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CU TO NGUYN T
BNG TUN HON V NH LUT
TUN HON CC NGUYN T HO HC
I.
CU TO NGUYN T
1.
Ht nhn nguyn t
c tnh ht
Ht proton (P)
19
Ht ntron (N)
Ht electron (E)
qn = 0
qe = 1,602.10
(0)
(1)
19
in tch
(quy c)
qp = 1,602.10
Khi lng
(quy c)
mp = 1,6726.10
mn = 1,6748.10
m = 9,1094.10
27
27
31
(1vC)
(0,549.10 vC)
(1+)
kg
kg
(1vC)
kg
3
Nhn xt : Khi lng ca nguyn t tp trung hu ht ht nhn, khi lng ca cc electron l khng
ng k.
me =
1
1
mp =
vC (hay u)
1840
1840
1u =
1
19, 9265.10 27
; mC =
= 1, 6605.10 27 (kg)
12
12
Dnt = 10
4 3
.r
3
- Trang | 1 -
2.
Nguyn t ho hc
A
K hiu
nguyn
t
X
S n v
in tch
4.
a) ng v l nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau v s ntron, do c s khi A khc
nhau.
Th d :
16
8 O (8e,
8p, 8n) ;
17
8 O (8e,
8p, 9n)v
18
8 O (8e,
8p, 10n).
Lu : Cn phn bit vi khi nim ng khi (l nhng dng nguyn t ca nhng nguyn t khc nhau
c cng s khi A nhng khc s proton Z).
Th d :
40
19 K (19p,
b) T s
N
Z
21n, 19e) v
40
20 Ca
Vi nguyn t nguyn t c in tch ht nhn Z khng qu 82 (ht nhn nguyn t bn) lun c t s :
(tr || H )
Ring nguyn t nguyn t Z < 18, t s l
N
1,524
Z
1
N
1,23
Z
Nu gi tng cc s ht e, p, n l S th :
3
S
S
3,524 hoc 3 <
1,23
Z
Z
- Trang | 2 -
A1
X,
A2
X,
A3
x3, khi khi lng nguyn t trung bnh (KLNTTB) ca nguyn t X bng :
5.
a) Obitan nguyn t (k hiu AO) l vng khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m ti tp trung phn ln
xc sut c mt electron (khong 95%).
Hnh dng cc obitan nguyn t :
Obitan s c dng hnh cu, tm l ht nhn nguyn t.
Obitan p gm 3 obitan px, py, pz c dng hnh s 8 ni, mi obitan c s nh hng khc nhau trong
khng gian.
Obitan d, f c hnh dng phc tp.
Cc obitan khc nhau v hnh dng, kch thc, nhng mi obitan ch cha ti a 2 electron.
Obitan s
Obitan py
Obitan px
Obitan pz
lp
- Trang | 3 -
Khi s hiu nguyn t Z tng, cc mc nng lng AO tng dn theo trnh t nh sau :
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 4p 5s 5p 5f 6s 6d 6p 7p 7s
Lu : Khi Z tng c s chn mc nng lng. Th d : mc 4s tr nn thp hn 3d,
Cc nguyn l v quy tc phn b electron trong nguyn t
Nguyn l Pauli
Trn mt obitan ch c th c nhiu nht l hai electron v hai electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc
chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi electron.
Obitan c 2 electron ghp i :
v 1 electron c thn :
Nguyn l vng bn
trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t
cc electron chim ln lt nhng
obitan c mc nng lng t thp n
cao.
Quy tc Kleckowski :
2
10 6
10
(1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4 5s 4d
14
10
14
10
6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7s ...)
Trong cng mt phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho cc s electron c thn l ti a
v cc electron ny phi c chiu t quay ging nhau.
Cu hnh electron biu din s phn b electron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp khc nhau.
Th d :
Fe (Z =26) c 26 electron.
