HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

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T ng Hi

NGHIN CU GII PHP KT HP IU CH THCH NGHI V CN BNG

NRON CI THIN HIU NNG TRUYN D LIU CHO H THNG THNG
TIN DI NG BNG RNG
Chuyn ngnh: K thut in t
M s: 60.52.70
TM TT LUN VN THC S

H NI - 2011

Lun vn c hon thnh ti:

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS.TS. Trn Hng Qun

Phn bin 1:

Phn bin 2:

Lun vn s c bo v trc Hi ng chm lun vn thc s ti Hc vin Cng

ngh Bu chnh Vin thng
Vo lc: ....... gi ....... ngy ....... thng ....... .. nm .............

C th tm hiu lun vn ti:

- Th vin ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng

M U
Vi s ra i ca cc h thng thng tin di ng tc cao th fading cng tc
ng mnh n cht lng truyn dn ca h thng, cc knh thng biu hin cht
lng hu nh tc thi thay i theo thi gian. Do cc phng thc iu ch c nh,
cn bng c in b tc ng cc cm li. Mt trong nhng phng php c hiu qu
loi tr cc nh hng c hi l iu ch thch nghi cc dng iu ch, m ha theo
cc tham s ca h thng da vo thng tin cht lng knh gn nh tc thi do my thu
nhn c v phn hi tr li my pht. chnh l phng php iu ch-m ha thch
nghi.
Ngoi ra, knh vn cn tc ng ca can nhiu do fading gy ra, nhng knh by
gi l bng rng c tnh phi tuyn biu hin cc khe thng ging su trong bng tn. V
vy gim can nhiu by gi da vo cc b cn bng tuyn tnh thng thng s
khng cn hiu qu, m cn phi c b cn bng gii quyt c tnh phi tuyn ca knh,
phng php n gin, hiu qu nht l cn bng mng nron.
Lun vn ny s nghin cu iu ch thch nghi-cn bng bng nron v kt hp
chng trong mt gii php h thng duy nht nhm p ng yu cu thc tin cc h
thng di ng bng rng hin c v s c.
Phng php nghin cu:
-

Trc ht nghin cu cc vn iu ch thch nghi, cn bng mt cch ring

r. T ch ra l thuyt c bn ca iu ch thch nghi, cn bng mng nron
v tc dng a li cho h thng.

Xy dng mt s lut hc cho mt s b cn bng nron nhm ch ra cc tham

s cho b cn bng.

Da vo kt qu m phng c ca cc tc gi khc, lun vn s phn tch,

nhn xt rt ra nhng khuyn ngh p dng.

 ngha khoa hc ca ti:

-

Xy dng mt s thut ton cho cn bng nron thun, phn hi v xuyn tm

n gin.

nh gi n nh ca b cn bng

ngha thc tin:

-

Khuyn ngh p dng cc phng thc iu ch vo nhng iu kin hon

cnh khc nhau.

Cng c nghin cu:

-

Ton xc sut v i s tuyn tnh.

L thuyt truyn tin v mng nron.

Ni dung lun vn:

Chng 1: Tng quan v h thng thng tin thch nghi. Chng ny nhm ch ra
nt c bn ca h thng, cc cng trnh nghin cu v chng, hiu nng trong knh.
Chng 2: iu ch thch nghi v cn bng. Chng ny gii thiu cc gii php
iu ch thch nghi v cn bng nhm lm c s cho cc nghin cu m rng chng 3.
Chng 3: Kt hp iu ch thch nghi- cn bng nron. Trong chng ny trn
c s m hnh kt hp, lun vn s nghin cu su hn b cn bng v cc thut ton o
to cho cn bng trong hon cnh kt hp.

Chng 1
TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN THCH NGHI V HIU NNG
CA H THNG
1.1 Gii thiu
i su vo nghin cu cc bi ton v iu ch v cn bng trong cc h thng
thch nghi, trc ht lun vn s gii thiu nhng nt c bn nht v h thng thch nghi,
hiu nng ca h thng trong knh nhiu Gauss, knh fading Rayleigh.
Lun vn cng s im qua mt s cng trnh nghin cu ni bt trn th gii
xung quanh lnh vc ny.
1.2 Nguyn l thch nghi
iu ch thch nghi AQAM l mt gii php thch hp cho thng tin gia trm
gc v my di ng. Thch nghi AQAM l hot ng ca my pht p ng cc iu
kin bin i theo thi gian ca knh. Nhm phn ng mt cch hiu qu cc bin i
cht lng knh, h thng thch nghi thc hin cc bc sau:
c lng cht lng knh
Chn cc tham s truyn dn tip theo mt cch thch hp
Bo hiu hoc pht hin cc tham s c s dng

1.3 Hiu nng ca h thng QAM trong knh nhiu Gauss

Hu ht c lng cht lng knh l t l li bit (BER Bit Error Rate), v n
5
L thuyt
phn nh cht lng knh khng
k n ngun hoc bnBPSK:
cht
s suy gim cht lng.
BPSK: M phng

