v a ra nhng

phng php tnh n gin, c p dng nhiu trong thc t. Tuy nhin m hnh ny c
nhc im sau:
Trong thc t khi chu tc dng ca ti trng bin dng s xy ra c trong v ngoi
phm vi din gia ti, nu din tch nn l nh th ln s nh hng nhiu n cc h s
nn cn vi cc mng c din tch ln th n s t nh hng hn. Do , m hnh ny ch
cho kt qu st thc trong trng hp mng c kch thc ln hoc khi nn t yu.
4.1.3.2. M hnh nn l na khng gian bin dng tuyn tnh

Nn c coi l ng nht ng hng, nn c coi l mi trng pht trin v

hn v mi hng v b khng ch bn trn bi mt mt phng nm ngang. Lc tc
dng trn mt nn to ln ti im bt k. Tuy nhin thc t khng ng nh th m
cht v tnh n hi ca t tng ln theo chiu su. M hnh ny dng c khi t
cht cng, do cng v cc loi t tng t khi din tch y mng khng ln lm, cn
i vi cc mng c din tch ln th tnh ton theo m hnh ny s cho kt qu ln hn
thc t (do gi thit ca m hnh ny khng tnh n s nn cht theo chiu su do trng
lng bn thn m s nn cht ny li lm gim bin dng ca nn).
4.1.3.3. M hnh nn l na khng gian c mun bin dng tng ln theo chiu su
4.1.3.4. M hnh nn l lp khng gian bin dng tuyn tnh c chiu dy hu hn

M hnh ny dng cho cc mng c din tch ln v cho kt qu tng i st vi

thc t.
4-2

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

Mi m hnh u c u im v nhng hn ch nht nh. Tnh cht bin dng ca

nn c c trng bi mun bin dng E v h s n hng ca t, trong E nh
hng rt ln n ln ca nn v mmen un trong kt cu mng nn cn tnh chnh
xc. Hin nay, cc phng php da theo m hnh nn bin dng n hi cc b ca
Winkler c ng dng nhiu hn c, tip l cc m hnh nn na khng gian bin
dng tuyn tnh v nn l lp n hi c chiu dy hu hn.
4.1.4. Cc dng bi ton
4.1.4.1. Theo tnh cht lm vic ca dm, bn

* Bi ton phng
Bao gm cc kt cu lm vic trong iu kin bin dng phng nu c ch nht
vi t s l/b > 3. Khi ct di rng 1m theo hng ngang th bt k mt di tng t no
cng c cng v s phn b ngoi lc ging nh vy. Trng hp ny khi tnh ton
ch cn xt di rng 1m.
Bi ton ny thng gp khi tnh ton theo phng ngang ca nhng cng trnh c
chiu di ln hn nhiu ln so vi chiu rng: mng bng di tng nh, tng chn,
mng hp, p chn sng, u thuyn...

Hnh 4.2. S kt cu lm vic trong iu kin bin dng phng.

Hnh 4.3. S kt cu lm vic trong iu kin ng sut phng.

* Bi ton khng gian
Dng tnh mng bng, bng giao thoa di cc dy ct, mng b di nh
khung, nh tng chu lc, ng khi, thp nc, y b cha, dm cu trc...

4-3

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

Hnh 4.4. S kt cu lm vic trong iu kin bi ton khng gian.

a. Mng n di ct; b. Mng bng btng ct thp di dy ct.
4.1.4.2. Theo hnh dng trong mt bng