2
S e trong phn lp
6
Chng hn : S th t lp 3d
Tn phn lp
Cu hnh electron nguyn t ca Fe vit di dng lng t :
Do lin kt yu vi ht nhn nguyn t, cc electron lp ngoi cng d tham gia vo s hnh thnh lin
kt ho hc Quyt nh tnh cht ho hc ca mt nguyn t.
Lp ngoi cng nguyn t ca mi nguyn t ch c th c nhiu nht 8e.
Nu c 1, 2 hay 3e lp ngoi cng l nhng nguyn t kim loi.
Nu c 5, 6 hay 7e lp ngoi cng thng l nhng nguyn t phi kim.
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit
- Trang | 4 -
Nu c 4e lp ngoi cng, c th l kim loi (Sn, Pb), c th l phi kim (C, Si).
Nu c 8e lp ngoi cng (tr He c 2e) l cc kh him.
II.
1.
a) nguyn t
Thnh phn ca nguyn t khng th thiu l k hiu ho hc ca nguyn t, s hiu nguyn t, nguyn
t khi trung bnh, ngoi ra cn c th thm thng tin v cu to nguyn t, mng tinh th,
Th d :
S hiu nguyn t (stt)
22
Tn nguyn t
Titan
47,88
3d 4s
4,5(Ar)
3d 4s
Ti
1670 C
0
K hiu nguyn t
2
Cu hnh electron
1,54
m in
Nhit si ( C)
3289 C
1gk
Cu trc tinh th
S oxi ho c th c
2, 3, 4
6,82eV
Thng thng cc nguyn t nhm A v nhm B c phn bit nhau v tr t k hiu nguyn t.
S th t (stt) = s hiu nguyn t = s n v in tch ht nhn = tng s electron.
b) Chu k l dy cc nguyn t, m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp electron, c xp theo chiu in
tch ht nhn tng dn.
C 3 chu k nh (1, 2, 3).
C 4 chu k ln :
Chu k 1 gm 2 nguyn t Z = 1 2 ;
Chu k 2 gm 8 nguyn t Z = 3 10 ;
Chu k 3 gm 8 nguyn t Z = 11 18 ;
Chu k 4 gm 18 nguyn t Z = 19 36 ;
Chu k 5 gm 18 nguyn t Z = 37 54 ;
Chu k 6 gm 32 nguyn t Z = 55 86 ;
Chu k 7 cc nguyn t cn li t Z = 87 tr i.
c) Nhm l tp hp cc nguyn t c xp thnh ct, gm cc nguyn t m nguyn t c cu hnh
electron tng t nhau, do c tnh cht ho hc gn ging nhau.
Nguyn t cc nguyn t trong cng mt nhm c s electron ho tr bng nhau v bng s th t ca
nhm (tr mt s t ngoi l).
Cc nhm nguyn t c chia thnh hai loi :
Nhm A : gm cc nguyn t s v nguyn t p STT nhm A = s e lp ngoi cng.
- Trang | 5 -
IA
ns
IIA
ns
IIIA
2
IVA
1
ns np
VA
2
ns np
VIA
3
ns np
VIIA
4
ns np
VIIIA
ns np
ns np
IIB
10
IIIB
10
(n1)d ns
(n1)d ns
VB
VIB
3
(n1)d ns
IVB
1
(n1)d ns
VIIB
5
(n1)d ns
(n 1) d ns
(n1)d ns
VIIIB : (n1) ns
(n1)d ns
(n1)d ns
2.
Nhng tnh cht bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn
in tch ht nhn s lp e bng nhau, s lp ngoi cng tng, rnt ; m in. Nng lng ion ho I1
; tnh kim loi , tnh phi kim ; tnh axit ca cc oxit, hiroxit , tnh baz ca chng ; ho tr trong
hp cht kh vi H ca phi kim gim t 4 1 ; ho tr cao nht trong hp cht vi O tng t 1 7.
Trong mt nhm A : t trn xung di
Khi Z, s lp e tng, s e ngoi cng bng nhau, rnt ; ; I1, tnh KL, tnh PK, tnh axit ca cc
oxit, hiroxit, tnh baz .
