HNH HOC GIAI TCH TRONG

MAT PHANG

Chuyen e 14:

A. KIEN THC C BAN:

PHNG PHAP TOA O TRONG MAT PHANG

TOA O IEM - TOA O VEC T

I. He truc toa o E-CAC trong mat phang :

x'Ox : truc hoanh
y'Oy : truc tung
O : goc toa o
e1 , e2 : vec t n v ( e1 = e2 = 1 va e1 e2 )

e2
e1

x'

O
y'

Quy c : Mat phang ma tren o co chon he truc toa o e-Cac vuong goc Oxy c goi la mat phang
Oxy va ky hieu la : mp(Oxy)
II. Toa o cua mot iem va cua mot vec t:
1. nh ngha 1: Cho M mp(Oxy ) . Khi o vec t OM c bieu dien mot cach duy nhat theo

e1 , e2 bi he thc co dang : OM = xe1 + ye2

y
Q
e2
x'

e1
O

vi x,y

Cap so (x;y) trong he thc tren c goi la toa o cua iem M.

Ky hieu:
M(x;y)
( x: hoanh o cua iem M; y: tung o cua iem M )

M ( x; y )

y'

Y ngha hnh hoc:

/n

OM = xe1 + ye2

y
M

y
x'

x = OP

va y=OQ

y'

2. nh ngha 2: Cho a mp(Oxy ) . Khi o vec t a c bieu dien mot cach duy nhat theo

e1 , e2 bi he thc co dang : a = a1 e1 + a2 e2

vi a1 ,a2

Cap so (a1;a2) trong he thc tren c goi la toa o cua vec t a .

a = (a1; a2 )
Ky hieu:
x'

/n

a=(a1;a2 )

Y ngha hnh hoc:

K
A

A2

e1
O

a = a1 e1 + a2 e2

a1 = A1B1
x

A1
y'

B1

91

va a2 =A2 B2

x
P

y'

B
H

e2

y
B2

x'

BAI TAP AP DUNG:

Trong mat phang Oxy hay ve cac iem sau: A(2;3), B(-1;4), C(-3;-3), D(4;-2), E(2;0), F(0;-4)
III. Cac cong thc va nh ly ve toa o iem va toa o vec t :
nh ly 1: Neu A( x A ; y A ) va B(x B; yB ) th

B( x B ; y B )

AB = ( xB x A ; yB y A )

nh ly 2:

A( x A ; y A )

Neu a = (a1; a2 ) va b = (b1; b2 ) th

a
a1 = b1
* a=b
a2 = b2
* a + b = (a1 + b1; a2 + b2 )

* a b = (a1 b1; a2 b2 )
* k .a = (ka1; ka2 )

(k )

BAI TAP AP DUNG:

Bai 1: Cho A(1;3), B(-2;-1), C(3;-4). Tm toa o iem D sao cho t giac ABCD
la hnh bnh hanh.
Bai 2: Cho A(1;2), B(2;3), C(-1;-2). Tm iem M thoa man MA 2 MB + 2CB = 0
IV. S cung phng cua hai vec t:
Nhac lai
Hai vec t cung phng la hai vec t nam tren cung mot ng thang hoac nam tren hai ng
thang song song .
nh ly ve s cung phng cua hai vec t:
 nh ly 3 :
Cho hai vec t a va b vi b 0
a cung phng b

b
b
a

!k

sao cho a = k .b

Neu a 0 th so k trong trng hp nay c xac nh nh sau:

k > 0 khi a cung hng b
a
b
k < 0 khi a ngc hng b
a
k =
2
5
b
a= b , b=- a
5
2
B
A

nh ly 4 :

(ieu kien 3 iem thang hang )

nh ly 5: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ) va b = (b1; b2 ) ta co :

A, B, C thang hang AB cung phng AC

a cung phng b

a1.b2 a2 .b1 = 0
92

(ieu kien cung phng cua 2 vec t

a = ( a1 ; a 2 )

a = (1;2)

VD :

b = (b1 ; b2 )

b = ( 2;4)

BAI TAP AP DUNG:

1
Bai 1: Cho A(0; 1); B (2;3); C ( ; 0) . Chng minh A, B, C thang hang
2
1+ 3
1 3
Bai 2: Cho A(1;1), B ( 3 2;
) , C ( 2 3 ;
) . Chng minh A, B, C thang hang
4
4
V. Tch vo hng cua hai vec t:
y
Nhac lai:

a.b = a . b .cos(a, b)

b
O

a =a

 nh ly 6:

ab

x'

a.b = 0

Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ) va b = (b1; b2 ) ta co :

a.b = a1b1 + a2 b2

a
y'

(Cong thc tnh tch vo hng theo toa o)

nh ly 7: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ) ta co :

a = a12 + a22

 nh ly 8:

(Cong thc tnh o dai vec t )

Neu A( x A ; y A ) va B(x B ; yB ) th
AB = ( x B x A )2 + ( yB y A )2

 nh ly 9:

A( x A ; y A )

B( x B ; y B )

(Cong thc tnh khoang cach 2 iem)

Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2 ) va b = (b1; b2 ) ta co :

ab

 nh ly 10: Cho hai vec t

cos(a, b) =

a.b
a.b

a1b1 + a2 b2 = 0

(ieu kien vuong goc cua 2 vec t)

a = (a1; a2 ) va b = (b1; b2 ) ta co
a1b1 + a2 b2
a12 + a22 . b12 + b2 2

(Cong thc tnh goc cua 2 vec t)

BAI TAP AP DUNG:

Bai 1: Chng minh rang tam giac vi cac nh A(-3;-3), B(-1;3), C(11;-1) la tam giac vuong
Bai 2: Cho A( 2;3), B (8;6 3 + 3), C ( 2 + 4 3;7) . Tnh goc BAC.
93

VI. iem chia oan thang theo ty so k:

nh ngha: iem M c goi la chia oan AB theo ty so k ( k 1 ) neu nh : MA = k.MB
M

nh ly 11 : Neu A( x A ; y A ) , B(x B ; yB ) va MA = k.MB ( k 1 ) th

x A k .x B

x
=
M

1 k

y
y = A k .yB
M
1 k

ac biet :

x A + xB

x M =
2
M la trung iem cua AB
y = y A + yB
M
2

VII. Mot so ieu kien xac nh iem trong tam giac :

x A + x B + xC

x G =
3
1. G la trong tam tam giac ABC GA + GB + GC = 0
+
y
y
B + yC
y = A
G

3
AH BC
AH .BC = 0
2. H la trc tam tam giac ABC

A
BH AC
BH . AC = 0
AA' BC
3. A la chan ng cao ke t A
BA' cung phng BC
IA=IB
4. I la tam ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac ABC
IA=IC

