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Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical Engineering
of
SUBHANKAR DASH
SUSHREE SONALI
RAJESH MOHANTY
SIDDHARTH S.PATI
RAJ KU PASAYAT
Supervised by
PROF.SUBHENDU PATI
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the progress report of the thesis entitled, EFFECT OF POWER
SWING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MHO RELAY submitted by
1. SUBHANKAR DASH
2. SUSHREE SONALI
3. RAJESH MOHANTY
4. SIDDHARTH S.PATI
5. RAJ KU.PASAYAT
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology degree
in Electrical Engineering at INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH under
S O A UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR, is an authentic work carried out by the group of
students under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge the matter embodied
in the thesis has not been submitted to any other University/Institute for the award of any degree
or diploma.
SUPERVISOR
HOD
DECLARATION
We certify that
a. The work contained in this report is original and has been done by us under
the guidance of our supervisor.
b. The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any degree or
diploma.
c. We have followed the guidelines provided by the Institute in preparing the
report.
d. We have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code of
Conduct of the Institute.
e. Whenever we have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures, and
text) from other sources, we have given due credit to them by citing them in
the text of the report and giving their details in the references.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to show my greatest appreciation to my supervisor
PROF. SUBHENDU PATI, Associate Professor, department of Electrical
Engineering, ITER Bhubaneswar. I feel motivated & encouraged every time I
meet him. Without his encouragement & guidance ,this project would not
have materialized.
I am thankful to PROF. (Dr.) RENU SHARMA , Head of the Department of
electrical Engineering, ITER Bhubaneswar for her encouraging words &
valuable suggestions towards the project work.
I would like to thank the staff of Electrical Engineering department for
constant support & providing place to work during project period. I would
also like to extend my gratitude to my friends who are with me during thick &
thin.
ABSTRACT
Power swings refer to oscillation in active
and
reactive
power
flows
on
transmission
line
LIST OF FIGURES
1. (a) Distance protection and mho relay.
(b) Characteristics of mho relay , zones of protection.
2 . (a) Power swing phenomenon in transmission lines.
(b) Study of power swing locus.
(c) Effect of power swing on the performance of mho
relay for
various zones.
TITLE
PAGE
NO
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
1.
2.
RELAY
1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.2. MOTIVATION
1.3. LITERATURE SURVEY
1.4.TECHNICAL OBJECTIVE
1.5.IMPACT OF PROJECT WORK IN
1.5.1.GLOBAL CONTEXT
1.5.2.ECONOMIC CONTEXT
1.6.ORGANISATION OF THESIS
DISTANCE PROTECTION & MHO
2.1 PRINCIPLES OF DISTANCE
RELAY
3.
POWER SWING
DISTANCE RELAY
3.3 POWER SWING
CHARACTERISTICS
WORK
5.
REFERENCES
Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction
In the past few years we have experienced big
disturbances in the power system which caused complete blackout and
million of users including industry have suffered big economical losses.
These disturbances cause big oscillations in active and reactive power, low
voltage, voltage instability and phase or angular instability between the
generated and consumed power which results in loss of generation and load
which effected both the power generation and the end customers.
Power swings refer to oscillation in active and reactive
power flows on a transmission line consequent to a large disturbance like a
fault. The oscillation in the apparent power and bus voltages is seen by the
relay as an impedance swing on the R-X plane. If the impedance trajectory
enters a relay zone and if stays there for sufficiently long time, then the relay
will issue a trip decision on power swing. Tripping on power swings is not
desirable. We now investigate this phenomenon.
1.2 Motivation:
In past there were so much disturbances in the power
systems for which reliability in the transmission system is not there. The
reliability & uninterrupted power supply is much more necessary now -a
days. There was major black outs which occurred in the northern east grid for
which there were major loss occur for small ,medium and large consumers.
Actually if we will analyse the causes of the failure of the
northern grid then it was the cause of nuisance tripping of circuit breaker.
The cascading effect of tripping of circuit breaker was mainly due to
misinterpretation between abnormal conditions & faults. The blackouts for
such reason must be avoided. During abnormal conditions such as power
swing how the relay behaves must be analyzed to solve the black outs .
1.3.Literature survey:
Typically, major power system blackouts have been initiated
by local disturbances that cascaded across the transmission networks.
Significant studies were performed to understand their causes. It can be
inferred that major power system contingencies typically comprise three
phases depending on their duration: the initial phase where temporary
system
faults
occur,
which
is
rapidly
cleared
in
milliseconds;
the
future. In France, Counan et al. [8] studied the behavior of the French electric
system under multiple contingencies. They recommended the use of curative
actions such as load shedding based on frequency criteria together with
system separation induced by local relays trigged by generator loss of
synchronism.