QPSK: L thuyt
QPSK: M phng

10-1

BER

10-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Hnh 1.1: Biu th BER i vi h thng BPSK, 4QAM,
16QAM, 64QAM trong knh fading phng Rayleigh.
SNR(dB)

1.4 Mt s cng trnh ni bt nghin cu v cc h thng iu ch thch nghi

v cn bng Nron.
Lun vn ny hc vin nhm theo hng nghin cu cc lut hc n gin v kt
hp iu ch thch nghi vi cn bng nron. Cng a ra phn tch mt s cng trnh
nghin cu trc v cc lnh vc ny.
Kt lun:
Qua cc ni dung trn ta thy c bc tranh tng qut thc hin c cc
h thng iu ch thch nghi phi c nhng khu c bn no.
Tip , gii thiu hiu nng ca knh v tuyn m c trng l BER trong knh
nhiu Gauss ng vi cc loi iu ch khc nhau. Lun vn nghin cu BER trong
knh fading Rayleigh ng vi cc dng iu ch khc nhau. Qua gip nh hng

xc nh phng thc iu ch khi SNR thay i. Cui cng chng 1 im qua mt

s cng trnh tiu biu trong qu trnh nghin cu iu ch thch nghi-cn bng mng
nron qua nh hng bi ton theo nghin cu ca lun vn.
Chng 2
IU CH THCH NGHI V CN BNG MNG NRON
2.1 iu ch thch nghi
2.1.1 Gii thiu
iu ch thch nghi l mt gii php rt hiu qu thit lp cc h thng truyn
dn trn knh fading bin i theo thi gian. Nguyn l c bn ca n l phi c lng
knh ti my thu v phn hi c lng ny tr li my pht my pht thay i
phng php iu ch tng ng vi s thay i cc c tnh ca knh truyn sao cho
duy tr c xc sut li u thu. Cc k thut iu ch khng thch nghi kp cc iu
kin ca fading m cn c d phng tuyn c nh duy tr hiu nng chp nhn
c khi cht lng knh xu. Nh vy cc h thng ny c thit lp p ng c cc
iu kin knh xu nht. Do thch nghi c vi knh fading cho nn n c th lm tng
thng qua trung bnh, gim cng sut pht cn thit, gim xc sut li bt trung bnh.
2.1.2 Tng quan h thng truyn dn thch nghi
My pht

Knh

M ha v iu
ch thch nghi
R[i].C[i]

iu khin
ngun S[i]

x[i]

[i]

y[i]

Tr
if
Knh phn hi

[i]

Gii m
v gii iu ch

n[i]

[]

r[i]

My thu

c lng
knh
tr: ie;

[i]

Hnh 2.1: M hnh h thng truyn dn thch nghi.

2.1.3 iu ch thch nghi bng bin i tc
Trong iu ch bin i tc th tc s liu ( ) bin i theo li knh .
Ngi ta thc hin iu ny bng cch c nh tc k hiu iu ch Rs = 1/Tsv s
dng gii php nhiu s iu ch hoc c nhiu chm sao tn hiu iu ch hoc c
nh s iu ch v thay i tc k hiu.
2.1.4 iu ch thch nghi bng bin i cng sut
b li s bin i SNR do fading, ngi ta thng dng phng php iu ch
thch nghi bin i cng sut pht. Mc tiu ca n l duy tr xc sut li bt c nh hoc
tng ng vi SNR thu khng i. Thch nghi cng sut pht ngha l b o ngc
fading knh sao cho knh s c biu hin nh mt knh AWGN i vi gii php iu
ch v gii iu ch ny.
2.1.5 iu ch thch nghi bin i tc v bin i cng sut trong h thng
MQAM.
mc ny, lun vn nghin cu mt dng iu ch thch nghi c bit, l iu
ch bng cch bin i tc v cng sut ca h thng MQAM t cc i v hiu
sut ph trong lc vn p ng mc tiu pb tc thi cho. y lun vn cng ch ra
rng c mt khe h cng sut khng i gia hiu qu ph ca k thut iu ch MQAM
thch nghi ny v dung lng trong fading phng v khe h ny c th khp li mt phn
bng cch thm vo m li trong iu ch thch nghi.
2.1.6 Thch nghi cng sut bng bin i ngc knh vi tc c nh
Hin nay, ngi ta cn nghin cu gii php thch nghi cng sut bng bin i
ngc knh duy tr SNR thu c nh. Sau s pht tn hiu iu ch MQAM tc
c nh duy nht t c mc tiu pb.
2.1.7 Thch nghi tc ri rc

Khi thit k MQAM thch nghi cu phi xc nh cc bin ca Rj. Trong lc c

th ti u cc bin ny lm cc i hiu qu ph, vic ny chng ta s tr li bng
cch s dng phng php cn ti u.
2.1.8 Hiu nng ca h thng iu ch thch nghi
Trc khi i vo tnh ton xc sut li trung bnh ca h thng iu ch thch nghi,
ta nh ngha xc sut li cho h thng iu ch thch nghi tng qut:

(2.1)
Khi h thng c tc bit thch nghi lin tc theo , k hiu tc l ( )
th xc sut li bit trung bnh by gi l:

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

(2.2)
Trong trng hp h thng iu ch ch thch nghi vi tc ri rc th:

( ) ( )

( )

(2.3)
Trong :
( ) l xc sut li bit bin i theo .
p( ) l hm mt phn b xc sut ca .
2.2 Cn bng bng mng Nron
2.2.1 Gii thiu

Trong mc ny chng ta a ra ci nhn tng quan v cn bng da vo mng

nron. Cn bng knh c th c xem di dng phn loi cc bi ton. Gii php ti
u bi ton ny l bi ton phi tuyn khng kt hp. Vy chng ta s tho lun lm th
no cu trc phi tuyn ca mng nron nhn to c th nng cao hiu nng ca mt b
cn bng knh so vi cch truyn thng v nghin cu cch thit k mng nron p
ng cn bng knh nh nhng mng o to nhiu lp (Multi-Layer Perceptron - MLP),
mng o to a thc (Polynomial Perceptron-PP) v mng nron xuyn tm (Radial
Basis Function - RBF). Chng ta nghin cu cu trc mng nron RBF chi tit p dng
cho cn bng knh. Hn na, chng ta s m t tng quan mng RBF v i vo cc ng
dng ca n.
2.2.2 M hnh knh
Mt knh bng thng gii hn to ra nhiu giao thoa lin k t (Inter Symbol
Interference ISI) c th c m t bi b lc ngang ri rc c hm truyn t:
( )=
(2.4)
yp fn p ng xung th n ca knh v L+1 l chiu di ca ng ng xung
knh (channel impulse respone CIR).
{Ik}
{f0}

Z-1

Z-1

{f0}

{fL-1}

Z-1

{fL}

{
{

Hnh 2.2: M hnh ri rc thi gian ca knh nhiu xuyn k t v nhiu Gauss trng

2.2.3 Cu trc mng cn bng

Trong phn ny chng ta s ch ra rng cc c tnh ca dy pht c th c biu
th bng trng thi hu hn ca knh v xem xt bi ton cn bng nh l mt bi ton
thuc loi hnh hc.
vk

z-1

vk-1

z-1

z-1

z-1

vk-m+1

Cn bng quyt nh

Hnh 2.3: S cn bng tuyn tnh m t

2.2.4 Cu trc mng Nron
2.2.4.1 Gii thiu.
Mng nron nhn to l mt lp cc m hnh c gi lp h thng thn kinh
ca con ngi. Cc m hnh ny bao gm cc yu t x l c biu din bng cc
nron, mi nron c mt s d liu u vo v d liu u ra. Ngi ta s dng mt t
hp tuyn tnh tnh ra mt gi tr t tt c d liu u vo. Gi tr ny gi l tng trng
s ca d liu u vo. Gi tr tng trng s tr i gi tr ngng ca cc nron to ra
s khi ng ca nron. K hiu kch hot lm tham s cho hm kch hot to ra d
liu u ra ca nron. Hm kch hot thng l hm phi tuyn tnh m n cho php mng

nron gii quyt nhng bi ton phc tp. Hm kch hot c ba dng c bn: Hm mc,
hm phn on tuyn tnh, hm sigmoid.

w0j

x0 = 1

w1j

x1

u vo

vj

yj
()

wij

xi

xI

Hm kch hot
wIj

Synaptic trng tm
Hnh 2.4: Mng Nron nhn to (nron th j)

2.2.4.2 Cu trc mng nron

Cu trc mng nron c xc nh bi vic sp xp cc nron trong mng. Cu
trc khc nhau c nghin cu cho cc ng dng khc nhau.

Lp vo

Lp ra

Perceptron n l(SLP)

Lp vo

Lp n

Lp ra

Perceptron a lp(MLP)

Hnh 2.5: Mng nron tin

Mng nron nhn to tin c cu trc cc lp nh Hnh 2.5, y tt cc ng

kt ni trc tip t u vo ti u ra khng c hi tip. Cc mng dng ny thng hot
ng khng n nh. c trng ca nron trong mi lp mng ch c cc tn hiu ra lp
mng trc i vo u vo. C 2 loi cu trc mng perceptron thng s dng l:
-

Mng perceptrong n lp (SLP): Mng c 1 lp mng nron

Mng perceptron a lp(MLP): Mng c nhiu lp mng nron

Mng nron hi tip l dng mng nron nhn to tin nhng c Chng ta cng
xem xt n dng mng nron nhn to tin nhng c t nht mt vng phn hi.
V cng l mng nron nhn to dng li, mng c dng mng mt chiu, 2
chiu hay nhiu chiu dy nron.
Trong cc m hnh mng nron c c tnh c ch ra bi t tnh cc nt mng,
kiu mng v bi quy tc hun luyn v hc tp ca mng.
2.2.5 Cn bng trn c s hun luyn a lp

Lp u vo

Lp n 1

Lp n 2
Lp u ra

Hnh 2.6: M hnh cn bng hun luyn a lp m-t.