A
G

A
H

A'

'

I
C

AB
.DC
AC
AB '
6. D' la chan ng phan giac ngoai cua goc A cua ABC D ' B =
.D C
B
AC
A
AB
7. J la tam ng tron noi tiep ABC JA =
.JD
BD
J
VIII. Mot so kien thc c ban thng s dung khac:
1. Cong thc tnh dien tch tam giac theo toa o ba nh :
D
B
 nh ly 12: Cho tam giac ABC . at AB = (a1; a2 ) va AC = (b1; b2 ) ta co :
A
1
SABC = . a1b2 a2 b1
2

5. D la chan ng phan giac trong cua goc A cua ABC DB =

94

C
D

2. Cac bat ang thc vec t c ban :

 nh ly 13: Vi hai vec t u,v bat ky ta luon co :

v
u

u+v u + v

u+v

u.v u . v

Dau bang xay ra khi va ch khi u, v la hai vec t cung phng cung chieu hoac la co mot
trong hai vec t la vec t khong .
BAI TAP AP DUNG:
Bai 1: Tm dien tch tam giac co cac nh A(-2;-4), B(2;8), C(10;2)
Bai 2: Cho tam giac ABC co dien tch bang 3 vi A(3;1), B(1;-3)
1. Tm C biet C tren Oy
2. Tm C biet trong tam G cua tam giac tren Oy
Bai 3: Cho A(1;1), B(-3;-2), C(0;1)
1. Tm toa o trong tam G, trc tam H va tam ng tron ngoai tiep I cua tam giac ABC.
2. Chng minh rang G, H, I thang hang va GH = 2GI
3. Ve ng cao AA' cua tam giac ABC. Tm toa o iem A'
Bai 4: Cho tam giac ABC biet A(6;4), B(-4;-1), C(2;-4).
Tm toa o tam va ban knh ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac ABC
Bai 5: Tm toa o trc tam cua tam giac ABC, biet toa o cac nh A( 1; 2), B (5; 7), C (4; 3)
Bai 6: Cho ba iem A(1;6), B(-4;-4), C(4;0)
1. Ve phan giac trong AD va phan giac ngoai AE. Tm toa o D va E
2. Tm toa o tam ng tron noi tiep tam giac ABC
Bai 7: Cho hai iem A(0;2), B ( 3 ;1) . Tm toa o trc tam va toa o tam ng tron ngoai tiep
cua tam giac OAB (TS A 2004)
Bai 8: Cho tam giac ABC co cac nh A(-1;0), B(4;0), C(0;m) vi m 0 . Tm toa o trong tam G
cua tam giac ABC theo m. Xac nh m e tam giac GAB vuong tai G. (TS D 2004).
-------------------Het-------------------

95

NG THANG TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O

A.KIEN THC C BAN

I. Cac nh ngha ve VTCP va PVT cua ng thang:
1. VTCP cua ng thang :
n a 0

a la VTCP cua ng thang ( )

a co gia song song hoac trung vi ()
n n 0

n la VTPT cua ng thang ( )

n co gia vuong goc vi ()

()

( )

* Chu y:
Neu ng thang ( ) co VTCP a = (a1; a2 ) th co VTPT la n = (a2 ; a1 )

Neu ng thang ( ) co VTPT n = ( A; B ) th co VTCP la a = ( B; A)

n

a
()

BAI TAP AP DUNG:

Cho ng thang ( ) i qua hai iem A(1;-2), B(-1;3). Tm mot VTCP va mot VTPT cua ( )
II. Phng trnh ng thang :
1. Phng trnh tham so va phng trnh chnh tac cua ng thang :
a. nh ly : Trong mat phang (Oxy). ng thang ( ) qua M0(x0;y0) va nhan a = (a1; a2 ) lam
VTCP se co :
y
a

M ( x; y )

x = x0 + t.a1
(t )
Phng trnh tham so la : () :
y = y0 + t.a2

M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 )

Phng trnh chnh tac la : ( ) :

x x 0 y y0
=
a1
a2

BAI TAP AP DUNG:

Bai 1: Cho hai iem A(-1;3), B(1;2). Viet phng trnh tham so va chnh tac cua ng thang qua A, B
Bai 2: Cac iem P(2;3); Q(4;-1); R(-3;5) la cac trung iem cua cac canh cua mot tam giac .Hay lap
phng trnh chnh tac cua cac ng thang cha cac canh cua tam giac o.
96

2. Phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang :

a. Phng trnh ng thang i qua mot iem M0(x0;y0) va co VTPT n = ( A; B ) la:
y

n
M ( x; y )
x

() : A( x x0 ) + B( y y0 ) = 0

M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 )

BAI TAP AP DUNG:

Bai 1: Cho tam giac ABC biet A( 1; 2), B (5; 7), C (4; 3)
1. Viet phng trnh cac ng cao cua tam giac
2. Viet phng trnh cac ng trung trc cua tam giac
Bai 2: Cho tamgiac ABC vi A(1;-1) ; B(-2;1); C(3;5).
a) Viet phng trnh ng vuong goc ke t A en trung tuyen BK cua tam giac ABC .
b) Tnh dien tch tam giac ABK.
b. Phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang :
nh ly :Trong mat phang (Oxy). Phng trnh ng thang ( ) co dang :
y n = ( A; B )
M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 )
O

Ax + By + C = 0 vi A 2 + B 2 0

x
a = ( B ; A)
a = ( B ; A)

Chu y:
T phng trnh ( ):Ax + By + C = 0 ta luon suy ra c :
1. VTPT cua ( ) la n = ( A; B )
2. VTCP cua ( ) la a = ( B; A) hay a = ( B; A)
3. M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ) () Ax0 + By0 + C = 0
Menh e (3) c hieu la :
ieu kien can va u e mot iem nam tren ng thang la toa o iem o
nghiem ung phng trnh cua ng thang .
BAI TAP AP DUNG:
Bai 1: Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang biet phng trnh tong quat cua no la 5 x 2 y + 3 = 0
Bai 2: Viet phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang qua M(-1;2) va song song ( ) : 2 x 3 y + 4 = 0
Bai 3: Viet phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang qua N(-1;2) va vuong goc ( ) : 2 x 3 y + 4 = 0
Bai 4: Cho hai iem A(-1;2) va B3;4) . Tm iem C tren ng thang x-2y+1=0 sao cho tam giac
ABC vuong C.
Bai 5: Cho A(1;1) ; B(-1;3) va ng thang d:x+y+4=0.
a) Tm tren d iem C cach eu hai iem A, B.
b) Vi C tm c . Tm D sao cho ABCD la hnh bnh hanh .Tnh dien tch hnh bnh hanh.