Nu l/ b 7 gi l dm;
Nu l/ b < 7 gi l bn.
4.2. Xc nh kch thc y mng v kch thc s b ca tit din mng
Kch thc s b y mng c th xc nh theo cch th nht l xc nh theo
phn mng nng, sau kim tra theo iu kin bin dng v theo sc chu ti, n nh
nu cn.
Khi tnh ton mng mm ta cn bit cng EJ ca dm hoc cng tr D ca
bn, v cc cng ny tham gia vo cc cng thc tnh ton. Mun bit cng th cn
bit kch thc tit din. Chiu di v rng ca y mng xc nh nh trn cn cc kch
thc cn li: chiu cao, cnh, sn th chn theo quy nh cu to trong BTCT ri tnh
ton kim tra li.
Cch th hai xc nh kch thc s b ca y mng l tnh da trn gi thit l
p lc phn lc ca t nn phn b theo quy lut ng thng. Chng hn c 1 dm t
trn nn n hi chu tc dng ca cc ti trng nh trn hnh 4.5, vi quan nim ng
sut di y dm phn b theo quy lut bc nht th tr s ca n u tri v phi ca
dm c xc nh theo cng thc nn lch tm ca SBVL:
Trong :
l, b_ Chiu di v chiu rng ca y dm;
N_ Tng cc lc thng ng tc dng ln dm mng;
Mo_ Mmen ca tt c cc lc tng ng vi trng tm din tch y mng;
F_ Din tch y dm.
i vi mt tit din bt k ta xc nh mmen un Mx v lc ct Qx . Theo tit
din c Mxmax ta xc nh m men chng un Wx cn thit ca dm theo iu kin bn:
W =

M x max

Trong :
_ ng sut cho php i vi vt liu dm mng.
4-4

(4.3)

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

Theo Wx tm tit din dm mng theo cc phng php ca kt cu BTCT.

Hnh 4.5. S tnh kch thc s b ca tit din dm mng.

p1, 2 =

N 6M o
P 6M o

=q+
2
F b.l
l.b
b.l 2

(4.2)

4.3. Tnh ton mng mm theo phng php h s nn

4.3.1. Xy dng cng thc tnh ton

Xt mt dm t trn nn n hi, chu tc dng ca lc tp trung P v lc phn b

q(x) (hnh 4.6).

Hnh 4.6. S tnh ton dm trn nn n hi

theo phng php h s nn.
Da vo m hnh nn chn: phn lc nn ti mi im t l thun vi ln n
hi ti im , ngha l:
p(x)= - C.b.W(x)= - K. W(x)
4-5

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

Gi thit phn lc ca nn l ti trng lin tc khng ng u. dm khng b

tch khi nn th vng ca dm ti im xt phi bng ln ca nn ti im ,
ngha l:
Wx = y x
Theo SBVL chng un thun tu ta c:
y (''x ) =

d 2 yx
M
M

=
2
EJ
E.J
dx

(4.4)

o hm lin tip 2 ln pt (4.4) ta c:

E.J

d 4 yx
= q x + K . y x
dx 4

(4.5)

d4y
+ K.y x = qx
dx 4

(4.6)

Hay:
E.J

Chia 2 v cho EJ v t a =

K
,
4 E. J

1
( ) ta c:
m

d 4 yx
q
+ 4a 4 . y x = x
4
E.J
dx

(4.7)

Nu dm khng chu tc dng ca lc phn b th qx = 0

d 4 yx
+ 4a 4 . y x = 0
dx 4

(4.8)

Trong a gi l c trng ca dm trn nn n hi, ph thuc cng ca dm

v tnh cht ca nn.
Nghim tng qut ca pt vi phn khng thun nht (4.7) bng tng ca nghim ca
pt tng qut ca pt vi phn thun nht (4.8) v nghim ring ca pt khng thun nht
(4.7).
Nghim ca pt (4.8) c th tm di dng:
y= C1eaxcosax + C2eaxsinax + C3e-axcosax + C4e-axsinax

(4.9)

Nghim ring ca pt (4.7) l:

y= - q/ K

(4.10)

Trong :
C1, C2, C3, C4: L cc hng s tch phn xc nh theo iu kin bin (iu kin
ban u) ca bi ton khi x = 0 v x = .