Currently, controlled separation schemes have been
implemented mainly inelongated and isolated power systems to split the
system along pre-determined boundaries, e.g., the East West boundary in
Bangladesh [9]. They have been planned based on simulations executed
under various forecasted load conditions and contingency scenarios. A more
general separation scheme was proposed by Vital et al. [10]; the authors
apply the normal form method to the Manitoba-Hydro power system to
determine groups of machines that swing coherently against each other
following
small
perturbation.
The
boundaries
separating
coherent
generator groups are identified and tripped to form islands [10]. If these
islands are deemed to be not stable, then various techniques such as load
shedding, generation curtailment, relay tripping, are implemented [6]-[11].
power
system
modeling
followed
by
the
execution
of
inequality constraints are satisfied in all the islands formed [9]under a single
contingency. This approach involves the implementation of complex search
algorithms that require the knowledge of the system operating states to find
the desirable splitting locations.
1.4.Technical Objective:
The main objective of this project is to analyse that how
a mho relay behaves during power swing. As a relay should trip only for
satisfying its trip condition but there is a big difference between abnormal
conditions and faults. A typical power system is prone to disturbances such
as low voltage, phase angle instability, rotor angle instability , loss of
synchronism etc, these disturbance should not cause the relay to issue a trip
decision by take it as fault. But a healthy transmission line shouldnot trip for
disturbances like power swing .So in the project we will study the impedance
seen by relay during power swing & analyse its effect on it.
CHAPTER-2
DISTANCE PROTECTION AND MHO
RELAY
that are either straight lines or circles when plotted on an R/X diagram. At
each stage of distance relay design evolution, the development of
impedance operating characteristic shapes and sophistication has been
governed by the technology available and the acceptable cost. Since many
traditional relays are still in service and since some numerical relays emulate
the techniques of the traditional relays.
the relay location and the predetermined (reach) point, thus giving
discrimination for faults that may occur in different line sections.
The basic principle of distance protection involves the division of
voltage at the relaying point by the measured current. The calculated
apparent impedance is compared with the reach point impedance. If the
2.4.Mho Characteristic:
The limitation of the impedance characteristic can be overcome by
a technique known as self-polarization. Additional voltages are fed into the
comparator in order to compare the relative phase angles of voltage and
current, so providing a directional feature. This has the effect of moving the
circle such that the circumference of the circle passes through the origin.
Angle is known as the relays characteristic angle. It appears as a straight
line on an admittance diagram.
K1=0
K4=0(when the relay is on verge of operation)
For mho relay the directional unit will produce operating torque and
the voltage will produce the restraining torque for that reason mho relay is
also known as directional relay with voltage restrain.
K2
cos( )> K 3
VI
v2
I
V cos( )>
K2
K3
K2
K3
cos( )>
1
Y cos ( )
1
<
K3
K2
----------- (Eqn 1)
Eqn-1 comprises trip law of mho relay,if this condition satisfies relay trips
otherwise it restrains.
RESULT:
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
-5
-10
-5
10
R
15
20
25
30
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
-5
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
R
10
15
20
2.5.ZONES OF PROTECTION:
Careful selection of the reach point settings and tripping times for
various zones of measurement enables correct coordination between
distance relays on a power system. Basic distance protection will comprise
one instantaneous (Zone 1) and one or more time delayed zones (Zone 2,
Zone 3, Zone 4 ). Typical reach and time settings for a 3-Zone distance
protection are shown below:
zone 1: this is set to protect between 80% of the line length AB and
operates Zone without any time delay. This under-reach setting has been
purposely chosen to avoid over-reaching into the next line section to
ensure selectivity since errors and transients can be present in the voltage
and
current
transformers.
Also
manufacturing
tolerances
limit
the
Zone 2: this is set to protect 100% of the line length AB, plus at least 20%
of the shortest adjacent line BC and operates with time delay t2. (0.5s)
It not only covers the remaining %20 of the line, but also provides backup for
the next line section.
Zone 3: this is set to protect 100% of the two lines AB, BC, plus about 25%
of the third line CD and operates with time delay t3. (1.5s)
It should be noted that, digital distance relays may have up to six zones,
some set to measure in the reverse direction.
