Bài Giang Cong Nghe Xu Ly Nuoc Thai - 6 - 10-THUYET MINH-song Chắn Rác

B CNG THNG
TRNG CAO NG CNG NGHIP TUY HA

KHOA CNG NGH HA

\
BI GING
HC PHN: C S CNG NGH X L NC THI
DNH CHO SINH VIN BC CAO NG
NGNH CNG NGH K THUT MI TRNG
TUY HA 2010
Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010
MC LC
CHNG 1 GII THIU CHUNG V NC THI......................................2
1.1. Nc thi v phn loi nc thi...................................................................2
1.1.1. Nc thi v nh hng ca nc thi n ngun tip nhn ..................2
1.1.2. Phn loi........................................................................................................3
1.1.2.1. Nc thi sinh hot v th...............................................................3
1.1.2.2. Nc thi cng nghip..........................................................................4
1.1.2.3. Nc thi bnh vin..............................................................................5
1.2. Thnh phn nc thi......................................................................................5
1.2.1. Cc cht hu c............................................................................................5
1.2.2. Cc cht v c...............................................................................................6
1.2.3. Thnh phn sinh hc.....................................................................................7
1.3. Cc thng s nh gi nhim nc.............................................................7
CHNG 2 TNG QUAN C S CNG NGH X L NC THI. .10
2.1. Cc cp x l nc thi............................................................................10
2.2. X l bn cn...................................................................................................10
2.3. Cc iu kin la chn gii php cng ngh x l...................................11
CHNG 3 X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP C HC........13
3.1. Song chn rc...................................................................................................13
3.2. Li lc.............................................................................................................. 15
3.3. B lng ct.........................................................................................................16
3.3.1. Chc nng......................................................................................................16
3.3.2. Cu to v phn loi.......................................................................................16
3.4. B tch du m................................................................................................18
3.5. Lc c hc.........................................................................................................19
3.5.1. Nguyn l ca qu trnh lc............................................................................19
3.5.2. Vch lc.........................................................................................................21
3.5.3. Phn loi b lc..............................................................................................21
3.5.4. Cu to b lc.................................................................................................21
3.6. B iu ha........................................................................................................23
3.6.1. nh hng ca s bin i lu lng v nng ..........................................23
3.6.2. Phn loi v v tr cc b iu ha..................................................................24
3.6.3. Yu cu v tr t b iu ho.........................................................................25
3.6.4. Phn loi b iu ho.....................................................................................25
3.6.5. iu ha lu lng.........................................................................................26
3.6.6. iu ha nng ...........................................................................................27
Trang 2
CHNG 4 X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP

HA L V HA HC.................................................................29
4.1. Trung ha..........................................................................................................29
4.1.1. Vai tr.............................................................................................................29
4.1.2. Trung ho bng trn nc thi cha axit v nc thi cha kim..................29
4.1.3. Trung ho bng cch cho thm ho cht vo nc thi..................................29
4.1.4. Trung ho nc thi cha axit bng cch lc qua lp vt liu lc trung ho.. 30
4.1.5. Trung ha bng cc kh acid...........................................................................30
4.2. Keo t................................................................................................................. 30
4.2.1. C ch qu trnh keo t..................................................................................30
4.2.2. Qu trnh to keo t........................................................................................31
4.2.3. C s l thuyt lng keo t.............................................................................32
4.2.4. Phng php thc hin keo t in ha..........................................................33
4.2.4.1. Tr keo t................................................................................................33
4.2.4.2. Keo t in ha........................................................................................35
4.2.4.3. B phn ng xoy....................................................................................35
4.2.4.4. B phn ng kiu vch ngn....................................................................36
4.2.5. Thit b lng keo t.........................................................................................36
4.2.5.1. B lng ngang..........................................................................................36
4.2.5.2. B lng ng............................................................................................37
4.3. Tuyn ni...........................................................................................................39
4.3.1. Nguyn l.......................................................................................................39
4.3.2. Cc phng php tuyn ni............................................................................40
4.3.3. C ch v cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut ca qu trnh tuyn ni..........43
4.4. Hp ph.............................................................................................................45
4.4.1. C s qu trnh hp ph.................................................................................45
4.4.2. Vt liu hp ph.............................................................................................45
4.4.2.1. Than hot tnh..........................................................................................46
4.4.2.2. Silicagen..................................................................................................47
4.4.2.3. Nhm oxit................................................................................................47
4.4.2.4. Zeolit.......................................................................................................48
4.4.2.5. St oxit.....................................................................................................48
4.4.3. Phn loi hp ph...........................................................................................49
4.5. Phng php oxi ha kh..............................................................................49
4.5.1. Oxi ha bng Clo...........................................................................................50
4.5.2. Oxi ha bng H2O2.........................................................................................51
4.5.3. Oxi ha bng oxi ca khng kh.....................................................................51
Trang 3
4.5.4. Oxi ha bng piroluzit MnO2.........................................................................52

4.5.6. Ozn ha........................................................................................................52
4.5.7. Phng php kh kim loi.............................................................................53
4.5.7.1. X l hp cht thu ngn.........................................................................53
4.5.7.2. X l cc hp cht km, ng, niken, ch, cadimi, coban........................54
4.5.7.3. X l hp cht Asen................................................................................55
4.5.7.4. X l mui st.........................................................................................55
4.5.7.5. X l cc hp cht mangan......................................................................56
4.6. Kh khun (kh trng)..................................................................................56
4.6.1. Kh trng bng cc cht xi ha mnh.........................................................57
4.6.1.1. Kh trng bng Clo.................................................................................57
4.6.1.2. Kh trng bng Clorua vi v canxihyphocloit.......................................58
4.6.1.3. Dng zn kh rng...........................................................................58
4.6.1.4. Kh trng bng tia cc tm......................................................................59
CHNG 5 CC PHNG PHP VI X L...............................................61
5.1. Phng php tch bng mng......................................................................61
5.1.1 Thm thu ngc.............................................................................................61
5.1.2. Siu lc........................................................................................................... 62
5.2. Trch ly............................................................................................................... 63
5.2.1. Nguyn l c bn...........................................................................................63
5.2.2. K thut trch ly.............................................................................................63
5.2.3. Phn loi.........................................................................................................63
5.3. Tch bng in.................................................................................................64
5.4. Trao i ion.......................................................................................................64
5.4.1. Mt s khi nim v qu trnh trao i ion.....................................................64
5.4.2. Cc cht trao i ion.......................................................................................64
5.4.3. C s qu trnh trao i ion............................................................................65
5.5. Phng php t chy....................................................................................65
CHNG 6 X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP SINH HC....67
6.1. iu kin nc thi a vo x l sinh hc...............................................67
6.2. C s sinh ha trong qu trnh lm sch nc thi.................................68
6.2.1. C s ha sinh ca qu trnh phn hy hiu kh.............................................68
6.2.2. C s ha sinh ca qu trnh phn hy k kh.................................................70
6.3. Sinh vt v s pht trin ca sinh vt.........................................................73
6.3.1. Sinh vt hiu kh.............................................................................................73
6.3.2. Sinh vt k kh...............................................................................................73
6.3.3. S pht trin ca vi sinh vt...........................................................................75
Trang 4
6.4. Gii thiu bn hot tnh.................................................................................76

6.5. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l sinh hc................................80
6.6. Cc cng trnh x l sinh hc nc thi trong iu kin t nhin .......82
6.6.1. Ao h hiu kh................................................................................................82
6.6.2. Ao h sinh hc (Ao h n nh nc thi)......................................................83
6.6.3. Ao h hiu kh................................................................................................84
6.6.4. Ao h k kh...................................................................................................85
6.6.5. Ao h hiu kh k kh (Ao h ty nghi)........................................................86
6.6.6. Ao h n nh x l bc III.............................................................................87
6.6.7. Cnh ng ti v bi lc...............................................................................87
6.7. Cc cng trnh hiu kh nhn to x l nc thi....................................90
6.7.1. B phn ng sinh hc hiu kh - Aeroten.......................................................90
6.7.1.1. c im v nguyn l lm vic ca Aeroten...........................................90
6.7.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng lm sch nc thi ca Aeroten......91
6.7.1.3. Phn loai Aeroten.....................................................................................94
6.7.1.4. Mt s Aeroten thng dng trong x l nc thi.................................94
a. B Aeroten truyn thng...................................................................94
b. Aeroten ti trng cao..........................................................................95
c. B Aeroten c cp kh gim dn theo dng chy......................95
d. B Aeroten nhiu bc..........................................................................96
e. B Aeroten c ngn tip xc vi bn hot tnh n nh
(Aeroten n nh- tip xc)....................................................................97
f. Aeroten thng kh ko di..................................................................97
g. Aeroten thng kh cao c khuy o hon chnh..........................98
6.7.1.5. Cung cp oxi cho Aeroten........................................................................98
6.7.2. Mng oxi ha.............................................................................................100
6.7.3. Lc sinh hc.................................................................................................101
6.7.3.1. Nguyn l..............................................................................................101
6.7.3.2. Phn loi................................................................................................102
6.7.3.3. Lc sinh hc c lp vt liu khng ngp trong nc.............................102
6.8. Cc cng trnh k kh x l nc thi......................................................106
6.8.1. X l nc thi bng phng php k kh vi sinh trng l lng...............106
6.8.1.1. B metan................................................................................................106
6.8.1.2. X l bng phng php tip xc k kh.............................................107
6.8.1.3. Thit b k kh gi lng...........................................................................108
6.8.1.4. X l nc thi vi lp bn k kh vi dng hng ln (UASB)............109
6.8.1.5. Thit b dng thp m...........................................................................110
Trang 5
6.8.1.6. H thng thit b k kh hai giai on....................................................110

6.8.2. X l nc thi bng phng php k kh vi sinh trng gn kt...............110
6.8.3. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l k kh.........................................111
6.9. Loi b nitrat sinh hc.................................................................................113
6.9.1. Loi b nitrat bng bn hot tnh..................................................................113
6.9.2. Loi b nitrat bng mng sinh hc................................................................114
6.10. Loi b phosphat bng phng php sinh hc.....................................114
TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................................117
Trang 6
CHNG 1
GII THIU CHUNG V NC THI
1.1. Nc thi v phn loi nc thi
1.1.1. Nc thi v nh hng ca nc thi n ngun tip nhn
Tt c cc hot ng sinh hot v sn xut trong mi cng ng u to ra
cc cht thi, cc th kh, lng v rn. Thnh phn cht thi lng, hay nc
thi (wastewater) c nh ngha nh mt dng ha tan hay trn ln gia nc
(nc dng, nc ma, nc mt, nc ngm,...) v cht thi t sinh hot trong
cng ng c dn, cc khu vc sn xut cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip,
thng mi, giao thng vn ti, nng nghip,... y cn hiu l s nhim
nc (water pollution) xy ra khi cc cht nguy hi xm nhp vo nc ln hn
kh nng t lm sch ca chnh bn thn ngun nc.
S nhim bn ngun nc c th xy ra theo hai cch: Nhim bn t nhin
v nhim bn nhn to.
- Nhim bn t nhin do nc ma chy trn trn b mt t mang theo
cht bn v vi khun gy bnh vo ngun nc tip nhn.
- Nhim bn nhn to ch yu o x nc thi (sinh hot, bnh vin, cng
nghip v nng nghip) vo ngun nc tip nhn.
Sau y l mt s nh hng chnh do nc thi gy ra i vi ngun nc
tip nhn:
+ Xut hin cc cht ni trn mt nc hoc c cn lng: Cc hin tng
nhim bn ny thng do nc thi t cc x nghip ch bin thc phm
hoc nc thi sn xut ca cc x nghip c cha du m v cc sn phm
m. Chng to nn lp mng du, m ni trn mt nc v nu cn nng
th lng xung y. Chng lm cho nc c mi v c trng v lm gim
lng oxy trong nc ngun. Vi hm lng du 0,2 - 0,4 mg/l s lm cho
nc c mi du. Kh mi du l mt vic lm kh khn. Tm c sng
trong nc b nhim bn do cc sn phm du m c tc sinh trng rt
km, thm ch khng sinh trng c v tht ca chng c mi du.
+ Thay i tnh cht l hc: Ngun nc tip nhn nc thi s b c,
c mu, c mi do cc cht thi a vo hoc do s pht trin ca rong,
ru, to, sinh vt ph du... to nn.
+ Thay i thnh phn ho hc: Tnh cht ho hc ca ngun nc tip
nhn s b thay i ph thuc vo loi nc thi ra. Hin tng ny to
ra l do nc thi mang tnh axit hoc kim hoc cha loi ho cht lm
thay i thnh phn v hm lng cc cht c sn trong thy vc.
+ Lng oxy ha tan trong nc b gim: Hm lng oxy ho tan trong
ngun nc tip nhn b gim l do tiu hao oxy oxy ho cc cht hu
c do nc thi vo. Hin tng gim hm lng oxy ho tan (<4mg/l)
trong nc gy nh hng xu cho cc loi thy sinh vt.
Trang 7
+ Xut hin hoc lm tng cc loi vi khun gy bnh: Nc thi ko

theo cc.
1.1.2. Phn loi
1.1.2.1. Nc thi sinh hot v th
Nc thi sinh hat l nc c thi b sau khi s dng cho cc mc ch sinh
hot ca cng ng: tm, git gi, ty ra, v sinh c nhn,chng thng c thi
ra t cc cc cn h, c quan, trng hc, bnh vin, ch, v cc cng trnh cng cng
khc. Lng nc thi sinh hat ca khu dn c ph thuc vo dn s, vo tiu chun
cp nc v c im ca h thng that nc.
Thnh phn ca nc thi sinh hat gm 2 lai:
Nc thi nhim bn do cht bi tit ca con ngi t cc phng v sinh;
Nc thi nhim bn do cc cht thi sinh hat : cn b t nh bp, cc cht ra
tri, k c lm v sinh sn nh.
Nc thi sinh hat cha nhiu cht hu c d b phn hy sinh hc, ngai ra cn
c cc thnh phn v c, vi sinh vt v vi trng gy bnh rt nguy him. Cht hu c
cha trong nc thi sinh hat bao gm cc hp cht nh protein (40 50%); hydrat
cacbon (40 - 50%) gm tinh bt, ng v xenlulo; v cc cht bo (5 -10%). Nng
cht hu c trong nc thi sinh hat dao ng trong khong 150 450mg/l. C
khong 20 40% cht hu c kh phn hy sinh hc. nhng khu dn c ng c,
iu kin v sinh thp km, nc thi sinh haat khng c x l thch ng l mt
trong nhng ngun gy nhim mi trng nghim trng.
Lng nc thi sinh hot dao ng trong phm vi rt ln, ty thuc vo mc
sng v cc thi quen ca ngi dn, c th c tnh bng 80% lng nc c cp.
Nc thi sinh hot c thnh phn vi cc gi tr in hnh nh sau:
Bng 1.1: Khi lng cht nhim do mi ngi hng ngy a vo mi trng
STT
Cht nhim
Khi lng (g/ngi.ngy)
BOD5
45 - 54
COD (dichromat)
72 - 102
Cht rn l lng (SS)
70 - 145
Du m
10 - 30
Tng Nit
6 - 12
Amonia
2,4 - 4,8
Tng phospho
0,8 - 4,0
Tng coliform (MPN/100ml)
106 - 109
Ngun: T chc y t th gii, WHO.

Nh vy, nc thi sinh hot c hm lng cc cht dinh dng kh cao, i khi
vt c yu cu cho qu trnh x l sinh hc. Thng thng cc qu trnh x l sinh
hc cn cc cht dinh dng theo t l sau: BOD5:N:P = 100:5:1 v COD/BOD5 <2.
Trang 8
Nc thi sinh hot thng trn chung vi nc thi sn xut v gi chung l

nc thi th.
Nu tnh gn ng, nc thi th gm khong 50% l nc thi sinh hot, 14%
l cc loi nc thm, 36% l nc thi sn xut.
Lu lng nc thi th ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin kh hu v cc tnh
cht c trng ca thnh ph. Khong 65-85% lng nc cp cho 1 ngun tr thnh
nc thi. Lu lng v hm lng cc cht thi ca nc thi th thng dao ng
trong phm vi rt ln.
Lu lng nc thi ca cc thnh ph nh bin ng t 20% QTB - 250%QTB
Lu lng nc thi ca cc thnh ph ln bin ng t 50% QTB - 200%QTB
Lu lng nc thi ln nht trong ngy vo lc 10-12h tra v thp nht vo
lc khong 5h sng.
Lu lng v tnh cht nc thi th cn thay i theo ma, gia ngy lm vic v
ngy ngh trong tun cng cn c tnh n khi nh gi s bin ng lu lng v
nng cht gy nhim.
1.1.2.2. Nc thi cng nghip
L loi nc thi sau qu trnh sn xut, phc thuc loi hnh cng nghip. c
tnh nhim v nng ca nc thi cng nghip rt khc nhau ph thuc vo lai
hnh cng nghip v ch cng ngh la chn.
Trong cng nghip, nc c s dng nh l 1 loi nguyn liu th hay phng
tin sn xut (nc cho cc qu trnh) v phc v cho cc mc ch truyn nhit. Nc
cp cho sn xut c th ly mng cp nc sinh hot chung hoc ly trc tip t ngun
nc ngm hay nc mt nu x nghip c h thng x l ring. Nhu cu v cp nc
v lu lng nc thi trong sn xut ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. Lu lng nc
thi ca cc x nghip cng nghip c xc nh ch yu bi c tnh sn phm c
sn xut.
Bng 1.2: Lu lng nc trung bnh ca mt s ngnh cng nghip
ST
Ngnh cng nghip
n v sn phm
Lu lng nc thi
T
1
Sn xut bia
1L bia
5 6L
2
Tinh ch ng
1 tn c ci ng
10 20m3
3
Sn xut b sa
1 tn sa
5 6m3
4
Nh my hp rau qu
1 tn sn phm
1,5 4,5m3
5
Git m gia sc
1 tn sn phm
3 10m3
6
Dt si nhn to
1 tn sn phm
100m3
7
X nghip ty trng
1 tn si
1000 4000m3
8
Luyn thp
1 tn sn phm
4600m3
Ngoi ra, trnh cng ngh sn xut v nng sut ca x nghip cng c ngha
quan trng. Lu lng tnh cho 1 n v sn phm c th rt khc nhau. Lu lng
nc thi sn xut li dao ng rt ln. Bi vy s liu trn thng khng n nh v
nhiu x nghip li c kh nng tit kim lng nc cp do s dng h thng tun
hon trong sn xut. Thnh phn nc thi sn xut rt a dng, thm ch ngay trong 1
Trang 9
ngnh cng nghip, s liu cng c th thay i ng k do mc hon thin ca

cng ngh sn xut hoc iu kin mi trng.
C hai loi nc thi cng nghip:
Nc thi cng nghip qui c sch : l lai nc thi sau khi s dng lm
ngui sn phm, lm mt thit b, lm v sinh sn nh.
Lai nc thi cng nghip nhim bn c trng ca cng nghip v cn x
l cc b trc khi x vo mng li thott nc chung hoc vo ngun nc
tytheo mc x l.
1.1.2.3. Nc thi bnh vin
y l ngun nc thi c thi ra t cc hot ng khm v cha bnh. y l
ngun nc thi kh kim sot nht v tnh c hi. trong ngun thi cha nhau cht
c t cc loi thuc khng sinh, cc loi vi trng, vi rt t ngi bnh c th theo
ngun nc ly lan ra mi trng. Nc thi bnh vin c lu lng nh nhng x l
phc tp, do c cha nhiu cht gy c ch hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt. Ngoi ra
trong dng thi cn cha cc cht phng x.
1.2. Thnh phn nc thi
C rt nhiu cht gy nhim trong nc, c th phn chng thnh 9 loi
sau:
Cc cht hu c bn vng kh phn hy
Cc cht hu c d b phn hy
Cc kim loi nng
Cc ion v c
Du m, cc cht hot ng b mt
Cc cht c mu hoc mi
Cc cht rn
Cc cht phng x
Cc vi sinh vt
1.2.1. Cc cht hu c
Cc cht hu c d b phn hy: l cc hp cht protein, hidrocacbon,
cht bo c ngun gc ng thc vt. y l cc cht gy nhim chnh c
trong nc thi sinh hot, nc thi t cc x nghip ch bin thc phm, l
git m gia sc,Cc hp cht ny lm suy gim oxi trong nc dn n suy
thoi ti nguyn thy sn lm gim cht lng nc cp sinh hot.
Cc cht hu c kh b phn hy: cc cht ny thuc cc cht hu c c
vng thm, cc cht a vng ngng t, cc hp cht Clo hu c,Hu ht
chng u c c tnh vi con ngi v mi trng. Chng tn lu lu di
trong mi trng v c th con ngi, sinh vt gy c tch ly.
Cc cht hu c c c tnh cao trong mi trng nc thi thng gp:
Cc cht hu c c tnh c cao thng kh b phn hy bi sinh vt. Cc cht
hu c gy c thng l: polycloroPhenol (PCP), polyclorobiphenyl (PCB),
Trang 10
cc hidro cacbua a vng ngng t, cc cht bo v thc vt, x phng v cc

cht ty ra, hp cht d vng N v O, dioxin,
Cc ha cht bo v thc vt
Cc ha cht bo v thc vt bao gm: thuc tr su (insecticides), thuc
tr nm (fungicides), thuc dit c (herbicides) v thuc dit to (algicides).
Thuc bo v thc vt gm c cc hydrocacbon clo ha cao nh eldrin, clodan,
hp cht DDT, dieldrin, heptaclo, metoxyclo, toxaphen, hexaClorobenzen. Cc
photphat hu c nh diazinon, malathion, parathion... Thuc dit c gm
cacbamat (cacbyl); cc hydrcacbon Clo ha nh 2,4 D, 1,3,5 T... thuc dit
nm gm ng sunfat, ferbam, ziram. Rt nhiu loi thuc tr su trc y
nh DDT, toxaphen v dieldrin rt bn trong mi trng t nhin. Tng t
nh kim loi nng, chng tch t trong chui thc n ca h sinh thi. Cc
nhuyn th n bng cch lc cha hm lng DDT cao hn so vi mi trng
nc xung quanh hng triu ln.
C th chia thuc bo v thc vt thnh ba nhm c bn:
Nhm Clo hu c, gm cc hp cht ha hc cha gc Cl rt bn vng trong
mi trng t nhin, vi thi gian phn hy di. Thuc v nhm ny c Aldrin,
Diedrin, DDT, Heptachlor, Lindane, Endrin, v.v...
Nhm ln hu c: bao gm hai hp cht l Parathion v Malathion. Nhm
ny c thi gian phn hy ngn so vi nhm Clo hu c, nhng thng c c
cao i vi ngi v ng vt
Nhm cacbamat: gm cc ha cht t bn vng trong mi trng, nhng
cng rt c i vi ngi v ng vt. i din cho nhm ny l cc hp cht
gc cacbamat nh Sevi, Puradan, Basa, Mipcin. Chng c tc ng trc tip vo
men cholinesteraza ca h thn kinh cn trng
Du m
Du m l cc hp cht kh tan trong nc, tan trong cc dung mi hu c. Du
m c thnh phn ha hc rt phc tp. c tnh v tc ng sinh thi ca du m ph
thuc vo tng loi du. Du th c cha hng ngn phn t khc nhau, nhng phn
ln l cc hydrocacbon c s cacbon t 4 n 26. Trong du th cn c cc hp cht
lu hunh, nit, kim loi nng (vanadi). Cc loi du nhin liu sau khi tinh ch (du
DO, FO) v mt s sn phm du m cn cha cc cht c nh hydrocacbon a vng
(PHA), polyClobiphenyl (PCB), kim loi (ch). Do du m c tnh c cao v
tng i bn vng trong mi trng nc
1.2.2. Cc cht v c
Cc cht cha Nito
Trong nc thi cc cht cha Nito tn ti 3 dng: hp cht hu c, mui
amon, dng Nitrit v Nitrat.
Protein
NH 3
NO 2 NO 3 NO 3 NO 2 NO
N2O
N2
Trang 11
Nu nc cha hu ht nito hu c, Amoniac hoc NH 4 + th chng t nc