4-6

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

4.3.2. Xt cc trng hp
4.3.2.1. Tnh dm di v hn trn nn n hi, chu lc tp trung P

Hnh 4.7. Cc biu khi dm di v hn chu ti tp trung.

Ta xt mt dm c chiu di v hn nh hnh v
Chn gc to ti im t lc
iu kin bin:
Ti x = , y() = 0, y() = 0, M = 0, Q = 0, C1 = 0, C2 = 0
Thay vo cng thc (4.9) ta c:
y= C3e-axcosax + C4e-axsinax

(4.11)

Ti x = 0, y(0) = 0. Ly o hm bc nht ca (4.11) ta c:

C3 = C4 = C ; y= Ce-ax(cosax+sinax)

(4.12)

Ti im t lc P, x = 0; Q = P/ 2; -Qx= EJ.y(x)
Ly o hm lin tip 2 ln (4.11) ta c:
y = 2 Ca2e-ax(sinax - cosax)
y= 4C.a3e-axcosax; x=0 y= 4Ca3 ;
-Qx= EJ.y(x)= P/ 2 = EJ.4Ca3 C =
Thay vo (4.12) ta c
yx =

4-7

P
e -ax (cosax + sinax)
3
8 EJa

P
8EJa 3

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

P -ax
e (sinax cos ax)
4a
P
Q x = E.J . y ' ' ' = e -ax cosax
2
-ax
1 = e (cosax + sinax)
M x = E.J . y ' ' =

2 = e -ax (sinax cos ax)

(4.13)

3 = e -ax cosax
P
.1
8EJa 3
P
M x = . 2
4a
P
Q x = . 3
2

yx =

Cc phng trnh trn cho php xc nh ni lc, bin dng ca dm.

T v c biu ni lc, bin dng bng cch tnh ni lc, bin dng cho
nhiu mt ct ca dm. Lp bng tnh ton:
im

0
1
2

ax

ng n hi ca dm c dng sng vi bin gim rt nhanh. Cch im t

lc ca dm mt khong bng bc sng 2/a ; yx=2/a = 0,002.yx=0 ( vng ca dm
bng 0,002 vng ni t lc). Do , dm c coi l di v hn khi c cc u mt
cch im t lc mt khong ln hn 2/a.
4.3.2.2. Dm di v hn trn nn n hi chu mmen tp trung chu mmen tp trung

Trng hp ny khng c lc phn b nn q = 0, kt hp vi cc iu kin bin ca

bi ton theo cch trn ta c vng ca dm:

Hnh 4.8. Dm di v hn chu momen tp trung.

M o a 2 -ax
e sinax
K
4 = e -ax sinax
yx =

M oa2
yx =
4
K
M
M = o 3
2
M
Q = o a 1
2

4-8

(4.14)

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

Cc h s 1, 2, 3, 4 tra theo bng 4.2.

4.3.2.3. Dm di v hn chu ti trng phn b u trn on l

Hnh 4.9. Dm di v hn chu ti trng phn b u.

i vi im O bt k nh trn hnh v, phng trnh vng c th tm c bng
cch ly tch phn cng thc (4.13) t O n m ri t O n n coi cc phn t lc nh
nhng lc tp trung ta c:
y=

q
(2 e an cos an e am cos am)
2c

(4.15)

T cng thc trn ta xc nh cng thc tnh M, Q.

4.3.2.4. Dm di na v hn trn nn n hi chu lc tp trung P v mmen Mo

Hnh 4.10. Dm di na v hn chu lc tp trung v mmen.