97

3. Cac dang khac cua phng trnh ng thang :

a. Phng trnh ng thang i qua hai iem A(xA;yA) va B(xB;yB) :
( AB ) :

x xA
y yA
=
x B x A yB y A

( AB) : x = x A

M ( x; y )
O

( AB) : y = y A

B( x B ; y B )

yA
xA

A( x A ; y A )

A( x A ; y A )

A( x A ; y A )
xB

B( x B ; y B )

yA yB
x

B( x B ; y B )

yB

BAI TAP AP DUNG:

Cho tam giac ABC biet A(1;-1), B(-2;1), C1;5). Viet phng trnh ba canh cua tam giac
b. Phng trnh ng thang i qua mot iem M0(x0;y0) va co he so goc k:
nh ngha: Trong mp(Oxy) cho ng thang . Goi = (Ox , ) th k = tg c goi la he so goc
y
cuang thang

nh ly 1: Phng trnh ng thang qua M0 ( x0 ; y0 ) co he so goc k la :

y
M ( x; y )

y0
O

x0

y - y 0 = k(x - x 0 )

(1)

Chu y 1: Phng trnh (1) khong co cha phng trnh cua ng thang i qua M0 va vuong goc
Ox nen khi s dung ta can e y xet them ng thang i qua M0 va vuong goc Ox la

x = x0

Chu y 2: Neu ng thang co phng trnh y = ax + b th he so goc cua ng thang la k = a

nh ly 2: Goi k1, k2 lan lt la he so goc cua hai ng thang 1 , 2 ta co :

1 // 2

k1 = k 2

1 2

k1.k2 = 1

BAI TAP AP DUNG:

Viet phng trnh ng thang qua A(-1;2) va vuong goc vi ng thang x 3 y + 4 = 0
c. Phng trnh t i qua mot iem va song song hoac vuong goc vi mot t cho trc:
i. Phng trnh ng thang (1 ) //(): Ax+By+C=0 co dang: Ax+By+m1 =0
ii. Phng trnh ng thang (1 ) (): Ax+By+C=0 co dang: Bx-Ay+m 2 =0
98

Chu y: m1; m2 c xac nh bi mot iem co toa o a biet nam tren 1; 2

y

1 : Ax + By + m1 = 0

1 : Bx Ay+ m2 = 0

: Ax + By + C 1 = 0
O

M1

x0

x0

M1

: Ax+ By+C1 = 0

BAI TAP AP DUNG:

Bai 1: Viet phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang qua M(-1;2) va song song ( ) : 2 x 3 y + 4 = 0
Bai 2: Viet phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang qua N(-1;2) va vuong goc ( ) : 2 x 3 y + 4 = 0
III. V tr tng oi cua hai ng thang :
y
2

y
1
x

1 cat 2

1 // 2

Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang :

1 2

(1 ) : A1 x + B1y + C1 = 0
( 2 ) : A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0

V tr tng oi cua (1 ) va ( 2 ) phu thuoc vao so nghiem cua he phng trnh :

A1 x + B1y + C1 = 0
A1 x + B1y = C1
(1)
hay

A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0
A2 x + B2 y = C2
Chu y: Nghiem duy nhat (x;y) cua he (1) chnh la toa o giao iem M cua (1 ) va ( 2 )
nh ly 1:

i. He (1) vo nghiem

(1 ) //( 2 )

ii. He (1) co nghiem duy nhat (1 ) cat ( 2 )

iii. He (1) co vo so nghiem

nh ly 2:

(1 ) ( 2 )

Neu A2 ; B2 ; C2 khac 0 th

A1 B1

A 2 B2

ii. (1 ) // ( 2 )

A1 B1 C1
=

A 2 B2 C2

iii. (1 ) ( 2 )

i.

(1 ) cat ( 2 )

A1 B1 C1
=
=
A 2 B2 C2
99

BAI TAP AP DUNG:

( AB ) : 8 x 3 y + 17 = 0

Bai 1: Cho tam giac ABC co phng trnh ba canh la ( AC ) : 3 x 5 y 13 = 0

( BC ) : 5 x + 2 y 1 = 0
Tm toa o ba nh A, B, C
Bai 2: Cho tamgiac ABC co nh A(2;2) .Lap phng trnh cac canh cua tam giac ABC.Biet rang
cac ng thang 9x-3y-4=0 va x+y-2=0 lan lt la cac ng cao cua tam giac xuat phat t
B va C.
Bai 3: Tuy theo m, hay bien luan v tr tng oi cua hai ng thang sau:
d1 : mx + y m 1 = 0
d 2 : x + my 2 = 0
IV. Goc gia hai ng thang
nh ly : Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang :

(1 ) : A1 x + B1y + C1 = 0
( 2 ) : A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0

Goi ( 0 0 90 0 ) la goc gia (1 ) va ( 2 ) ta co :

y

cos =

A1 A2 + B1B2
A12 + B12 . A22 + B22

He qua:

(1 ) ( 2 ) A1 A2 + B1B2 = 0

BAI TAP AP DUNG:

Bai 1: Viet phng trnh ng thang i qua iem A(0;1) va tao vi ng thang : x+2y+3=0
mot goc bang 450
Bai 2: Lap phng trnh cac canh cua hnh vuong co nh la (-4;5) va mot ng cheo co phng
trnh 7x-y+8=0.
V. Khoang cach t mot iem en mot ng thang :
nh ly 1: Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang ( ) : Ax + By + C = 0 va iem M0 ( x0 ; y0 )
Khoang cach t M0 en ng thang () c tnh bi cong thc:
M0

d ( M0 ; ) =

Ax0 + By0 + C
A2 + B 2

H
x

( )

nh ly 2: Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang :

(1 ) : A1 x + B1y + C1 = 0
( 2 ) : A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0

Phng trnh phan giac cua goc tao bi (1 ) va ( 2 ) la :