mi b nhim.
Nu trong nc cha hp cht Nito dng Nitrit (NO 2 - ) th nc b
nhim mt thi gian di hn.
Nu trong nc cha hp cht nit dng nitrat (NO 3 - ) th nc b
nhim mt thi gian kh di v qu trnh phn hy hp cht hu c kt thc.
Cc dnh tn ti ca nito trong nc u c tnh c v gy hi cho sinh
vt v con ngi. Khi nng ca hp cht nito dng nitrat qu cao
(>15mg/l) s dn n hin tng ph dng. Khi nitrat trong nc ung nng
>10mg/l c kh nng gy ra ung th, ngoi ra n cn gy ra bnh thiu mu,
lm tr xanh xao do chc nng ca Heamoglobin b gim.
Cc kim loi nng
Hu ht cc kim loi nng tn ti trong nc dng ion, chng c ngun gc
pht sinh do hot ng ca con ngi v c tnh c i vi con ngi v sinh
vt. Cc cht ny gm As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, Ag, Zn... Chng pht
sinh t cc ngun gc khc nhau ch yu l do hot ng cng nghip. V d,
km l do cc nh my sn, mc in; Hg v km do thuc tr su...Do tnh bn
khng phn r nn cc kim loi nng tch t trong chui thc n ca h sinh
thi. Qu trnh ny bt u vi nng thp ca cc kim loi nng tn ti trong
nc hoc cn lng, ri sau tch t nhanh trong cc thc vt v ng vt
sng di nc. Tip n cc sinh vt khc s dng thc vt, ng vt ny lm
thc n dn n nng c tch t trong c th sinh vt tr nn cao hn.
Cui cng sinh vt bt cao nht trong chui thc n, nng kim loi nng
ln gy c.
1.2.3. Thnh phn sinh hc
nhim nc sinh hc do cc ngun thi th hay cng nghip bao gm cc
cht thi sinh hot, phn, nc ra ca cc nh my ng, giy
S nhim v mt sinh hc ch yu l do s thi cc cht hu c c th ln men
c: cht thi sinh hot hoc cng nghip c cha cht cn b sinh hot, phn tiu,
nc ra ca cc nh my ng, giy, l st sinh
+ S nhim sinh hc th hin bng s nhim bn do vi khun rt nng. Cc bnh
cu trng, vim gan do siu vi khun tng ln lin tc nhiu quc gia cha k n
cc trn dch t. Cc nc thi t l st sinh cha mt lng ln mm bnh.
+ Cc nh my giy thi ra nc c cha nhiu glucid d ln men.
+ Cc nh my ch bin thc phm, sn xut hp, thuc da, l m, u c nc
thi cha protein. Khi c thi ra dng chy, protein nhanh chng b phn hy cho ra
acid amin, acid bo, acid thm, H 2S, nhiu cht cha S v P., c tnh c v mi kh
chu. Mi hi ca phn v nc cng ch yu l do indol v dn xut cha methyl ca
n l skatol.
1.3. Cc thng s nh gi nhim nc
pH ca nc thi
Trang 12
pH ca nc thi c mt ngha quan trng trong qu trnh x l. Cc cng trnh

x l nc thi p dng cc qu trnh sinh hc lm vic tt khi pH nm trong gii hn
t 7 - 7,6. Cc x nghip sn xut c th thi ra nc thi c tnh acid hoc kim rt
cao chng nhng lm cho ngun nc khng cn hu dng i vi cc hot ng ca
con ngi m cn lm nh hng n h thy sinh vt. Nng acid sulfuric cao lm
nh hng n mt ca nhng ngi bi li ngun nc ny, n mn thn tu
thuyn, h hi li nh c nhanh hn. Ngun nc ln cn mt s x nghip c th c
pH thp n 2 hoc cao n 11; trong khi c ch c th tn ti trong mi trng c 4,5
< pH < 9,5. Hm lng NaOH cao thng pht hin trong nc thi cc x nghip
sn xut bt git, thuc da, nhum vi si...
Nhit
Cc nc thi t nh my nhit in v l hi ca mt s ngnh cng nghip c
nhit rt cao. Khi thi ra mi trng, n lm tng nhit ca cc thy vc nh
hng n mt s thy sinh vt v lm suy gim oxy ha tan trong ngun nc (do
kh nng bo ha oxy trong nc nng thp hn v vi khun phn hy cht hu c s
hot ng mnh hn).
Mu
Cc nc thi t nh my dt, giy, thuc da, l m... c mu rt cao. N c th
lm cn tr kh nng khuch tn ca nh sng vo ngun nc gy nh hng n kh
nng quang hp ca h thy sinh thc vt. N cn lm mt v m quan ca ngun
nc.
DO (Dissolved oxigen)
Oxi hon tan trong nc rt cn cho sinh vt hiu kh. Bnh thng oxi ha tan
trong nc khong 7 8mg/l, chim 70 85% khi oxi bo ha. Mc oxi ha tan tron
nc t nhin v nc thi ph thuc vo mc nhim cht hu c, vo hot ng
ca th gii thy sinh, cc hot ng ha sinh, ha hc v vt l ca nc. Trong mi
trng nc b nhim nhang, oxi c dng nhiu cho cc qu trnh ha sinh v
xut hin hin tng thiu oxi trm trng.
Phn tch ch s oxi ha tan (DO) l mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng nh gi
s nhim ca nc v gip ta ra cc bin php x l thch hp.
BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)
Nhu cu oxy sinh ha l lng oxy cn thit vi sinh vt oxy ha cc cht hu
c trong mt khong thi gian xc nh v c k hiu bng BOD c tnh bng
mg/l. Ch tiu BOD phn nh mc nhim hu c ca nc thi. BOD cng ln th
nc thi (hoc nc ngun) b nhim cng cao v ngc li.
COD (Chemical oxigen Demand)
Ch s ny c dng rng ri, c trng cho hm lng cht hu c ca nc
thi v nhim ca nc t nhin.
COD l lng oxi cn thit cho qu trnh oxi ho ton b cc cht hu c c trong
mu nc thnh CO2 v nc.
TS,TSS,TDS
Cc cht rn c trong nc l:
Trang 13
- Cc cht v c l dng cc mui ha tan hoc khng tan nh t dng

huyn ph l lng.
- Cc cht hu c nh xc cc vi sinh vt, to, ng vt nguyn sinh, ng thc
vt ph du, cc cht hu c tng hp nh phn bn, cc cht thi cng nghip.
- Cht rn trong nc lm tr ngi cho vic s dng v lu chuyn nc, lm
gim cht lng nc sinh hot v sn xut, gy tr ngi cho vic nui trng thy sn.
- Cht rn trong nc phn thnh 2 loi (theo kch thc ht):
Cht rn qua lc c ng knh ht nh hn 1m, trong c cht rn dng keo c
kch thc t 10-6 10-9m v cht rn ha tan (cc ion v phn t ha tan).
Cht rn khng qua lc c ng knh trn 10 -6m (1m): Cc ht l xc rong to,
vi sinh vt c kch thc 10 -5 - 10-6m dng l lng; ct sn, ct nh c kch thc
trn 10-5m c th lng cn.
Tng cht rn (TS) c xc nh bng trng lng kh phn cn li sau khi cho
bay hi 11 mu nc trn bp cch thy ri sy kh 103 0C cho n khi trng lng
khng thay i. n v tnh bng mg ( hoc g/l).
Cht rn dng huyn ph (TSS) hm lng trong cc cht huyn ph (TSS) l
trng lng kh ca cht rn cn li trn giy lc ri thy, khi lc 11 mu nc qua
phu lc Gooch sy kh 103 -105 0C ti khi trng lng khng thay i n v tnh
mg hoc g/l.
Cht rn ha tan (TDS). Hm lng cht rn ha tan chnh l hiu s ca tng cht
rn vi huyn ph: DS = TS SS.
Ch s E.Coli
Trong nc thi, c bit l nc thi sinh hot, nc thi bnh vin, nc thi
vng du lch, dch v, khu chn nuinhim nhiu vi sinh vt c sn trong phn
ngi v phn sc vt. Trong c th c nhiu vi khun gy bnh, c bit l cc
bnh v ng tiu ha, nh t, l thng hn, cc vi khun gy ng c thc phm.
Trong rut ngi, ng vt c v khc khng k la tui c nhng nhm vi sinh
vt c tr, ch yu l vi khun. Cc vi khun ny thng c trong phn.
Vi khun ng rut gm 3 nhm:
- Nhm Coliform c trng l Escherichia coli (E.coli)
- Nhm Streptococcus c trng l Streptococcus faecalis
- Nhm Clostridium c trng l Clostridium perfringens
Hm lng cc kim loi v kim loi nng: Asen, cadimi, ch, niken, crom, st,
km, mangan, thu ngn, thic,... thng phn tch bng phng php ph hp th
nguyn t.
Ngoi ra cn cc ch tiu sau:
Hm lng du m khong, du ng thc vt
Photpho tng s, photpho hu c
Tng nit, amoniac theo nit
Hm lng florua, Clorua, sunfua
Hm lng Phenol, Xianua
Trang 14
CHNG 2
TNG QUAN C S CNG NGH X L NC THI
2.1. Cc cp x l nc thi
C th chia lm 3 bc x l nc thi: Bc 1, bc 2 v bc 3.
2.1.1. X l bc 1
Cn gi l x l s b thng thng l cc cng trnh x l l hc (c hc) nh:
Song chn rc, b lng. Cc cng trnh nhm mc ch tch cc cht khng tan trong
nc thi. X l bc 1 nhiu khi mang mc ch x l c cht nhim, to iu kin
ph hp a tip vo h thng x l tip theo. V d: X l du m, trung ho nc
thi... to iu kin cho bin php x l sinh hc tip theo. Trong nhng trng hp
ny x l bc 1 c th l cc bin php l - ho.
2.1.2. X l bc 2
Thng thng x l bc 2 l cc cng trnh x l sinh hc dng oxy ho sinh
ho cc cht hu c cn li dng tan, keo v khng tan (nhng khng lng c).
2.1.3. X l bc 3
Thng c thc hin theo yu cu x l c cht lng cao hn. l cc
trng hp cn thit phi p dng cc bin php nh trit khun, kh tip cc cht bn
cn li trong nc thi nh nitrat, photphat, sunphat...
2.2. X l bn cn
thit k cc thit b x l v thi bn, nhng iu cn bit l: Ngun gc bn
(loi bn) v bn sinh ra t qu trnh no? Cc thng s c trng ca bn: nng x,
khi lng ring p, tr lc ring khi lc r, nhit tr Q, thnh phn ho hc (C, N, P, K,
kim loi...) vi sinh vt gy bnh.
Lng bn: y l thng s cn thit thit k cc thit b x l v thi bn.
Lng cht rn u vo nh my x l nc hng ngy thay i trong gii hn rng.
m bo kh nng x l nc ca nh my cn xem xt cc yu t di y:
+ Tc to bn trung bnh v ln nht.
+ Tim nng v th tch cha ca nh my.
+ Cc cng ngh x l v thi bn
Cc qu trnh x l nc thi dn dng v nc thi cng nghip u dn n vic
tch cc cht gy nhim v chuyn chng sang pha c th tch nh hn. Cc qu
trnh thng c p dng l tch pha rn ra khi nc thi bng lng, gn, tuyn ni,
lc. Dng cc qu trnh ha hc tch cc cht gy nhim dng keo t, to bng,
kt ta. Dng cc qu trnh sinh hc phn hu cc cht hu c gy nhim (hiu
kh, ym kh).
Nh vy sau qu trnh x l v lm sch nc thi, nc qua x l c quay
tr li mi trng s dng li cn bn to thnh s c thi i. Thng thng ta
c: (V bn / V nc thi) x 100% < 1%.
Trang 15
Tuy nhin, vic x l v thi bn rt kh do lng bn ln, thnh phn khc nhau,
m cao v bn rt kh lc. Cc nghin cu cho thy gi thnh x l v thi bn
chim khong 25 - 50% tng gi thnh qun l cht thi.
Cc phng n x l bn
iu ho bn
Qu trnh ch bin phn
Lm c
t
Tch nc
Thi bn
Chuyn ho
2.3. Cc iu kin la chn gii php cng ngh x l
Ty theo iu kin ti chnh, din tch, nhn lc ca x nghip la chn cc h
thng x l ph hp. bo m cho vic thit k h thng x l cn thit phi thu
thp cc s liu sau:
Qui trnh sn xut ca x nghip (trong phi xc nh khu no sinh ra nc
thi? thnh phn? bao nhiu? k hoch gim thiu nc thi nu c?)
V lu lng nc thi cn thit phi xc nh tng lng nc thi/ng., lu
lng nc thi theo tng gi trong ngy, s bin thin lu lng nc thi theo
gi, ca, ma v sn xut.
V thnh phn nc thi: nn xc nh cc ch tiu nh: BOD, COD, mu,
TSS, VSS, Total coliform, hm lng cc ha cht khc nu c (theo c trng ca
tng loi hnh sn xut)
Khi thit k h thng x l nh ch trng n cc im sau:
Nhu cu ca ch nhn h thng x l
y l mt yu t quan trng nht l i vi cc cng ng nh cha c kinh
nghim v xy dng v vn hnh cc h thng x l. N lin h n vn vn u
t, kh nng vn hnh, nhn s iu hnh h thng, cc thit b, kinh nghim v kh
nng nh hng n mi trng.
i vi tt c cc n, iu cn thit nht l k s thit k v ch nhn phi hiu
r cc mc tiu, mc ch chung tha mn c nhu cu ca ch nhn m vn bo
m c yu cu c bn trong vic la chn phng php x l (t tiu chun nc
thi cho php thi vo ngun nc cng cng, c hiu qu kinh t, gim nh cc nh
hng xu n mi trng...)
Kinh nghim
Cc kinh nghim v thit k v vn hnh cc h thng x l gip ta c th d on
trc cc kh nng v hn ch ca h thng x l c nhng bin php h tr, ci
tin thch hp. Kin thc v cc h thng x l gip cho cc k s loi b c cc
yu t khng an ton v tnh ton sai dn n cc thit k khng ph hp, lng ph.
i vi cc qui trnh mi, ngi k s cha c kinh nghim th qui trnh ny phi
c th nghim cn thn cc m hnh cng nh trong thc tin.
Yu cu ca cc c quan qun l mi trng
Vit Nam tiu chun nc thi c php thi vo ngun nc cng cng c
ban hnh bi B TN&MT. Trn nguyn tc, cc S TN&MT c quyn a ra cc tiu
Trang 16
chun ring ca mnh nhng cc tiu chun ny khng c thp hn tiu chun ca
B. Do vic tm hiu cc qui nh, tiu chun ca c quan qun l l ht sc cn
thit thit k h thng x l t yu cu ca cc c quan ny.
Tng thch vi nhng thit b hay h thng sn c
i vi vic nng cng sut, m rng mt h thng x l sn c phi ch n
qui trnh v thit b mi phi tng thch vi nhng ci c sn c th tn dng c
ngun nhn lc, vt lc sn c, trnh lng ph.
Ti chnh
Kh thi v mt ti chnh, cc phn tch v mt kinh t nn da trn cc ch tiu nh
NPV (net present value), B/C (benefit/cost ratio), IRR (internal rate of return)... Cc
yu t v lm pht cng nn a vo tnh ton. Phi c tnh c gi vn hnh v
bo tr h thng bao gm cc chi ph v nhn cng vn hnh, nng lng, vt t v ha
cht cung cp cho h thng.
Cc h thng nn mang li hiu qu kinh t (thu li do khng phi tr thu mi
trng, t ngun nng lng, phn bn thu c)
Cc vt t, thit b
Cc thit b s dng phi l cc loi c sn v d tm trn th trng bo m
nhu cu v ph tng thay th khi c s c, khng lm gin on vic vn hnh h
thng x l v tin xy dng.
Phi d tr v kh nng cung cp cc loi vt t s dng cho h thng k c in
nng trong tng lai h thng khng b gin on do vn khan him cc loi vt
t ny.
Nhn s
Nhn s vn hnh v bo tr h thng sau ny k c nhng k thut vin. Cc
nhn s ny phi c tp hun v c ch x l, cc s c c th xy ra, cch khc
phc...
Cc h thng x l phi tng ng vi trnh k thut ca a phng, c th tn
dng ngun nhn lc a phng (gim chi ph u t, cng nh d dng tm nhn s
vn hnh cc thit b).
Tnh mm do
C kh nng nng cng sut khi nh my c yu cu tng sn lng.
Trang 17
CHNG 3
X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP C HC
3.1. Song chn rc
Song chn rc dng gi li cc cht thi rn c kch thc ln trong nc thi
m bo cho cc thit b v cng trnh x l tip theo. Kch thc ti thiu ca rc
c gi li ty thuc vo khong cch gia cc thanh kim loi ca song chn rc.
trnh ng rc v gy tn tht p lc ca dng chy ngi ta phi thng xuyn lm
sch song chn rc bng cch co rc th cng hoc c gii. Tc nc chy (v) qua
cc khe h nm trong khong (0,65m/s v 1m/s). Ty theo yu cu v kch thc
ca rc chiu rng khe h ca cc song thay i.
Hnh 2.1: Song chn rc v b tr song chn rc

Song chn rc vi co rc th cng ch dng nhng trm x l nh c lng rc
<0,1m3/ng.. Khi rc tch ly song chn, mi ngy vi ln ngi ta dng co kim
loi ly rc ra v cho vo mng c l thot nc y ri vo cc thng kn
a i x l tip tc. Song chn rc vi co rc c gii hot ng lin tc, rng co lt
vo khe h gia cc thanh kim loi; co c gn vo xch bn l hai bn song chn
rc c lin h vi ng c in qua b phn truyn ng.
Co rc c gii c th chuyn ng t trn xung di hoc t di ln theo dng
nc. Khi lng rc c gi li ln hn 0,1m3/ng. v khi dng song chn rc c gii
th phi t my nghin rc. Rc nghin c cho vo hm Biogas hoc cho v knh
trc song chn. Khi lng rc trn 1T/ng. cn phi thm my nghin rc d phng.
Vic vn chuyn rc t song n my nghin phi c c gii ha.
Song chn rc c t nhng knh trc khi nc vo trm x l. Hai bn
tng knh phi cha mt khe h d dng lp t v thay th song chn. V song
chn lm co hp tit din t ca dng chy nn ti v tr t song chn tit din knh
phi c m rng. trnh to thnh dng chy ri knh phi m rng dn dn vi
mt gc = 20o.
Song chn rc phi t tt c cc trm x l khng phn bit phng php dn
nc ti l t chy hay c p. Nu trong trm bm c song chn rc th c th
khng t song chn rc trm x l na.
Hin nay mt s nc trn th gii ngi ta cn dng my nghin rc
(communitor) nghin rc c kch thc ln thnh rc c kch thc nh v ng
Trang 18
nht d dng cho vic x l cc giai on k tip, my nghin rc c thit k

hon chnh v thng mi ha nn trong gio trnh ny khng a ra cc chi tit ca
n. Tuy nhin nu lp t my nghin rc trc b lng ct nn ch l ct s lm
mn cc li dao v si c th gy kt my.
Tnh ton thit k song chn rc:
S lng khe h ca song chn:
Trong :
Qmax : lu lng ti a ca nc thi, m3/s;
v
: tc nc chy qua song chn, m/s;
hmax : chiu cao ca nc qua song chn, m;
l
: khong cch gia cc khe, m.
K = 1,05: h s tnh n hin tng thu hp dng chy.
Chiu rng song chn:
Bs = s.(n + 1) + l.n
Trong :
s: chiu dy ca cc thanh, mm (Chn s = 8 15 mm);
n + 1: s lng thanh an song chn.
Chiu di on knh m rng:
Trong :
Bs:
Bk:
chiu rng ca song chn,

chiu rng mng dn nc ti v ra khi song chn.
Thng thng 20 300
l1 1, 73 Bs Bk khi 200
Xc nh hs (tn tht p lc) qua song:
Trong :
vmax: tc nc chy trong mng trc song chn, m/s (ng

vi lu lng ln nht)
:
h s tn tht cc b ti song chn rc ph thuc vo tit
din cc thanh.
gc nghing song chn so vi mt phng ngang,

Trang 19
:
ph thuc vo tit din ngang v hnh dng thanh.
Chiu cao xy dng:
hxd = hmax + 0,5
Hnh 2.2: Gi tr ng vi cc kiu tit din song chn khc nhau

3.2. Li lc
S dng loi b cn bn v vt th c kch thc nh hoc thu hi cc sn phm
c gi tr. Thng p dng cho cc trm x l nc thi cng nghip: (dt, giy, da).
C 2 loi:
- Li c kch thc l t 0,5 1mm.
- Tang trng quay vi vn tc 0,1 0,5m/s.
- C ch: Nc thi c lc qua trng bng hai cch: Qua b mt trong hay
qua b mt ngoi ty thuc vo s b tr ng dn nc thi vo.
Hnh 2.3: Cu to li lc dng tang trng quay

1. Ca dn nc thi vo
5. Thng quay vi li lc
2. Ca dn nc thi ra
6. Vi phun nc ra
3. Ca tho vt rn
7. Mng thu gom nc ra.
4. Ca tho cn
- Tn tht p lc qua li chn:
+ Da vo catalog ca nh sn xut.
+ Tnh theo cng thc thc nghim:
1 Q
hp
2 g C. A
Trong :
Trang 20
C: h s thi (gi tr C in hnh cho li lc sch bng 0,60);