2.2.6 Cn bng trn c s a thc
Cu trc cn bng trn c s a thc (Polynomial Perceptron - PP) c Chen,
Gibson v Cowan nghin cu. Cn bng PP c cu trc n gin v vic tnh ton t
phc tp hn cu trc MLP. Vi cu trc a lp kt hp k thut a thc gn ng trong
gii php ti u cn bng phi tuyn gn ng.

Lp u vo

Lp u ra

Hnh 2.7: Cn bng trn c s a thc s dng bc m= 2 v a thc bc l=3

Xt mt m hnh a thc cp l = 3 hoc l = 5, cho vic gii thiu hot ng ca
hm sigma v kt qu tnh ton ca hm. Xt cn bng trn c s a thc n gin vi
m=2, cp a thc l=3. Khi hm a thc quyt nh c dng:
( )= (

+
+

+
+

(2.5)
2.2.7 Thut ton to cm K-trung bnh

+
+

+
)

Thng thng, chc nng ca thut ton K-trung bnh l chia phn vng chnh
thnh cc vector trong on K v sau tm vector trng tm, ci, i = 1,,K, vector l
i din tt nht cho tp vector trong mi khong hay on ring. Trong mng cn bng
da trn RBF thit k cc vector dng cm c cc vector trng thi nhiu ca knh vk, k =
, , + quan st cn bng s dng cc kha vector hin ti.
Cc bi ton kt hp s dng thut cm K-trung bnh thc hin cm x l c th
khng t ti ti u hay cu trc gn ti u. Thut ton ch m bo cn ti u da trn
cn c xc lp trc.
2.2.8. Mng Nron xuyn rm RBF(Radial Basic Function)
2.2.8.1 Gii thiu

=1

( )

Lp u vo

Lp n

Lp u ra

Hnh 2.8: Cu trc mng nron xuyn tm (RBF)

Mng RBF gm c 3 lp khc nhau, c ch ra nh Hnh 2.14. Lp vo c cu
thnh bi p nt ngun. Mt tp M hm kch hot phi tuyn

, i = 1, , M, to thnh lp

n th 2. u ra ca mng c to nn bi lp th 3, n bao gm cc nt ra. Cu trc

ny da trn thit k mng nron c bn. Hm kch hot trong lp n to nn hm xuyn

tm RBF. Hm c c tnh l cc p ng c dng hm tng hoc gim u tnh t tm

im C.
2.2.9 Cn bng RBF trong Modem nhiu mc
Trong phn ny chng ta s m rng thit k cn bng RBF vi mc phc hp
Modem nhiu mc, y thng tin t tp gi tr phc M, Ti, i = 1,2,,M. Trng thi
knh mong mun c th p ng vi phn vng trong M lp ln hn 2, theo gi tr ca
, c xc nh bi biu thc dng:

k t truyn
,

={

= }

,, ,,

= 1,2,

(2.6)
y rij, j = 1, ,nis, l trng thi knh ra mong mun ca vic truyn k t
= , = 1,
thi knh trong tp

. R rng hn, s nis l s trng thi knh rij trong tp

,

l tt c k t truyn , i = 1,2,M.

Mng con th 1

Mng RBF

Mng con th M

Mng RBF
Hnh 2.9: Cn bng mng modem trong M mc

. S trng

 phc tp tnh ton ca cn bng nhiu mc RBF ph thuc vo bc ca M

=

trong s iu ch, do vy s nt n con RBF l

Bng 2.3: phc tp tnh ton ca mng cn bng RBF bc m vi mu u

ra iu ch M-ary. Tng s nt n ca cn bng RBF l
S php cng tr
S php nhn

+ 1)

S php chia
S m
S hm Max

2.2.10 Cn bng thch nghi RBF

Nh ta bit u ra knh nhiu t do l yu t cn xc nh ca hm quyt nh kt
hp, c lng trng thi knh c xc nh nh phn cu trc cn bng. Do vy trng
thi knh phi c hc trong qu trnh truyn d liu thc t hoc c c trong qu
trnh o to. Cch thc ny c th c xy dng trn 2 phng php:
-