A1 x + B1y + C1
A12 + B12

A2 x + B2 y + C2
A22 + B22
100

nh ly 3: Cho ng thang (1 ) : Ax + By + C = 0 va hai iem M(xM;yM), N(xN;yN) khong nam

N
tren ( ). Khi o:
M
Hai iem M , N nam cung pha oi vi ( ) khi va ch khi
( Ax M + By M + C )( Ax N + By N + C ) > 0

Hai iem M , N nam khac pha oi vi ( ) khi va ch khi

( Ax M + By M + C )( Ax N + By N + C ) < 0

BAI TAP AP DUNG:

Bai 1: Cho tam giac ABC biet A(1;-1) ; B(-2;1); C(3;5). Tnh chieu cao ke t A
Bai 2: Cho hai ng thang d1 : 2 x y 2 = 0 & d 2 : 2 x + 4 y 7 = 0 . Viet phng trnh ng phan giac
cua goc tao bi d1 va d2
Bai 3: Cho tam giac ABC vi A(-6;-3); B-4;3), C9;2). Lap phng trnh ng phan giac trong cua goc
A cua tam giac ABC.
Bai 4: Cho hai iem P(2;5) va Q(5;1) .Lap pt ng thang qua P cach Q mot oan co o dai bang 3
Bai 5: Cho ba ng thang (d1 ) : x + y + 3 = 0, (d 2 ) : x y 4 = 0, (d 3 ) : x 2 y = 0 . Tm toa o iem M
nam tren ng thang (d3) sao cho khoang cach t M en ng thang (d1) bang hai lan khoang
cach t M en ng thang (d2)
VI. Chum ng thang :
1

M
I

1. nh ngha: Tap hp cac ng thang cung i qua mot iem I c goi la mot chum ng thang .
I goi la nh cua chum
Mot chum ng thang hoan toan c xac nh neu biet :
i. nh cua chum
hoac ii. Hai ng thang cua chum
2. nh ly: Trong Mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang 1 , 2 cat nhau xac nh bi phng trnh :
(1 ) : A1 x + B1y + C1 = 0
( 2 ) : A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0
Khi o : Moi ng thang qua giao iem cua 1 , 2 eu co phng trnh dang:

() : ( A1 x + B1y + C1 ) + ( A2 x + B2 y + C2 ) = 0

101

( 2 + 2 0)

Chu y:

= 0 va 0 th 1
0 va = 0 th 2

ac biet :

Neu 0 va 0 th 1 va 1 trong trng hp nay

phng trnh co the viet di dang sau:
1. m(A1 x + B1y + C1 ) + (A 2 x + B2 y + C2 ) = 0
hoac

2. (A1 x + B1y + C1 ) + n(A 2 x + B2 y + C2 ) = 0

BAI TAP AP DUNG:

Viet phng trnh ng thang i qua giao iem cua hai ng thang 3 x 5 y + 2 = 0 & 5 x 2 y + 4 = 0
va vuong goc vi ng thang ( d ) : 2 x y + 4 = 0 .

BAI TAP REN LUYEN

Bai 1: Phng trnh hai canh cua tam giac trong mat phang toa o la 5x-2y+6=0 va 4x+7y-21=0
Viet phng trnh canh th ba cua tam giac biet trc tam cua tam giac trung vi goc toa o.
Bai 2: Cho tam giac ABC , canh BC co trung iem M(0;4) con hai canh kia co phng trnh
2x+y-11=0 va x+4y-2=0.
a) Xac nh nh A.
b) Goi C la iem tren ng thang x+4y-2=0, N la trung iem AC . Tm iem N roi tnh
toa o B, C.
Bai 3: Cho tam giac ABC co M(-2;2) la trung iem cua BC , canh AB co phng trnh x-2y-2=0,
canh AC co phng trnh : 2x+5y+3=0.Xac nh toa o cua cac nh cua tam giac ABC.
Bai 4: Cho tam giac ABC co nh B(3;5) ng cao ke t A co phng trnh 2x-5y+3=0 va ng
trung tuyen ke t C co phng trnh x+y-5=0 .
a) Tnh toa o iem A.
b) Viet phng trnh cua cac canh cua tam giac ABC.
Bai 5: Cho tam giac ABC co trong tam G(-2;-1) va co cac canh AB:4x+y+15=0 vaAC:2x+5y+3=0
a) Tm toa o nh A va toa o trung iem M cua BC .
b) Tm toa o iem B va viet phng trnh ng thang BC.
Bai 6: Cho tam giac ABC co nh A(-1;-3).
a) Biet ng cao BH: 5x+3y-25=0, ng cao CK: 3x+8y-12=0. Tm toa o nh B , C.
b) Biet ng trung trc cua AB la 3x+2y-4=0 va trong tam G(4;-2). Tm B, C.
Bai 7: Lap phng trnh cac canh cua tam giac ABC biet nh C(4;-1) ng cao va trung tuyen
ke t mot nh co phng trnh 2x-3y+12=0 va 2x+3y=0.
Bai 8: Lap phng trnh cac canh cua tam giac ABC neu biet A(1;3) va hai ng trung tuyen co
phng trnh la x-2y+1=0 va y-1=0.
102

Bai 9: Cho tam giac ABC biet C(4;3) phan giac trong (AD):x+2y-5=0, trung tuyen (AE)
4x+13y-10=0.Lap phng trnh ba canh.
Bai 10: Cho tam giac ABC biet A(2;-1) va phng trnh hai ng phan giac trong cua goc B va C
lan lt la d: x-2y+1=0 va x+y+3=0 .Tm phng trnh cua ng thang cha canh BC.
Bai 11: Cho iem M(-2;3) . Tm phng trnh ng thang qua M va cach eu hai iem A(-1;0)
va B(2;1).
Bai 12: Cho A(2;-3) , B(3;-2) .Trong tam G cua tam giac nam tren ng thang d: 3x-y-8=0, dien
tch tam giac ABC bang 3/2 . Tm C.
Bai 13: Viet phng trnh ng thang song song vi d: 3x-4y+1=0 va co khoang cach en ng
thang d bang 1.
Bai 14: Cho tam giac can ABC biet phng trnh canh ay AB:2x-3y+5=0 canh ben AC:x+y+1=0
Tm phng trnh canh ben BC biet rang no i qua iem D(1;1).
Bai 15: Cho tam giac ABC co nh A(-1;3) , ng cao BH nam tren ng thang y=x , phan giac
trong goc C nam tren ng thang x+3y+2=0 . Viet phng trnh canh BC .
Bai 16: Cho ng thang d: 2x+y-4=0va hai iem M(3;3) , N(-5;19).Ha MK d va goi P la iem
oi xng cua M qua d:
a) Tm toa o cua K va P.
b) Tm iem A tren d sao cho AM + AN co gia tr nho nhat va tnh gia tr o.
Bai 17: Cho tam giac ABC vuong A , phng trnh BC la 3x y 3 = 0 , cac nh A va B
thuoc truc hoanh va ban knh ng tron noi tiep bang 2. Tm toa o trong tam G cua
tam giac ABC.
Bai 18: Cho hnh ch nhat ABC co tam I(1/2;0) , phng trnh ng thang AB la x-2y+2=0 va
AB=2AD . Tm toa o cac nh A, B, C, D biet rang nh A co hoanh o am.
Bai 19: Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang d1 : x y = 0 va d 2 : 2 x + y 1 = 0 . Tm toa o cac nh