Dm di bn v hn mt u chu P, Mo u kia di v hn.
y= C3e-axcosax + C4e-axsinax
y= -C3ae-axsinax + C4ae-axcosax - C3ae-axcosax - C4ae-axsinax
y= 2C3a2e-axsinax - 2C4a2e-axcosax
y=- 2C3a3e-axsinax+2C3a3e-axcosax+ 2C4a3e-axcosax+ 2C4a3e-axsinax
Dng iu kin bin:
Ti u dm x = 0 c: M(x=0)= Mo; Qx=0=-P
Thay vo ta c:
-E.Jy= M = Mo
Mo = 2EJC4a2
EJy= -Q = P
P = 2EJa3(C3 + C4)
Vy thay vo ta c:

4-9

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

Mo
2 E.J .a 2
P aM o
C3 =
2 E.J .a 3
2a
yx =
(P 3 - aM o1 )
K
1
M x = (-P 4 + aM o1 )
a
Q x = -(P1 + 2aM o 4 )
C4 =

(4.16)

4.3.2.5. Dm ngn

Dm ngn l nhng dm c khong cch t 2 u dm n im t lc < 2/a. i

vi loi dm ny ti trng tc dng ti v tr bt k s gy ra vng ng k cc tit
din u mt dm, do gii bi ton ny s phc tp hn. Sau y gii thiu cch gii
theo phng php thng s ban u ca Crlp.

q
X
x
yx

Hnh 4.11. Dm ngn trn nn n hi.

Phng php thng s ban u ca Vin s Crlp :
d4y x
q
+ 4a 4 y x = x
4
EJ
dx

o hm hai ln phng trnh trn :

EJ

d6y x
dx

Hay :

4-10

+ EJ.4a 4 .y' ' = q' '

d4 M
dx

+ 4a 4 M = q' '

(4.17)

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

Xt ti trng phn b theo quy lut bc nht, khi q = 0

d Mx
dx

+ 4a 4 M x = 0

(4.18)

Nghim ca phng trnh (2) c vin s Crlp tm ra di dng :

M(x) = A1Y1(x) + B1Y2(x) + C1Y3(x) + D1Y4(x)

(4.19)

Y1(x), Y2(x), Y3(x), Y4(x) l cc hm Crlp c dng :

Y1(x) = chax.cosax
Y2(x) = 1/2(chax.sinax + shax.cosax)

(4.20)

Y3(x) = 1/2shax.sinax
Y4(x) = 1/4(chax.sinax - shax.cosax)
Trong :

chax = 1/2(eax + e-ax)

shax = 1/2(eax + e-ax)

A1, B1, C1, D1 l cc hng s tch phn.

Tnh cht ca cc hm Crlp :
Y1(x) = -4Y4(x)

Y2(x) = -4Y4(x)

Y3(x) = -4Y4(x)

Y1(x) = -4Y3(x)

Y2(x) = -4Y3(x)

Y4(x) = Y3(x)

Y1(x) = -4Y2(x)

Y3(x) = Y2(x)

Y4(x) = Y2(x)

Y2(x) = Y1(x)

Y3(x) = Y1(x)

Y4(x) = Y1(x)

o hm lin tip phng trnh (3) ta c :

dM

= Q = a ( 4 A 1 Y4 ( x) + B 1 Y1 (x) + C 1 Y2 (x) + D 1 Y3 (x))

dx

d2 M

2
= a ( 4 A 1 Y3 (x) 4 B 1 Y4 (x) + C 1 Y1 (x) + D 1 Y2 (x)) = q x Ky x (5) (4.21)
dx

d M
= a 3 ( 4 A 1 Y2 (x) 4 B 1 Y3 (x) 4C 1 Y2 (x) + D 1 Y1 ( x)) = q' x Ky' x
dx

Ti x = 0 c y(0) = y0 ; y(0) = y0 ; M(0) = M0 ; Q0 = 0

qx - Kyx = q0 - Ky0
qx - Kyx = q0 - Ky0
T cc biu thc (4) c : ti x = 0
Y1(x) = 1 ;
Y2(x) = 0 ;
Y3(x) = 0 ;
Y4(x) = 0
4-11