Phng php c lng CIR yu cu

S dng thut ton cm K-trung bnh

Kt lun
Trong chng ny lun vn tm tt mng nron xuyn tm v m t vn cn
bng. Kin trc ca cc mng RBF c trnh by v chng ti nu thit k ca phn
t cn bng RBF da trn li gii phn t cn bng Bayes. Qu trnh so snh gia phn
t cn bng MSE v RBF ch ra rng phn t cn bng RBF c kh nng a ra siu tnh
nng khi thm trnh t cn bng tng ng c xt n gia s phc tp ly tha m khi

tng trnh t phn t cn bng. Phn t cn bng RBF c trnh t np tin vi m= 9 s ci

tin tnh nng 10dB v 20dB thng qua b cn bng MSE i vi knh Guass 2 ng v
3 ng thng v phn t cn bng RBF th hin c tnh BER d, nu knh nu ra rng
tng ng vi cc biu tng truyn pht khc nhau l khng th phn tch trong khong
trng quan st knh.
Tnh nng la chn ca phn t cn bng RBF s dng thut ton to chm tm
vector, thut ton to chm tm v hng v phn t c lng knh LMS s c so
snh. Tp hp ca thut ton to chm ph thuc vo s lng h s knh c la chn
v ph thuc vo m hnh module ha c s dng v ph thuc vo chiu di
CIR. Tuy nhin, tp hp k thut c lng lnh LMS ch ph thuc vo chiu di CIR
v do k thut ny ph hp hn vi cc s module ha trnh t cao v chiu di
CIR ln. iu ny c bit ng trong trng hp khi ch module ha ca trnh t o
to khc vi trnh t d liu, v d i vi h thng QAM la chn, trong s s dng
ch module ha mnh hn. K thut c lng knh LMS ch c s dng t
c cc tm RBF tng ng v u ra knh mong mun s ph hp hn i vi dys
d liu v o to. Sau phn hi quyt nh c a vo phn t cn bng RBF
gim s phc tp tnh ton ca n. Tnh nng ca n c ci thin, v khong cch
Euclidean gia knh nu rng tng ng vi cc biu tng truyn pht khc nhau c
tng ln, khi s DFE c s dng. Cn nh li rng cc tham s ca RBF DFE c
la chn s l m = r + 1 v n = L trong m, n, r v L + 1 l trnh t tin, trnh t hi
quy, tr v chiu di CIR, trong a ra li gii hp l nht i vi phn t cn bng c
nh r. Nh mong mun, suy gim tnh nng do kh nng xy ra li ra quyt nh s tng
ln, khi BER tng ln, s tr nn quan trng hn i vi trnh t QAM c th hin. i
vi cc iu kin tt dn, suy gim tnh nng i vi cc s module ha trnh t cao s
cao hn, do chng s c nguy c hn do khong cch Euclidean gim gia cc trng
knh bn cnh.
Chng ta iu tra tnh cht ca phn t RBF la chn trong cc hon cnh tt
dn bt bin nhm li v biu tng. Chng ta quan st tc dng ca cc im to

chm trng thi knh khng th phn tch i vi suy gim bt bin biu tng do tc
dng suy gim nhanh qua thi lng nhm li. Kt hp vi knh nghin cu phi tuyn
tnh, hin tng ny gii thch s c mt ca BER d. Do , chng ta cn lu rng
ngay c i vi cc knh suy gim chm.
Chng 3
KT HP
IU CH THCH NGHI - CN BNG MNG NRON
3.1 Gii thiu
Trc y ngi ta thng nghin cu cc h thng iu ch thch nghi v h
thng s dng cn bng mt cch ring r. Tuy h thng iu ch thch nghi gim ng
k nh hng ca fading, nhng thc t vn khng th loi b hon ton c nh hng
ny. tip tc gim hn na nh hng ca fading cn li, u thu chng ta tip tc
dng thm mt gii php na l cn bng. y lun vn s nghin cu trng hp
cn bng bng mng Nron xuyn tm v iu ch thch nghi do trng hp h thng
pht c s dng BPSK, 4QAM, 16QAM v 64QAM to cho cc b cn bng trong
trng hp: mng a lp, mng a thc v mng xuyn tm. Sau kt hp tnh ton
bng s hiu qu khi s dng ng thi iu ch thch nghi v cn bng.
3.2 M hnh iu ch thch nghi - cn bng mng Nron
Hnh 3.1 biu th m hnh h thng s dng kt hp iu ch thch nghi v cn
bng mng nron xuyn tm. Trong pha pht s dng phng php chuyn mch
iu ch. V nguyn tc c th c nhiu mch iu ch khc nhau M-QAM.

Cn bng
d liu

Nhiu
D liu

Chuyn i
phng thc
iu ch

My pht

Knh

My thu

RBF DFE

c lng
mc iu ch

Phng thc
iu ch ca
Burst d liu

Bng i chiu
chuyn ngng

Xc sut
bit li ca
Burst d
liu

Hnh 3.1: M hnh h thng kt hp iu ch thch nghi v cn bng mng Nron

Chng 2 chng ta gii thiu tng qut v cn bng nron y, trong m hnh
kt hp s tnh ton c th hn hm nh x phi tuyn v tham s ca n.
3.3 Xy dng lut hc cho gim st cn bng mng nron truyn thng n
gin

