sie) U) tale Uae eek)JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS VOL-BO/ISSUE-12 DECEMBER 2015, 06 Editorial-Ar. Anand Palaye 07 President's Message - Ar. Divya Kush 08 Solar Passive Energy Efficient Techniques : Study in Context of Composite North Indian Climate -Ar. Rakesh Mishra& Prof. Pushplata 15. Astronomical Heritage : The Sun Temple -Konark- Dr. Mayarani Praharaj J 20 PROLOGUE (Off Land Structures) - Ar. Gaurav Sarswat 25. Barriers to Research - Ar. Haranarayan Dash 29 News & Events, Newsletter-Editor 2 " 40 Acoustic Comfort of Schools in Kerala : A Preliminary Scientific Investigation Ar Jolly John & Dr. Asha Latha Thampuran 47 Township Guidelines to Curb Urban Heat Island Effect - Ar. Rajesh Gopinath, Dr. Vijayalakshmi Akella & Dr. P.R. Bhanu Murthy ~ 50. Present Trends & practices in Design of Stairs for Healthcare Buildings ~ Case studies - Ar. Manjusha V. Gokhale, Prof. Hemant T. Thorat & Prof. Chandra Sabnani ‘ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 2006. 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No.o469/57 prAnendPalaye Chatman: Email: divyakush@yahoo coin Publication Board Printe’s Email: fotocopy ks@gmall.cam Executive Eto AASTRONOMICAL HERITAGE : THE SUN TEMPLE - KONARK — “Astronomical Heritage : The Sun Temple - Konark Dr. Mayarani Praharaj-mayapraharaj@gmail.com Dr, Mayarani Praharaj has Master in Town and Regional Planning (2003) and Ph.0. in Architecture (2010) from Bengal Engineering and Science University. She is presently teaching in the Department Of Architecture, College of Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar. She Is recipient of the University Medal and SN Halder Memorial Best Post Graduate Thesis award by ITPI, West Bengal Chapter. She has published number of papers in national and international ournalsand conferences. ‘ABSTRACT : Konark isa holy place in Odisha, is famous for its magnificent Sun temple, also known as the Black Pagodo. The temple's, one ofthe India's great wonders, dedicated to Surya, the Sun God. The builders fad comprehensive knowledge of Culture, Astronomy and Architecture. It was the speciality of the konark ‘artisans that they constructed the sun temple, Jagamohano, Nata Mandira and Eastern Gate temple is such @ way which {facilitated the first ray ofthe sun to fall on head of the sun god placed on the throne ofthe temple passing through the doors of. ‘allthese temples. The doors are arranged with relation tothe position ofthe sun in different seasons. ‘i Konark Wheel i used in Government of Indio official symbol and in some currency notes of Indian rupees. The temple area ‘contains monuments which date back to the thirteenth century on a site that was subsequently deserted during the “seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. A. Stirling visited the site in 1825, and details of drawings were prepared in 1837 by James Fergusson and, by 1868, an account made by Rajendralala mentioned that ‘the sanctuary was reduced to an enormous ‘mass of stones studded with o few pipal trees here and there. The fame of the remains ofthis outstanding structure has spread World wide and has attracted many visitors from all over the World to have a glance on the mast magnificent ruins world has everseen, ‘Now itis in a state of ruin, As per the historical documents, the main temple of this monument had collapsed in stages. Except Jagamohana all other temples including the main temple (The Rekha Deul) have crumbled down.This master piece of architecture, which has been declared by the UNESCO as @ world heritage structure in 1984, constitutes a precious witness of ourcivilzation. There are long history of repair and conservation measures that had already been carried out and many more being in progress, Some of the issues like cultural astronomy structural failure, safely level and conservation measures are being ‘addressedin this article. KEYWORDS: Asronomical heritage, Cultural astronomy, Sun dial, structural failure, restoration, conservation measures. Introduction 7 The fame of the remains of this outstanding structure has spread World wide and has attracted many visitors from all ‘over the World to have a glance on the most magnificent ruins World has ever seen. According to Rabindranath Tagore, its the place where the language of man is defeated by the language of stone. Konark (lat, 190-53'N; long. 860-06'E.) i situated within 3 km of the Bay of Bengal in the Puri district of Oaisha, is famous for if§ magnificent Sun temple. Now it is in a state of ruin It merited inscription on the World Heritage List (1984) based fon its representation of @ unique artistic achievement (criterion i), an outstanding testimony to the 13th century kingdom of Odisha (criterion li) and asa linkin the diffusion of the Tantric cult of Surya (Sun) Worship (Criterion vi). Its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) is embodied predominantly in physical form through rendition of concept, architecture and sculpture. It was inscribed in its partially ‘surviving state, with a long history of repair and conservation ‘measures that had already been carried out and many more The Sun Temple Konark beingin progress. DECEMBER 2015 Toumai or WenoANisTTUROrACNTECH _wWwwindianinstituteofarchitects.com 15‘Monument present Built by the King Narasimhadeva in the thirteenth century, the entire temple was designed in the shape of a colossal chariot, with seven horses and twentyfour wheels, carrying the sun {g0d, Surya. Surya has been apopular deityin India since the Vedic period. Externally the whole temple is covered with fine sculptures of varied sizes. The temple compound is of about 11 acres, The main temple was 228 feet (69.49m) and the Jagamohana was 150 feet (45.72m) in height. The main temple is destroyed and the Jagamohanaisalso partially destroyed. ‘Sketch of the Sun Temple, Konark as seen by Fergusson (1837). Apart of the Main Temple i stillbe seen standing on the left ‘The temple complex was located in a walled enclosure about 260m x 160m. There were other six temples within the compound. The complex consists of Vaishnav Temple (superstructure collapsed), Maya Devi Temple (The superstructures of the safictum and porch are missing), Sun Temple (Superstructure collapsed), Jagamohana (Intact), ‘Aruna Pillar (now in front of Jagannath Temple, Puri) Natamandapa (Superstructure collapsed), Kitchen complex (Only basementexists) Historical Background ‘With regard to the period of construction, the Sun Temple at Konark (13th century) is the youngest monument in ‘comparison to two other finest and biggest temples of Odisha as Jagannath temple at Puri (12th century) and Lingaraja temple at Bhubaneswar (11th century). A workforce of 12 hundred artisans invested their creative talent, energy and artistic commitment for an exhausting period of 12 years. The temple was under worship for centuries and has been visited by many devotees, scholars and historians. Konark was visited by Sri Chaitanya Deva (1486 ~1533 AD) and Abul-Fazal (1556- 1605AD), when it was not only in its fine condition but also under worship. ASTRONOMICAL HERITAGE : THE SUN TEMPLE - KONARK KONARK Surya Temple P 13th Century 29) ephants Saas Plan and view of the Full-fledged Sun Temple, Konark with Astronomical Alignment ‘Appilication of Silpashatra intemple constuction ‘The Shilpashastra is a profound heritage of Indian builders. Konark undoubtedly produced the ultimate perfection in the application Shilpashastra. The temple was a technological wonder of the times. The two principal structure of the complex laid inside on east west axis are the main temple (Garbhagriha or inner sanctum), and its entrance hall Uagamohana). The Jagamohana (36x36 m) has @ pyramidal roof. A dancing hall (Nata Mandapa) on the same east west axis, but separated by about 10m completed the series of ‘majorstructures, ‘The structures were divided vertically and horizontally into a number of divisions and subdivisions, according to the fundamental principles. These were embellished with ‘elaborate carvings to lighten the enormous mass and provide balance. The entire design yields fluency and movement without parallel. ‘The genius of Sadasiva Samantaraya Mohapatra, the master builder, director and final authority in applying the traditional art of building making from Shilpashastra, transcended tradition with ease and added a unique feature that make konarka memorable monument inhistory. ‘The Uniqueness of the Sun Temple at Konark lies in the fact that it was built using the concept of magnets. The peak of the ‘temple was sald to be a giant 52 ton magnet. Between every 16 www.indianinstituteofarchitects.com DECEMBER 2025two stone pieces in the temple there lies an iron plate. The statue of the Sun God was built of a material with iron content with large magnet on top of the temple, one in the basement, 4 large magnets in the interiors to make the statue float in ar. The idol of the Sun God no longer exists today. Legends state that, the magnetic effects of the lodestone was so strong that itdisturbed the ships compasses. The tower and the porch of the temple were visible from sea for a considerable distance, and