hnh vuong ABCD biet rang nh A thuoc d1, nh C thuoc d2 va cac nh B,D thuoc truc hoanh
---------------------------Het--------------------------

103

NG TRON TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O

A.KIEN THC C BAN

I. Phng trnh ng tron:

1. Phng trnh chnh tac:
nh ly : Trong mp(Oxy). Phng trnh cua ng tron (C) tam I(a;b), ban knh R la :
y
I ( a; b )

R
a

(C ) : ( x a)2 + ( y b)2 = R 2

M ( x; y )
x

(1)

Phng trnh (1) c goi la phng trnh chnh tac cua ng tron
ac biet:

Khi I O th (C ) : x 2 + y 2 = R 2 (hay: y = R 2 x 2 )

BAI TAP NG DUNG:

Bai 1: Viet phng trnh ng tron ng knh AB biet A(1;3), B(3:-5)
Bai 2: Viet phng trnh ng tron co tam I(-1;2) va tiep xuc ng thang ( ) : 3 x 4 y + 2 = 0
2. Phng trnh tong quat:
nh ly : Trong mp(Oxy). Phng trnh :

vi a2 + b2 c > 0

x 2 + y 2 2ax 2by + c = 0

la phng trnh cua ng tron (C) co tam I(a;b), ban knh R = a2 + b2 c

BAI TAP NG DUNG:
Bai 1: Xac nh tam va ban knh cua ng tron (C ) : x 2 + y 2 + 2 x 4 y 20 = 0
Bai 2: Viet phng trnh ng tron (C) i qua ba iem A(3;3), B(1;1),C(5;1)
Bai 3: Cho phng trnh : x 2 + y 2 + 4mx 2my + 2m + 3 = 0 (1)
nh m e phng trnh (1) la phng trnh cua ng tron (Cm)
II. Phng trnh tiep tuyen cua ng tron:
nh ly : Trong mp(Oxy). Phng trnh tiep tuyen vi ng tron
(C ) : x 2 + y 2 2ax 2by + c = 0 tai iem M ( x0 ; y0 ) (C ) la :
M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 )
(C)

( )

() : x0 x + y0 y a( x + x0 ) b( y + y0 ) + c = 0

I(a;b)

BAI TAP NG DUNG:

Xet ng tron (C) qua ba iem A(-1;2), B(2;0), C(-3;1). Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) tai A
IV. Phng tch cua mot iem oi vi mot ng tron:
Nhac lai :
nh ngha: Cho ng tron (O;R) va mot iem M co nh .
M/(O) la mot so
Phng tch cua iem M oi vi ng tron (O) c ky hieu la

104

c xac nh nh sau:
Chu y :

R2 ( vi d = MO )

M/(O) > 0 M ngoai ng tron (O)

M/(O) < 0 M trong ng tron (O)
M/(O) = 0 M tren ng tron (O)

(C)
M

M/(O) = d

nh ly:
Trong mp(Oxy) cho iem M ( x0 ; y0 ) va ng tron x 2 + y 2 2ax 2by + c = 0 vi

a2 + b2 c > 0 co tam I(a;b) va ban knh R = a2 + b2 c . Phng tch cua iem M oi vi

ng tron (C) la
M/(O) = x02 + y02 2ax0 2by0 + c

BAI TAP NG DUNG:

Cho ng tron (C): x 2 + y 2 + 2 x 4 y 4 = 0 va iem A(3;5). Xet v tr cua iem A oi vi ng tron
(C)
IV. Truc ang phng cua hai ng tron:
Nhac lai:
nh ly : Tap hp cac iem co cung phng tch oi vi hai ng tron khac tam la mot
ng thang vuong goc vi ng noi hai tam.
ng thang nay c goi la truc ang phng cua hai ng tron o.
Cach xac nh truc ang phng

( C1 )

( C1 )
(C 2 )

(C 2 )
I1

I2

I2

I1

( C1 )

(C 2 )
I1

I2

I
M

I1

I2

(C 2 )

I3

( C1 )

(C 3 )
1

105

nh ly :

Cho hai ng tron (C1) va (C2) khong cung tam co phng trnh:
(C1 ) : x 2 + y 2 2a1 x 2b1y + c1 = 0
(C2 ) : x 2 + y 2 2a2 x 2b2 y + c2 = 0

Phng trnh truc ang phng cua (C1) va (C2) la :

() : 2(a1 a2 ) x + 2(b1 b2 )y + c2 c1 = 0

x 2 + y 2 2a1 x 2b1y + c1 = x 2 + y 2 2a2 x 2b2 y + c2

Cach nh:
BAI TAP NG DUNG:

Xac nh phng trnh truc ang phng cua hai ng tron sau:

(C1 ) : x 2 + y 2 4 y 5 = 0
(C2 ) : x 2 + y 2 6 x + 8 y + 16 = 0

VI. Cac van e co lien quan:

1. V tr tng oi cua ng thang va ng tron:
(C )

(C )

(C )

I
I

R
R

M H

nh ly:

I
R H
M

( ) (C ) =

d(I; ) > R
() tiep xuc (C) d(I;) = R
() cat (C)
d(I;) < R

BAI TAP NG DUNG:

Bai 1: Cho ng tron (C): ( x 3) 2 + ( y 1) 2 = 4 . Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet rang tiep
tuyen nay i qua iem M(6;3)
Bai 2: Cho ng tron (C): x 2 + y 2 6 x + 2 y + 5 = 0 . Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi ng tron biet
tiep tuyen song song vi ng thang ( d ) : 2 x + y + 10 = 0
Bai 3: Cho ng tron (C ) : x 2 + y 2 2 x 6 y + 6 = 0 va iem M(-3;1). Goi T1, T2 la cac tiep iem cua
cac tiep tuyen ke t M en (C). Viet phng trnh ng thang T1T2.
2. V tr tng oi cua hai ng tron :