3.
a) Ni dung nh lut
Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc n cht v hp cht to nn t cc
nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.
Lu :
Hai nguyn t A, B thuc cng mt chu k v thuc 2 nhm A lin tip nhau ZB ZA = 1.
Hai nguyn t A, B thuc cng nhm A v thuc :2 chu k lin tip nhau.
ZB ZA = 8 (nu t nht A thuc chu k nh)
ZB ZA = 18 (nu c A, B thuc chu k ln)
R2O
RO
R2O3
RH4
RH3
RH2
RH
RO2
R2O5
RO3
R2O7
- Trang | 6 -
Ch
LIN KT HO HC
I.
1.
Lin kt ho hc c hnh thnh gia hai nguyn t trong phn t n cht hay hp cht.
2.
Quy tc bt t (8 electron)
Cu hnh vi 8 electron lp ngoi cng (hoc 2 electron lp th nht) l mt cu hnh c bit vng
bn.
Theo quy tc bt t (8 electron) th cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c khuynh hng lin kt vi cc
nguyn t khc t c cu hnh electron vng bn ca cc kh him vi 8 electron (hoc 2 i vi
heli) lp ngoi cng.
II.
1.
Loi
Lin kt ion
Lin kt cng ho tr
Ging nhau
Bn
cht
L lc ht tnh in gia cc
ion mang in tch tri du
Th d
Na + Cl NaCl
H. + Cl. H : Cl
Khc iu
nhau kin lin
kt
L s dng chung cc
electron
Lu : Trn thc t trong hu ht cc trng hp, trng thi lin kt va mang tnh cht cng ho tr va
mang tnh ion. c th bit c loi lin kt ta phi da vo gi tr hiu m in gia 2 nguyn t
ca mt lin kt.
2.
Loi lin kt
< 0,4
Lin kt cng ho tr c cc
1,7
Lin kt ion
- Trang | 7 -
3.
iu kin to thnh lin kt cho nhn gia hai nguyn t A B l nguyn t A c 8 electron lp
ngoi, trong c nhng cp electron t do (cha tham gia lin kt) v nguyn t B phi c obitan trng.
4.
1) Lin kt kim loi l lin kt c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t v ion kim loi trong mng tinh th c
s tham gia ca cc electron t do.
2) Tng tc gia cc ion dng kim loi nt mng vi electron t do l nguyn nhn ca lin kt kim
loi.
3) Lin kt trong mng tinh th kim loi c bn cht tnh in, nhng khc vi lin kt ion ch : Lin kt
gia cc ion l lc ht tnh in ion ion, cn lin kt kim loi l lc ht tnh in ion electron.
5.
Hnh 2. Xen ph bn
- Trang | 8 -
Tinh th ion
Tinh th ion c hnh thnh t nhng ion mang in tch tri du, l cc cation v anion.
Lc lin kt c bn cht tnh in.
Tinh th ion bn, kh nng chy, kh bay hi.
2.
Tinh th nguyn t
Tinh th phn t
Tinh th dc hnh thnh t nhng ion, nguyn t kim loi v cc electron t do.
Lc lin kt c bn cht tnh in.
nh kim, dn nhit, dn in tt, do.
IV.
HO TR V S OXI HO
1.
S oxi ho
Quy tc 1 :
Quy tc 2 :
- Trang | 9 -
Quy tc 3 :
Trong cc ion n nguyn t, s oxi ho ca nguyn t bng in tch ca ion ; trong ion
a nguyn t tng s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t bng in tch ca ion.
Quy tc 4 :
- Trang | 10 -
Ch
I.
PHN NG HO HC
1.
2.
3.
biu din mt phn ng ho hc thu nhit hay to nhit, ngi ta dng phng trnh nhit ho
hc. Nhit ca phn ng ho hc c k hiu l H.
Phng trnh phn ng c ghi thm gi tr H v trng thi ca cc cht c gi l phng trnh nhit ho
hc.
Quy c : phn ng thu nhit th H > 0, to nhit th H < 0.