Q: lu lng nc thi i qua li lc, m3/s;
A: din tch ngp chm hu ch ca li lc, m2;
g: gia tc trng trng, g = 9,8m/s2;
hp: tn tht p sut, m.
Cc h s C, A c th tra bng catalog ca nh cung cp v c xc nh bng
thc nghim v ph thuc vo cc thng s thit k nh kch thc g, ng knh l
li, kt cu, phn trm din tch b mt li lm vic hu ch.
- Din tch hu ch ca li lc c tnh theo cng thc:
Q
Fc max
u
Trong :
Fc: tng din tch hu ch;
Qmax: lu lng ln nht ca nc thi;
u: vn tc ca cht lng chy qua khe li thng 0,7m/s.
3.3. B lng ct
3.3.1. Chc nng
B lng ct nhm loi b ct, si, dm, cc loi x khi nc thi. Trong nc
thi, bn thn ct khng c hi nhng s nh hng n kh nng hot ng ca cc
cng trnh v thit b trong h thng nh ma st lm mn cc thit b c kh, lng cn
trong cc knh hoc ng dn, lm gim th tch hu dng ca cc b x l v tng tn
s lm sch cc b ny. V vy trong cc trm x l nht thit phi c b lng ct.
3.3.2. Cu to v phn loi
B lng ct thng c t pha sau song chn rc v trc b lng s cp. i
khi ngi ta t b lng ct trc song chn rc, tuy nhin vic t sau song chn c
li cho vic qun l b lng ct hn. y phi tnh ton th no cho cc ht ct v
cc ht v c cn gi li s lng xung cn cc cht l lng hu c khc tri i.
Khi lng nc thi ln hn 100m3/ngy th vic xy dng b lng ct l cn thit.
Dng chy trong cc b nn khng ch vo khong Vmax 0,3m/s nhm m bo cc
ht ct c th lng chm xung y, ng thi cng khng nn nc chy vi vn
tc nh hn 0,15m/s lm cc lin kt hu c trong nc thi lng ng.
Thi gian nc lu li trong b lng t 30 - 60 giy. Cc b lng ct c h thu ct
u b, ct c thu hi bng bin php th cng khi lng ct Wct (0,5m 3/ngy
m, trn lng ny c th dng c gii nh bm phun tia, gu xc, bm rut xon
kiu Archimde, ...
Nguyn l
Cc thit b ny hot ng theo nguyn tc n gin l cc ht ct, sn, chu tc
dng ca trng lc lng xung y thit b tch, v c tch ra khi dng thi.
Mt khng gian kn ca khi lp phng LxWxH. Dng chy ca ca hn hp
vo thit b vi tc dng Vh. Khi vo khng gian kn, vi gi tr thch hp ca vn
tc dng vh th phn t ht chu tc dng ca trng lc v ri vi vn tc Vs. Kt qu l
Trang 21
cc phn t pha phn tn chuyn ng vi vn tc V. Cui cng, pha phn tn b gi

li trong bung lng v pha lin tc i ra khi bung lng.
B mt pha phn tn dng li gi l b mt lng F:
F = BxL (m2)
Khong thi gian m dng hn hp i ht chiu di phng lng gi l thi gian
lu:
Khong thi gian m cc ht ri ht cao ca phng lng gi l thi gian lng:
Mun thit b lng thc hin tt qu trnh phn ring pha phn tn th iu kin
cn thit l t1 t2, do :
Hnh 2.4: M t nguyn l qu trnh lng

B lng ct gm nhng loi sau:
B lng ct ngang: C dng nc chuyn ng thng dc theo chiu di ca
b. B c tit din hnh ch nht, thng c h thu t u b.
B lng ct ng: Dng nc chy t di ln trn theo thn b. Nc c
dn theo ng tip tuyn vi phn di hnh tr vo b. Ch dng chy kh phc
tp, nc va chuyn ng vng, va xon theo trc, va tnh tin i ln, trong khi
cc ht ct dn v trung tm v ri xung y.
B lng ct tip tuyn: l loi b c thit din hnh trn, nc thi c dn
vo b theo chiu t tm ra thnh b v c thu v mng tp trung ri dn ra ngoi.
B lng ct lm thong: trnh lng cht hu c ln trong ct v tng hiu
qu x l, ngi ta lp vo b lng ct thng thng mt dn thit b phun kh. Dn
ny c t st thnh bn trong b to thnh mt dng xon c qut y b vi mt
vn tc trnh hin tng lng cc cht hu c, ch c ct v cc phn t nng c
th lng.
Trang 22
Hnh 2.5: Cu to b lng ct ngang
Hnh 2.6: B lng ct c sc kh v lng ng

3.4. B tch du m
Nc thi ca mt s x nghip n ung, ch bin b sa, cc l m, x nghip p
du... thng c ln du m. Cc cht ny thng nh hn nc v ni ln trn mt
nc. Nc thi sau x l khng c ln du m mi c php cho chy vo cc thy
vc. Hn na, nc thi c ln du m khi vo x l sinh hc s lm bt cc l hng
vt liu lc, phin lc sinh hc v cn lm hng cu trc bn hot tnh trong
aerotank...
Ngoi cch lm cc gt n gin bng cc tm si qut trn mt nc, ngi ta
ch to ra cc thit b tch du, m t trc dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi.
Trang 23
Hnh 2.7: Cu to b tch du m

1. Ca dn nc ra; 2. ng gom du, m;
3. Vch ngn;
4. Tm cht do
5. Lp du;
6. ng dn nc thi vo; 7. B phn lng lm t cc tm gn
8. Bn cn
3.5. Lc c hc
3.5.1. Nguyn l ca qu trnh lc
Lc l qu trnh phn tch h d th cha pha rn bng cch cho cht lng chy
qua vch xp gi pha rn li. Qu trnh ny c ng dng rng ri trong i sng,
trong sn xut v trong nghin cu. i vi huyn ph c nng ln, qu trnh
lc to ra lp b trn b mt vch. N c th cho sn phm (b) c kh ln hn
nhiu so vi lng, li c th t tinh ln hn nh qu trnh ra b rt d dng. i
vi cc huyn ph c nng rt thp, nh nc ngm mi khai thc, cc dch (nh
bia, ru vang) cha cc ht rt nh, lc qua cc lp vch xp dy, s c nc lc
vi trong rt cao. Qu trnh lc ny c c im l khng to ra lp b ring m cc
ht rn b gi li trong lng lp xp, gi l lc khng to b hay lc lp su. Trong
chng ny ch yu cp c s ca qu trnh lc to b.
thc hin qu trnh cn to ra ng lc khc phc tr lc ca b v vch lc
i vi dng chy. Chnh lch p sut c to ra l do chnh trng lng ct huyn
ph. to ra p sut ln hn bm ly tm rt hay c dng. N cn thch hp vi s
tng dn tr lc do lp b dng thm trong qu trnh lc. Ht chn khng pha sau
ca vch lc c dng trong nhiu qu trnh lc, nht l lc lin tc. N khng nhng
c th to ra ng lc n nh m cn t gy bin dng khi b, rt c li i vi nhiu
huyn ph kh lc. ng lc c th c to ra nh lc ly tm, thng rt ln lm qu
trnh lc c nhng c im s c xt phn my ly tm.
C th o nng sut ca mt thit b lc qua lng huyn ph c lc G H hoc
lng b c to thnh Gb trong mt n v thi gian (kg/s) nhng ph bin hay o
bng th tch nc lc trong mt n v thi gian V (m 3/s). Cn i lng
V
U c
F .
trng cho cng lc trung bnh ca my lc. Trong qu trnh lc lin tc U cng
chnh l tc lc m ln ph thuc vo chnh lch p sut, tnh cht v chiu dy
ca b, ca vch lc, nht ca nc lc. Trong qu trnh lc gin on, U cn ph
Trang 24
thuc thi gian ca giai on lc, v hn na thi gian thc hin cc giai on khc
(ra, sy b, tho, lp thit b, x b, ra my) ca chu trnh.
Tnh cht ca b lc l nhn t quan trng hng u nh hng ln nng sut lc
v vic chn thit b. Tr lc ca b ph thuc vo nhiu nhn t thuc cu trc lp b
nh kch thoc ht rn, dng ht, xp, d nhin c chiu dy lp. Di tc dng
ca p sut (lc) lp b c th bin dng, lm thay i tr lc, b c gi l chu nn.
Khi tr lc lp b khng ph thuc vo thay i p sut, c gi l khng chu nn.
Cc vt liu tinh th, cc lp ht rn v c m kch thc khng nh qu thuc loi th
hai.
Qu trnh lc hon chnh gm c hai pha: lc v lm sch (ra lc). Cc hin
tng xy ra trong pha lc hu nh ging nhau cho tt c cc loi thit b lc, pha ra
lc xy ra rt khc nhau ty thuc vo hot ng ca thit b lc l dng lc bn lin
tc hoc lc lin tc. i vi lc bn lin tc, pha lc v pha ra lc xy ra ni tip
nhau. Tri li, i vi lc lin tc, hai pha ny xy ra thi.
Lc bn lin tc (Semicontinuous Filtration Operations): Trong pha lc, qu
trnh tch cc ht c tch khi nc/nc thi c thc hin bng cch cho
nc/nc thi i qua lp vt liu lc trong iu kin c hoc khng c b sung ha
cht. Trong lp vt liu lc, qu trnh kh cc ht l lng xy ra bng mt qu trnh
phc tp bao gm mt hoc nhiu c ch nh lc qua khe, va chm, lng, to bng v
hp thu.
Pha lc kt thc khi nng cht l lng trong nc sau lc bt u tng vt qu
gii hn cho php hoc vt qu gii hn cho php ca tn tht p sut qua lp vt
liu lc. Mt cch l tng, hai hin tng ny phi xy ra ng thi. Khi mt trong
hai hin tng ny xy ra, pha lc kt thc v phi tin hnh ra lc tch cc cn l
lng tch ly trong lp vt liu lc. Thng thng, qu trnh ra lc c thc hin
bng cch i chiu dng chy qua thit b lc. Vi lu lng nc ra lc ln, lp
vt liu lc s b gin n v y cc cn tch ly ra ngoi. Khng kh thng c s
dng kt hp vi nc tng hiu qu ra lc. Trong hu ht cc h thng x l nc
thi, nc sau khi ra lc c cha cc cn l lng c a v b lng t 1 hoc qua
qu trnh x l sinh hc.
Qu trnh lc lin tc: Trong cc thit b lc vn hnh lin tc, pha lc v pha ra
lc xy ra ng thi v khng c hin tng t im ti hn ca c hoc tn tht
p sut.
Mt dng thit b lc lin tc l thit b dng chy ngc, nc cn lc chuyn
ng ngc t di ln qua lp vt liu lc. Cng thi gian , lp ct di chuyn ng
thi theo cng hng v c lm sch lin tc. Ct (vt liu lc) c bm t y
thit b lc qua ng trung tm n b phn ra lp phn trn ca thit b lc, tng ht
ct s c lm sch cc vt liu bm trn n bng qu trnh c xt v lc ct. Qu
trnh ra sch ct xy ra khi chng chuyn ng zig-zag trong knh phn di ca
b phn ra v trc khi ri tr li b mt ca lp ct.
3.5.2. Vch lc
Trang 25
Mt nhn t m bo cht lng ca vic tch, gim tiu hao (nng lng, vt liu
lc, cng) l chn vch lc cho ph hp. Vch lc cn trc ht m bo tch,
bn c hc v khng b dch lc n mn, li cn tr lc khng ln. Cc vch lc c
dt (t si bong, si ho hc, k c cc li kim loi) thng c dng v d ghp
cht vo thit b, d tho b v git ra, d lin tc ho v t ng ho. Cc lp ht
hoc tm xp thng dng v d ghp cht vo thit b, d lin tc ho v t ng ho.
Cc lp ht hoc tm xp thng dng trong thit b lm vic gin on.
Nhn chung cc vch lc ch thc s lm vic tt (cho nc lc trong) khi c
mt lp rt mng trn b mt. l do cc ht b bt mt phn tit din ca cc mao
qun ln. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh lc, cc ht nh b gi li (trn ming cc pore v
trong long chng) ngy cng nhiu, lm tng ng k tr lc. Do vy vic git ra v
thay nh k vch lc rt c ngha. Tuy nhin thc nghim chng t rng vch lc
c chn ph hp s c thi gian lm vic tng i n nh kh di, trong thi gian
tr lc ca vch bin i rt t.
3.5.3. Phn loi b lc
Theo tc :
B lc chm: c tc lc 0.1 0.5m/h
B lc nhanh: vn tc lc 5 15m/h
B lc cao tc: vn tc lc 36 100m/h
Theo ch lm vic:
B lc trng lc: h, khng p.
B lc c p lc : lc kn, lc chn khng,
Ngoi ra cn chia theo nhiu cch khc nhau theo chiu dng chy, lp vt liu
lc, theo c ht vt liu lc, cu to ht vt liu lc,
3.5.4. Cu to b lc
Hnh 2.8: Cu trc mt b lc c hc in hnh

B lc chm
Trang 26
Nc t mng phn phi i vo b, qua lc (nh hn 0.1 0.5m/h). Lp ct lc

trn lp si , di lp si l h thng thu nc lc. C nhiu dng b lc chm
khc nhau da trn s lp vt liu lc: b lc 1 lp vt liu, b lc 2 lp vt liu, b lc
nhiu lp vt liu.
Lp ct lc : thch anh c chiu dy ph thuc vo c ht:
0.3 1 mm => h = 800mm

1 2 mm => h = 50mm
Ngoi ra cn dng si hoc dm:
2 20 mm => h = 100mm
20 40 mm => h = 150mm
u im :
To lp mng gip lc tt.
Dng x l nc khng phn
Khng dng my mc.
Qun l n gin
Nhc im:
Din tch ln
Vn tc lc thp
B lc chm s dng vi cng sut nh hn hoc bng 1000m 3/ngy m; TSS
nh hn hoc bng 50mg/l
B lc chm c dng hnh vung, n 2; i 5%
B lc p lc
Trang 27
Hnh 2.9: Cu to b lc p lc
B lc p lc l mt loi b lc khp kn, thng c ch to bng thp c dng
hnh tr ng v hnh tr ngang.
B lc p lc c s dng trong dy chuyn x l nc thi (cui dy chuyn
cng ngh). Do b lm vic di p lc, nn nc cn x l c a vo trc tip t
trm bm vo b, ri a trc tip vo ngun tip nhn.
Khi ra b, nc t ng ng p lc chy ngc t di ln trn qua lp ct lc
v vo phu thu, chy theo ng thot nc ra xung ng thu nc ra lc
3.6. B iu ha
3.6.1. nh hng ca s bin i lu lng v nng
Hnh 2.10: S dao ng lu lng trong qu trnh x l v vai tr ca b iu ha

Trang 28
Lu lng, thnh phn tnh cht nc thi ca cc x nghip cng nghip ty

thuc vo dy chuyn sn xut, loi nguyn liu s dng v thnh phm, thng
khng u theo cc gi trong ngy m. S dao ng lu lng, nng nc thi s
dn n nhng hu qu tai hi v ch cng tc ca mng li v cc cng trnh x
l, ng thi gy tn km nhiu v xy dng v qun l. Khi lu lng dao ng th r
rng phi xy dng mng li bn ngoi vi tit din ng hoc knh ln hn v phi
ng vi lu lng gi ln nht. Ngoi ra iu kin cng tc v mt thy lc s km i.
Nu lu lng nc thi chy n trm bm thay i th dung tch b cha, cng sut
trm bm, tit din ng y cng phi ln hn.
Khi lu lng, nng nc thi thay i th kch thc cc cng trnh (cc b
lng, b trung ha v cc cng trnh x l sinh hc) cng phi ln hn, ch lm
vic ca chng mt n nh. Chng hn b lng tnh vi lu lng trung bnh gi th s
lm vic km khi lu lng ln hn, ngc li nu tnh theo lu lng gi ln nht th
gi thnh cng trnh s t hn. Nu nng cc cht bn trong nc thi chy vo
cc cng trnh x l sinh hc t ngt tng ln nht l cc cht c hi i vi vi sinh
vt th s lm cho cng trnh hon ton mt tc dng.
Cc cng trnh x l bng phng php ha hc s lm vic rt km khi lu
lng, nng thay i hoc mun lm vic tt th thng xuyn phi thay i nng
ha cht cho vo. iu ny c bit kh khn khi iu kin t ng ha cha cho
php. Kt qu sau khi ra khi cng trnh x l nc thi hoc cha c lm sch
hon ton hoc l cn cha mt lng ha cht d no .
V vy mng li thot nc v cc cng trnh x l nc thi lm vic bnh
thng vi hiu sut cao v kinh t phi xy dng cc b iu ha lu lng v nng
nc thi.
3.6.2. Phn loi v v tr cc b iu ha
Theo chc nng ngi ta phn bit: cc b iu ha lu lng, cc b iu ha
nng hoc ng thi iu ha lu lng, nng nc thi. B iu ha lu lng
nn t gn ni to ra nc thi, b iu ha nng (vi lu lng t hoc khng
thay i) c th t trong phm vi trm x l. Khi trong dy chuyn s dy
chuyn cng ngh trm x l, b iu ha c th t sau b lng nu nc thi cha
mt lng ln cc tp cht khng tan v c, c ln thy lc t 4 5mm/s tr ln,
kch thc cc ht d 0,2 mm hoc t trc b lng nu nc thi cha ch yu l
cc cht bn khng tan hu c. Nu trong s trm x l c b trn (vi ha cht)
th nn t b iu ha trc b trn.
Theo ch hot ng ngi ta phn bit: b iu ha hot ng gin on theo
chu k, b iu ha hot ng lin tc. B iu ha hot ng gin on theo chu k l
nhng b cha (phi c t nht hai b) trong mt b tch ly nc cn b kia x
nc i v ngc li.
Theo nguyn tc chuyn ng ca nc, cc b iu ha hot ng lin tc li
c chia ra: b iu ha lm vic theo nguyn tc y (ch chy tng) v b iu
ha hot ng theo nguyn tc xo trn (ch chy ri).
Trang 29
Cc b lm vic theo nguyn tc xo trn li c chia ra: xo trn cng bc

(bng my hng trc, my cnh qut, bng kh nn hoc bng bm ly tm) v b xo
trn t nhin nh gi thi hoc nh khuch tn do s khc nhau v nhit , t trng,
nng ca cc loi nc chy ti.
3.6.3. Yu cu v tr t b iu ho
Tu thuc vo h thng sn xut ca c s sn xut v phng n x l cht thi
m la chn v tr t b iu ho thch hp. Thng thng, cc b iu ho lu lng
c b tr ti cc ngun to ra nc thi, cn vi b iu ho nng (khi lu
lng t hoc khng thay i) c b tr trong khu vc trm x l. Khi , trong s
dy chuyn cng ngh ca trm x l, b iu ho c b tr pha sau b lng th,
nu nc thi c cha mt lng ln cc tp cht v c khng tan vi kch thc ln.
B iu ho cng c th t trc b lng , nu nc thi cha ch yu l cc cht
hu c khng tan. Trng hp trong quy trnh x l c b trung ha th b iu ha
gip qu trnh phn ng c tin hnh thun li.
Trong mt s trng hp, b iu ho c b tr t v tr pha sau b x l s
cp v trc b x l sinh hc. iu ny s lm gim c lng bn v bt trong
b iu ha. Nu l mt b iu ho lu lng dng th cn phi b tr n trc c b
lng s cp v b x l sinh hc v phi thit k h thng khuy trn mnh ngn
cn s lng ca huyn ph, cng nh lm gim bt s chnh lch nng v i khi
y cn b tr c b phn sc kh lm gim s bc mi kh chu trong cc thit b
x l tip theo.
3.6.4. Phn loi b iu ho
C mt s loi b iu ha nh sau:
a. B iu ho c tng ngn: Loi hnh ch nht, cc tng ngn c th b tr
theo chiu dc hoc theo chiu ngang. Dng chy khi i qua b phi gi ch
xoy.
b. B iu ho hnh trn: Dn nc vo theo ng chuyn tip: Nc thi c
dn vo theo ng tip tuyn vi chu vi v tr y b v c dn ra theo ng
ng trung tm nm v tr pha trn ca b.
c. B iu ho c cnh khuy c kh: Loi ny rt ph bin, c th dng my
khuy loi mi cho, loi chn vt hoc tuc bin. S la chn loi my khuy v tc
khuy tu thuc vo nht ca cht lng. Vi cc b ln thng ta b tr lm nhiu
cnh khuy v c gng gim thp khng gian cht trong b chng hin tng lng
ng.
d. B iu ho c sc kh: Loi ny thng dng cho cht lng c nht thp.
Khng kh nn c dn vo h thng ng c c l, t y b iu ho. Khng kh
nn qua l to thnh cc bong bng lm khuy o lp nc pha trn (l thng c
c mt di ca ng trnh tc). Tu theo cch c l l mt hng dc hoc hai
hng dc, tu theo chiu di ng s to c 1 dng hoc 2 dng tun hon theo mt
ct ngang ca b.
Trang 30
3.6.5. iu ha lu lng
iu ha lu lng c s dng duy tr dng thi vo gn nh khng i,
khc phc nhng vn vn hnh do s dao ng lu lng nc thi gy ra v nng
cao hiu sut ca qu trnh cui dy chuyn x l. Cc k thut iu ha c ng
dng cho tng trng hp ph thuc vo c tnh ca h thng thu gom nc thi. Cc
phng n b tr b iu ha lu lng c th l iu ha trn dng thi hay ngoi
dng thi x l.
Phng n iu ha trn dng thi c th lm gim ng k dao ng thnh phn
nc thi i vo cc cng on pha sau, con phng n iu ha ngoi dng thi ch
gim c mt phn nh s dao ng .
V tr tt nht b tr b iu ha cn c xc nh c th cho tng h thng x
l. V tnh ti u ca n ph thuc vo loi x l, c tnh ca h thng thu gom v
c tnh ca nc thi.
xc nh th tch cn thit ca b iu ha c th s dng phng php th
trn c s thc nghim v quan h gia th tch tch ly ca lu lng nc thi
dng vo theo thi gian.
Cc bc thit k xy dng b iu ha nh sau:
Bc 1: o lu lng nc thi tng gi t 0 gi ngy hm trc n 0 gi ngy
hm sau (c th thng qua vic o lu lng nc s dng tr i lng nc gi li
trong cc sn phm).
Bc 2: Tnh ton tng lng nc thi ra mi trng theo tng gi. V th
biu din tng lng nc thi ra mi trng theo tng gi v tng lng nc thi
theo lu lng trung bnh thi ra mi trng theo tng gi.
Bc 3: Xc nh im bng ca th, v ng tip tuyn vi th ti im
bng, hiu s khong cch thng ng chiu t im bng ca ng biu din tng
lng nc thi ra mi trng theo tng gi n ng biu din tng lng nc thi
theo lu lng trung bnh thi ra mi trng theo tng gi l th tch cn thit ca b
iu lu.
Trong thc t b iu lu thng c thit k ln hn th tch tnh ton t 1020% phng nga cc trng hp khng tin on c ca s bin ng hng ngy
ca lu lng; trong mt s h thng x l ngi ta c th bm hon lu mt s nc
thi v b iu lu.
Hnh 2.11 minh ha bng th hai trng hp in hnh. xc nh th tch cn
thit, v ng tip tuyn vi ng cong th tch dng vo song song vi ng lu
lng trung bnh hng ngy ca im xut pht t gc ta . Th tch cn thit khi
s bng khong cch theo chiu ng thng ng t tip im n ng thng biu
din lu lng trung bnh hng ngy (trng hp a) hoc bng khong cch gia hai
tip im theo chiu thng ng song song vi trc tung (trng hp b).
B iu ha c thit k vi chiu su t 1,5 2m. Th tch ca b iu ha c
th tnh theo cng thc sau:
Trang 31
Vd
Q.d
k
ln n
kn 1
Trong :
kn
C max C tb
Ccf C tb
Q: lu lng nc thi, m3/h;

kn: h s dp tt dao ng;
d : thi gian thi t bin, h;
Cmax, Ctb, Ccf: gi tr cc i, trung bnh, cho php nng cc cht gy
nhim, g/m3.
Khi kn 5, th tch b iu ha c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Vdh = kn.Q. d
Th tch b iu ha dng dp tt s dao ng c chu k ca thnh phn cc
cht nhim s c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Vdkc = 0,16,kn.Q. d
Hnh 2.11: S xc nh th tch cn thit ca b iu ha