3.3.1 Gii thiu

Mng nron loi ny gm c cc phn t thch nghi tuyn tnh v l h thng t
hc thng minh n gin nht.
V cu trc b cn bng ny ch c mt nron tuyn tnh tn hiu vo X = [x1,
x2,xm]T, mt tn hiu ra Y v cc vector trng s W = [w1,w2,wm]T, hm truyn t
a() c dng tuyn tnh.
x1

w1

f(v)

x2

w2

y
r=d-y

xn

wm

Hnh 3.2: Cn bng mng nron truyn thng n gin hc c gim st

3.3.2 Xy dng lut hc
tn hiu ra bm c tn hiu tham chiu d ta cn iu chnh gi tr vector trng
s w. Sau y lun vn gii thiu mt s phng php hc cho b cn bng ny.
Lut hc Adaline (Adaptor linear)
Lut hc LMS.
3.4 Cn bng knh phc bng mng perceptron hai lp
3.4.1 Cu trc b cn bng mng perceptron hai lp
khc phc iu y lun vn s a ra b cn bng knh phc, cng s
dng th tc o to phn hi ngc cho mng truyn thng hai lp, hai u vo v mt
u ra nh hnh 3.3.
PE1
X1

w11

w31

w22

PE3
y3

X2

w12

w32

w21
PE2

a.S cu trc ca mng 2 lp truyn thng

Nron 1
w11
X1

u1

w22

y1

w31

Nron 3
u3

w12
X2

u2

w21

y3

w32
y2

Nron 2

b.S tnh ton ca mng 2 lp truyn thng

Hnh 3.3: B cn bng knh phc mng perceptron 2 lp
3.4.2

Lut hc b cn bng Nron lan truyn ngc hai lp

Lut hc cho mng nron loi ny c Bryson v Ho xut nm 1969.

y lun vn s s dng vo hon cnh c th l b cn bng phc hai u ra mt u
vo, lut hc tng ng vi hnh 3.3.
3.5 Cn bng mng nron Hopfeld
3.5.1 c im
Trong h thng thng tin di ng mi dng kt hp iu ch thch nghi v cn
bng ngi ta thng dng cn bng nron Hopfeld. l mt mng nron c mt vi
vng phn hi kh nng ca n l thc hin nh x phi tuyn nhm gim can nhiu gia
cc k hiu do fading gy ra v mo phi tuyn c nhiu thut ton v cu trc thc

hin cc mng nron ny nh perceptron a lp, mng pht x xuyn tm vic thc hin
phn hi t cc nron ra n lp vo, hoc t cc lp n n lp vo.

Tn hiu vo

Knh
{SM}

Mo phi
tuyn

Cn bng {yn}
Nron

Tn hiu ra

Quyt
nh

{xn}

{dn}

B to dy
o to

Hnh 3.4: M hnh h thng thng tin s dng cn bng Hopfeld

j1

x1
..

= -1

= -1

y1

Xj

yj

..
jn

Xn

= -1
yn

Hnh 3.5: S cu trc cn bng dng Hopfield

c im ca n l mi nron th j u nhn tn hiu t bn ngoi xj v nh thin
kj vi j =1,2,n.
Tn hiu ra ca nron th j l yj c a ngc tr li u vo ca nron khc
vi trng s wij: i =1, 2,, n v i .
3.5.2 Lut hc cho cn bng Nron Hopfield ri rc
Trong phng thc ng b, cc trng s ca mi nron trong mng c cp
nht ng b. Trong phng thc khng ng b th trng s ca mt nron duy nht
c cp nht ti thi im tnh, v ch c 1 nron c chn trong n nron c trong
mng nn xc sut la chn l 1/n.
3.5.3 Tnh n nh ca b cn bng nron Hopfield
Nng lng trong mng khng tng khi trng thi ca cc nron trong mng thay
i, v vy b cn bng loi ny lun n nh. y l 1 u im ni tri ca b cn bng
ny.
3.6 Lut hc cho cn bng Nron xuyn tm
3.6.1. Cc hm truyn t
-Hm Gauss:
-Hm Multiquadric:
-Hm Multiquadric ngc:
-Hm Cauchy:
3.6.2 Lut hc cho mng nron xuyn tm
Gi

c = {cki| k = 1, 2, , k; i = 1, 2, m}

={

ki|

k = 1, 2, , k; i = 1, 2, m}

w = {wki| k = 1, 2, , k; i = 1, 2, m}
Cho N cp d liu vo-ra s dng mng nron xuyn tm hc cc cp d liu cho
trc, tc l cn xc nh mt gi tr k nh nht ca hm c s vi cc gi tr ti u
(c*,

) tn ti E(c*,

E(c, , w) =
[ ] v

Trong

) < , vi E c xc nh:
[ ]

[ ]

[ ] l u ra mong mun v u ra.

S dng phng php gradient, cc thng s iu chnh ca mng c tnh nh

sau:
[ ] =

[ 1]

[ ] =

[ 1]

[ ] =

[ 1]

Vi i = 1, 2, , m; k = 1, 2, , k; j = 1, 2, , n
h l thi im ly mu.