Th d :
1
1
H 2 ( k ) + Cl 2 ( k ) HCl ( k ) ; H = 185, 7kJ / mol
2
2
PHN NG OXI HO - KH
1.
nh ngha
t.
Cht kh (hay cht b oxi ho) : l cht nhng electron, do c s oxi ho tng sau phn ng.
Cht oxi ho (hay cht b kh) : l cht nhn electron, do c s oxi ho gim sau phn ng.
S oxi ho mt cht l lm cho cht nhng electron hay lm tng s oxi ho ca cht .
2.
a) Phng php i s
Phng php ny p dng cho tt c cc loi phn ng oxi ho kh cng nh phn ng khng oxi ho
kh.
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit
- Trang | 11 -
Bc 1 : Vit phng trnh phn ng. C th cha cn vit ht tt c cc cht tham gia v sn
phm, nhng nht thit phi vit cc cht tham gia cho nhn electron v cc sn phm ca chng.
Th d : Ho tan Cu bng dung dch HNO3 long
Cu + HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O
+2
Cu Cu
N
+5
+ 2e
+ 3e N
+2
+2
Cu Cu
+5
+ 2e
+ 3e N
+2
Ch : khng nhm ln nn tnh tng s electron cho nhn trong ton b phn t.
Th d :
2N
+5
+1
+ 8e 2N (trong N2O)
Bc 5 : Cn bng phn khng oxi ho kh. Trc ht cn b sung phn axit to mui. i vi
phn ng trn ta cn thm 6 phn t HNO3 to ra 3 phn t Cu(NO3)2, cui cng cn bng s phn t
H2O (hoc cc cht lm mi trng v.v).
3Cu + 8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
c) Phng php ion electron hay phng php bn phn ng
Theo phng php bn phn ng th bc 1, bc 2 ging nh phng php trn, t bc 3 tr i th khc.
ng l vit cc phng trnh cho nhn electron v sn phm ca chng nu thuc din in li mnh
(axit mnh, baz mnh, mui tan) th vit di dng ion (nh vy phng php bn phn ng ch p dng
cho cc phn ng xy ra trong dung dch). i vi trng hp ho tan Cu bng dung dch HNO3 trn ta
vit nh sau :
o
2+
Cu Cu
+ 2e (Cu
2+
+2
ch khng phi l Cu !)
+2
- Trang | 12 -
Nu v tri nhiu oxi (O) hn v phi th trong mi trng axit v tri thm H vv phi thm H2O, Th
d : NO3 + 3e + 4H + NO + 2H 2 O .
Nu v tri t oxi (O) hn v phi th trong mi trng trung tnh v tri thm H2O v v phi to thnh
H . Th d :SO2 + 2H2O SO24 + 4H + + 2e .
+
2+
Cu Cu
+ 2e
NO3 + 3e + 4H + NO +2H 2 O
Bc 4 : cn bng s electron cho nhn ging nh phng php thng bng electron.
Cu Cu
NO3 + 3e + 4H + NO +2H 2 O
2+
+ 2e
Phn ng gia cc nguyn t, phn t, ion : ngha l nhng phn ng trong c s chuyn di
electron t cht ny sang cht khc.
Cc th d in hnh :
a) Gia cc nguyn t :
to
S ZnS
Zn +
to
FeO + CO Fe + CO2
to
to
2+
+ 2NO + 4H2O
Trong loi phn ng ny mt cht ng vai tr cht oxi ho (nhn electron) v cht kia (cho electron) ng
vai tr cht kh.
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit
- Trang | 13 -
t.
Phn ng ni phn t : l phn ng trong qu trnh cho nhn electron xy ra trong mt phn
2HgO 2Hg + O2
Th d :
+2
ng vai tr cht
1
O2
2
+5
+4
+5
- Trang | 14 -
Ch
TC PHN NG V CN BNG HO HC
I.