3.6.6. iu ha nng
- Hiu sut iu ha nng ty thuc vo thi gian iu ha hay thi gian nc
lu li trong b tc l ty thuc vo dung tch b. nh gi c tnh cc dng chy
ngi ta phi bit mi phn t cht lng lu li trong b iu ha trong khong thi
gian bao lu. l thi gian k t lc phn t bt u chy vo b ti lc n xut hin
dng chy ra khi b.
Trang 32
- i vi cc b iu ha lm vic theo nguyn tc y l tng th tt c cc phn

t cht lng c thi gian lu li trong nh nhau. Ngc li i vi b iu ha lm
vic theo nguyn tc xo trn l tng th thi gian lu li ca tt c cc phn t s
khc nhau v l i lng thay i t 0 ti .
- S thay i lu lng v nng (theo thi gian) ca nc thi cc x nghip ty
thuc vo cng ngh sn xut, loi nguyn liu, sn phm, S thay i theo chu
k lp i lp li hoc cng c th mt trt t hn lon khng theo qui lut no.
- Nu nng nc thi khng thay i hoc t thay i theo thi gian nhng lu
lng thay i theo cc gi trong ca, trong ngy m th phi xy dng b iu ha
lu lng.
- Nu lu lng khng thay i hoc t thay i nhng nng thay i theo cc
gi th phi xy dng b iu ha nng , y nng thay i theo chu k lp i
lp li hoc thay i hn lon.
- Thng thng i vi nc thi cc x nghip cng nghip, s thay i lu
lng, nng din ra mt cch hn lon.
- Thi gian iu ha cn thit T c xc nh theo biu thay i lu lng v
nng cht bn trong nc thi.
- Nu nng thay i theo chu k th thi gian iu ha tnh ton T chn bng
chu k .
- Nu nng thay i hn lon th chn thi gian iu ha cn thit bng khong
thi gian gia hai gi tr nng ti a (chnh xc hn l gia hai gi tr ti a ca tch
gia lu lng v nng ). Ngoi ra cn phi k n mc yu cu iu ha nng
, nu nng cht bn trong nc ra khi b cao hn gi tr cho php th phi tng
thi gian iu ha ln.
Trang 33
CHNG 4
X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP
HA L V HA HC
4.1. Trung ha
4.1.1. Vai tr
Nc thi sn xut ca nhiu ngnh cng nghip c th cha axit hoc kim.
ngn nga hin tng xm thc v trnh cho qu trnh sinh ha cc cng trnh
lm sch v ngun nc khng b ph hoi, ta cn phi trung ha nc thi. Trung ha
cn nhm mc ch tch loi mt s ion kim loi nng ra khi nc thi. Mt khc
mun nc thi c x l tt bng phng php sinh hc phi tin hnh trung ha v
iu chnh pH v 6.5 8.5.
Trung ha bng cch dng cc dung dch axit hoc mui axit, cc dung dch kim
hoc oxit kim trung ha dch nc thi. Mt s ha cht dng trung ha:
CaCO3, CaO, Ca(OH)2, MgO, Mg(OH)2, NaOH, Na2CO3, H2SO4, HCl, HNO3,Ngoi
ra, c th tn dng nc thi c tnh acid trung ha nc thi c tnh kim hoc ngc
li. V d, nh trong dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut xi m, do c 2 cng on: lm
sch b mt nguyn liu cn m (y l cng on to ra nc thi c tnh kim mnh)
v cng an ty r kim loi (cng on ny li to ra nc thi c tnh acid mnh). Ta
c th tn dng 2 loi nc thi ny trung ha ln nhau.
4.1.2. Trung ho bng trn nc thi cha axit v nc thi cha kim.
Phng php ny c s dng khi nc thi ca x nghip l axit cn x nghip
gn c nc thi l kim: C hai loi nc thi ny u khng cha cc cu t gy
nhim khc
4.1.3. Trung ho bng cch cho thm ho cht vo nc thi.
Phng php ny dng trung ho nc thi c cha axit. Ngi ta phn bit ba
loi nc thi c cha axit nh sau :
Nc thi cha axit yu (H2CO3, CH3COOH)
Nc thi cha axit mnh (HCl, HNO3), cc mui canxi ca chng d tan trong
nc.
Nc thi cha axit mnh (H2SO4, H3PO4) cc mui canxi ca chng kh tan
trong nc.
trung ha nc axit, c th s dng cc tc nhn ha hc nh NaOH, KOH,
Na2CO3, nc amoniac NH4OH, CaCO3, MgCO3 , olomit (CaCO3 . MgCO3) v xi
mng. Tc nhn r nht l sa vi 5 n 10% Ca(OH) 2 , tip l soa v NaOH
dng ph thi. i khi ngi ta s dng cc cht thi khc nhau ca sn xut trung
ha nc thi.
trung ha nc thi kim ngi ta s dng cc axit khc nhau hoc kh thi
mang tnh axit nh CO2 ,SO2, NO2,
Trang 34
4.1.4. Trung ho nc thi cha axit bng cch lc qua lp vt liu lc trung
ho.
Ngi ta thng dng cc vt liu nh manhtit (MgCO 3), olomit , vi,
hoa,v cc cht thi rn nh x, x tro lm vt liu lc. Qu trnh trung ha c tin
hnh trong cc thit b lc - trung ha t nm ngang hoc ng. Cc thit b lc ny
dng trung ha nc axit c nng khng vt qu 1,5mg/l v khng cha mui
ca kim loi nng.
4.1.5. Trung ha bng cc kh acid
trung ha nc thi kim, trong nhng nm gn y, ngi ta dng kh thi
cha CO2, SO2, NO2, Vic s dng kh axit khng nhng chophp trung ha nc
thi m ng thi tng hiu sut lm sch chnh kh thi khi cc cu t c hi.
Vic s dng CO2 trung ha nc thi kim c nhiu u im vi vic dng
H2SO4 hay HCl v cho php gim rt ng k chi ph cho qu trnh trung ha. Do
ha tan CO2 km nn mc nguy him do oxy ha qu mc cc dung dch c trung
ha cng gim xung, cc ion CO32 c to thnh c ng dng nhiu hn so vi ion
SO42, Cl, ngoi ra tc ng n mn v c hi ca ion CO 32 trong nc nh hn cc
ion SO42- , Cl.
4.2. Keo t
4.2.1. C ch qu trnh keo t
ng t l qu trnh th ha cc ht phn tn v cht nh tng trong h keo.
Phng php ng t hiu qu nht khi c s dng tch cc ht keo phn tn c
kch thc 1-100m.
Trong x l nc thi, s ng t din ra di tc ng ca cht ng t. Cht
ng t trong nc to thnh cc bng hydroxit kim loi, lng nhanh trong trng
trng lc. Cc bng ny c kh nng ht cc ht keo v ht l lng kt hp chng vi
nhau. Cc ht keo c in tch m yu cn cc bng ng t c in tch dng yu
nn chng ht nhau.
Hnh 4.1: C ch qu trnh keo t

Thc t phng php ny l phng php kt hp gia phng php ho hc v l
hc. Mc ch ca phng php ny nhm loi b cc ht cht rn kh lng hay ci
thin hiu sut lng ca b lng. Cu to ca b ny l loi b lng c hc thng
Trang 35
thng, nhng trong qu trnh vn hnh, chng ta thm vo mt s cht keo t nh

phn nhm, polymere to iu kin cho qu trnh keo t v to bng cn ci
thin hiu sut lng.
Cc c ch chnh ca qu trnh keo t to bng gm:
a) Qu trnh nn lp in tch kp, gim th in ng zta nh ion tri du: Khi
b sung cc ion tri du vo nc/nc thi vi nng cao, cc ion s chuyn dch
n lp khuch tn vo lp in tch kp v tng in tch trong lp in tch kp,
gim th in ng zta v gim lc tnh in.
b) Qu trnh keo t do hp ph ion tri du trn b mt, trung ha in tch to ra
im ng in zta bng 0. Trong trng hp ny, qu trnh hp ph chim u th.
c) C ch hp ph to cu ni
Cc polymer v c hoc hu c c th ion ha, nh cu trc mch di chng to ra
cu ni gia cc ht keo qua cc bc sau:
- Phn tn polymer;
- Vn chuyn polymer n b mt ht;
- Hp ph polymer ln b mt ht;
- Lin kt gia cc ht hp ph polymer vi nhau hoc vi cc ht khc.
C ch to cu ni c th biu din theo s phn ng nh sau:
Phn ng 1: Phn t polymer kt dnh vi ht keo do lc ht gia polymer v ht
keo tch in tri du.
Phn ng 2: phn cn li ca polymer hp ph ht keo trn li lin kt vi
nhng v tr hot tnh trn b mt cc ht keo khc.
Phn ng 3: nu khng th lin kt vi ht keo khc, polymer hp ph ht keo
trn s cun li v kt dnh mt v tr hot tnh khc trn b mt ht keo v do ti
to ra hin tng ti bn ht keo.
Phn ng 4: Nu cho qu tha polymer, c th lm bo ha in tch b ca cc
ht keo nn khng v tr hot tnh no tn ti to thnh cu ni. iu ny dn n
hin tng ti bn ht keo v c th c hoc khng xy ra hin tng i du ht keo.
Phn ng 5: ph v lin kt gia ht keo v polymer nu khuy trn qu mnh
Phn ng 6: ti bn ht keo do hin tng hp ph trn mt v tr hot tnh khc
ca cng ht keo nh trnh by phn ng 3.
d) Qu trnh keo t hp ph cng lng trong qu trnh lng
gi tr pH thch hp, cc tc nhn keo t l phn nhm v phn st cho vo dung
dch s to thnh Al(OH)3 hoc Fe(OH)3 v lng xung. Trong qu trnh lng chng
ko theo cc bng keo, cc cn bn hu c v v c, cc ht keo khc cng lng. C
ch ny c gi l c ch cng lng. Qu trnh ny khng ph thuc vo qu trnh
keo t to bng v khng xy ra hin tng ti n nh ht keo nh trn.
4.2.2. Qu trnh to keo t
Qu trnh hnh thnh cc bng ng t din ra nh sau:
Me3+ + 3HOH Me(OH)3 + 3H+
Cht ng t thng dng l mui nhm, st hoc hn hp ca chng. Vic chn
cht ng t ph thuc thnh phn, tnh cht ha l v gi thnh ca n, nng tp
Trang 36
cht trong nc, pH v gi thnh phn mui ca nc. Cc mui nhm c lm cht
ng t l Al2(SO4)3.18H2O; NaAlO2, Al2(OH)5Cl; KAl(SO4)2.12H2O v
NH4Al(SO4)2.12H2O. Trong s , ph bin nht l sunfat nhm. N hot ng hiu
qu khi pH = 5-7,5. Sunfat nhm tan tt trong nc v c gi thnh tng i r. N
c s dng dng kh hoc dng dung dch 50%. Qu trnh to bng ng t ca
mt s mui nhm nh sau:
Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(HCO3)2 2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 6CO2
Cc mui st c dng lm cht ng t l Fe 2(SO4)3.2H2O, Fe2(SO4)3.3H2O,
FeSO4.7H2O v FeCl3. Hiu qu lng trong cao hn khi s dng dng kh hoc dung
dch 10-15%. Cc sunfat c dng dng bt. Liu lng cht ng t ph thuc pH
ca nc thi. i vi Fe 3+ pH = 69, cn i vi Fe2+ pH 9,5. kim ha nc
thi dng NaOH v Ca(OH)2. Qu trnh to bng ng t din ra theo phn ng:
FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl
Fe2(SO4)3 + 6H2O 2Fe(OH)3 + 3H2SO4
Khi kim ha:
2FeCl3 + 3Ca(OH)2 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CaCl2
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(OH)2 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CaSO4
Mui st c u im so vi mui nhm:
Hot ng tt hn nhit nc thp.
Gi tr ti u pH trong khong rng hn.
Bng bn v th hn.
C th ng dng cho nc c khong nng mui rng hn.
C kh nng kh mi c v v l do c mt ca H2S.
Tuy nhin, chng cng c mt s nhc im:
C tnh axit mnh, lm n mn thit b.
B mt cc bng t pht trin hn.
To thnh cc pha nhum tan mnh
Ngoi cc cht nu trn cn c th s dng cht ng t l cc loi t st khc
nhau, cc cht thi sn xut cha nhm, cc hn hp, dung dch ty ra, x cha dioxit
silic.
Khi s dng hn hp Al2(SO4)3 v FeCl3 vi t l t 1:1 n 1:2 thu c kt qu
ng t tt hn khi dng tc cht ring l.
4.2.3. C s l thuyt lng keo t
Lng l qu trnh tch khi nc cn l lng hoc bng cn hnh thnh trong giai
on keo t to bng hoc cc cn bn sau qu trnh x l sinh hc
Tnh cht lng ca cc ht c th chia thng 3 dng nh sau :
Lng dng I: lng cc ht ri rc. Qu trnh lng c t trng bi cc ht lng
mt cch ri rc v tc lng khng i. Cc ht lng mt cch ring l khng c
kh nng keo t, khng dnh bm vo nhau sut qu trnh lng. c th xc nh tc
lng dng ny c th ng dng nh lut c in ca Newton v Stoke trn ht
cn. Tc lng dng ny hon ton c th tnh ton c.
Trang 37
Lng dng II: lng bng cn. Qu trnh lng c t trng bi cc ht (bng
cn) kt dnh vi nhau trong sut qu trnh lng. Do qu trnh bng cn xy ra trn cc
bng cn tng dn kch thc v tc lng tng. Khng c mt cng thc ton hc
thch hp no biu th gi tr ny. V vy c cc thng s thit k v b lng dng
ny, ngi ta th nghim xc nh tc chy trn v thi gian lng hiu qu kh
bng cn cho trc t ct lng th
nghim, t nhn vi h s quy m ta c tc chy trn v thi gian lng thit k.
Lng dng III: lng cn tr. Qu trnh lng c t trng bi cc ht cn c
nng cao (>1000mg/l). Cc ht cn c khuynh hng duy tr v tr khng i vi
cc v tr khc, khi ckhi ht nh l mt th thng nht lng xung vi vn tc
khng i. Lng dng ny thng thy b nn bn.
Thc t phng php ny l phng php kt hp gia phng php ho hc v l
hc. Mc ch ca phng php ny nhm loi b cc ht cht rn kh lng hay ci
thin hiu sut lng ca b lng. Cu to ca b ny l loi b lng c hc thng
thng, nhng trong qu trnh vn hnh, chng ta thm vo mt s cht keo t nh
phn nhm, polymere to iu kin cho qu trnh keo t v to bng cn ci
thin hiu sut lng.
Hnh 4.2: C ch cc qu trnh lng

4.2.4. Phng php thc hin keo t in ha
4.2.4.1. Tr keo t
Tr keo t l qu trnh kt hp cc ht l lng khi cho
cc hp cht cao phn t vo nc. Khc vi qu trnh
ng t, khi tr keo t s kt hp din ra khng ch do tip
xc trc tip m cn do tng tc ln nhau gia cc phn
t cht keo t b hp ph trn cc ht l lng.
Tr keo t thc y qu trnh to bng hydroxit nhm
v st nhm tng vn tc lng ca chng. Vic s dng
cht tr keo t cho php gim cht ng t, gim thi gian
ng t v tng vn tc lng.
Cht tr keo t c th l hp cht t nhin v tng
hp. Cht tr keo t t nhin l tinh bt, este, xenlul,
dectrin (C6H10O5)n. Cht tr keo t v c l dioxit silic
Hnh 4.3: C ch tr lng
Trang 38
hot ha (xSiO2.yH2O). Cht tr keo t hu c tng hp l [-CH 2-CH-CONH2]n,

Poliacrilamit k thut (PAA), PAA hydrat ha.
Liu lng PAA ti u x l nc thi cng nghip dao ng trong khong
0,41g/m3. PAA hot ng trong khong pH ca mi trng rng. Tuy nhin, vn tc
lng bng keo t gim khi pH>9.
C ch lm vic ca cht tr keo t da trn cc hin tng sau: hp ph phn t
cht keo t trn b mt ht keo, to thnh mng li phn t cht tr keo t. S dnh
li ca cc ht keo do lc Van der Waals. Di tc ng ca cht tr keo t gia cc
ht keo to thnh cu trc ba chiu, c kh nng tch nhanh v hon ton ra khi nc.
Nguyn nhn xut hin cu trc ny l s hp ph cc phn t cht tr keo t trn mt
s ht to thnh cc cu ni polime gia chng. Cc ht keo c tch in m nn
thc y qu trnh keo t vi cc hydroxit nhm hoc st. Khi cho thm silicat hot
tnh s lm tng 2-3 ln vn tc lng v tng hiu qu lng trong.
Qu trnh x l nc thi bng ng t v keo t gm cc giai on sau: nh
lng v trn tc cht vi nc thi, tp bng v lng xung.
Hnh 4.4: S h thng x l nc thi bng keo t

Nc thi trn vi cht tr keo t tc chm khng ph v bng cn. Sau
, nc c a vo bung to bng. S to bng din ra chm sau 10-30 pht.
Nc thi trn vi cht ng t theo ng i vo ngn tch khng kh. Sau nc i
theo ng trung tm n cc ng phn phi, l cc vi phun phn phi v quay nc
trong vng vnh ngn. Cc ht l lng cng vi bng ng t to thnh trong vng
vnh khn. Cc ht l lng cng vi bng lng xung y v c ly ra khi thit b.
Nc trong chy qua cc l vo rnh thot nc.
Keo t l qu trnh kt hp cc ht l lng khi cho cc hp cht cao phn t vo
nc. Khc vi qu trnh ng t, khi keo t s kt hp din ra khng ch do tip xc
trc tip m cn do tng tc ln nhau gia cc phn t cht keo t b hp ph trn cc
ht l lng.
Trang 39
Keo t khng c tc cht hay keo t in ha din ra bng cch dn nc qua cc

tm nhm c xp cch nhau 10-20mm. Bn cht ca qu trnh l ha tan anot ca
cc tm nhm c ni ln lt vi cc cc dng v cc m ca ngun in c
cng cao v hiu in th thp. Khi ion nhm s chuyn vo nc v to thnh
hydroxit. u im ca qu trnh ny l hnh thnh v lng nhanh cc si bng dai v
khng cn iu chnh pH. Nhc im ca n l chi ph in nng cao.
Phng php ny c th c dng x l nc ph sa cc tnh thuc ng
bng Sng Cu Long, nhng do mng li in cha c lp t y v chi ph
in cao nn cn b hn ch.
4.2.4.2. Keo t in ha
Keo t khng c tc cht hay keo t in ha din ra bng cch dn nc qua cc
tm nhm c xp cch nhau 10-20mm. Bn cht ca qu trnh l ha tan anot ca
cc tm nhm c ni ln lt vi cc cc dng v cc m ca ngun in c
cng cao v hiu in th thp. Khi ion nhm s chuyn vo nc v to thnh
hydroxit. u im ca qu trnh ny l hnh thnh v lng nhanh cc si bng dai v
khng cn iu chnh pH. Nhc im ca n l chi ph in nng cao.
4.2.4.3. B phn ng xoy
B phn ng xoy hnh phu
B c dng nh mt ci phiu ln, gc nghing gia 2 thnh b cn ly trong
khong 50o -70o tu theo chiu cao b. Thi gian lu nc trong b ngn t 6 -10 pht
(nc c ly gii hn di v nc mu ly gii hn trn). Tc nc vo b
pha di ly bng 0.71.2 m/s. Tc nc i ti ch ra khi b lng 4 5 mm/s.
B phn dn nc t b phn ng sang b lng phi tnh n tc nc chy
trong mng, trong ng v qua l khng c ln hn 0.1 m/s i vi nc c v 0.05
m/s i vi nc mu m bo bng cn c hnh thnh v khng b ph v.
Khong cch dn nc sang b lng cng ngn cng tt.
Trong qu trnh nc dng ln, do tit din dng chy tng dn, nn tc nc s
gim dn. Tc nc phn b khng u trn tit din ngang, tc nc cng ln
khi cng gn tm b v dng nc lun c xu hng phn tn dn dn ra pha thnh
b.
Hnh 4.5: B phn ng hnh phu

Trang 40
u im: hiu qu cao, tn tht p lc trong b nh, dung tch b nh (thi gian
lu nc ngn).
Nhc im: kh tnh cu to ca b phn thu nc trn b mt theo hai yu cu:
thu nc u v khng ph v bng cn, kh xy dng khi dung tch ln.
4.2.4.4. B phn ng kiu vch ngn
Hnh 4.5: B phn ng kiu vch ngn