RESULT:
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-10
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
R
10
20
30
40
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-10
-20
-10
10
20
R
30
40
50
60
CHARTER-3
POWER SWING & EFFECT OF
POWER
SWING
ON MHO RELAY
3. POWER SWING:
and
reactive
Frequency=Nominal
powers.
frequency
In
(50
steady
or
60
state
Hz)
operating
condition
+/
Hz
0.02
and
where:
Eg = Internal voltage and is proportional to the excitation current
El = Load Voltage
X = Reactance between the generator and the load
= Angle that the internal voltage leads the load voltage
In Fig. 2, is the steady state rotor angle and is the change in rotor angle
due to oscillations which will result in the oscillation of nominal voltage, and
this oscillation in the nominal voltage causes loss of synchronism between
the generators in parallel or between the generation and load. Depending on
the severity of the disturbance and the actions of power system controls, the
system may remain stable and return to a new equilibrium state
experiencing what is referred to as a stable power swing. Severe system
disturbances, on the other hand, could cause large separation of generator
rotor angles, large swings of power flows, large fluctuations of voltages and
currents, and eventual loss of synchronism between groups of generators or
between neighboring utility systems.
Operation
these
of
B during steady state. The relay under consideration is located at bus A end.
The power angle curve is shown in Figure below.The system is operating at
0
initial steady operating point A with P mo as output power and
rotor angle.
as initial
Pm 0
Pmax
0 sin 1
reference.
Fig-4.1
I relay
E S E R
ZT
----------------------(1)
ZT Z S Z L Z R
Where,
------------(2)
Z seen (relay )
Vrelay
I relay
E S I relay Z S
I relay
E S
Z S
E S E R
Z T
-----------------------(3)
Z S Z T
ER
1
ES
ES
ER
Let us define
1
Z seen (relay ) Z S Z T
1 cos j sin
Z S
ZT
2 sin
Z S
(sin
ZT
1
Z S
2
2
j sin cos
sin
2
2
2
j cos )
2
2
ZT
(1 j cot )
2
2
-------------------------(4)
Z
ZS T
2
j T cot
2 2
cot 0, Z seen Z S
180
From equation (4) at
ZT
2
ZS
equation. The vector component
j
X plane. The component
segment
ZT
2
ZT
cot
2
2
ZT
2
the power swing is a straight line as shown in fig3 (a). The angle subtended
by a point in the locus on S and R end points is angle
Z S , Z R and Z L
of
180
when
.
The corresponding point of intersection of swing impedance
180
. The existence of
max
is stable, then
ES
k 1
ER
max
retraces its path at
180
.If
an arc of the circle. (See fig 3(b)) .It can be easily shown that
ES
k (cos sin )
k[( k cos ) j sin ]
k (k cos ) j sin
ZT
(k cos ) 2 sin 2
It is also clear from Fig 23.4 (b), that the location of the
ES
ER
electrical center is dependent upon the
Result:
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-50
50
100
150
200
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-50
50
100
150
200
40
20
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-60
-40
-20
20
40
R
60
80
100
120
140
Zone-3
Zone-2
X
Zone-1
Z1 Z 2
Z3
From Figure4(c) ,
,
and
are rotor angles when swing
just enters the zone Z1, Z2 and Z3 respectively and it can be obtained at the
intersection of swing trajectory to the relay characteristics. Recalling max is
the maximum rotor angle for stable power swing, following inferences can be
drawn.
max Z 3
If
Z 3 max Z 2
Z3
Z3
If
, swing will enter in zone . If it stays in zone interval than its TDS, then the relay will trip the line.
Z 2 max Z 1
If
Z 2 and Z 3
, swing will enter in both the zones
. If it stays in zone
2, for larger interval than its TDS, then the relay will trip on
max Z 1
Z2
Z 1 , Z 2 and Z 3
If
, swing will enter in the zones
protection will operate without instantaneous delay.
RESULT:
for larger
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-60
-40
-20
20
40
R
60
80
100
120
140
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-50
50
100
150
200
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-50
50
100
150
200
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION
&
FUTURE WORK
CONCLUSION
To decrease the risk of large-scale blackouts, appropriate
control actions may be taken on a power system when it undergoes a major
disturbance. Few recognized control actions are load shedding, generation
curtailment, and controlled separation, to cite a few. In this research work we
have developed a new method aimed at performing controlled system
separation using current technologies. Here, a power system is split into
islands having minimal load-generation imbalance . Power swing is a
variation in three-phrase power flow which occurs when the generator angles
are advancing or retarding relative to each other in response to changes in
load magnitudes and direction, line switching, loss of generation, faults, and
other system disturbance.
FUTURE WORK
,Which can
CHAPTER 5
REFERENCES
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System:
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and
Curative
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