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

T (3) M0 = A1
T (5) :
A 1 = M 0
Q0

B 1 = a
B 1 = 1 Q 0
Q 0 = a.B 1

q 0 Ky 0

1
q 0 Ky 0 = a C 1 C1 =
2
=
(q 0 Ky 0 )
C
a
1

2
3
a

=
q
'
Ky
'
a
D
0
1
0

q' 0 Ky' 0
D1 =
D = 1 (q' Ky' )

a3
0
1 a 3 0

Thay vo phng trnh (3) v (5) ta c :

1
1
1

M = M 0 Y1 (x) + Q 0 Y2 (x) + 2 (q 0 Ky 0 )Y3 (x ) + 3 (q' 0 Ky' 0 ).Y4 ( x)

a
a
a

1
1

Q = 4 M 0 aY4 (x) + Q 0 Y1 (x) + (q 0 Ky 0 )Y2 (x) + 2 (q' 0 Ky' 0 ).Y3 ( x)

a
a
(6)

1
q x Ky x = 4a 2 M 0 Y3 (x) 4aQ 0 Y4 ( x) + (q 0 Ky 0 )Y1 (x) + (q' 0 Ky' 0 ).Y2 (x)
a

3
2
q' x Ky' x = 4a M 0 Y2 (x) 4a Q 0 Y3 (x) 4a(q 0 Ky 0 )Y4 (x ) + (q' 0 Ky' 0 ).Y1 (x)
(4.22)

Nh vy ta thy cc biu thc trn u c th hin qua cc tr s ban u ca

chng v vy ta gi phng php ny l phng php thng s ban u.
Tuy nhin cc cng thc trn ch ng cho trng hp ti trng lin tc trn ton b
chiu di dm hoc cho on gia ti th nht ca dm, khi trc dm b un c th
hin qua 1 phng trnh vi phn.
Nu dm chu ti trn mt s on th tng on s c phng trnh vi phn trc
dm b un v s c cc tr s M, Q, y, tng ng.
Trng hp c mt s on dm b gia ti (hnh v) th cc cng thc M, Q, y, y()
c dng :
q

Nz

a1
a2
a3
a4
l

Hnh 4.12. Dm ngn b gia ti trn mt s on.

4-12

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

n 1

n 1 Q

i =1

M n = M 1 + M i Y1 (x a i ) +
n 1 q

i =1

i =1

n 1 q

Y2 (x a i ) +

i =1

Y4 (x a i )

n 1

n 1

n 1 q

i =1

i =1

i =1

Q n = Q 1 + 4M i Y4 (x a i ) + Q i Y1 ( x a i ) +
n 1 q

i =1

Y3 (x a i ) +

Y2 (x a i ) +

Y3 (x a i )
n 1

n 1

i =1

i =1

q n = Ky n = q1 Ky1 + 4 2 M i Y3 ( x a i ) + 4 Qi Y4 ( x a i ) +
n 1

n 1

i =1

i =1

+ q i Y1 ( x a i ) +

q ' i

(4.23)

Y2 ( x a i )

n 1

n 1

q' n Ky' n = q'1 Ky'1 + 4 3 M i Y2 (x a i ) + 4 2 Q i Y3 (x a i ) +

i =1

i =1

n 1

n 1

i =1

i =1

+ 4 q i Y4 (x a i ) + q' i Y1 (x a i )

Trong :

= ax;
M, Q, q, q_ Lng tng momen, lc ct, ti trng phn b v o hm ca
n ti bin cc on gia ti ;
a1, a2, , an_ Khong cch t gc ta n ranh gii cc on (Bc nhy ca
biu M, Q, q, q ti cc im tip gip i, i+1).
-

u im : Khng ph thuc vo s lng on b gia ti, khi xc nh cc hng

s cho bt k cch lin kt no ca u v cui dm ch cn gii 2 phng trnh
vi 2 n s.