Nguyn l cu to c bn ca b l dng cc vch ngn to ra s i chiu lin
tc ca dng nc. B c cu to hnh ch nht, bn trong c cc vch ngn hng
dng nc chuyn ng zic-zc theo phng nm ngang hoc phng thng ng.
Pha sau u b phn ng c mt ngn cho nc chy thng vo b lng ngang khi cn
sa cha b phn ng hay khi khng cn keo t. S lng vch ngn c tnh theo
hai ch tiu: dung tch b ph thuc vo thi gian lu nc v tc chuyn ng ca
dng nc gia hai vch ngn. Thi gian lu nc trong b ly l 20 pht khu x l
nc c v 30 - 40 pht khi x l nc c mu. Tc chuyn ng ca dng nc
gim dn t 0.3m/s u b xung 0.1m/s cui b. Chiu su trung bnh ca b l 2
- 3m. dc y b l 0.02 - 0.03 x cn. B c vch ngn ngang : cng sut
30.000m3/ng. B c vch ngn ng 6.000m3/ng. Thng Kt hp b lng ngang.
Khong cch gia cc vch ngn khng c nh hn 0.7m nu b c vch ngn
ngang v c th nh hn 0.7m i vi b c vch ngn thng ng.
u im: n gin trong xy dng v qun l vn hnh.
Nhc im: khi lng xy dng ln do c nhiu vch ngn v b c chiu
cao tha mn tn tht p lc trong ton b
4.2.5. Thit b lng keo t
4.2.5.1. B lng ngang
So vi b lng ng, h qu lng vi dng nc chuyn ng theo phng nm
ngang t hiu qu cao hn. y mt phn cc ht cn c tc lng nh hn gi tr
uo
H
cng c gi li. tm ra quy lut chuyn ng ca ht cn, ta hy xt
To
trng hp b lng ngang vi nhng iu kin ti u nht:

Dng nc chuyn ng theo phng nm ngang trong ch chy tng,
tc dng chy ti mi im trong b u bng nhau. Thi gian lu li ca
mi phn t nc i qua b u bng nhau v bng dung tch b chia cho lu
lng dng chy.
Trang 41
Trn mt ct ngang vung gc vi chiu dng chy u b, nng cc ht

cn c cng kch thc ti mi im u bng nhau.
Ht cn ngng chuyn ng khi chm y b.
tha mn cc iu kin trn, trong b lng ngang c 4 vng phn bit: vng
phn phi m bo a nc vo v phn phi u nc, cn trn trn ton b mt ct
ngang u b, vng lng, vng cha cn, vng thu nc.
Hnh 4.6: Thit b lng loi chp v loi phu

4.2.5.2. B lng ng
Loi chp
Thit b gm thn hnh tr c y hnh cn. Trong phn thn tr t nhiu tng
chp. Gc nghing ca chp ln sao cho cc ht rn lng n b mt trn ca chp
th t trt theo mt chp ra pha bin lng xung y. Nguyn tc lm vic nh
sau: huyn ph a t ca pha trn, i vo khng gian gia cc tng chp t pha bin
ca tr hng vo tm. Qu trnh lng din ra khng gian . Nc trong qua ca
chy trn nh ca mi tng chp vo ng gp trung tm ra ngoi. B lng trt
theo sn chp bin, tip tc lng xung y thit b.
Thit b ny lm vic theo phng thc bn lin tc. Nc trong c th c ly ra
lin tc. B c ht ra nh k nh xiphng hay bm. Nh cc tng chp, b mt
lng tng ln, nng sut ring th tch ca thit b tng ln nhiu.
Hnh 4.7: Thit b lng loi chp v loi phu

Trang 42
Loi phu
Phn chnh l bung lng m y cn vi gc y =60 0 cao hn nhiu so vi
phn hnh tr pha trn. B phn cp liu c trc thit b. Huyn ph t thng
3, trn qua ming ng c phao 4 kh cc xung ng trc khi i vo khng gian
lng. Nc trong qua ca trn ra mng 2. B t y c kh nn y qua ng 5 ra
ngoi. Thit b lm vic lin tc. Nh phn cn ln m b thu c kh c. Tuy nhin
t iu , chiu cao thit b (phn cn) phi ln.
Loi hnh tr c co b
Loi ny c dng nhiu trong cng nghip v x l huyn ph nc thi v c
kh nng t mc phn ring kh cao, nht l c th c c b (n kh trn
50%), li c cu trc tng i n gin.
Thit b gm phn chnh hnh tr, ng knh t vi mt n vi trm mt (tu
theo nng sut). Cc thit b nh c th lm vic gin on c y hnh hi cn.
Phn ln loi ny th hin tnh u vit khi lm vic lin tc. Thit b lm vic lin
tc c y bng hoc hi cn, huyn ph c cp vo phn trc ca thit b su
0,3 1m so vi mt thong cht lng. B c co vun dn vo tm. Loi thit b nh,
co quay vi tc 0,02 vng/s nh trc gia. Loi ng knh rt ln th b phn
truyn ng v co c chuyn ng nh mt mt chy trn ng ray trn. Tc
quay rt nh (c 2.10-3 vng/s).
Cc thit b ln c th t ti 3000 tn/ ngy hoc hn.
tit kim mt bng, ng thi tng mc c c b v sch ca b, cc thit
b lng nhiu tng ra i, cu to theo nguyn tc cc tng chng ln nhau.
H thng co b c truyn ng chung t mt trc thng ng tm. Huyn
ph c cp t pha trn (tng trn cng). B lng xung sn ca mi tng c co
dn v pha tm ri vo hp b. Nu b c ra th s c nc sch ( tng di
cng) hoc nc trong ca tng di ho long, ri tip tc qu trnh lng tng di.
Nc trong c ly ra t nh ca mi tng.
Hnh 4.8: Thit b lng c co b v
lng co b nhiu tng
Trong thc t, do c im ca
loi huyn ph hoc do cn kt hp
vi qu trnh khc, nh qu trnh ng
t chng hn, cc thit b lng cn
nhiu loi khc na, m hu ht l cc
thit b lm vic bn lin tc. Mc
tch, tc l trong ca dng trn v
c ca dng di ph thuc
khng nhng vo cu trc thit b, m
quan trng hn l k thut vn hnh, k c cc bin php b tr.
Ni chung lng bng trng lc trong nhiu trng hp khng t c phn
tch cao song tit kim nng lng, chi ph thp, nn t ra rt c dng khi nng sut
ln v khi huyn ph rt long.
Trang 43
4.3. Tuyn ni
4.3.1. Nguyn l
Qu trnh tuyn ni l qu trnh phn tch cc ht rn hoc lng khi pha lng
c thc hin bng cch cung cp cc bt kh mn vo pha lng. Cc bt kh dnh kt
vi cc ht khin cho lc y ca bt kh kt hp vi ht rn ln ko cc ht ny
ni ln b mt. Nh m cc ht c t trng ln hn t trng ca cht lng cng ni
c.
Trong x l nc thi, qu trnh tuyn ni c p dng x l cc cht l lng
trong nc v c c bn. u im chnh qu trnh tuyn ni so vi qu trnh lng l
kh nng tch loi kh trit cc ht rt nh v nh, c kh nng lng chm trong
mt khong thi gian ngn. Trong x l nc cp, qu trnh tuyn ni c s dng
kt hp vi qu trnh keo t to bng.
Hnh 4.9: Nguyn l qu trnh tuyn
ni
Trong cng nghip, tuyn ni c p
dng x l cht khong, ti sinh
nguyn liu t nc ra, lm sch nc
thi, x l bn v thu hi khong sn qu.
Trong x l nc cp, qu trnh tuyn ni
c kt hp vi qu trnh keo t to
bng, c bit l i vi cht mn v to
sau qu trnh keo t to bng c tch ra
khi nc bng tuyn ni.
Tuyn ni bt nhm tch cc ht l
lng khng tan v mt s cht keo hoc
ha tan ra khi pha lng. K thut ny c th dng cho x l nc thi th v nhiu
lnh vc cng nghip nh: ch bin du bo, dt thuc da, ch bin tht, v.v
Ngoi ra, tuyn ni ion v phn t l mt phng php mi tch cc cht tan ra
khi nc, c s dng trong nhng nm gn y.
Hiu sut ca phng php tuyn ni ph thuc vo kch thc v s lng bong
bng kh, kch thc cc tp cht trong nc thi. Kch thc ti u ca bong bng kh
l 15 30m, kch thc ht tp cht l 0,2 1,5m.
Phng php ny c u im l hot ng lin tc, phm vi ng dng rng ri, chi
ph u t v vn hnh khng ln, hiu qu x l cao, thit b n gin, thu cn c
m nh v c th thu hi tp cht trong cn. Ngoi ra, nc thi c x l bng
phng php tuyn ni s c thng kh, gim c hm lng cht hot ng b
mt, cht d b oxy ha.
4.3.2. Cc phng php tuyn ni
a) Theo c ch ngi ta chia thnh:
Trang 44
Tuyn ni bng kh phn tn (Dispersed Air Flotation). Phng php ny c

thc hin bng cch thi trc tip kh nn vo dung dch cn tuyn ni, gy xo trn
dung dch, cn tip xc vi bt kh v tip xc vi nhau, dnh kt v ni ln trn b
mt. Bt kh to thnh trong trng hp ny c kch thc tng i ln (0,1 1mm).
Hnh 4.10: Nguyn l tuyn ni bng kh phn tn

Tuyn ni bng kh ha tan (Dissolved Air Flotation DAF). Trong cc h thng
DAF, khng kh c ha tan vo nc p sut t 2 - 4atm cho n khi t trng thi
bo ha, sau nh s gin p t ngt n p sut kh quyn, to thnh cc bt kh
c ng knh t 20-100m. Qu trnh tuyn ni dng ny cn c gi l qu trnh
tuyn ni bng phng php gin p v c chia lm ba loi:
Phng php ton dng. Trong phng php ny ton b nc bo ha khng
kh c gin p. Nhc im ca phng php ny l lm ph v bng keo t.
Phng php mt phn ca dng. Trong phng php ny, mt phn nc th
c tng p bng cch thi kh vo v sau c gin p bng cch trn u
vi mt phn nc th cha bo ha kh. Phng php ny hn ch s ph v
bng cn ca qu trnh keo t so vi phng php ton dng.
Phng php hi lu. Trong phng php ny, mt phn nc to ra sau qu
trnh tuyn ni s c tng p bng cch thi kh vo v trn vi dng nc th.
Phng php ny rt thng dng do n gin v t kt qu tt c bo ha
khng kh. Khi to chn khng trong thit b kn, kh thot ra di dng bt kh
Trang 45
nh, kt dnh vi cn v ni ln b mt. H thng ny t c s dng v kh vn

hnh trong thc t.
Hnh 4.11: Nguyn l tuyn ni bng kh ha tan
b) Theo phng php thc hin ngi ta chia thnh:
Tuyn ni t s tch khng kh t dung dch
Phng php ny c p dng lm sch nc thi cha ht nhim rt mn.
Bn cht ca phng php ny l to dung dch qu bo ha khng kh. Khi gim p
sut cc bt khng kh s tch ra khi dung dch v lm ni cht bn.
Ty thuc vo bin php to dung dch qu bo ha, ngi ta chia ra: tuyn ni
chn khng, p sut v bm dng.
Tuyn ni vi s phn tn khng kh bng c kh:
S phn tn kh trong my tuyn ni c thc hin nh bm turbin kiu cnh
qut, l a c cnh quay hng ln trn. Thit k kiu ny c ng dng x l
nc c nng cc ht l lng cao (ln hn 2g/l). Khi quay cnh qut trong cht
lng xut hin mt s lng ln cc dng xoay nh v c phn tn thnh cc bt kh
c kch thc xc nh, mc phn tn cng cao bt kh cng nh qu trnh cng
hiu qu. Tuy nhin, nu vn tc quay cao s lm tng t ngt dng chy ri v c th
ph v t hp ht - kh, do lm gim hiu qu x l.
Tuyn ni nh cc tm xp
Phng php ny c u im l: kt cu bung ni n gin, chi ph nng lng
thp. Khuyt im: cc bt mau b bn v d b bt kn, kh cho vt liu c l ging
nhau to bt kh nhuyn v c kch thc bng nhau.
Hiu qu tuyn ni ph thuc vo l xp, p sut khng kh, lu lng khng kh,
thi gian tuyn ni, mc nc trong thit b tuyn ni
X l bng phng php tch phn on bt (tch bt )
Phng php tch phn on bt da trn s hp ph chn lc mt hay nhiu cht
tan trn b mt bt kh ni ln trn xuyn qua dung dch. Qu trnh ny ng dng
loi cht hot ng b mt ra khi nc thi, n tng t qu trnh hp ph trn cht
rn. Trong qu trnh phn ring, bt to thnh c nng cht tan hot ng b mt
kh cao. Vic tch n ra khi bt rt kh khn. V vy, trong a s cc trng hp n
l cht thi.
Cc phng php tuyn ni khc
l tuyn ni ha hc, sinh hc v ion.
Tuyn ni ha hcTrong qu trnh x l nc c th din ra cc qu trnh ha hc
vi s pht sinh cc kh nh: O 2, CO2, Cl2,Bt ca cc kh ny c th kt dnh vi
cc cht l lng khng tan v a chng ln lp bt. Nhc im ca phng php
ny l tiu hao nhiu tc cht.
Tuyn ni sinh hc
Phng php ny c ng dng nn cn t b lng t I khi x l nc thi
sinh hot. Trong phng php ny cn c un nng bng hi nc n 35-550C v
nhit ny c gi c ngy m. Do hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt, cc bt kh sinh
ra v mang cc ht cn ln lp bt, chng c nn v kh nc. Bng cch ny,
Trang 46
trong vng 5-6 ngy m m ca cn c th gim n 80% v n gin ha qu

trnh x l cn tip theo.
Hnh 4.12: S nguyn l tuyn ni bng sinh hc

Tuyn ni ion
Qu trnh ny c tin hnh nh sau: ngi ta cho khng kh v cht hot ng
b mt vo nc thi. Cht hot ng b mt trong nc to thnh cc ion c in tch
tri du vi in tch ca ion cn loi ra. Khng kh dng bt c trch nhim a
cht hot ng b mt cng cht bn ln lp bt.
Phng php ny c th p dng tch ra khi nc cc kim loi (Mo, W, V, Pt,
Ce, Re,) qu trnh hiu qu khi nng ion thp 10-310-2 mol.ion/l.
Trong trng hp cn tin hnh ng thi qu trnh tuyn ni v oxi ha cht
nhim, nn bo ha nc bng khng kh giu oxi hoc ozone. hn ch qu trnh
oxi ha th thay khng kh bng kh tr.
Tuyn ni in
Bin php ny da trn nguyn tc: khi c dng din mt chiu qua nc thi,
mt trong cc in cc (catot) s to ra kh hydro. Kt qu nc thi kh c bo ha
bi cc bt kh s ko theo cc cht bn khng tan khc ni ln b mt nc. Ngoi
ra, nu trong nc thi cn cha nhiu cht bn khc l cc cht in phn th dng
in i qua s lm thay i cc thnh phn ha hc v tnh cht ca trng thi cc tp
cht khng tan do c cc qu trnh in ly, phn cc, in chuyn v oxy ha kh.
xy ra.
Trong nhiu trng hp nhng thay i c li cho qua trnh x l nc thi v
trong nhng trng hp khc cn phi iu khin cc qu trnh t c hiu
sut x l mt loi cht bn no .
Khi s dng cc in cc tan (st hoc nhm) th cc anot s din ra qu trnh
ha tan kim loi: Kt qu s c cc cation (nhm hoc st)chuyn vo nc. Nhng
cation ny s cng nhm hydroxyl to thnh hydroxit l nhng cht keo t ph bin
trong thc t x l nc thi. Do , trong khng gian cc in cc s din ra qu
Trang 47
trnh to bng keo t v to cc bt kh, to iu kin bt kh bm vo bng cng

nh qu trnh keo t cht bn, qu trnh hp ph, kt dnh. din ra mnh v hiu sut
tuyn ni cao hn.
4.3.3. C ch v cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut ca qu trnh tuyn ni
Qu trnh tuyn ni chu nh hng ca rt nhiu yu t:
Cc tnh cht ha l ca cht bn.
Thnh phn nc thi.
Ch thy ng lc ca thit b tuyn ni.
iu kin bo ha kh v s n nh ca cc bt kh.
S n nh ca t hp cht bn - bt kh.
Tuy nhin trong thc t chng ta khng th xc nh v nh lng c ton b
cc yu t trn. Ngi ta ch nghin cu nhng quy lut c bn nht.
Giai on ha trn khng kh vo nc: y l giai on u ca qu trnh
nhng c tnh cht quyt nh. N m bo lng bt kh cn thit cho qu
trnh tuyn. ha tan ca kh vo nc ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: p sut,
nhit , ch lm vic thy ng lc ca thit b bo ha kh, thnh phn,
tnh cht ca cht bn trong nc thi.
Giai on hnh thnh cc bt kh: Sau khi h p sut trong nc, cc bt kh
trong nc xut hin nhanh, ch sau vi phn nghn giy, tuy nhin s lng v
kch thc ca chng khng ch ph thuc vo nng khng kh bo ha
m cn ph thuc vo ng lc bo ha dung dch v lin quan n vn tc
chung ca hn hp nc thi bo ha khng kh vo ngn tuyn.
Hnh thnh t hp bt kh v cht bn
Phn thnh ba c ch hnh thnh cc bt kh - cht bn.
+ C ch 1: Xy ra khi bo ha khng kh trong nc thi c ln cc cht bn.
+ C ch 2: Xy ra khi hnh thnh cc t hp tuyn ni trong mt chu k ng
nht. Sau hn hp ny c ha trn vi nc thi.
+ C ch 3 (thc cht l kt t): Khi ha trn khng kh vi nc thi c cha
cht bn, trn b mt chng c bt kh nh, cc bt kh ny ng vai tr nhn
tuyn ni.
Ba c ch hnh thnh t hp cht bn - bt kh trn l c s cho vic xut ba
cng ngh tuyn ni p lc khc nhau.
1. S tuyn ni xui dng.
Khng kh nn
Nc thi cn
x l
Thng bo ha
Bt tuyn ni
Vi phun
Khng kh nn
Nc thi cn
x l
Thng bo ha
Ngn tuyn ni
Nc sau x l
Bt tuyn ni
Vi phun
Ngn tuyn ni
Trang 48
Nc sau x l
2. S tun hon bo ha mt phn nc thi sau x l.

Bt tuyn
ni
Nc thi cn x l
Ngn tuyn ni
Vi phun
Nc sau x
l
Thng bo ha
3. S tuyn ni tun hon nhiu bc vi dng bo ha phn nhnh.

Bt tuyn ni
Bt tuyn ni
Ngn tuyn ni 1
Ngn tuyn ni 2
Thng bo ha
Kh nn
Trang 49
4.4. Hp ph
4.4.1. C s qu trnh hp ph
Hnh 4.13: C ch hp ph bng than hot tnh

Phng php hp ph c s dng rng ri x l nc thi cha kim loi cht
bn khc nhau. C th dng x l cc b khi trong nc hm lng cht nhim bn
nh v c th x l trit nc thi qua x l sinh hc hoc qua cc bin php x
l ho hc. Hin tng tng nng cht tan trn b mt phn chia gia hai pha gi l
hin tng hp ph. Hp ph c th din ra b mt bin gii gia hai pha lng v
kh, gia pha lng v pha rn.
Hp ph cht bn ho tan l kt qu ca s di chuyn phn t ca nhng cht t
nc vo b mt cht hp ph di tc dng ca trng lc b mt. Trng lc b mt
gm c hai dng :
Hyrat ho cc phn t cht tan, tc l tc dng tng h gia cc phn t cht
rn ho tan vi nhng phn t nc.
Tc dng tng h gia cc phn t cht bn b hp ph vi cc phn t trn b
mt cht rn.
Khi x l nc thi bng phng php hp ph th u tin s loi c cc phn
t ca cc cht khng phn ly thnh ion ri sau mi loi c cc cht phn ly.
Kh nng hp ph cht bn trong nc thi ph thuc vo iu kin nhit .
Nhit thp qu trnh hp ph xy ra mnh nhng nu qu cao th c th din ra qu
trnh kh hp ph. Chnh v vy ngi ta dng nhit ph hi kh nng hp ph
ca cc ht rn khi cn thit.
4.4.2. Vt liu hp ph
Nhng cht hp ph c th l : than hot tnh, silicagel, nha tng hp c kh nng
trao i ion, cacbon sunfua, than nu, than bn, than cc, lmit, cao lanh, tro v cc
dung dch hp ph lng. Bng cn ca nhng cht keo t (hydroxit ca kim loi) v
bn hot tnh t b aeroten cng c kh nng hp ph.
Trang 50
4.4.2.1. Than hot tnh

Than hot tnh l mt thut ng chung gi tn mt dy cc vt liu cacbon c
xp cao v do c mt b mt ring rt ln 500-1500m 2/g. Than xp cha 8898% than tu theo iu kin ch to, thu c bng cch than ho nguyn liu hu c
(vd: than m, g, s da, xng, xenlulose, tre, na, mn ca...) v hot ho sn phm
nhn c khong 900oC. Hot ho l qu trnh cho than phn ng vi hi nc, kh
cacbonic, km Clorua, vv
Vd: do phn ng C + CO2 = 2CO mt phn than b chy to thnh kh CO li l
hng lm cho than tr nn xp ( xp khong 60 - 70%) v do c kh nng hp
ph tt. L cht hp ph tt i vi cc cht khng phn cc, thng l cht hu c,
hp ph yu cc cht phn cc nh nc, amoniac. Thc nghim ch ra rng than hot
tnh l cht hp ph ph bin, phn ln cc phn t hu c c s c nh trn b mt
ca chng, cc phn t c phn cc ln v c cu to hng vi khi lng mol nh
th rt kh gi li, cc phn t mol cao b than hot tnh hp ph kh tt. Than hot
tnh cn c kh nng hp ph ti a cc cht ion dng nh SO 2, Cl2, NH3, CO2, H2S,
CH4, H2, v.v..., vn c nh gi l cc tc nhn gy hi khng ch vi mi trng m
cn nh hng nghim trng ti sc kho con ngi. Than hot tnh thng phm
thng dc chia lm hai loi: than hot tnh dng bt v than hot tnh dng ht. N
c c im chung nht l hp ph trong pha lng, din tch b mt khng ln lm,
xp cao to iu kin cho qu trnh khuch tn. Than hot tnh dng bt c kch thc
t 10-50m, c s dng kt hp vi x l lc, a vo giai on u ca dy
chuyn x l sau keo t- ta bng nhm gim bt nhim tm thi hoc bt thng.
Mt khc iu cho php gim bt liu lng ozon ha trung gian v tng thi gian
lm vic ca lp lc than hot tnh dng ht trong x l nc.
Hnh 4.14: Than hot tnh
Trang 51
4.4.2.2. Silicagen
Hnh 4.15: Vt liu Silicagen