TC PHN NG
1.
a) Tc phn ng
Cc cht phn ng cc sn phm
Tc phn ng l bin thin nng ca mt trong cc cht phn ng hoc sn phm trong mt n
v thi gian.
b) Tc trung bnh ca phn ng
Mi phn ng ho hc u c th biu din bng phng trnh tng qut sau :
Cc cht phn ng Cc sn phm
Trong qu trnh din bin ca phn ng, nng cc cht phn ng gim dn, ng thi nng cc sn
phm tng dn. Phn ng xy ra cng nhanh th trong mt n v thi gian nng cc cht phn ng
gim v nng cc sn phm tng cng nhiu. Nh vy, c th dng bin thin nng theo thi gian
ca mt cht bt k trong phn ng lm thc o tc phn ng.
Tc phn ng l bin thin nng ca mt trong cc cht phn ng hoc sn phm trong mt n
v thi gian.
Nng thng c tnh bng mol/l, cn n v thi gian c th l giy (s), pht (ph), gi (h)...
Tc phn ng oc xc nh bng thc nghim.
c) Tc trung bnh ca phn ng
Xt phn ng : A B
thi im t1, nng cht A (cht phn ng) l C1 mol/l. thi im t2, nng cht A l C2 mol/l (C2
< C1 v trong qu trnh din ra phn ng nng cht A gim dn).
Tc ca phn ng tnh theo cht A trong khong thi gian t t1 n t2 c xc nh nh sau :
v=+
C1 C 2
C C1 C
= 2
=
t 2 t1
t 2 t1
t
C '2 C1'
C
=+
t 2 t1
t
Trong ,
- Trang | 15 -
2.
Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng
a) Nng
Khi tng nng cht phn ng, tc phn ng tng.
aA + bB cC + dD
Th d :
a
vt2 = vt1.
0
Trong :
vt2
ban u
cao hn
0
: l h s nhit ca tc (cho bit tc phn ng tng ln cao nhiu ln khi tng a ( C).
d) Din tch b mt
Khi tng din tch b mt cht phn ng, tc phn ng tng.
e) Cht xc tc : l cht lm tng tc phn ng, nhng cn li sau khi phn ng kt thc.
(Cht lm gim tc phn ng c gi l cht c ch phn ng).
II.
CN BNG HO HC
1.
Phn ng thun nghch l phn ng trong cng iu kin phn ng ng thi xy ra theo 2 chiu
ngc nhau.
2.
Cn bng ho hc l trng thi ca phn ng thun nghch khi tc phn ng thun bng tc
phn ng nghch.
3.
aA + bB
cC + dD
c
d
C ] [D]
[
KC =
[A]a [B]b
- Trang | 16 -
a) Mt phn ng thun nghch ang trng thi cn bng, c th chuyn sang trng thi cn bng khc do
s thay i iu kin ca mi trng gi l s chuyn dch cn bng.
b) Nhng yu t nh hng
Khi tng nng mt cht no trong cn bng (tr cht rn) nhit khng i, th cn bng s
chuyn dch sang pha lm gim nng cht cho n khi t cn bng mi.
Khi gim nng mt cht no trong cn bng (tr cht rn) nhit khng i, th cn bng s
chuyn dch sang pha tng nng cht cho n khi t cn bng mi.
Khi tng p sut chung ca h cn bng (bng cch nn bnh phn ng li) nhit khng i, th cn
bng s chuyn dch sang pha phn ng c s mol kh t hn, cho ti khi t cn bng mi.
Khi gim p sut chung ca h cn bng (bng cch tng th tch bnh phn ng ln) nhit khng i,
th cn bng s chuyn dch sang pha phn ng c s mol kh nhiu hn, cho n khi t cn bng mi.
Khi tng nhit ca cn bng, th cn bng s chuyn dch sang pha phn ng thu nhit cho n khi t
cn bng mi.
Khi gim nhit ca cn bng, th cn bng s chuyn dch sang pha phn ng to nhit cho n khi t
cn bng mi.
Ba yu t lm chuyn dch cn bng c tm tt trong nguyn l L Satli.
- Trang | 17 -
Ch
I.