Thc hnh :

Cho 1 dm chu lc nh hnh v :

q

N
1

M
2

a1
a2
a3
a4
l

Bc 1 : Xc nh cc c trng hnh hc E, J, K, a
K = c.b

4-13

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

K
4 EJ

a=4

Bc 2 : Lp bng xc nh cc thng s ban u v bc nhy :

x=0

x = a1

x = a2

x = a3

x = a4

y0 0
y'0 0
M0 = 0
Q0 = 0
q0 = 0
q0 = 0

M1 = 0
Q1 = -P
q 1 = 0
q1 = 0

M2 = 0
Q2 = -q
q 2 = 0
q2 = 0

M3 = 0
Q3 = 0
q 3 = q
q3 = 0

M4 = M0
Q4 = 0
q 4 = 0
q4 = 0

P
Qph

Qtr

Qph - Qtr + P1 = 0 Q = -P1

M
M ph

M tr

Bc 3 : Lp phng trnh bin dng cho on th n (7)

M5 =
+

Mph - Mtr - M0 = 0 M = M0

q
a2

Ky 0
a2

Y3 (x) +

Y3 (x a 2 ) +

Ky' 0

q
a3

a3

Y4 (x) + M 0 Y1 (x a 4 ) +

P
Y2 (x a 1 ) +
a

Y4 (x a 3 )

Bc 4 : iu kin bin
Ti x = l

M5(l) = 0
Q5(l) = 0

y0, y0
Thay tr li cc gi tr bc 3.
-

Bc 5 : Lp bng tnh ton ni lc, bin dng cho cc im thuc dm. V biu
ni lc cho dm.
M/c x(m) ax Y1(x) Y2(x) Y3(x) Y4(x) x-ai a(x-ai) Yi(x-ai) M Q y y'

4-14

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

4.4. Tnh ton mng mm theo m hnh nn l na khng gian n hi

Gi thit ca m hnh ny l coi nn di y mng l na khng gian v hn, ng
nht, ng hng lin tc c E0, 0.
Khi nn gm nhiu lp t ngi ta chuyn nn v nn l na khng gian ng nht
vi moun bin dng trung bnh ca t theo cng thc :
n

E tb =

h ii

i =1
n h

ii

Ei

i =1

Trong :
n_ S lp t trong phm vi nn;
hi_ Chiu dy lp t th i ;
Ei_ Mun bin dng ca lp t th i ;

i_ ng sut trung bnh trong lp t th i tnh cho trc ng i qua trng tm

mng.
Theo gi thit nn l na khng gian bin dng tuyn tnh, nhiu nh bc hc
xut nhiu phng php tnh ton mng mm. c s dng nhiu nht trong thc t l
cc phng php ca gio s Gorbunov - Pxadov I.M, gio s Jmoskin B.N, gio s
Ximvulii I.A.
4.4.1. Phng php ca gio s Gorbunov-Pxadov I.M

Cc gi thit :
-

Quy lut phn b ng sut tip xc di dm v bn c dng a thc bc cao;

vng ca kt cu dm hoc bn y(x) v ln ca nn W(x) tho mn iu

kin y(x) = W(x).

Da trn cc c s l lun nn bin dng tuyn tnh v cc gi thit ban u, ng

thnh lp cc h phng trnh vi phn cho tng loi dm, bn sau gii cc bi ton
v lp thnh bng tra. ng lp bng cho p lc phn lc p , lc ct Q , momen M cho
cc tit din cch nhau 0,1 na chiu di ca di ct ra i vi cc ch tiu mnh t
khc nhau.
tra bng cn tnh mnh t ca dm :

(1 )Ebl 10 El
t=
(1 )4E J E h
2
b
2

3
3

Trong :
E, _ Mun bin dng v h s n hng ca t;
Eb, b_ Mun n hi v h s poission ca vt liu di ;
h_ Chiu cao tit din ngang ca di.
a. Bi ton phng :
4-15

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

* Tnh dm ngn : tip phng php Gorbunov - Pxadov ( t = 110)