therefore served as alandmark for mariners Placement of the monuments with relation toSolar Path The builders had comprehensive knowledge of Culture, Astronomy and Architecture. it was the speciality of the konark artisans that they constructed the sun temple, Jagamohana, Nata Mandira and Eastern Gate temple is such a way which facilitated the first ray of the sun to fall on head of the sun god placed on the throne of the Sun temple passing through the doors ofall these temples. The doors are arranged with relation to the position of the sun in different seasons. The Natya Mandir has been builtin such a way that the rays of the sun pass through the pillars and fall on the idol of Sun God. The pillars have been aligned to ensure the sun rays pass through without an obstruction during the Uttarayana (northern movernent of Sun) and the Dakshinayana (southern ‘movement of Sun), oil Konark Stone whee! (sundial) for Architecture and Astrénomy Play of light and shadow : The Accuracy of the Sundial at Konark During the construction of the Sun Temple, the Sun-path diagram has been properly followed for the orientation of the Temple. ‘Sun path Diagram for Konark and Temple alignment ASTRONOMICAL HERITAGE : THE SUN TEMPLE - KONARK There were 24 wheels fixed to the temple, The axels of the wheels project by about one foot from the surface. Out of 24 wheels 6are in either side of the main temple, 4 wheels are on ‘each side of the Jagamohana and 2 wheels on each side of steps at eastern front. Twelve wheels are gigantic, 2.92m in diameter. Fergussion commends the virtues in the following words: “Play of its light and shade from its bold and varied projections and intervening shadows give it a brilliant and sparking effect. As the sun measures time, the temple's symbolism incorporates the same theme. The vertical sundial has been designed for the particular latitude of konark. The shadows made by these sundials give exact time of the day. Until the invention of mechanical clocks inthe 14th century sundials were the best way of telling time. ‘The sundial built in 13th Century is accurate and visitors are amazed by its placement with relation to the angle of the Sun. ‘The sundial has 8 major spokes that divide 24 hours into 8 equal parts, which means that the time between two major spokes is 3hhours. Thereare 8 minor spokes as well. Each minor spoke runs exactly in the middle of 2 major spokes. This means that the minor spoke divides the 3 hours in half, so the time between a major spoke and a minor spoke is an hour and half, (or 90 minutes. At the edge of the wheel, there are 30 beads between a minor and a major spoke. So, the 90 minutes are further divided by 30 beads. This means that each bead carries a value of 3 minutes. The beads are large enough to observe the shadow falls on the bead. This way one can calculate time accurately to the minute, The sundial shows time in an anti-clockwise fashion. From the ‘0p, the major spoke stands for midnight, 3A. Mand 6A.Mand so on. This wheel is a unique master piece in the World, designed by the astronomers and sculptors. Different types of stones used in the Temple Three different types of stone were used.Chlorite was used in the door-frame.Laterite was used in the foundation staircase and the centre of the platform.Khondalite, the most usual kind, was used in the temple. The stones were smoothly finished and laid horizontally, placed one upon another, and joined together with iron cramps and dowels. The ‘workmanship was so perfect that the joints could hardly be seen, Structural deterioration of the Monument [As per historical record, towards the end of the 16th century, cor early in the 17th, the Muslims apparently attacked and ‘damaged the temple complex. The most popular story about the root of the fall of Konark temple rests with the Kalapahada. He destroyed Konark temple, as well as a number of Hindu temples in Odisha. The Madala Panji of Puri Jagannath temple describes how Kalapahada attacked Orissa in 1568, including Konark temple, Though it was impossible to break the Sun temple of Konark, he somehow managed to displace the Dadhinauti (Arch stone) and thus made a way for the temple to collapse. Healso brake most ofthe statues ofthe temple. Due DECEMBER 2015 ‘wwinindianinstituteofarchitects.com 17to displacement of the Arch stone, the temple gradually collapsed and the roof of the Mukasala was also damaged, due to the stones falling down from the main temple top. Over the next centuries the temple, no longer used and therefore no longer maintained, suffered from structural