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

( ( ),

( ),

)[ [ ]

)[ [ ]

[ ]

[ ]

( ),

Trong mt s cng trnh trc y s dng phng php o to bnh phng

b nht trc giao OLS, y l phng php hiu qu nhng kh thc hin. y lun
vn dng phng php Gradient n gin v d thc hin.
3.7 Phn tch kt qu m phng kt hp ng thi iu ch thch nghi v cn
bng nron RBF thch nghi
Mc ny lun vn s tm tt li kt qu m phng h thng di ng s iu ch
thch nghi MQAM kt hp cn bng thch nghi RBF ca tc gi. Sau lun vn s phn
tch v rt ra kt lun so snh vi nhng trng hp s dng ring r iu ch v cn
bng.
3.7.1 Mt s gi thit m phng
- My thu thc hin c lng trng thi knh hoc c lng t s tn hiu can
nhiu sng mang. Cc trng thi knh s quyt nh cc trung tm ca mng RBF.
- T s tn hiu trn can nhiu trong khong thi gian ca cm pht l khng thay
i theo thi gian nhng s c bin i cm ny sang cm khc, iu ny tng ng coi
knh l bin i thun theo thi gian. Li u ra ca knh khi c can nhiu v p ng
ca b cn bng.
- My thu bit c phng thc iu ch c s dng tng cm pht thu
c.
- Xc sut c lng li thi gian ngn Pbit l bit trc truyn tt c cc
phng thc iu ch trong h thng.
3.7.2 M hnh m phng

- My pht pht cc k hiu gi ngu nhin vi nhng cm c di c nh cho

tt c cc phng thc iu ch qua knh bng rng khng bin i trong tng
cm.
- My thu thu mi cm s liu c cc phng thc iu ch khc nhau v cn bng
tng cm mt cch c lp.
- Xc sut li bit (hoc BER) tnh c cho mi phng thc iu ch:
=
BPSK
4QAM
16QAM
64QAM

Knh c
nh
Burst

( )

RBF DFE

B tnh
ton BER
ngn hn

B chn khung
vi ch iu
ch cao nht vi
BER ngn
hn<BER mc
tiu

M* QAM
Chn khung
cho BER thc
t v tnh
ton BPS

Hnh 3.6: M hnh m phng iu ch thch nghi kt hp cn bng RBF

3.7.3 Cc tham s m phng

Bng 3.1: Cc tham s m phng

S k hiu trng mt cm, LD

144

S k hiu o to cho mt cm, LT

27

Tn s pht

1,9GHz

Tc pht

2,6MBd

Tc my di ng

30 mph

Tn s Doppler chun

3,3 x 10-5

Cc trng s ca knh

0,707 + 0,707z-1

Bc ca b cn bng thng

Bc ca b cn bng phn hi

Thi gian tr quyt nh,

M hnh knh truyn dn: Knh Fading Rayleigh hai tia.

3.7.4 Kt qu m phng v nhn xt

BPSK BER

AQAM RBF DFE-BER:

AQAM RBF DFE-BPS:

Chn TX

Chn TX

4 QAM BER
16 QAM BER

10

10-1
5

10-3

10-4
10-5

10-6
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

2
40 SNR(dB)

BPS

BER

10-2

a. Mc tiu BER 10-2(BER trung bnh vi tc truyn)

BPSK BER

AQAM RBF DFE-BER:

AQAM RBF DFE-BPS:

Chn TX

Chn TX

4 QAM BER
16 QAM BER

10

-1

10

5
-2

10-3

BPS

BER

10

10-4
10-5

10-6
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

2
40 SNR(dB)

b.Mc tiu BER 10-4(BER trung bnh vi d liu truyn)

Hnh 3.7: Kt qu m phng h thng kt hp s dng cc phng thc iu ch BPSK, 4QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM

Trng hp h thng dng truyn s liu c BER mc tiu = 10-4 ch ra trn

Hnh 3.7(b).

Trong trng hp ny xu th bin i c gi tr BER, BPS tng t trn ch c

khong bin i SNR l c khc nhau. Tuy vy lu rng, vi khong SNR t 8dB n
20dB th BER ca gii php thch nghi khng gin on pht s tt hn so vi BPSK.
Hin tng ny cng c nhn thy trong iu ch thch nghi bng hp v iu ch
thch nghi kt hp cn bng Nron. iu c gii thch nh sau:
BER trung bnh ca h thng l t s tng cc bit li trn tng s cc bit c pht
i . BER trung bnh ca h thng s gim khi gim s bit li v khi tng tng s bit pht
i trong cm s liu. Vi s k hiu pht c nh, khi s dng tng s bit pht trong cm
s liu pht l khng i, trong khi vi iu ch QAM thch nghi, th tng s bit pht
trong cm s liu tng khi s dng AQAM bc cao. Nh vy trong trng hp ny BER
tng.
So snh kt qu m phng trong hnh 3.7(a) v 3.7(a) nhn thy:
Vi truyn s liu, xc sut chn pht tng i cao nhm t BER mc tiu thp.
Khi SNR tng khong trn 16dB v 20dB vi BER = 10-2 v BER = 10-7 th xc sut chn
pht gn ti 0.
Tm li, phng php truyn kt hp iu ch thch nghi v cn bng Nron c u
vit hn khi so snh cc phng thc iu ch c nh ring r. Tuy vy phng php
iu ch thch nghi khng chn pht th c th t c hiu nng mc tiu BER = 10-2
v BER = 10-4 nu SNR ca knh cao hn 9dB v 18dB tng ng.
Mc tiu BER trung bnh khi truyn thoi BER = 10-2 v truyn s liu BER = 104