L mt cht hp ph c thnh phn ch yu l silic oxyt c cu trc rt xp. Ngi
ta cho rng silicagen ht cha rt nhiu qu cu nh SiO 2, cc qu cu ny t li vi
nhau, sp xp khng theo mt trt r no v mt hnh hc. khong khng gia cc qu
cu nh chnh l l xp, tng din b mt ngoi ca cc qu cu l din tch b mt ca
silicagel. xp ca silicagel t ti 50-60%, din tch b mt t ti 800m 2/g.
Thng c ch to bng cch kt ta SiO 2 t dung dch thy tinh lng. Tnh cht
ca silicagl ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: nng , pH, nhit ,. Ht keo cng nh th
in tch b mt v nhm chc cng ln. Thng thng khi thy phn ti vng pH thp
ht keo nh thi gian ng t chm. vng nng long v nhit cao cng to ra
cc ht sol nh. Sn phm silicagen lu hnh trn th trng chia lm hai loi: mao
qun ln v mao qun nh. Loi mao qun nh c dung lng hp ph cao hn, loi
mao qun ln dng cho nhng mc ch c th nh lm cht hp ph trong phn tch
sc k, loi ny trc khi s dng thng c bin tnh b mt.
Silicagel s dng ch yu lm cht ht m, mt phn lm cht mang xc tc tng
s dng lm mt n phng c, tinh ch du m,. Trong phn tch n ch yu c s
dng lm cht hp ph hay cht mang sc k. Gn y mt s nghin cu ng dng
silicagel x l nc thi cha kim loi nng v cht phng x.
4.4.2.3. Nhm oxit
L vt liu mu trng ng khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong axit c, khi nung
nhit cao n chuyn sang dng th hnh khc v khng tan trong axit. Nhm oxit
tn ti di nhiu dng th hnh. Khi loi b nc ca nhm hydroxit dng orto hay
meta hay nung nhm oxithydrat s to thnh Al2O3 tinh th. Sn xut cng nghip
Nhm oxit thng dng qung bauxit. Nhm oxit c s dng lm cht sy kh, cht
mang xc tc x l phn on du m, kh mi hp ph mt s cht c th nh fluor,
Asen
Trang 52
Hnh 4.15: Vt liu Nhm oxit

4.4.2.4. Zeolit
Hnh 4.16: Vt liu Zeolit

Zeolit l tn gi mt nhm khong alumosilicat cu trc tinh th thnh phn hn
hp ch yu gm nhm oxit v silic oxit sp xp theo mt trt t no vi mt t l
nht nh. Trt t sp xp v t l Al:Si dn n cc loi Zeolit khc nhau. Zeolit c
s dng lm cht hp ph trong cng ngh lc du: tch cc n-parafin ra khi hn hp
iso-parafin v cht thm do hiu ng ry phn t. Zeolit c s dng rng ri trong
k thut xc tc vi chc nng l cht hp ph nhm loi b nhng tc nhn gy hi
cho xc tc, l xc tc trc tip cho mt s qu trnh ha du hay l thnh phn ca
qu trnh xc tc hn hp.
4.4.2.5. St oxit
Trong cng ngh x l nc v nc thi mt trong nhng nguyn t hay gp l
st dng ion. St (II) c nng ti 70-80mg/l ti mt s ngun nc ngm.
Fe(OH)2 l cht kt ta xp dng m my, mu xanh nht ngoi khng kh ng
sang mu vng. Fe(OH)3 mu vng sm cu trc v nh hnh. Trong k thut x l
ngi ta ch to cc vt liu lc bng cch ph mt lp st oxit ln ct thch anh dng
hp ph kim loi nng.
Trang 53
Hnh 4.17: Vt liu St oxit

4.4.3. Phn loi hp ph
Ngi ta phn bit hai kiu hp ph : hp ph trong iu kin tnh v hp ph
trong iu kin ng.
Hp ph trong iu kin tnh: L khng cho s chuyn dch tng i ca
phn t nc so vi phn t cht hp ph m chng cng chuyn ng vi nhau.
Hp ph trong iu kin ng: L s chuyn ng tng i ca phn t
nc so vi phn t cht hp ph. Hp ph trong iu kin ng l mt qu trnh din
ra khi cho nc thi lc qua lp vt liu lc hp ph. Thit b thc hin qu trnh
gi l thng lc hp ph hay cn gi l thp hp ph.
Hnh 4.18: Mt s thit b hp ph trong x l nc

4.5. Phng php oxi ha kh
lm sch nc ngi ta s dng cc cht oxi ha sau: Clo kh v lng, dioxit
Clo, Clorat canxi, hypoClorua canxi v natri, pemanganat kali, bicromat kali, oxi gi,
oxi ca khng kh, ozn, piroluzit MnO2.
Trang 54
Trong qu trnh oxi ha, cc cht nhim c hi, cha trong nc thi, do phn
ng ha hc, chuyn thnh cht t c hn v c loi ra khi nc.
Phng php ny yu cu chi ph tc cht ln, v vy n ch c ng dng khi
cht nhim khng th loi c bng cc phng php khc. V d, x l cc Xianua,
cc hp cht tan ca Asen...
Cht c tnh oxi ha mnh nht l flo, nhng do c tnh n mn mnh nn n
khng th c ng dng trong thc t.
Th oxi ha ca cc cht khc nh sau: Ozn - 2,07; Clo - 0,94; H 2O2 - 0,68;
Pemanganat kali - 0,59 (n v: Vn).
4.5.1. Oxi ha bng Clo
Clo v cc cht cha Clo hot tnh l cht oxi ha ph bin nht. Chng c ng
dng lm sch nc khi H 2S, hydrosunfua, cc hp cht metyl, lu hunh, cc
Phenol, cc Xianua...
Khi cho Clo vo nc s hnh thnh hypoClorit v axit Clohydric
Cl2 + H2O = HOCl + HCl
Sau din ra s phn li hypoClorit, khi pH = 4 phn t Clo gn nh khng c:
HOCl H+ + OClTng (Cl2 + HOCl + OCl-) c gi l Clo c hot tnh t do.
Qu trnh x l cc Xianua c tin hnh trong mi trng kim (pH = 9).
Xianua c th c oxi ha thnh nit v dioxit cacbon.
CN- + 2OH- + Cl2 CNO- + 2Cl- + H2O
2CNO- + 4OH- + 3Cl2 CO2 + 6Cl- + N2 + 2H2O
Cc ngun Clo hot tnh c th l Clorat canxi, hypoClorit, cc Clorat, dioxit Clo.
Chng c hnh thnh theo cc phn ng sau:
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 = CaOCl2 + H2O
2NaOH + Cl2 = NaClO + NaCl + H2O
2Ca(OH)2 + 2Cl2 = Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O
Cht oxi ha mnh l Clorat natri (NaClO2), n b phn hu sinh ra ClO2. Dioxit
Clo l kh c c mi gt hn ClO. Clorat natri c iu ch nh sau:
2NaClO2 + Cl2 2ClO2 + 2NaCl
5NaClO2 + 4HCl 5NaCl + 4ClO2 + 2H2O
Qu trnh oxi ha Xianua thnh xianat bi Clo hot tnh nh sau:
CN- + OCl- CNO- + ClXianat d b thu phn thnh cacbonat
CNO- + 2H2O CO32- + NH4+
Vn tc thu phn ph thuc pH ca mi trng. pH = 5,3 trong 1 ngy m 80%
xianat b thu phn. Nu d Clorat xianat b oxi ha tip tc.
2CNO- + 3OCl- + H2O 2CO2 + N2 + 2OH- + 3ClTrong lc phn ng pH c gi trong khong 811. Kim tra s oxi ha hon
ton da trn nng Clo hot tnh cn d, khng thp hn 5-10mg/l.
Trang 55
Clorat canxi thng phm cha di 33% Clo hot tnh, cn HypoClorua Canxi
n 60%.
4.5.2. Oxi ha bng H2O2
H2O2 l cht lng khng mu, c ng dng oxi ha cc Nitric, Andehyt,
Phenol, Xianua, cht thi cha lu hunh, thuc nhum hot ha... Oxi gi c, nng
gii hn cho php trong nc l 0,1mg/l.
Trong mi trng axit v kim, H2O2 b phn hu.
2H+ + H2O2 + 2e 2H2O
2OH- + H2O2 + 2e 2H2O + 2O2Trong mi trng axit nc oxi gi chuyn mui st ha tr 2 thnh mui ha tr 3,
axit Nit thnh Axit Nitric, sunfua thnh sunfat. Xianua b oxi ha thnh Xianat trong
mi trng kim (pH = 9-12).
Trong dung dch long qu trnh oxi ha cht hu c din ra chm, v vy ngi ta
dng xc tc l cc ion kim loi c ha tr thay i (Fe2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, CO2+, Cr3+, Ag2+).
V d, qu trnh oxi ha bng H2O2 vi mui st din ra rt nhanh khi pH = 34,5.
Trong qu trnh x l nc ngi ta cn s dng tnh kh ca oxi gi
H2O2 + Cl2 O2 + 2HCl
NaClo + H2O2 NaCl + O2 + H2O
Cc phn ng ny c dng kh Clo trong nc H2O2 d c loi bi MnO2.
MnO2 + H2O2 + 2HCl MnCl2 +2H2O + O2
Oxi ha cht nhim bng cc axit H 2SO4 v H2S5O8 c nhiu trin vng. V d
Phenol c oxi ha bng H2SO4 khi pH = 10. Bng phng php ny c th gim
nng Phenol n 510-6%. Cc Xianua b phn hu nhanh di tc dng ca cc
axit ny.
Khi nng Xianua trong nc thi l 0,01 - 0,05%, ngi ta dng H 2SO4, cn
khi nng cao dng H2S5O8. iu kin ti u l pH = 9.
4.5.3. Oxi ha bng oxi ca khng kh
Ngi ta s dng oxi ca khng kh oxi ha cc hp cht st nh thnh st tam
vi s to thnh hidroxit st kt ta. Phn ng oxi ha nh sau:
4Fe2+ + O2 + 2H2O = 4Fe3+ + 4OH
Fe3++ 3H2O = Fe(OH)3 + 3H+
Qu trnh oxi ha din ra khi sc khng kh qua nc thi. C th n gin ha
vic sc kh bng cch cho nc dng git ri trong khng kh xung b mt vt liu
lc. Khi cc git lng tip xc vi khng kh s xy ra qu trnh oxi ha st.
Oxi ha trong khng kh cng c dng oxi ha nc thi sunfit ca cc
nh my xenlul, ch bin du m v ha du. Qu trnh oxi ha cc hydrosunfua v
sunfua din ra mt s giai on vi s thay i ha tr ca lu hunh t -2 n +6.
S2- S S12O62- S2O32- SO32- SO42-
Trang 56
4.5.4. Oxi ha bng piroluzit MnO2

Qu trnh c tin hnh bng cch lc nc thi qua lp vt liu ny hoc trong
thit b khuy trn. Piroluzit l vt liu t nhin, cha ch yu l dioxit mangan. N
c s dng rng ri oxi ha Asen ha tr ba thnh ha tr nm.
H3AsO3 + MnO2 + H2SO4 = H3AsO4 + MnSO4 + H2O
Ch ti u cho qu trnh oxi ha l: lng MnO 2 bn ln ln hn so vi
phng trnh lng ha hc, axit ca nc 30 - 40 g/l, nhit nc 70 - 80oC.
4.5.6. Ozn ha
Oxi ha bng ozn cho php ng thi kh mu, kh mi, tit trng v v l ca
nc. Bng ozn ha c th x l Phenol, sn phm du m, sunfuahydric, cc hp
cht Asen, cht hot ha b mt, cc Xianua, thuc nhum, cc hydrocacbon thm gy
ung th, thuc st trng...
Ozn - kh mu tm nht. Trong t nhin n thng tng kh quyn. nhit t o
= 111,9oC ozn ha lng c mu xanh m.
Ozn rt c, nng ti a cho php trong khu vc lm vic l 0,0001mg/m 3.
Ozn oxi ha tt c kim loi, ngoi tr vng, chuyn chng thnh oxit.
Trong dung dch nc ozn phn li nhanh hn trong khng kh, trong dung dch
kim yu phn li rt nhanh, cn trong dung dch axit n c bn cao. Trong khng
kh sch n phn r rt chm.
Ozn lm phn hu cc cht hu c v tit trng, cc vi khun cht nhanh hn hng
ngn ln so vi vic s dng Clo. ha tan ca ozn trong nc ph thuc pH v
cc cht ha tan khc. Khi c axit v mui trung tnh ha tan ca ozn tng. Kim
lm gim ha tan ca ozn.
Tc ng ca ca ozn trong qu trnh oxi ha c th din ra trong ba hng
khc nhau:
Oxi ha trc tip vi s tham gia ca mt nguyn t xy.
Lin kt ton b phn t ozn vi cht b xi ha vi s hnh thnh cc
oznua.
Tc ng xc tc cho qu trnh oxi ha bng oxi, c trong khng kh cha
ozn.
Ozn c iu ch t oxi ca khng kh kh hoc oxi tinh khit di tc dng
ca s phng in. Chi ph nng lng cho vic sn xut 1kg ozn t khng kh gn
18kWh, cn t oxi sch gn 9kWh.
Ozn c cho vo nc thi dng hn hp khng kh - ozn hoc oxi - ozn.
Nng ozn trong hn hp gn 3%. thc y qu trnh oxi ha hn hp c
phn tn trong nc thi di dng cc ht li ti.
V ozn l cht u c mnh nn trc khi thi cn phi lm sch kh thi khi
ozn cn st li. X l ozn c thc hin bng 3 phng php:
Pha long kh.
Phn hu ozn bng hp ph, xc tc hoc nhit phn.
Tn dng ozn.
Trang 57
Qu trnh x l nc thi c n gin nhiu khi s dng chung siu m v ozn,

tia cc tm v ozn. Tia cc tm lm tng tc qu trnh oxi ha ln 102 - 104 ln. Qu
trnh oxi ho c th chia lm hai giai on:
Kch thch bng quang ha, cc phn t di tc dng ca tia cc tm.
Oxi ha bng ozn.
Ozn oxi ha cht v c v hu c tan trong nc thi. Sau y l mt s v d
ozn ha cc hp cht kim loi:
2FeSO4 + H2SO4 + O3 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O + O2
MnO4 + O3 + 2H2O = H2MnO3 + O2 + H2SO4
2 H2MnO3 + 3O2 = 2HMnO4 + 3 O2 + H2O
Ozn ha H2S
H2S + O3 = H2O + SO2
3H2S + 4O3 = 3H2SO4
Ozn ha ion thioxianat
NCS- + 2O3 + 2OH- CN- + SO32- + 2O2 + 2H2O
CN- + SO32- + 2O3 CNO- + SO42- + 2O2
Ozn ha amoniac
NH3 + 4O3 NO3- + 4O2 + H2O + H+
Ozn ha cc Xianua
CN- + O3 OCN- + O2
OCN- + 2H+ + 2H2O CO2 + H2O + NH4
OCN- + 2H2O HCO3- + NH3
2OCN- + H2O + 3O3 2HCO3- + SO2 + N2
Ozn ha cc cht hu c c lin kt
C
C
O3
O O
C
C
O3
C+
OO-
ion lng cc
khng bn
i vi
Phenol, ozn
hot tnh cao trong khong nng rng, t 0 n 1.000mg/l.
C C
O
ozonua
c
4.5.7. Phng php kh kim loi

Cc ion kim loi nng nh thu ngn, crom, cadimi, km, ch, ng, niken, Asen
c loi ra khi nc thi bng phng php ho hc. Bn cht ca phng php ny
l chuyn cc cht tan trong nc thnh khng tan, bng cch thm tc cht vo v
tch chng ra di dng kt ta.
4.5.7.1. X l hp cht thu ngn
Nc thi b nhim thu ngn v cc hp cht thu ngn c to thnh trong
sn xut Clo, NaOH, trong cc qu trnh in phn dng in cc thu ngn, do sn
xut thu ngn, iu ch thuc nhum, cc hidrocacbon, do s dng thy ngn lm
Trang 58
cht xc tc. Thu ngn trong nc c th tn ti dng kim loi, cc hp cht v c:

oxit, Clorua, sunfat, sunfua, nitrat, Xianua ( Hg(CN) 2), thioxanat (Hg(NCS)2), xianat
(Hg(OCN)2).
Thu ngn kim loi c lc v lng. Cc ht khng lng c oxy ho bng Clo
hoc NaOCl n HgCl2. Sau , x l nc bng cht kh (NaHSO 4 hoc Na2SO3)
loi chng v Clo d.
Thu ngn c th c tch ra khi nc bng phng php kh vi cc cht kh
l sunfat st, bisunfit natri, bt st, kh H2S, hydrazin.
lng thu ngn trc tin cho vo nc thi sulfat natri, bisunfit natri hoc kh
H2S. Sau x l nc bng Clorua natri, kali, magi, canxi hoc sunfit magi vi
lng 0,1g/l. Khi , thu ngn s lng dng ht. loi cc ht keo phn tn cao,
dng cht keo t Al2(SO4)3.18H2O, FeSO4.7H2O
Cc hp cht thu ngn trc tin b phn hu bng oxy ho ( bng kh Clo ), sau
khi loi Clo d, cation thu ngn c kh n Hg kim loi hoc chuyn sang dng
sunfua kh, ri loi cn.
4.5.7.2. X l cc hp cht km, ng, niken, ch, cadimi, coban
Mui cc kim loi ny, ho cht cha trong nc thi tuyn qung, luyn kim, ch
to my, ch bin kim loi, ho cht, dc phm, ch bin sn, dt
X l nc thi cha mui km bng natri hydroxit:
Zn2+ + OH- Zn(OH)2
Khi pH= 5,4 hydroxit km bt u lng. Khi pH= 10,5 bt u tan cc hydroxit
km lng tnh. Do , qu trnh x l cn tin hnh vi pH= 8-9.
Khi s dng soa ta c phn ng:
2ZnCl2 + 2 Na2CO3 + H2O 4NaCl + (ZnOH)2CO3 + CO2
Khi pH= 7-9,5 hnh thnh cacbonat c thnh phn 2 ZnCO 3, 3 Zn(OH)2; khi pH
10 thnh phn hydroxit tng.
X l nc thi cha ion ng bng hydroxit:
Cu2+ + 2 OH- Cu(OH)2
2 Cu2+ + 2 OH- + CO32- (CuOH)2CO3
C th dng feroXianua kali tch ng v cc ion kim loi nng ra khi nc.
loi ng v cadimi cho nc thi tip xc vi SO 2 hoc cc sunfit v bt kim loi
nh km, st. Khi kim loi kh sunfit thnh sunfua, cng vi kim loi nng hnh
thnh sunfua kh tan.
X l niken bng hydroxit, cacbonat:
Ni2+ + 2 OH- Ni(OH)2
2 Ni2+ + 2 OH- + CO32- (NiOH)2CO3
Ni2+ + CO32- NiCO3
Cation ch trong dung dch chuyn thnh cn lng mt trong ba dng dung dch
kh tan:
Pb2+ + 2 OH- Pb(OH)2
2 Pb2+ + 2 OH- + CO32- (PbOH)2CO3
Trang 59
Pb2+ + CO32- PbCO3

Hydroxit ch bt u lng pH= 6.
X l coban v cadimi trong nc thi bng sa vi t kt qu ti a. Nc thi
c th cha nhiu kim loi khc nhau, chng thng c loi ng thi bng canxi
hydroxit. Lng ng thi vi kim loi khc nhau c hiu qu tt hn so vi khi lng
tng kim loi do hnh thnh tinh th hn hp v hp ph kim loi trn b mt pha rn.
X l nc thi bng kim cho php gim nng kim loi nng n i lng
thi vo h thng nc thi sinh hot. Khi sch yu cu cao hn th phng php
ny khng p ng. lm sch hn x l nc thi bng sunfua natri, v ho tan
ca cc sunfua kim loi thp hn ca cc hidroxit v cacbonat rt nhiu. Qu trnh lng
sunfua din ra khi pH thp hn so vi khi lng hydroxit v cacbonat. loi kim loi
cng c th s dng pirit ht hoc bt, sunfua cc kim loi khng c.
Nhc im ca phng php ny l hnh thnh cn kh tch ra khi nc. Ngoi
ra, nc sau khi x l cha lng ln mui canxi, kh s dng li trong h thng tun
hon nc.
4.5.7.3. X l hp cht Asen
x l Asen trong ngun nc ng dng phng php phn ng, hp ph, in
ho, chit v cc phng php khc. La chn phng php x l ph thuc vo dng
Asen ho tan, thnh phn, axit v cc ch s khc ca nc.
Khi nng Asen cao c th ng dng phng php lng ho hc di dng cc
cht kh tan (Asenat, Asenit cc kim loi kim th v kim loi nng, sunfua v
hydroxit Asen).
Asen l mt cht c mnh c tc dng tch ly v c kh nng gy ung th v y
cng l mt cht kh x l. Gn y, cc nh khoa hc pht hin ra mt phng
php x l Asen t hiu qu cao v chi ph thp. l phng php x l bng cy
dng x.
4.5.7.4. X l mui st
St cha trong nc thi nh my ho cht, luyn kim, ch to my, ch bin kim
loi, dt, nhum, ho du, dc phm
kh st ng dng phng php sc kh, ho hc, hp ph, lc ngc Qu
trnh lc din ra nh sau:
4 Fe2+ + O2 + 2 H2O 4 Fe3+ + 4 OHFe3+ + 3 H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3 H+
Nu trong nc c ion bicacbonat:
4 Fe2+ + 8 HCO3- + O2 + 2 H2O 4 Fe(OH)3 + 8 CO2
Cn Fe(OH)3 c loi ra khi nc bng lng hoc lc.
Khi nng st cao, phng php sc kh khng cho php loi chng hon ton,
v vy phi dng phng php ho hc. Cht phn ng c th l Clo, Clorat canxi,
Permanganat Kali, Ozon, Oxit Canxi, SoaPhn ng lin kt vi Clo:
2 Fe(HCO3)2 + Cl2 + Ca(HCO3)2 2 Fe(OH)3 + 6 CO2 + CaCl2
Phn ng lin kt vi Permanganat Kali:
Trang 60
3 Fe(HCO3)2 + KMnO4 + 2 H2O 3 Fe(OH)3 + 5 CO2 + MnO2 + KHCO3