C1
I1

R1

R2

I2

C1

C1

C2
I1

R1

R2
I2

C2

C2
I1

R1

R2

I2

C1
I1 I
2

C2
106

(C1 ) va (C2 ) khong cat nhau

I1I2 > R1 + R2

(C1 ) va (C2 ) cat nhau

R1 R2 < I1I2 < R1 + R2

(C1 ) va (C2 ) tiep xuc ngoai nhau I1I 2 = R1 + R2

(C1 ) va (C2 ) tiep xuc trong nhau

I1I2 = R1 R2

BAI TAP NG DUNG:

Xac nh v tr tng oi cua hai ng tron sau:

(C1 ) : x 2 + y 2 4 y 5 = 0
(C2 ) : x 2 + y 2 6 x + 8 y + 16 = 0

VII: Chum ng tron:

nh ly: Cho hai ng tron cat nhau :
(C1 ) : x 2 + y 2 2a1 x 2b1 y + c1 = 0
(C2 ) : x 2 + y 2 2a2 x 2b2 y + c2 = 0

Phng trnh ng tron (C) i qua giao iem cua (C1) va (C2) co dang :

( x 2 + y 2 2a1 x 2b1 y + c1 ) + ( x 2 + y 2 2a2 x 2b2 y + c2 ) = 0

( 2 + 2 0)

BAI TAP NG DUNG:

Viet phng trnh ng tron i qua cac giao iem cua hai ng tron
(C1 ) : x 2 + y 2 10 x = 0; (C2 ) : x 2 + y 2 + 4 x 2 y 20 = 0

va i qua iem A(1;-1)

BAI TAP REN LUYEN
Bai 1: Lap phng trnh ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac co ba nh la A(1;1); B(-1;2); C(0;-1).
Bai 2: Lap phng trnh ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac co ba canh nam tren ba ng thang
x 2
(d1 ) : y = ;(d 2 ) : y = x + 2;(d 3 ) : y = 8 x .
5 5
Bai 3: Lap phng trnh ng tron noi tiep tam giac co ba nh la A(-1;7); B(4;-3); C(-4;1).
Bai 4: Lap phng trnh ng tron i qua cac iem A(-1;1) va B(1;-3) co tam nam tren ng
thang (d):2x - y + 1 = 0.
Bai 5: Lap phng trnh ng tron i qua iem A(-1;-2) va tiep xuc vi ng thang
(d): 7x-y-5=0 tai iem M(1;2).
Bai 6: Lap phng trnh ng tron co tam nam tren ng thang 2x+y=0 va tiep xuc vi ng
thang x-7y+10=0 tai iem A(4;2).
Bai 7: Viet phng trnh ng tron co tam nam tren ng thang 4x +3y - 2 = 0 va tiep
xuc vi hai ng thang : x + y + 4 = 0 va 7x - y + 4 = 0.
Bai 8: Viet phng trnh ng tron i qua iem A(2;-1) va tiep xuc vi hai truc toa o Ox,Oy.
Bai 9: Cho ng tron (C):(x-1)2 +(y-2)2=4 va ng thang (d):x-y-1=0. Viet phng trnh
ng tron (C') oi xng vi ng tron (C) qua ng thang (d). Tm toa o giao iem
cua (C) va (C').

107

Bai 10:Cho hai ng tron: (C1): x 2 + y 2 10 x = 0 va (C2): x 2 + y 2 + 4 x 2 y 20 = 0

1. Viet phng trnh ng tron i qua cac giao iem cua (C1) va (C2) va co tam nam tren
ng thang (d): x + 6y - 6 = 0.
2. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen chung cua cac ng tron (C1) va (C2) .
Bai 11: Cho hai ng tron: (C1): x 2 + y 2 4 y 5 = 0 va (C2): x 2 + y 2 6 x + 8y + 16 = 0
Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen chung cua cac ng tron (C1) va (C2) .
Bai 12: Cho hai ng tron :
(C1 ) : x 2 + y 2 4x + 2y 4 = 0

(C2 ) : x 2 + y 2 10x 6y + 30 = 0
co tam lan lt la I va J.
1) Chng minh (C1) tiep tiep xuc ngoai vi (C2) va tm toa o tiep iem H.
2) Goi (D) la mot tiep tuyen chung khong i qua H cua (C1) va (C2) . Tm toa o giao
iem K cua (D) va ng thang IJ.Viet phng trnh ng tron (C) i qua K va tiep
xuc vi hai ng tron (C1) va (C2) tai H.
Bai 13: Cho iem M(6;2) va ng tron (C): x 2 + y 2 2 x 4 y = 0 . Lap phng trnh ng thang
(d) qua M cat (C) tai hai iem phan biet A, B sao cho AB = 10
Bai 14: Cho ng tron (C): x 2 + y 2 = 9 va iem A(1;2). Hay lap phng trnh cua ng thang
cha day cung cua (C) i qua A sao cho o dai day cung o ngan nhat.
Bai 15: Cho ng tron (C): x 2 + y 2 2 x 6 y + 6 = 9 va iem M(2;4)
1. Chng to rang iem M nam trongng tron.
2. Viet phng trnh ng thang i qua iem M, cat ng tron tai hai iem A va B sao
cho M la trung iem cua AB .
3. Viet phng trnh ng tron oi xng vi ng tron a cho qua ng thang AB.
Bai 16: Trong mp(Oxy) cho ho ng tron (Cm) co phng trnh :
x 2 + y 2 (2m + 5)x + (4m 1)y 2m + 4 = 0
1) Chng to rang (Cm) qua hai iem co nh khi m thay oi.
2) Tm m e (Cm) tiep xuc truc tung.
Bai 17: Cho ho ng tron (Cm) co phng trnh : x 2 + y 2 (m 2)x + 2my 1 = 0
1) Tm tap hp tam cac ng tron (Cm) .
2) Cho m = -2 va iem A(0;-1). Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen cua ng tron (C-2)
ve t A.
Bai 18: Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen cua ng tron (C): x 2 + y 2 2 x 6 y + 9 = 0
1. Tiep tuyen song song vi ng thang x-y=0
2. Tiep tuyen vuong goc vi ng thang 3x-4y=0
Bai 19: Cho tam giac ABC eu noi tiep trong ng tron (C): ( x 1)2 + ( y 2)2 = 9 . Xac nh toa
o cac iem B, C biet iem A(-2;2).
Bai 20: Trong mp(Oxy) cho ho ng tron (Cm) co phng trnh :
x 2 2mx + y 2 + 2(m + 1)y 12 = 0
1) Tm tap hp tam cac ng tron (Cm) .
2) Vi gia tr nao cua m th ban knh cua ho ng tron a cho la nho nhat?
Bai 21: Cho hai ho ng tron :