t c i vi tt c cc SNR ca knh khi s dng trong chn pht.

3.8 So snh hiu nng BER trong trng hp cn bng thng thng v cn

bng nron- iu ch thch nghi kt hp

BER ca cn bng Nron v iu ch thch nghi BPSK v 4-QAM tt hn so vi
cn bng thng thng ring r nu SNR tng.

Tri li, hiu nng ca phng thc kt hp thp hn so vi hiu nng ca cn

bng thng thng trong trng hp 16 v 64-QAM. Tuy vy c th tng c hiu nng
bng cch tng c thi gian tr quyt nh v bc ca b nron hng thun m.

DFE thng thng:

RBF DFE:

Tc truyn:

Tc truyn:

Hiu nng BER trung bnh

Hiu nng BER trung bnh

Hiu nng BPS trung bnh

Hiu nng BPS trung bnh

D liu truyn:

D liu truyn:

10

10-1

BPS

BER

10-2

-3

10

10-4

10-5
2
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

SNR(dB)

Hnh 3.8: M phng hiu nng trng hp DFE thng thng v trng hp
kt hp RBF DFE
Da vo hnh 3.8 ta so snh hiu nng ca phng php iu ch thch nghi kt
hp cn bng nron:
-

Vi BER mc tiu 10-2, th gii php kt hp cho hiu nng BER tt hn so

vi gii php khc.

Vi mc tiu BER = 10-4, hiu nng BER ca phng php dng cn bng
nron kt hp iu ch thch nghi so vi cn khc hon ton tng t nu
SNR nm trong khong 5dB n 12dB, nhng BPS th tt hn. Trong
khong SNR ny ch yu dng iu ch bc thp. V phng php cn
bng nron kt hp iu ch thch nghi cho hiu nng BER tt hn so vi
phng php ring r i vi cc phng php iu ch bc thp.

Kt lun:
Sau khi nghin cu cc gii php iu ch thch nghi, cc mng nron c bn,
lun vn nghin cu gii php kt hp iu ch thch nghi v cn bng mng nron.
Trc ht, lun vn k tc m hnh tng qut c tnh cht nguyn l v h
thng kt hp c cc cng trnh trc y gii thiu. Lun vn i su nghin cu v
gii thiu mt s thut ton o to ho b cn bng dng:
-

Mng nron truyn thng n gin.

Cn bng knh phc bng mng perceptron hai lp.

Cn bng bng mng Hopfield.

Cn bng bng nron xuyn tm.

Cc thut ton ny tng i n gin. Phn cui cng ca chng gii thiu
mt s kt qu m phng ca cc tc gi trc c v lun vn phn tch, bnh
lun rt ra nhng hon cnh ng dng c th khi p dng phng thc iu ch thch
nghi kt hp cn bng nron.
KT LUN V HNG NGHIN CU TIP THEO
Lun vn nghin cu gii php kt hp iu ch thch nghi v cn bng nron
ci thin hiu nng truyn d liu cho h thng thng tin di ng bng rng l mt trong
nhng kh nghin cu v ang thu ht nhiu nh nghin cu.

Sau khi gii thiu mt s l lun c bn v hiu nng ca h thng thng tin di
ng, iu ch thch nghi v mng nron thch hp vi h thng di ng bng rng v
theo phng n kt hp vi iu ch thch nghi.
-

Lun vn xy dng lut hc cho b cn bng bng mng nron truyn thng
n gin c gim st.

S dng cn bng phc bng mng perceptron hai lp v lut hc cho n.

Xy dng lut hc cho cn bng mng nron Hopfield v nh gi n nh

cho n.

ng dng mng nron xuyn tm cn bng knh v lut hc.

Cui cng lun vn gii thiu kt qu m phng h thng kt hp iu ch

thch nghi v cn bng nron xuyn tm. Trn c s lun vn phn tch, nhn xt
v rt ra cc hon cnh ng dng khi knh c s bin ng v SNR.
Hng nghin cu tip theo:
1. Nghin cu ng dng hiu qu mng nron trong cn bng knh truyn cc
cm tn hiu tc cao.
2. Cn bng nron c lut hc quyt nh