10

3 2

0 1

x1
x2
l

2 3

xi

10

Chia dm thnh 20 on bng nhau, gi ai l khong cch t im t lc i n gia

a
dm, khong cch quy i i = i (c trng cho v tr t lc).
l
Gi xi : to im tnh cc i lng cn thit th i th i =

xi
c trng cho v tr
l

ca im xt.
-

Trng hp 1 : ti trng phn b sut chiu di dm(T/m2)

p = p.q (T/m2)

Q = Q .q.b.l.q (T)
M = M .b.l2.q (T.m)
Vi b, l l cnh di v ngn ca y mng.
-

Trng hp 2 : Lc tp trung P t bt k trn dm

ai

p= p

p T

2
b.l m

Q = QP
M = MPl

(T )
(Tm )

Ch : khi dm c nhiu lc tp trung p dng nguyn l cng tc dng

4-16

Q (+) khi lc tp trung P thuc na dm phi

Ti im t lc Q c 2 gi tr, ly gi tr Q * cho bn tri im t lc, Q * - 1

cho bn phi im t lc ( khi P thuc na bn phi ) v ngc li khi p thuc
na bn tri.

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

Trng hp 3 : mmen tp trung

ai

M
2
p = p. 20 ( T/m )
bl

Q= Q

M0
(T)
l

M = M 0 M ( Tm )
M0 ly du (+) hoc (-) cho p, M tu thuc M nm phi hay tri ging trng
hp 2 .
2.

Ti v tr c M0 tc dng biu M c bc nhy, c 2 gi tr ly ging trng hp

* Dm di t > 10
Kim tra iu kin dm di v hn hay bn v hn
c L = h 3 E

E0 6

(m)

h : chiu cao ca tit din dm

E , E0 : mun n hi ca dm v t
Gi a if l khong cch t im t lc th i n u phi ca dm
a itr l khong cch t im t lc th i n u tri ca dm

if

a if
=
L

itr =

a itr
L

nu if , itr > 2 dm di v hn
if > 2 hay itr > 2 bn v hn

* Dm di v hn
-

4-17

TH1: q phn b u

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

q
X

p = p .q T/m

Q = Q .b.L.g (T)
2

M = M .b.L .g ( Tm )
-

TH2: lc tp trung

chn gc to ngay di im t lc

a itr

aiph

Y
p= p

p T

b.L m 2

Q = QP
M = MPL
-

(T )
(Tm )

TH3: mmen tp trung

M0
X
aitr

aiph
Y

p = p.
Q= Q

M0
2

bL

( T/m )

M0
(T)
L

M = M M0 ( Tm )
vi dm di bn v hn tu thuc trng hp ti trng khc nhau ta cng da vo
bng tra cc gi tr p, Q, M v tng t nh trng hp trn
4-18

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

4.4.2. Phng php ca gio s Ximvulii I.A

Phng php ny dng xc nh phn lc ca nn ri theo phn lc ca nn v

cc phng trnh tnh hc xc nh lc ct v momen un ti tit din bt k ca di
chu tc dng ca ti trng nm trn na khng gian bin dng tuyn tnh.
Cc gi thit :
-

Tnh c phn lc nn l 1 a thc bc 3;

Quan h gia dm v nn

vng ca u tri dm bng ln ca nn : y(x=0) = W(x=0);

vng ca 2 ng cong th hin bin dng ca dm v ln ca dm ti
gia nn bng nhau : y(x=l/2) = W(x=l/2);
Cc din tch to bi 2 ng cong bin dng (ca dm v nn) bng nhau:
(y) = (W);
o hm bc 3 ca c 2 hm s ti gia dm bng nhau: y(l/2) = W(l/2).
Lp cc phng trnh vi phn, xc nh cc hng s tch phn ri lp bng tra.
tra bng:
-

Tnh cc ch tiu mnh :

i vi dm :
=

Ebl 3

(1 )E J
2

1 2b Ebl 3
Vi di c tng tng ct ra t bn : =
.
1 2 E b .J

(b = 1m)

Tm s cht ti :
p = p.