108

(Cm ) : x 2 + y 2 2mx + 2(m + 1)y 1 = 0

(Cm' ) : x 2 + y 2 x + (m 1)y + 3 = 0

Tm truc ang phng cua hai ho ng tron tren. Chng to rang khi m thay oi cac truc
ang phng o luon luon i qua mot iem co nh.
Bai 22: Cho hai ng tron :
(C1 ) : x 2 + y 2 2x 9y 2 = 0

(C2 ) : x 2 + y2 8x 9y + 16 = 0
1) Chng minh rang hai ng tron (C1) va (C2) tiep xuc nhau.
2) Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen chung cua hai ng tron (C1) va (C2).
Bai 23: Cho hai ng tron :
(C1 ) : x 2 + y2 10x = 0

(C2 ) : x 2 + y2 + 4x 2y 20 = 0
Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen chung cua hai ng tron (C1) va (C2).
Bai 24: Cho hai ng tron :
(C1 ) : x 2 + y 2 4x 5 = 0

(C2 ) : x 2 + y2 6x + 8y + 16 = 0
Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen chung cua hai ng tron (C1) va (C2).
Bai 25: Cho hai iem A(2;0), B(6;4). Viet phng trnh ng tron (C) tiep xuc vi truc hoanh tai iem
A va khoang cach t tam cua (C) en iem B bang 5 (TS.K.B2005)

ng dung phng trnh ng tron e giai cac he co cha tham so

Bai 1: Cho he phng trnh :

x 2 + y 2 = 1

x y = a
Xac nh cac gia tr cua a e he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat.
x 2 + y2 x = 0
Bai 2: Cho he phng trnh :
x + ay a = 0
Xac nh cac gia tr cua a e he phng trnh co 2 nghiem phan biet
Bai 3: Tm m e he sau co nghiem duy nhat
(x 2)2 + y 2 = m
2
2
x + (y 2) = m

109

NG ELP TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O

A.KIEN THC C BAN

I.nh ngha:
Elp (E) la tap hp cac iem M co tong khoang cach en hai iem co nh F1; F2 bang hang so
* Hai iem co nh F1; F2 c goi la cac tieu iem
* F1F2 = 2c ( c > 0 ) c goi la tieu c
(E)
M

F1

2c

(E) = {M / MF1 + MF2 = 2a}

F2

( a>0 : hang so va a>c )

II. Phng trnh chnh tac cua Elp va cac yeu to:
1. Phng trnh chnh tac:
(E) :

x2
a

y2
b

= 1 vi b2 = a2 c2 ( a > b) (1)

y
Q

(E)

B2

P
M

r1
-a -c
A1
F1

r2
O

B1

c a
F2 A2

2. Cac yeu to cua Elp:

* Elp xac nh bi phng trnh (1) co cac ac iem:
- Tam oi xng O, truc oi xng Ox; Oy
- Tieu iem F1(-c;0); F2(c;0)
- Tieu c F1F2 = 2c
- Truc ln nam tren Ox; o dai truc ln 2a ( = A1A2 )
- Truc nho nam tren Oy; o dai truc ln 2b ( = B1B2 )
- nh tren truc ln : A1(-a;0); A2(a;0)
- nh tren truc nho :B1(0;-b); B2(0;b)
- Ban knh qua tieu iem:
B

110

r1 = MF1 = a + a x = a + ex

r = MF = a c x = a ex
2
2
a

Vi M(x;y) (E) th

- Tam sai

: e=

c
a

- ng chuan : x =

(0 < e < 1)
a
e

x = a cos t
(E) :
y = b sin t

III. Phng trnh tham so cua Elp:

IV. Tiep tuyen cua Elp:
nh ly:

Phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (E) :

() :

x0x
a2

y0y
b2

x2
a2

y2
b2

t [0;2)

= 1 tai M0(x0;y0) (E) la :

y

=1

M 0 (x0 ; y 0 )

(E)

V. ieu kien e ng thang tiep xuc vi Elp:

x2 y2
nh ly:
Cho Elp (E) : 2 + 2 = 1 va ng thang ( ) : Ax + By + C = 0 ( A2 + B2 > 0 )
a
b
y

( ) tiep xuc (E)

2 2

2 2

A a +B b =C

(E)
x

BAI TAP REN LUYEN

Bai 1: Cho (E) co hai tieu iem la F1 ( 3; 0); F2 ( 3;0) va mot ng chuan co phng trnh x =

4
3

1. Viet phng trnh chnh tac cua (E).

2. M la iem thuoc (E). Tnh gia tr cua bieu thc:
P = F1M 2 + F2 M 2 3OM 2 F1M .F2 M
3. Viet phng trnh ng thang (d) song song vi truc hoanh va cat (E) tai hai iem A, B sao
cho OA OB
Bai 2: 1. Lap phng trnh chnh tac cua (E) co tieu iem F1 ( 15; 0) , tiep xuc vi (d): x + 4 y 10 = 0
2. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (E) vuong goc vi (d): x + y + 6 = 0 .
x 2 y2
+ = 1 va ng thang (d): mx y 1 = 0
9 4
1. Chng minh rang vi moi gia tr cua m, ng thang (d) luon cat (E) tai hai iem phan biet
2. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (E), biet rang tiep tuyen o i qua iem A(1;-3).
Bai 4: 1. Lap phng trnh chnh tac cua (E) co tieu iem F1 ( 10,0); F2 ( 10; 0) , o dai truc ln bang
Bai 3: Cho Elp (E) :

111

2 18 .
2. ng thang (d) tiep xuc (E) tai M cat hai truc toa o tai A va B. Tm M sao cho dien tch
OAB nho nhat.
x 2 y2
Bai 5: Cho Elp (E) : + = 1 va ng thang (d): x y 2 + 2 = 0
8 4
1. CMR (d) luon cat (E) tai hai iem phan biet A,B . Tnh o dai AB.
2. Tm toa o iem C thuoc (E) sao cho ABC co dien tch ln nhat.
x 2 y2
x2 y2
Bai 6: Cho hai Elp : (E1 ) : + = 1 va (E2 ) : + = 1 . Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen chung cua hai
16 9
9 16
elp tren.
x 2 y2
Bai 7: Cho Elp (E) : + = 1 . Xet hnh vuong ngoai tiep (E) ( tc la cac canh hnh vuong tiep xuc
24 12
vi (E) . Viet phng trnh cac ng thang cha cac canh hnh vuong o.
x 2 y2
Bai 8: Cho Elp (E) : + = 1 . Cho A(-3;0),M(-3;a),B(3;0),N(3;b) trong o a,b la hai so thay oi
9 4
1. Xac nh toa o giao iem I cua ng thang AN va BM.
2. Chng minh rang ieu kien can va u e ng thang MN tiep xuc vi (E) la ab=4
3. Vi a,b thay oi , nhng luon tiep xuc vi (E) . Tm quy tch iem I.