deterioration, sand driftand robbery. ‘Towards the end of 19th century, the entire temple complex ‘was reduced to a heap of stones, sand dune and papal trees, Several authors, Sterling (1825), Fergussan (1838), Dr. Hunter etc. mentioned that the temple visited during their respective investigation was in a ruined condition with sand completely covering the plinth and part of the superstructure. The decay and collapse was gradual is substantiated by A. Stirling, who visited the site in 1825 A.D, who mentions that the main temple stil stands. The standing corner of the tower was further recorded by James Fergusson in 1837 A.D. who estimates its height as nearly 45 m and Kittoe in 1838 A.0. who estimates its height as 24 and 30 m. This solitary remnant of the main temple fell in October 1848 due to a strong gale. The visit of Rajendralala in 1868 mentions it as only an “enormous mass of stones studded with a few papaltrees here and there. Structural safety calculation ‘The structural behaviours of the Jagamohana, has also been studied by Giorgio Croci of University of La Sapienza, Rome. Different load conditions acting on the Jagamohana have been evaluated taking into account the change in the stress distribution during phases. The analysis of the stress accumulated during the progress of the building had been carried out by means of a step by step model. The numerical ‘model of Prof. Craci assumes that the roof being bullt without centering. In each phase the stresses due to the progress of the building are computed and are added to existing stresses. Inthe already built portion up tothe top, It has been further observed from Prof. Croci's analysis that the stresses inducedia the structureasa whole are of verylow values. Compression stresses reach the maximum values in the internal corners below the roof and show values lower than 1.0 N/mm2. This stress level is much lower than the masonry strength. The tensile stresses are generally low, concentrated over the doors (0.125N/mm2). These situations anyway do not create any problem, as in correspondence of the doors the architrave strengthens the masonry and at the roof level the friction between blocks and the iron dowels providea suitable tensile strength, Prof. Crocs analysis of the stress pattern in the pyramid roof, which represents the main part of the jagamnohana and the area mostly affected by damage, shows a concentration of compression stresson the internal corners. Restoration of the Temple During 1903 to 1909, the Jagamohana of the temple was sealed after filling the Interior with sand, probably after observing certain structural deficiency in the monument and ASTRONOMICAL HERITAGE : THE SUN TEMPLE - KONARK The open doorway on the east before The filling up of the Jagamohana of Konark Interior of the Jagamohana with the fallen stone Members from the ceiling and cracks along the walls, before the sand filling to avoid possible collapse. However, the historical sources do ‘not furnish an exhaustive description of the causes and of the damage that led tothe filling by sand and the safely level of the ‘monument at that stage. Besides, neither a clear record of the condition of the inside of the monument, prior to 1903 nor the actual reason for filling the interior of the Jagamiohana with sandisavailable. In the next phase by 1922 all the major structural repairs, the rebuilding of the wall-tops, construction of the walls, and removal of sand and fallen stones were completed, Since then, small scale repairs, like the clearance of vegetation, resetting of loose stones had been done. DECEMBER 2015In view of this situation, the Government of India, on 7 November 1980, set up an interdisciplinary committee with the task of studying the different aspects of safeguarding the temple. This committee decided to carry out fresh research into the causes of the weathering of the stonework, and to propose solutions for the definitive consolidation of the temple, The temple uses no mortar or cement for holding its building. blocks together - rather its stones are held together with iron ‘lamps and the structure of the temple was held together by Magnetic Force. There are some 63 tons of magnet was used (20 tons at the bottom and 53 tons at the top) that pulled together the huge iron beams on which the stones of this temple rest. In this respect thisis a unique edifice in the whole world. No other building, even today can boast of this, engineering feat. The temple is indeed a classic and the only one ofitskind. The Sun Temple, Konark is protected under the National Framework