Nu st dng cc hp cht hu c hoc keo th ta ng dng phng php ozon
ho.
4.5.7.5. X l cc hp cht mangan
Cc hp cht mangan cha trong nc thi nh my luyn kim, ch to my v
ho cht. Khi nng mangan ln hn 0,05 mg/l nc c mu ti. Loi mangan ra
khi nc c th ng dng cc phng php sau:
X l bng Permanganat Kali.
Sc kh vi s vi ho.
Lc nc qua ct mangan hoc cation Mangan.
Ozon ho, Clo ho hoc oxy ho bng Dioxit Clo.
Khi x l bng Permanganat Kali s hnh thnh dioxit Mangan:
3 Mn2+ + 2 MnO4- + 2 H2O 5 MnO2 + 2 H2
Khi pH= 9,5 mangan c loi hon ton, cn khi pH<7,5 n gn nh khng b
oxy ho bi oxy khng kh. kt thc qu trnh oxy ho sau khi sc kh cho thm
vo nc Ca(OH)2 hoc soa tng pH.
Mn(II) c th loi ra khi nc nh oxy ho bi Clo, ozon hoc Dioxit Clo. Tiu
hao Clo cho oxy ho 1 mg Mn l 1,3 mg, tiu hao ClO 2 l 1,35 mg v O3 l 1,45 mg.
Tuy nhin s dng cc cht kh ny cn xy dng cc thit b phc tp nn trong
thc t chng khng c ng dng. Trong cc phng php trn hiu qu nht l
phng php x l bng permanganat kali v n khng i hi thit b phc tp v d
kim tra.
4.6. Kh khun (kh trng)
Kh trng l mt khu quan trng cui cng trong h thng x l nc sinh hot.
Sau qu trnh x l c hc, nht l nc sau khi qua b lc, phn ln cc vi sinh vt
b gi li. Song tiu dit hon ton cc vi trng gy bnh, cn phi tin hnh kh
trng nc.
Kh trng nc thi l nhm mc ch ph hy, tiu dit cc loi vi khun gy
bnh nguy him hoc cha c hoc khng th kh b trong qu trnh x l nc
thi. Nc thi sau khi x l bng phng php sinh hc cn cha khong 10 5 106 vi
khun/ml. Hu ht cc loi vi khun c trong nc thi khng phi l vi trng gy
bnh nhng khng loi tr kh nng c vi khun gy bnh. Khi x ra ngun nc cp,
h bi,.. th s lan truyn bnh rt ln. V vy cn phi tit trng nc thi trc khi x
ra ngoi.
X l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc trong iu kin t nhin cho hiu xut
x l v kh trng cao nht, t ti 99%, cn cc cng trnh x l sinh hc trong iu
kin nhn to ch t 91 98%.
Vi nhng phn tch nh trn ta thy rng cn phi kh trng truc khi s dng
(nc cp) v trc khi thi ra ngun tip nhn (nc thi).
Cc phng php kh trng nc thi
Trang 61
i vi phng php ha hc, cc tc nhn ha hc dng lm cht kh trng

bao gm (1) Clo v cc hp cht ca clo, (2) Brom, (3) iot, (4) Ozone, (5) phenol v
cc hp cht ca phenol, (6) ru, (7) cc kim loi nng v nhng hp cht tng ng,
(8) mu, (8) x phng v cht ty ra, (10) cc hp cht amonium, (11) H 2O2, v (12)
cc hp cht acid v kim. Trong nhng hp cht ny, nhng cht kh trng thng
dng nht l cc hp cht ha hc c tnh oxy ha v clo l mt trong nhng tc nhn
c s dng thng dng nht. Brom v iot cng c s dng trongkh trng nc
thi. Ozone l tc nhn kh trng c hiu qu cao v ngy cng c s dng nhiu.
Nc c acid v kim cao cng c s dng tiu hy vi sinh vt gy bnh v
nc c pH ln hn 11 hoc nh hn 3 kh c i vi vi khun.
Kh trng bng cc tia vt l: tia cc tm.
Kh trng bng siu m.
Kh trng bng phng php nhit.
Kh trng bng cc ion kim loi nng.
4.6.1. Kh trng bng cc cht xi ha mnh
4.6.1.1. Kh trng bng Clo
Cl2 l cht oxi ho mnh bt k dng no. Khi cho Clo tc dng vi n s to
thnh HOCl c tc dng dit trng mnh. Khi cho Clo vo trong H 2O, cht dit trng
s khuych tn qua lp v t bo sinh vt gy phn ng vi men t bo lm ph
hoi cc qu trnh trao i cht ca t bo vi sinh vt.
Khi cho Clo vo trong nc, phn ng din ra nh sau:
Cl2 + H2O = HCl + HClO
Hoc c th dng phng trnh phn li
Cl2 + H2O = H+ + OCl- + ClKhi s dng Clorua vi, phn ng din ra nh sau:
Ca(OCl)2 + H2O = CaO + 2HOCl
2HOCl = 2H+ + 2OClKh nng dit trng ca Clo ph thuc vo hm lng HOCl c trong H 2O. Nng
HOCl ph thuc vo lng ion H+ trong nc hay ph thuc vo pH ca nc. Khi:
pH = 6 th HOCl chim 99,5% cn OCl- chim 0.5%
pH = 7 th HOCl chim 79% cn OCl- chim 21%
pH = 8 th HOCl chim 25% cn OCl- chim 75%
Tc l pH cng cao hiu qu kh trng cng gim v tc dng kh trng ca
HOCl cao hn nhiu OCl-.
Khi cho Clo vo trong nc ngoi vic dit vi sinh vt, n cn kh cc cht ho
tan v NH3.
HOCl + NH3 = NH2Cl + H2O
HOCl + NH2Cl = NHCl2 + H2O
HOCl + NHCl = NCl3 + H2O
Do kh nng dit trng km i. Bi v kh nng dit trng ca monocloramin
hp hn dicloramin khong 3 5 ln, cn kh nng dit trng ca dicloramin thp hn
HOCl khong 20 25 ln.
Trang 62
Khi pH tng NCl3 to t. Kh nng dit trng ca NH 2Cl =(1/3 - 1/5) NHCl2 v
NH2Cl2 =(1/20 1/25)Cl2. Sau khi qua x ly (h thng x l) th lng Clo lng d:
0.3-0.5mg/l. Sao cho n cui ng cn 0.05mg/l. Lng Clo d a vo trong nc
phi xc nh bng thc nghim. Khi thit k s b c th ly nh sau : i vi nc
thi sau x l c hc l 10mg/l; nc thi sau x l Aeroten khng hon ton hay
Biophin cao ti l 5mg/l; nc thi x l sinh hc hon ton l 3mg/l.
Khi trong nc c phenol, kh trng bng Clo Clo phenol c mi rt kh chu.
Nn kh bng NH3 trc khi kh trng.
* Kh trng bng Clo lng: Khi dng Clo lng kh trng, ti nh my phi
lp t thit b chuyn dng a Clo vo nc gi l Clorat. y l thit b c
chc nng pha ch v nh lng Clo hi v nc.
4.6.1.2. Kh trng bng Clorua vi v canxihyphocloit
Clorua vi c sn xut bng cch cho Clo + vi ti Cloruavi. Trong
Cloruavi th lng Clo hot tnh chim 20 25%. Canxi hypclorit Ca(OCl) 2 l sn
phm ca qu trnh lm bo ha dung dch vi sa bng Clo. Hm lng Clo hot tnh
chim 30 45%.
4.6.1.3. Dng zn kh rng
zn l mt cht kh c mu tm t ha tan trong nc v rt c hi i vi con
ngi. trong nc, zn phn hy rt nhanh thnh xi phn t v nguyn t. zn
c tnh hot ha mnh hn Clo, nn dit trng mnh hn.
zn c sn xut bng cch cho Oxy hoc khng kh i qua thit b phng la
in. cung cp lng ozon cho trm x l nc ta dng my pht tia la in v
cho khng kh chy qua. Ozon sn xut ra d b phn hy thnh Oxy do phi lp
thit b lm lnh my sn xut Ozon. C 2 loi my lm lnh in cc:
- Lm lnh bng khng kh.
- Lm lnhbng nc.
u im ca Ozon:
- Khng c mi
- Lm gim nhu cu oxi ca nc , gim cht hu c,..
- Kh mu, phnol, xianua
- Tng DO
- Khng c sn phm ph gy c hi
- Tng vn tc lng ca ht l lng
Nhc im:
- Vn u t cao
- Tiu tn nng lng
Kh nng tit trng ca Ozon
ha tan ca Ozon gp 13 ln ca oxy. Khi va cho vo trong nc kh nng
tit trng l rt t, khi Ozon ha tan liu lng, ng vi hm lng oxy ho
hu c v vi khun trong nc, lc tc dng kh trng mnh nhanh gp 3100 ln so
vi Clo, thi gian tit trng xy ra trong khong 3 8 giy. Liu lng cn thit cho
Trang 63
nc ngm l 0.75 1mg/l; 1.0 3.0mg/l nc mt; sau b lng 2 trong x l nc

thi t 5 15mg/l.
4.6.1.4. Kh trng bng tia cc tm
Tia c tm UV l tia bc x in t c bc sng khong 4 400nm. di bc
sng ca tia c tm nm ngoi vng pht hin, nhn bit ca mt thng. Dng tia cc
tm tit trng khng lm thay i tnh cht ha hc v l hc ca nc.
Tia cc tm tc dng lm thay i DNA ca t bo vi khun, tia cc tm c di
bc sng 254nm, kh nng dit khun cao nht. Trong cc nh my x l nc thi,
dng n thu ngn p lc thp tia cc tm, loi n ny pht ra tia c tm c bc
sng 253,7nm, bng n t trong hp thy tinh khng hp ph tia cc tm, ngn cch
n v nc. n c lp thnh b trong hp ng c vch ngn phn phi khi
nc cy qua hp, c trn u cho s lng vi khun i qua n trong thi gian
tip xc hp l cao nht. Lp nc i qua n c dy khong 6mm, nng lng
tiu th t 6000 13000mocrowat/s, bn 3000 gi n 8000 gi.
Tuy nhin khi s dng phng php ny th chi ph rt cao. Cc thc nghim gn
y cho thy nc thi c hm lng cn l lng SS < 50mg/l sau khi i qua hp n
cc tm vi tiu chun nng lng nu trn th nc cn 200 Colifrom/100ml.
Hnh 4.19: H thng dit khun bng tia cc tm
Trang 64
Bng 4.1: So snh cc phng php dit khun

Tia cc tm
Chlorine
Ozone
Phng php
Vt l
Ha hc
Ha hc
Vn u t
Thp
Trung bnh
Cao
Chi ph vn hnh
Thp
Trung bnh
Cao
Chi ph bo tr, thay th
Thp
Trung bnh
Cao
Tn xut bo tr
Thp
Trung bnh
Cao
Rt tt
Tt
Tt
1 - 3 giy
15 - 45 pht
10 - 15 pht
ln
ln
c hi
Khng
Tnh ha hc ca nc thay i?
Khng
C li mi?
Khng
Hiu qu dit khun

Thi gian tip xc
Nguy c i vi ngi dng
Trang 65
CHNG 5
CC PHNG PHP VI X L
5.1. Phng php tch bng mng
5.1.1 Thm thu ngc
Khi nim
Thm thu l s di chuyn t pht ca dung mi t mt dung dch long vo mt
dung dch m c qua mng bn thm. ti mt p sut nht nh, s cn bng c
thit lp th p sut c gi l p sut thm thu.
C ch
Ngi ta cho rng nu nh chiu dy ca lp phn t nc b hp ph bng hay
ln hn na ng knh mao qun ca mng th di tc dng ca p sut th ch c
nc sch i qua; mt du kch thc ca nhiu ion nh hn kch thc ca phn t
nc. Cc mng hydrat ca cc ion ny cn tr khng cho chng i qua mao qun
ca mng. Kch thc lp mng hydrat ca cc ion khc nhau s khc nhau.
Hnh 5.1: C ch v vt liu mng RO

Thit b
c th thit k mt thit b thm thu ngc ta cn bit thnh phn v s lng
nc thi, nhit v p sut thm thu.
Hnh 5.2: Thit b lc RO

Trang 66
5.1.2. Siu lc
Ging nh thm thu ngc, qu trnh siu lc cng ph thuc vo p sut ng
lc v i hi mng cho php mt s cu t thm qua v gi li mt s cu t khc.
iu khc bit l ch siu lc thng s dng tch dung dch c khi lng phn
t ln v c p sut thm thu nh (v d cc vi khun, tinh bt, t st,). Cn thm
thu ngc thng c s dng kh cc cht c khi lng phn t thp v p
sut thm thu cao.
Hnh 5.3: H thng siu lc nc

Khi s dng kt hp thm thu ngc v siu lc c th lm m c v phn tch
cc cht ho tan hu c v v c trong nc thi. Sau qu trnh siu lc nhn c
phn m ccha cc cht hu c, cn trong qu trnh thm thu ngc s nhn c
phn m c ca cht v c.
C siu lc v thm thu ngc u ph thuc vo p sut, ng lc ca qu trnh
v i hi mng cho php mt s cu t thm qua, gi li mt s cu t khc.
S khc bit gia hai qu trnh l ch siu lc thng c s dng tch
dung dch c khi lng phn t trn 500 v c p sut thm thu nh ( nh
vi khun, tinh bt, protin, t st,). Cn thm thu ngc thng c s
dng kh cc vt liu c khi lng phn t thp v c p sut thm thu
cao.
Siu lc thng c s dng kh t st, vi sinh vt, cc cht thc vt,
tch nc cho bn .
C ch ca qu trnh siu lc hon ton khc so vi c ch ca qu trnh
thm thu ngc. Cht tan b gi trn mng lc v kch thc phn t ca
chng ln hn ng knh l xp hoc do ma st phn t vi thnh l xp
ca mng. Qu trnh ny phc tp hn nhiu.
Khi s dng kt hp thm thu ngc v siu lc c th lm m c v phn tch
cc cht ha tan hu c v v c trong nc thi. V d theo s di y, th sau
qu trnh siu lc ta nhn c phn m c cha cc cht hu c, cn trong qu
trnh thm thu ngc s nhn c phn m c ca cc cht v c v nc sch.
Trang 67
5.2. Trch ly
5.2.1. Nguyn l c bn
Trong hn hp hai cht lng khng ho tan ln nhau, bt k mt cht th ba no
khc s ho tan trong hai cht lng trn theo quy lut phn b. Nh vy trong nc
thi cha cc cht bn, nu chng ta a vo mt dung mi v khuy u th cc cht
bn ho tan vo dung mi theo ng quy lut phn b ni v nng cht bn
trong nc s gim i. Tip tc tch dung mi ra khi nc th nc thi coi nh c
lm sch. Phng php tch cht bn ho tan nh vy gi l phng php trch ly.
Hiu sut x l nc thi tu thuc vo kh nng phn b ca cht bn trong dung
mi, gi tr ca h s phn b hay kh nng trch ly ca dung mi.
5.2.2. K thut trch ly
K thut trch ly c th tin hnh nh sau: cho dung mi vo trong nc thi v
trn u cho ti khi t trng thi cn bng. Tip cho qua b lng. Do s chnh lch
v trng lng ring nn hn hp s phn ra hai lp v d tch bit chng ra bng
phng php c hc.
Nu trch ly mt ln m khng t yu cu tch cht bn ra khi nc thi th phi
trch ly nhiu ln. Nu dung mi c t trng b hn t trng nc thi th dn nc thi
t trn xung v dung mi t di ln. Ngc li nu dung mi c t trng ln hn t
trng nc thi th cho nc chuyn ng t di ln, dung mi t trn xung.
5.2.3. Phn loi
Thp trch ly vi vng tip xc (vng m)
Thp trch ly vi vng m c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip v cho hiu
sut cao. Bin php ny dng kh phenol bng benzen hoc du than hay bng
butylaxetat hoc bng ete iisopropyl. Dung mi dn vo thp qua cc vi phun. Chiu
cao thp thng ly bng 6m.
Thp trch ly kiu vi phun tia.
i vi vi phun, mc phn tn dung mi nh cc vi phun l yu t quyt
nh. Nu chn ng loi vi phun, kch thc v iu kin cng tc ca n c th t
c mc phn tn cao.
Thp trch ly vi a roto quay
Thp trch ly vi a rto l mt thp tr, theo chiu cao chia thnh nhiu ngn
bng cc vch c th trch ly c cc cht bn dng nh tng trong nc thi. Hiu
sut v kh nng vn chuyn ca thit b trch ly ny tu thuc vo kch thc bn
trong: ng knh thp, ng knh a, ng knh cc vng stato v chiu cao mi
ngn.
Thp trch ly kiu rung
Thp trch ly kiu rung to ra trong thp cc pha nc dung mi c phn tn
v khuy trn nh chuyn ng thng, vng dc theo trc thp.
Thp trch ly kiu lng trn.
Thp trch ly kiu lng trn c dng lu lng ln v s bc kh cao. Theo cu
to, c th l loi nghoc loi ngang.
Trang 68
Hnh 5.4: H thng trch ly n gin tch du

5.3. Tch bng in
Cc phng php in ho cho php thu hi t nc thi cc sn phm c gi tr
bng cc s cng ngh tng i n gin v c th t ng ho. Khng cn s
dng tc nhn ho hc, nhc im l tiu hao in nng.
Gm cc phng php chnh sau :
Oxy ho ca anot v kh ca catot.
ng t in
Tuyn ni bng in.
5.4. Trao i ion
Phng php trao i ion c ng dng x l nc thi khi cc kim loi nh
Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Hg, Cd, Mn, cng nh cc hp cht ca Asen, Photpho, Xyanua v
cht phng x. Phng php ny cho php thu hi cc kim loi c gi tr v t c
mc x l cao. V vy n l phng php ng dng rng ri tch mui trong
x l nc cp v nc thi.
5.4.1. Mt s khi nim v qu trnh trao i ion
Trao i ion l mt qu trnh trong cc ion trn b mt ca cht rn trao i ion
vi ion c cng in tch trong dung dch khi tip xc vi nhau. Cc cht ny gi l
cc ionit (cht trao i ion), chng hon ton khng tan trong nc. Cc cht c kh
nng ht cc ion dng t dung dch in ly gi l cc cationit. Nhng cht ny mang
tnh axit. Nhng cht c kh nng ht cc ion m gi l anionit v chng mang tnh
kim. Nu nh cc ion no trao i c cation v anion th ngi ta gi chng l cc
ionit lng tnh.
5.4.2. Cc cht trao i ion
Cc cht trao i tion c th l cc cht v v hay hu c c ngun gc t nhin
hay tng hp nhan to. Nhm cc cht trao i ion v c t nhin gm c cc zeolit,
kim loi khong cht, t st, fenspat, cht mica khc nhau,
Cc cht cha nhm silicat loi : Na2O.Al2O3.nSiO2.mH2O.
Cc cht florua apatit [Ca5(PO4)3]F v hydroxyt apatit [Ca5(PO4)3]OH
Trang 69
Cc cht c ngun gc t cc cht v c tng hp gm silicagel, permutit

(cht lm mm nc) , ...
Cc cht trao i ion hu c c ngun gc t nhin gm axut humic ca t
(cht mn) v than , chng mang tnh axit yu.
Cc cht trao i ion hu c tng hp l cc nha c b mt ring ln, chng
l nhng hp cht cao phn t. V d, cc cht trao i cation sunfua RSO 3H,
trong H ion tri du v SO3 ion nhn in t; hoc cation cacboxylic:
5.4.3. C s qu trnh trao i ion
C ch trao i ion c th gm nhng giai on sau :
Di chuyn ion A t nhn ca dng cht thi lng ti b mt ca lp bin gii
mng cht lng bao quanh ht trao i ion.
Khuch tn lp ion qua lp bin gii
Chuyn ion qua bin gii phn pha v ht nha trao i.
Khuch tn ion A bn trong ht nha trao i ti cc nhm chc nng trao
i ion
Phn ng ho hc trao i ion A v B
Khuch tn ion B bn trong ht trao i ion ti bin gii phn pha.
Chuyn cc ion B qua bin gii phn pha b mt trong ca mng cht lng.
Khuch tn cc ion B qua mng
Khuch tn cc ion B vo nhn dng cht lng.
5.5. Phng php t chy
Phng php ny hiu qu v ph bin nht trong cc phng php nhit. Bn
cht ca n l phun bi cht thi trc tip vo kh l 900-1.000 oC. lc nc bay hi
hon ton cn tp cht hu c b chy. Cc cht v c trong nc thi to thnh cc
ht rn hoc ht nng chy, c thu hi trong cc xiclon hoc thit b lc.
Phng php ny c th c ng dng kh c mt lng nh nc thi cha
cht hu c c tnh cao m cc phng php khc khng th thc hin hoc khng
hiu qu. Phng php ny cng hp l nu trong nc thi c cht d chy, c
dng nh nhin liu. Phng php t chy khng thch hp cho vic kh c nc
ch cha tp cht v c.
Trong qu trnh kh c nc thi c th hnh thnh cc oxit kim loi kim v kim
loi kim th (nh CaO, MgO, BaO, K2O, Na2O...). chng c th tng tc vi cc cu
t khi l:
Na2O + CO2 = Na2CO3
Khi phn hy cc clorua, trong kh thi c cha clo v clorua hydro. Cc hp cht
hu c cha lu hunh, photpho, halogen c th hnh thnh SO2, SO3,P2O5, HCl, Cl2...
s c mt ca chng lm n mn thit b.
Cn nc thi c cha cc hp cht nit s sinh ra cc oxit nit: NO, NO 2, N2O3,
N2O5... Ngoi ra, cn cth hnh thnh cc cht c khc. Do cn phi c bin php
x l thch ng trc khi thi kh vo kh quyn.
t nc thi c th s dng cc h thng nh sau:
Khng thu hi nhit v khng x l kh.
Trang 70
Khng thu hi nhit v x l kh.