P
bl 2

Q = Q.P
M = M.P.l
.l
X
x = .l
l
Y

Hnh 4.13. Lc tp trung t ti v tr bt k theo chiu di dm.

4-19

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

4.4.3. Phng php ca gio s Jemoskin B.N
X
c

Ngm gi nh

P
X1

X2

X3

X4

X5

a1
a2

Hnh 4.14. S tnh ton dm

theo phng php ca gio s Jemskin.
Tnh ton dm :
Cc gi thit :
-

Coi phn lc nn phn b dng hnh thang. Tt c cc bc u c chiu di c.

- Trong phm vi mi bc px c coi l phn b u.

- S tip xc gia dm v bn trn din tch c.b c thay bng lin kt gi ta
trn nhng thanh cng. Cc thanh ny t chnh gia mi on c, chu ti trng
do dm truyn xung ri truyn ti trng ln phn nn tng ng.
- t thanh ngang vo h khng bin hnh (thanh ngang sau ny khng c vai
tr g c).
- H tm c gm dm chu ti trng t trn cc thanh gi ta c coi l dm
trn nn lin tc bin dng tuyn tnh.
iu kin : yi = Wi . H c bn v trn hnh bn.
n s ca h ny gm X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, y0 v 0.

4-20

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

0

aK

Vi y0 l vng ca dm ti tit din t ngm quy c(u dm).

0 l gc xoay.
Gii bi ton :
a- H c bn : hnh v.
b- Lp h phng trnh chnh tc : gm (n + 2) phng trnh: n phng trnh
chuyn v + 2 phng trnh cn bng.

11X1 + 12X2 + 13X3 + ... + 1nXn + y0 + a10 + 1p = 0

21X1 + 22X2 + 23X3 + ... + 2nXn + y0 + a20 + 2p = 0
.............

n1X1 + n2X2 + n3X3 + ... + nnXn + y0 + an0 + np = 0

X1 + X2 + X3 + + Xn - P = 0
X1a1 + X2a2 + X3a3 + + Xnan - M = 0
-

Xc nh cc ik = yik + Wik

( )( )

yik = M i . M k

yik : thnh phn vng ca dm.

Wik : thnh phn ln ca nn.
-

Bi ton khng gian :

ik = Fik + kz.yik
Trong :
zk =

EC 4

6E b J 1 2

Bi ton bin dng phng : ik = Fik + f.y*ik

Fik : tra bng (4.9) vi bi ton phng v (4.10) vi bi ton khng gian.

1 2b EC 3
.
f =
1 6.E b .J
Bi ton khng gian chiu di mi on nn ly b/2 c 2b.
ra.

ip : vng ca dm theo hng lc X1 ti im xi do ti trng ngoi gy

y0 hng ln (+)

0 ngc chiu kim ng h (+)

4-21

Chng 4. Tnh ton mng mm

ip = i.yip.P
a ap
yip ph thuc vo i ;
c c
trong h c bn.

tra bng (4.8) vng ti xi do P = 1 gy ra

Thay cc ik, ip vo h phng trnh chnh tc Gii tm c Xi, y0, 0.

Tnh p i =

Xi
c.b

t cc pi vo dm xc nh ni lc ti nhiu im thuc dm v v biu

ni lc.
Trng hp ti trng ngoi i xng chn im nh v gia v s tnh nh
sau:
i xng
P/2

X3

X2

P/2

X1

X0

X0

X1

X2

X3

y0 = 0
0 =0

i xng ngc
P/2

X3

X2

P/2

X1

X1

X2

X3

y0 = 0
0 =0

Ti trng khng i xng phn thnh 1 i xng v 1 i xng ngc khi s

thnh lp c 2 h phng trnh chnh tc:
vi 1 h i xng c y0 0 , 0 = 0 ;
vi 1 h i xng ngc c y0 = 0 , 0 0 .

4-22