112

NG HYPEBOL TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O

A.KIEN THC C BAN

I. nh ngha:
M

(H) = {M / MF1 MF2 = 2a}

( a > 0 : hang so va a < c ) (1)

2c

F1

F2

II. Phng trnh chnh tac cua Hypebol va cac yeu to:
1. Phng trnh chnh tac:
(H) :

y=

x2
a

b
x
a

y2
b

= 1 vi b2 = c2 a2

y=

B2
a
F1
c A
1

M
a

(1)

A2

F2
c

B1

2. Cac yeu to cua Hypebol:

* Hypebol xac nh bi phng trnh (1) co cac ac iem:
- Tam oi xng O, truc oi xng Ox; Oy
- Tieu iem F1(-c;0); F2(c;0)
- Tieu c F1F2 = 2c
- Truc thc nam tren Ox; o dai truc thc 2a ( = A1A2 )
- Truc ao nam tren Oy; o dai truc ao 2b
( = B1B2 )
- nh: A1(-a;0); A2(a;0)
b
- Phng trnh tiem can : y = x
a
- Ban knh qua tieu iem:
Vi M(x;y) (H) th :
r1 = MF1 = a + ex
Vi x > 0
r2 = MF2 = a + ex
r1 = MF1 = (a + ex)
Vi x < 0
r2 = MF2 = (a + ex)
113
B

b
x
a

- Tam sai

: e=

c
a

- ng chuan : x =
IV. Tiep tuyen cua Hypebol:
nh ly:

(e > 1)
a
e

Phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (H) :

x2
a2

y2
b2

= 1 tai M0(x0;y0) (H) la :

y

() :

x0x
a

y0y
b

=1

M 0

V. ieu kien e ng thang tiep xuc vi Hypebol:

x2 y2
nh ly: Cho Hypebol (H) : 2 2 = 1 va ng thang ( ) : Ax + By + C = 0 ( A2 + B2 > 0 )
a
b

( ) tiep xuc (H)

A 2a2 B2 b2 = C2

BAI TAP REN LUYEN

2

x
y

=1
16 9
1. Tm o dai truc ao, truc thc , tam sai , tieu iem F1,F2 cua (H)
2. Tm tren (H) nhng iem sao cho MF1 MF2

Bai 1: Cho Hypebol (H):

x 2 y2
Bai 2: Cho Hypebol (H): 2 2 = 1 .
a
b
CMR tch cac khoang cach t mot iem M0 bat ky tren (H) en hai tiem can la mot so khong oi
Bai 3: Cho Hypebol (H): x 2 4 y 2 = 4 .
10 4
1. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (H) tai A( ; )
3 3
2. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (H) biet no vuong goc vi ng thang : : x y 2 = 0
3. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (H) ke t M(2;-1)
x 2 y2
Bai 4: Cho Hypebol (H): 2 2 = 1 trong mat phang Oxy
a
b
Tm a,b e (H) tiep xuc vi hai ng thang (D1 ) : 5 x 6 y 16 = 0 va (D2 ) :13 x 10 y 48 = 0

114

NG PARABOL TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O

A.KIEN THC C BAN

I. nh ngha :

(P) = {M / MF = d(M, }
M

* F la iem co nh goi la tieu iem

* ( ) la ng thang co nh goi la ng chuan
* HF = p > 0 goi la tham so tieu

II. Phng trnh chnh tac cua parabol:

2

1) Dang 1: Ptct: y
y

= 2px

2) Dang 2: Ptct: y

= -2px

M
-p/2

F(-p/2;0)

x
O

p/2

F(p/2;0)

() : x = p / 2

( ): x=-p/2

3) Dang 3: Ptct: x

= 2py

4) Dang 4: Ptct : x

= -2py

( ) : y = p/2

p/2

F(0;p/2)

x
F(0;-p/2)

O
-p/2

:y = -p/2

III.Tiep tuyen cua parabol:

nh ly: Trong mp(Oxy). Phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (P): y2 = 2px tai M0(x0;y0) (P) la :
y

( ) : y0y = p.(x + x0 )

M0
x

115

(P)

IV. ieu kien e ng thang tiep xuc vi parabol:

nh ly: Trong mp(Oxy) cho (P) : y2 = 2px va ng thang ( ) : Ax + By + C = 0 (A2 + B2 > 0)
y

( ) tiep xuc (P) B2 p = 2AC

x

o
2

BAI TAP REN LUYEN

(P

Bai 1: Cho (P): y = 16x

1. Lap phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (P), biet tiep tuyen o vuong goc vi ng thang
(d) : 3x-2y+6=0
2. Lap phng trnh cac tiep tuyen vi (P) ke t M(-1;0) en (P)
x 2 y2
Bai 2: Lap phng trnh cac tiep tuyen chung cua elp : +
= 1 va parabol: y 2 = 12 x .
8
6
2
Bai 3: Cho A(3;0) va (P): y=x
1. Cho M ( P ) va x M = a . Tnh AM . Tm a e AM ngan nhat

2. Chng minh neu AM ngan nhat th AM vuong goc tiep tuyen tai M cua (P)
Bai 4: Cho (P):y2= 2x va cho A(2;-2); B(8;4). Gia s M la iem di ong tren cung nho AB cua (P). Xac
nh toa o cua M sao cho tam diac AMB co dien tch ln nhat.
Bai 5: Cho (P): y 2 = x va iem I(0;2). Tm toa o hai iem M, N thuoc (P) sao cho IM = 4 IN

----------------------------------Het-------------------------------

116