of India by the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) Act (1958). Under the AMASR Act, azone 100 metres outside the property and a further zone 200 metres outside the property constitute, respectively, prohibited and regulated zones for development ‘or other similar activity that may have adverse effects on the ‘Outstanding Universal Value of the property. All conservation programmes are undertaken by the Archaeological Survey of India through ts national, regional andlocal representatives. Earlier, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), had conducted 30 laser scanning of the world famous tourist destination to plan future conservation measures, The Central Building Research institute (CBRI) at Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh is planning to conduct an endoscopic photography of the world- famous Sun Temple at Konark toascertain the condition of the monument's interiors and also to ensure its proper conservation and safety. Conclusion Anxiety is thus increasing year by year about the future of the monument. The Jagamohana, which was sealed with sand filling, is at risk due to lateral thrusts on the structural walls. The conservation of the remaining part of the Konark temple will be a challenge after removal of sand. Research works are going on in respect of removal of sand from lagamohana, Though ASI had been trying to conserve the remaining Jagamohan portion of the heritage building by uncovering the seal, it had been facing opposition from different quarters, Including senior archaeologists. Over the years, it has been observed that the sand level has gone down by nearly 15 feet. This indicates that the top portion has become vacant. Therefore many questions arise for the conservation ofthe World Heritage, Konark. Ifthe sand removal is possible people can see the interior portion of ASTRONOMICAL HERITAGE : THE SUN TEMPLE - KONARK Jagamohana. However there is a need to study its possible Impact on the structure. The historic importance of Konark as well as its world cultural heritage status certainly demands that the structure should be given immediate attention. Therefore full scale monitoring systems with modern conservation effort are required forts existence. [REFERENCES : 1. Behera, Karuna Sagar. (1986) Konarak: The Heritage of ‘Mankind, vo. 1. New Delhi Aryan Books International. 2. Boner Alice, Sarma Sadasiva Rath, and Das, Rajendra Prassd. 1972] New Lighton the Sun Templeof Konarka. Varanasi: Chowkhomba Sanskrit Series Office. 3. Donaldson, Thomas. (2003) Konark, (Monumental Legacy), New Delhi: Oxford University Press 4. Swarup, Bishan. (1910) Konarka: The Black Pagoda of Orissa Cuttack: Government of Bengal 5. Patra, Benudhar. (2006). Antiquity of Arkakshetra Konark. Orissa Review. Bhubaneswar : Department of Informations ‘and Public Relations. Government of disho, {6 Sahu, Nikunja Bihar (2005) Ancient Sundial of Orissa, rss0 Feview. Bhubaneswar : Department of Informations. and Public Relations. Government of Gdisho, 7. ‘Singh, Rana P.B. (2010) Heritagescape, Urban Planning and Strategies: Studies from India. Real Corp. Proceeding: Vienna. Available at http://www. corp [Accessed: 1 December 2o18) 8 Bhatnagar A, Livingston, WC. (2005) Fundamentals of Solar Astronomy. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Ltd ‘Avaitable at http://www. books.google.com |Accessed: 1 December 2014] 9 Biswas, S, S,. Bhattacharya, Goutami, (2014) Site ‘Conservation Assessment(SCA) Sun Temple, Konarak. India Gandhi National Open University. Available at hn globalheritagefund.com(Accessed: 1 November 2014] 10, Ramaswomi, N.S. (1978) Indian Monuments.New Deihi.Abhinav publications. avallableath t tp: //w w w. ‘books. google.com [Accessed 1 December 2014) 411, Davidson, Linda Koy, Gitlite, Dovid Martin.(2002), Piigrimage: From the Ganges o Graceland :an Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Available at http://www. books google.com (Accessed: 1 December 2014) 412, Mishra, PK: (2003) Stuales in Hindu and Buddhist Art. New Dehi:Abhinavpublicotions: New Delhi. Available at ‘tp://waw. books. google.com (Accessed: 1 December 2014) 413. "Konark Sun Temple: Introduction”. Archaeological Survey of India. Available at hip://asi.nicin (Accessed: 1 December 2014) 14, O'malley, LS5.(1908), Bengol District Gazetteer: Purl. New Delhi:LogosPress.vailableat http://www. ‘books. google.com [Accessed: 1 December 2014) 415, http://www thekonark in/konorkarchitecture. tm! 16. The British Library Website www: bl.uk) DECEMBER 2015 www.indianinstituteotarchitects.com 29