S IN LI
S IN LI
Qu trnh phn li cc cht trong nc ra ion l s in li. Nhng cht tan trong nc phn li ra ion c
gi l nhng cht in li.
in li : in li (anpha) ca cht in li l t s gia phn s phn t phn li ra ion (n) v tng s
phn t ho tan (n0) : =
n
C
, hoc =
C0
n0
+) Cht in li yu l cht khi tan trong nc c 0 < < 1. (v d : cc axit yu, bazo yu...nh : HF ;
HClO ; HNO2 ; H2CO3 ; Mg(OH)2...)
HF
H +F
Cn bng phn li ca cc cht in li yu l cn bng ng, tun theo nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng L
Satli. Khi pha long dung dch cht in li yu th in li tng.
I.
1.
HCl H + Cl
CH3COOH
CH3COO + H
NaOH Na + OH
Mg(OH)2
Mg(OH) + OH
+
Mg(OH)
2.
2+
Mg
+ OH
Axit l cht nhng proton. (Ngoi nhng axit thng thng, mt s ion cng th hin tnh axit trong
3+
3+
2+
2+
+
H3O + NO2
- Trang | 18 -
Baz l cht nhn proton. (Ngoi nhng baz thng thng, mt s ion cng th hin tnh baz trong
2
2
2
2
2
dung dch nh cc anion gc axit ca axit yu : NO2 ; CO3 ; SO3 ; HPO3 ; S ; CH3COO ; SiO3 ;
AlO2 ; ZnO2
Cht va c kh nng nhng proton va c kh nng nhn proton l cht lng tnh. (Ngoi nhng cht
lng tnh thng thng mt s ion cng th hin tnh lng tnh trong dung dch nh : H2O ; HSO3 ;
Th d :
H + NO2
NH3 + H2O
H + .NO2
Ka =
[HNO2 ]
+
NH4
+ OH
NH +4 .OH
Kb =
NH3
H + CH3COO
H2O + CH3COO
H + .CH3COO
Ka =
CH3COO
CH3COOH + OH
+
Kb =
[CH3COOH].OH
CH3COO
4.
Kcb
CH3COO
C
A + .B
C.C
= =
. Nu << 1 th =
(1 )C
[AB]
C
K cb
C
Mui
+
Mui l hp cht, khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation kim loi (hoc cation NH4 ) v anion gc axit.
NH4Cl NH4 + Cl
+
KNO3 K + NO3
- Trang | 19 -
nh gi axit baz ca dung dch, ngoi biu din bng nng [H ], ta cn c th biu din
+
pH
S in li ca nc
+
H2O
H3O + OH
1.
Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch xy ra khi tho mn mt trong cc iu kin sau :
Phn ng to thnh cht kt ta
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl
Th d :
2+
Ba
+ SO4 BaSO4
Th d :
+ OH
H2O
Th d :
2H
2.
+ CO3
H2O + CO2
+ H2O
(n1)+
ROH
+H
+ H2O
HA
(m1)
+ OH
- Trang | 20 -
Dung dch ca mui to bi cation kim loi c baz tan v anion l gc ca axit mnh c mi trng trung
tnh.
+
Dung dch ca mui to bi cation kim loi c baz tan (M ) v anion l gc ca axit yu c mi trng
baz
Dung dch ca mui to bi cation kim loi c baz khng tan v anion l gc ca axit mnh c mi
trng axit.
- Trang | 21 -
Ch
PHI KIM
I.
NHM HALOGEN
1.
Nhm VIIA gm: Flo, clo, brom, iot, atatin (9F; 17Cl; 35Br; 53I; 85At).
(Trong , atatin l nguyn t phng x)
2
Tnh cht vt l
Tnh cht vt l bin i theo quy lut (nhit nng chy, nhit si tng dn, mu sc cc halogen m
dn (flo: kh mu lc nht, clo: kh mu vng lc, brom: lng mu nu , iot: rn, mu en tm).
3.
iu ch
Tnh cht ho hc
T flo n iot: Tnh cht oxi ho gim dn, tnh kh tng dn.
n cht
Flo(F2)
Clo (Cl2)
Brom (Br2)
Iot(I2)
Tc dng hu ht
cc vi kim loi,
phn ng to
nhiu nhit
Tc dng hu ht Tc dng vi
vi cc kim loi; nhiu kim loi
to nhit t hn clo nhit cao (c
xc tc)
2Na + Br
Tc dng vi tt
Tc dng c kim loi k c
vi kim Au, phn ng to
nhit mnh
loi
- Trang | 22 -
2Na Cl
2Na Br
to
2Na + I2
2Na I
2Al + 3I2
to
2AlI3
N mnh; xy ra N, phn ng
0
Tc dng 252 C trong to nhit
vi H2 v bng ti, phn ng H2 + Cl2
+
As ( t 0 )
mt s phi to nhit
2H Cl
H 2 + F2
kim
Khng n to
nhit t hn Clo
Thun nghch
Phn ng thu
nhit
H2+ Br2
+
cao
t
2H Br
t 0 cao
H2 + I2 2HI
2+
2H F
0
0
Tc dng
4HF +O 2 HCl +HClO
vi H2O
Nc nng
chy
Tc dng vi kim Cl2 + 2NaOH
0
long, t thp
NaCl + NaClO +
0
F 2+2NaOH
H2O
Tc dng
vi dung 2NaF + H2O + 3Cl2 + 6NaOH
dch kim OF2
to
+3H2O
5NaCl + NaClO3 +
3H2O
Tc dng vi
mui nng chy
Tc dng F2 + 2NaCl
vi mui
2NaF + Cl2
halozen
Tc dng vi
dung dch mui
Khng phn ng
Br 2 +
Cl 2+2NaBr
Tc dng vi
dung dch mui
2NaCl + Br 2
Cl2 + 2FeCl2
2NaI2NaBr+I2
2FeCl3
Mt s
Khng
phn ng
th hin
tnh kh
Khng
Br2 + 5Cl2 +
+5
I 2 + 2HCl O3
6H2O
+5
2HI O3 + Cl2
2HBrO3 + 10HCl
Lu : Clo, brom, iot khng phn ng trc tip vi oxi, nit, cacbon.
5.
a) Tnh cht
Tnh axit : cc dung dch HX c y tnh cht ca axit, tnh axit tng t HF HI.
Tnh kh : tnh kh tng t HF HI
o
t
4HCltd + MnO2
MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
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400 C
Na2SO4 + 2HCl
2NaCl2 + H2SO4
0
HBr v HI
PBr3 + 2H2O H3PO3 + 3 HBr
PI3 + 3H2O H3IO3 + 3HI
c) Nhn bit ion X
a) Trong hp cht vi oxi, flo c s oxi ho m (OF2), cn cc halogen khc c s oxi ho dng (+1, +3,
+5, +7).
b) Cc axit cha oxi ca clo: HClO; HClO2; HClO3; HClO4
T HClO n HClO4 : bn tng dn, tnh axit tng dn; tnh oxi ho gim dn.
Cc mui tng ng d b nhit phn
o
t
4KClO3
3NaClO4 + NaCl
2
2NaCl + 3O2
2KClO3 MnO
0
t
- Trang | 24 -
II.
NHM OXI
1.
V tr: Nhm VIA gm: Oxi (O); lu hunh (S), selen (Se), telu (Te), poloni (Po: l nguyn t phng x).
2
Cu hnh electron: ns np (n = 2 6)
n cht : O2 (kh khng mu), S (rn, mu vng), Se (cht bn dn, rn, mu nu ), Te (cht rn, mu
xm).
2.
Tnh cht ho hc
2Na + O2 2Na2O
0
to
2Cu + O2 2CuO
o
t
2H2 + O2
2H2O
H = 285,83 kJ
+4
to
C + O2 CO22
Tc dng vi nhiu hp cht
0
t
C2H5OH + 3O2
2CO2
2H2S
+ 3H2O
+4
+ O2