Thu hi nhit v khng x l kh.
Thu hi nhit v x l kh.
Trang 71
CHNG 6
X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP SINH HC
6.1. iu kin nc thi a vo x l sinh hc
Cc loi nc thi sinh hot, nc thi th, nc thi mt s ngnh cng nghip
(thc phm, thy sn, ch bin nng sn, l m, chn nuiv c th c cng nghip
giy) c cha nhiu cht hu c ha tan gm hiratcacbon, protein v cc hp cht
cha nit phn hy t protein, cc dng cht bo cng mt s cht v c nh H 2S,
cc sulfit, amoniac v hp cht cha nit khc c th a vo x l theo phng
sinh hc.
Phng php x l sinh hc nc thi da trn c s hot ng ca vi sinh vt
phn hy cc cht hu c nhim bn nc. Do vy, iu kin u tin v v cng quan
trng l nc thi l mi trng sng ca qun th vi sinh vt phn hy cc cht hu
c c trong nc thi.
Mun m bo iu kin ny nc thi phi:
Khng c cht c lm cht hoc c ch hon ton h vi sinh vt trong nc thi.
Trong s cc cht c phi ch n hm lng cc kim loi nng. Theo mc c hi
ca cc kim loi, xp theo th t:
Sb> Ag > Cu > Hg > Co >= Ni >= Pb > Cr3+ > V >= Cd > Zn > Fe
Mui ca kim loi ny nh hng nhiu ti i sng ca vi sinh vt, nu qu nng
cho php, cc vi sinh vt khng th sinh trng c v c th b cht. Nh vy,
khng th tin hnh x l sinh hc. Nng mui ca chng thp hn gii hn s lm
gim tc lm sch nc. Trong trng hp nc thi cha nhiu hp cht c th
tnh ton da vo cht c mc c cht.
Cht hu c c trong nc thi phi l c cht dinh dng ngun cacbon v nng
lng cho vi sinh vt. Cc hp cht Hirocacbon, Protein, Lipit ha tan thng l c
cht dinh dng rt tt cho vi sinh vt.
Nc thi a vo x l sinh hc c 2 thng s c trng l COD v BOD. T s
ca 2 thng s ny phi l: COD/BOD <=2 hoc BOD/COD>= 0.5 mi c th a vo
x l sinh hc (hiu kh). Nu COD ln hn BOD nhiu ln, trong gm c
Xenluloz, Hemixenluloz, Protein, tinh bt cha tan th phi qua x l sinh hc k
kh.
Bn cnh cc cht d b phn hy nh hirocacbon, protein cn rt nhiu cht ch
b oxi ha mt phn hoc thm ch hu nh hon ton khng b phn hy. Cc cht
hu c t nhin c lignin l kh phn hy, Kitin hu nh khng b phn hy, sng
mng, tccng vy. Cc cht hu c tng hp t Hirocacbon, Alcol, Aldehyt,
Este c cht b phn hy chm, c cht hu nh khng b phn hy.
Ngi ta chia vi sinh vt phn hy cc cht hu c bn vng thnh 3 nhm:
Nhm vi sinh vt phn hy cc hp cht mch h, nh Alcol mch thng,
Aldehyt v Axit.
Nhm vi sinh vt phn hy cc hp cht thm: Benzen, Toluen, Phenol,
Xylen
Trang 72
Nhm vi sinh vt phn hy dy Polymetyl, Parafin ca du m

Nghin cu cu to cc cht hu c kh b phn hy ngi ta c kt lun:
Cc cht c phn t ln, c nhiu mch nhnh trong cu trc l nhng cht
khng b oxi ha sinh hc.
Nhng cht c C trung tm d ch c mt lin kt C-H th cng d b oxi
ha hn (nh hng cu trc nhm ca phn t t n qu trnh oxi ha b
gim).
Trong lin kt C-H nu thay H bng Alkyl hoc cc nhm Aryl th s kh b
oxi ha hn.
Ngoi Cacbon, nu mch c nhng nguyn t khc nhau th s lm cho cht
hu c bn vng hn vi qu trnh oxi ha sinh hc. y ta thy trong
mch c oxi s bn hn so vi mch c lu hunh v nit.
Ngy nay, nhiu phng th nghim trn th gii ang tp trung tm kim cc vi
sinh vt c kh nng phn hy cc cht hu c tng hp, cc cht ny hu nh vi
trm nn sau khng b phn hy v ang lm au u ton th nhn loi.
Cc sn phm du m ni chung b phn hy bi h vi sinh vt c trong t nhin,
nhng nhng cht ny cng xp vo loi kh b phn hy. c th lm sch t v
nc b nhim du m chng ta cn chn c qun th vi sinh vt thch ng vi
iu kin mi trng. Cch tin hnh x l cng da trn hai qu trnh c bn l hiu
kh v k kh.
6.2. C s sinh ha trong qu trnh lm sch nc thi
6.2.1. C s ha sinh ca qu trnh phn hy hiu kh
thc hin qu trnh xy ha sinh ha cc cht hu c ha tan, cc cht keo, cc
cht phn tn nh trong nc thi l t hp cc qu trnh gm ba giai on:
- Giai on 1: Cc cht gy nhim (cc cht hu c ha tan, cc cht phn tn
nh,) c dch chuyn t mi trng nc thi xung quanh n b mt t
bo vi sinh vt do qu trnh khuch tn i lu v phn t.
- Giai on 2: Dch chuyn cc cht bn t b mt t bo qua mng bn thm
ca t bo bng khuch tn do s chnh lch nng cc cht trong v ngi
t bo.
- Giai on 3: Qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht trong t bo vi sinh vt vi s sn
sinh nng lng v qu trnh tng hp cc cht mi ca t bo vi s hp thu
nng lng.
Ba giai on trn c quan h rt cht ch vi nhau v giai on chuyn ha cc
cht din ra trong t bo vi sinh vt ng vai tr chnh trong vic lm sch nc thi.
Cc phn ng ca qu trnh xy ha sinh ha iu kin hiu kh
xy ha cc cht hu c
y z 3
y 3
Cx H y Oz N x O2
vsv xCO
2
H
2O NH
3
H
4 3 4
2
Tng hp xy dng t bo
C x H y Oz N NH 3 O2
vsv C5 H 7NO2 CO
2
H
Trang 73
Trong :
+ Cx H y Oz N : tt c cc cht hu c ca nc thi.
+ C5 H 7 NO2 : cng thc ha hc ca t bo vi sinh vt thi im bnh
thng (c h hp ni bo).
+ H : nng lng
H hp ni bo (xy ha cc cht liu ca t bo).
Nu qu trnh xy ha din ra di th sau khi s dng ht cc cht hu c c
sn trong nc thi, s bt u din ra qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht ca t bo bng
vic xy ha cc cht liu ca t bo.
C5 H 7 NO2 5O2
vsv 5CO2
NH 3 2 H
H
2O
NH 3 O2
vsv
HNO
2
O2
vsv
HNO3
S chuyn ha cc cht hu c trong nc thi khi xy ha sinh ha hiu kh.
Hnh 6.1. S chuyn ha cc cht bn hu c khi oxy ha sinh ha

nc thi
1 - Cht bn trc khi x l,
2 - Cht bn b gi li trn b mt t bo,
3 - Cc cht bn cn li trong nc thi sau khi x l,
4 - Cc cht bn b oxy ha trc tip thnh CO2, H2O v sinh nng lng,
5 - Cc cht b ng ha c tng hp tng sinh khi,
6 - T oxy ha ca vi sinh vt thnh CO2 v H2O do men h hp ni bo,
7 - Phn d ca vi sinh vt.
Nguyn tc cc phng php x l hiu kh:
Phng php hiu kh dng loi cc cht hu c d b vi sinh phn hu ra khi
ngun nc. Cc cht ny c cc loi vi sinh hiu kh oxy ho bng oxy ha tan
trong nc.
Vi sinh
Cht hu c + O2 H2O + CO2 + nng lng
Vi sinh
Trang 74
Cht hu c + O2 T bo mi
Nng lng
T bo mi + O2 CO2 + H2O + NH3
Tng cng:
Cht hu c + O2 H2O + CO2 + NH3
Trong phng php hiu kh Ammoni cng c loi b bng oxy ho nh vi sinh
t dng (qu trnh nht ho)
Nitrosomonas
2NH4 + 3O2 2NO2 + 4H+ + 2H2O + Nng lng
Nitrobacter
2NO2 + O2 2NO3
Vi Sinh
Tng cng: NH4 + 2O2 NO3 + 2H+ + H2O + Nng lng
iu kin cn thit cho qu trnh: pH = 5,5 - 9,0, nhit 5 - 40oC.
6.2.2. C s ha sinh ca qu trnh phn hy k kh
Phng php x l k kh dng loi b cc cht hu c trong phn cn ca nc
thi bng vi sinh vt tu nghi v vi sinh k kh.
Hai cch x l ym kh thng dng l:
Ln men axit: Thu phn v chuyn ho cc sn phm thu phn (nh axit
bo, ng) thnh cc axit v ru mch ngn hn v cui cng thnh kh cacbonic.
Ln men metan: Phn hu cc cht hu c thnh metan (CH 4) v kh cacbonic
(CO2) vic ln men metan nhy cm vi s thay i pH. pH ti u cho qu trnh l t
6,8 n 7,4. Th d v phn ng metan ho:
Methanosarcina
CH3COOH CH4 + CO2
2CH2(CH2)COOH3 CH4 + 2CH3COOH + C2H5COOH + CH4 + CO2
Cc phng php k kh thng c dng x l nc thi cng nghip v cht
thi t tri chn nui.Ty theo iu kin c th (tnh cht, khi lng nc thi, kh
hu, a hnh, mt bng, kinh ph...) ngi ta dng mt trong nhng phng php trn
hoc kt hp chng vi nhau.
C ch phn gii ym kh
Cc h thng ym kh ng dng kh nng phn hy cht hu c ca vi sinh vt
trong iu kin khng c oxy. Qu trnh phn hy ym kh cht hu c rt phc tp
lin h n hng trm phn ng v sn phm trung gian. Tuy nhin ngi ta thng
n gin ha chng bng phng trnh sau y:
ln men
Cht hu c
----------->
CH4 + CO2 + H2 + NH3 + H2S
ym kh
Hn hp kh sinh ra thng c gi l kh sinh hc hay biogas. Thnh phn ca

Biogas nh sau:
Methane (CH4)
55 - 65%
Trang 75
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
35 - 45%
Nitrogen (N2)
0 - 3%
Hydrogen (H2)
0 - 1%
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
0 - 1%
Methane c nhit tr cao (gn 9.000kcal/m3). Do , nhit tr ca Biogas khong

4.500 - 6.000 kcal/m3, ty thuc vo phn trm ca methane hin din trong Biogas.
Qu trnh phn hy ym kh c chia thnh 3 giai on chnh nh sau:
1. Phn hy cc cht hu c cao phn t.
2. To nn cc axt.
3. To methane.
Hnh 6.2: Ba giai on ca qu trnh ln men ym kh (Mc. Cathy, 1981)

Qu trnh phn gii cc hp cht hu c l mt qu trnh phc tp gm nhiu giai
on c th tm tt trong s sau:
Trang 76
a. Giai on 1: Giai on thy phn

Cc hp cht hu c phn t lng ln nh protein, gluxit, lipit, b phn hy
di tc dng ca cc Enzym hydrolaza ca vi sinh vt thnh cc cht hu c phn t
lng nh nh ng n gin, axit amin, ru, axit bo,
Trong giai on thy phn, phn ln cc hp cht gluxit c phn hy nhanh.
Cc hp cht protein c phn gii chm hn. Cc hp cht hu c phn t lng
ln nh xenlulo, liguoxenlulo,thng c phn hy chm v khng trit do cu
trc phc tp.
b. Giai on 2: Giai on ln men axit hu c
Cc sn phm thy phn s c cc vi sinh vt hp th v chuyn ha. Trong
iu kin ym kh, sn phm phn hy l cc hp cht hu c phn t lng nh nh
axit propionic, axit butyric, axit bo, cc ru, andehit, axeton v c mt s t axit
amin. Thnh phn ca cc sn phm trong giai on ln men ph thuc vo bn cht
cc cht nhim, tc nhn sinh hc v iu kin mi trng.
c bit trong giai on ny, cc axit amin hnh thnh do thy phn protein cng
s c kh amin, mt phn cc gc amin (- NH 2) c vi sinh vt s dng cho sinh
trng v pht trin, phn cn li trong nc thi c chuyn ha thnh - NH4+.
c. Giai on 3: Giai on ln men to axit axxetic
Cc sn phm ln men phn t lng ln nh axit bo, axit lactic, s c tng
bc chuyn ha n axit axetic.
Trang 77
3CH3-CHOH-COOH 2CH3-CH2-COOH + CH3-COOH + CO2 + 2H2O

Cc axit bo phn t lng ln c phn ct tng bc ti nguyn t cacbon
v tr .
Rn-CH2-CH2-COOH + 2H2O R(n-2)-COOH + CH3-COOH
d. Giai on 4: Giai on metan ha
y l giai on quan trng nht trong ton b qu trnh x l ym kh, nht l khi
qu trnh c thc hin thu biogas. Hiu qu x l s cao khi cc sn phm trung
gian c kh ha hon ton.
Trong x l ym kh s hnh thnh kh metan thng xy ra theo hai c ch ch
yu:
+ S hnh thnh do decacboxyl ha:
CH4 c hnh thnh do decacboxyl axit axetic
CH3-COOH CH4 + CO3
CH4 hnh thnh do decacboxyl ha cc axit hu c khc
4CH3-CH2-COOH
2 H 2O
7CH4 + 5CO2
2CH4-(CH2)2-COOH 2 H O 5CH4 + 3CO2

CH4 cng c th hnh thnh do decacboxyl cc cht trung tnh
2C2H5OH 3CH4 + CO2
H O
CH3-CO-CH
2CH2 + CO2
3
+ S hnh thnh CH4 theo c ch kh CO2
Hydro c hnh thnh do qu trnh ln men cc axit hu c trong iu kin ym
kh s c hu ht cc vi khun metanogene s dng nh ngun nng lng kh
CO2.
8H+ + CO2 CH4 + 2H2O
Khong 30% CH4 c hnh thnh theo c ch ny.
6.3. Sinh vt v s pht trin ca sinh vt
6.3.1. Sinh vt hiu kh
thit k v vn hnh h thng bn hot tnh hiu kh mt cch hiu qu cn
phi hiu r vai tr quan trng ca qun th vi sinh vt. Cc vi sinh vt ny s phn
hy cc cht hu c c trong nc thi v thu nng lng chuyn ha thnh t bo
mi, ch mt phn cht hu c b oxy ha hon ton thnh CO 2, H2O, NO3-, SO42-,
Mt cch tng qut, vi sinh vt tn ti trong h thng bn hot tnh bao gm
Pseudomonas, Zoogloea, Achromobacter, Flacobacterium, Nocardia, Bdellovibrio,
Mycobacterium, v hai loi vi khun nitrate ha Nitrosomonas v Nitrobacter. Thm
vo , nhiu loi vi khun dng si nh Sphaerotilus, Beggiatoa, Thiothrix,
Lecicothrix, v Geotrichum cng tn ti.
6.3.2. Sinh vt k kh
Trong phn gii ym kh cc qu trnh thy phn v ln men xy ra di tc dng
ca nhiu loi vi khun khc nhau. Thnh phn ca khu h vi sinh vt trong phn gii
ym kh ph thuc ch yu vo bn cht ca cc cht nhim c trong nc thi.
2
Trang 78
Ba nhm vi khun chnh tham gia vo qu trnh l nhm vi sinh vt thy phn
ch6t hu c, nhm vi sinh vt to acid bao gm cc loi: Clostridium spp.,
Peptococcus anaerobus, Bifidobacterium spp., Desulphovibrio spp., Corynebacterium
spp., Lactobacillus, Actonomyces, Staphylococcus v Escherichia coli, v nhm vi
sinh vt sinh methane gm cc loi dng hnh que (Methanobacterium,
Methanobacillus), dng hnh cu (Methanococcus, Methanosarcina).
- Vi sinh vt trong giai on thy phn v ln men axit hu c
+ Mi trng giu xenlulo thng c cc vi khun: Bacillus, Pseudocuonas,
Alcaligenes.
+ Mi trng giu tinh bt: Micrococus, Lactobacilleu, Pseudoconas spe,
Clostridium.
+ Mi trng giu protein: Bacillus, Bacterium coli v E. coli, Clostridium,
Proteus.
+ Mi trng giu lipit: Bacterioides, Bacillus, Alcaligenes,
Pseudodonionas.
Trong cc chng: Bacillus, Clotridium, Lactobacillus, Bacterioides,
Pseudomonas v Enterobacter chim a s.
Phn ln cc vi khun thy phn v ln men axit hu c t nhy cm vi mi
trng. Chng c th pht trin trong gii pH = 2 7. Tuy nhin pH ti u t 5 7
nhit 33 40oC.
- Vi khun Axetogene
Vi khun to axit axetic thng pht trin trong mi trng cng vi vi khun
metan ha. Vi khun Axetogen to ra H2 trong qu trnh ln men nhng n li b chnh
sn phm ny b c ch v vy trong mi trng c cc vi khun metan ha, kh H 2
hoc H+ s c s dng kh CO2.
Mt s chng vi khun Acetogen c hiu qu metan ha cao nh: Syntrophobacter
wolonii, Syntro. wwolfei v Syntro. Buswelii (Nhit ti u: 33 40oC, pH: 6 8).
Hai nhm vi khun khc cng c kh nng to Axetic nh:
+ Nhm vi khun kh sunfat: Selenomonas, Clostridium, Riminococcus v
Desulfovibrio. Trong mi trng hn hp vi vi khun metan ha, to sn phm ch
yu l axit axetic.
+ Nhm vi khun Homoacetogen, chng to axit acetic t CO2 v H2.
2CO2 + 4H2 CH3 COOH + 2H2O
Nhm ny c ngha c bit v chng cnh tranh vi vi khun metan trong
vic s dng H2.
- Vi khun metan ha
Vi khun metan ha kh a dng. Chng c chia thnh hai nhm chnh:
+ Nhm vi khun a m (Mesophyl) gm: Methanococcus, Methanobacterium,
Methanosarcina. Pht trin nhit 35 38oC, pH: 6,8 7,5.
+ Nhm vi khun a nng (Thermophyl): Methanobacillus, Methanothrix v
Methanospirillum. Pht trin tt nhit 55 60oC.
Trang 79
Vi khun ln men metan l nhng vi khun ym kh nghim ngt, chng rt

mn cm vi s c mt ca O 2 v vy yu cu thit b ln men phi kn, pH ti u: 6,8
7,5.
6.3.3. S pht trin ca vi sinh vt
Trong cc b x l sinh hc cc vi khun ng vai tr quan trng hng u v n
chu trch nhim phn hy cc thnh phn hu c trong nc thi. Trong cc b bn
hot tnh mt phn cht thi hu c s c cc vi khun hiu kh v hiu kh khng
bt buc s dng ly nng lng tng hp cc cht hu c cn li thnh t bo
vi khun mi. Vi khun trong b bn hot tnh thuc cc ging Pseudomonas,
Zoogloea, Achromobacter, Flavobacterium, Nocardia, Bdellovibrio, Mycobacterium
v hai loi vi khun nitrat ha l Nitrosomonas v Nitrobacter. Ngoi ra cn c ccloi
hnh si nh Sphaerotilus, Beggiatoa, Thiothrix, Lecicothrix v Geotrichum. Ngoi
cc vi khun cc vi sinh vt khc cng ng vai tr quan trng trong cc b bn hot
tnh. V d nh cc nguyn sinh ng vt v Rotifer n cc vi khun lm cho nc thi
u ra sch hn v mt vi sinh.
Khi b x l c xy dng xong v a vo vn hnh th cc vi khun c sn
trong nc thi bt u pht trin theo chu k pht trin ca cc vi khun trong mt m
cy vi khun. Trong thi gian u, sm a h thng x l vo hot ng n nh
c th dng bn ca cc b x l ang hot ng gn cho thm vo b mi nh l
mt hnh thc cy thm vi khun cho b x l. Chu k pht trin ca cc vi khun
trong b x l bao gm 4 giai on:
Hnh 6.3: th in hnh v s tng trng ca vi khun trong b x l

Giai on chm (lag-phase): xy ra khi b bt u a vo hot ng v bn
ca cc b khc c cy thm vo b. y l giai on cc vi khun thch nghi
vi mi trng mi v bt u qu trnh phn bo.
Giai on tng trng (log-growth phase): giai on ny cc t bo vi khun
tin hnh phn bo v tng nhanh v s lng. Tc phn bo ph thuc vo thi
gian cn thit cho cc ln phn bo v lng thc n trong mi trng.
Giai on cn bng (stationary phase): lc ny mt vi khun c gi
mt s lng n nh. Nguyn nhn ca giai on ny l (a) cc cht dinh dngcn
Trang 80
thit cho qu trnh tng trng ca vi khun b s dng ht, (b) s lng vi khun
sinh ra bng vi s lng vi khun cht i.
Giai on cht (log-death phase): trong giai on ny s lng vi khun cht
i nhiu hn s lng vi khun c sinh ra, do mt vi khun trong b gim
nhanh. Giai on ny c th do cc loi c kch thc kh kin hoc l c im ca
mi trng.
Cng cn n thm rng th trn ch m t s tng trng ca mt qun th vi
khun n c. Thc t trong b x l c nhiu qun th khc nhau v c th tng
trng ging nhau v dng nhng khc nhau v thi gian tng trng cng nh nh
ca th. Trong mt giai on bt k no s c mt loi c s lng ch o do
thi im cc iu kin nh pH, oxy, dinh dng, nhit ... ph hp cho loi .
S bin ng v cc vi sinh vt ch o trong b x l c biu din trong hnh bn
di. Khi thit k v vn hnh h thng x l chng ta phi ti c h vi sinh vt
ny, khng nn ngh rng y l mt "hp en" vi nhng vi sinh vt b mt.
Hnh 6.4: th v s tng trng tng i ca cc vi sinh vt

trong b x l nc thi
Nh ni trn vi khun ng vai tr quan trng hng u trong cc b x l
nc thi. Do trong cc b ny chng ta phi duy tr mt mt vi khun cao tng
thch vi lu lng cc cht nhim a vo b. iu ny c th thc hin thng qua
qu trnh thit k v vn hnh. Trong qu trnh thit k chng ta phi tnh ton chnh
xc thi gian tn lu ca vi khun trong b x l v thi gian ny phi ln cc vi
khun c th sinh sn c. Trong qu trnh vn hnh, cc iu kin cn thit cho qu
trnh tng trng ca vi khun (pH, cht dinh dng, nhit , khuy trn...) phi c
iu chnh mc thun li nht cho vi khun.
6.4. Gii thiu bn hot tnh
Trong nc thi, sau mt thi gian lm quen, cc t bo vi khun bt u tng
trng, sinh sn v pht trin. Nc thi bao gi cng c cc ht cht rn l lng kh
lng. Cc t bo vi khun s dnh vo cc ht l lng ny v pht trin thnh cc ht
bng cn c hot tnh phn hy cc cht hu c nhim bn nc th hin bng BOD.
Cc ht bng ny nu c thi kh v khuy o s l lng trong nc v dn c
ln dn ln do hp ph nhiu ht cht rn l lng nh, t bo vi sinh vt, nguyn sinh
Trang 81
ng vt v cc cht c. Nhng ht bng ny khi ngng thi kh hoc cc cht hu c

lm c cht dinh dng cho vi sinh vt trong nc cn kit chng s lng xung y
b hoc h thnh bn. Bn ny c gi l bn hot tnh.
Bn hot tnh l tp hp cc vi sinh vt khc nhau, ch yu l vi khun, kt li
thnh dng ht bng vi trung tm l cc ht cht rn l lng trong nc. Cc bng
ny c mu vng nu d lng c kch thc t 3 n 15m. Nhng bng ny gm cc
vi sinh vt sng v cn rn (khong 30 40% thnh phn cu to bng, nu hiu kh
bng thi kh v khuy o y trong thi gian ngn th con s ny khong 30%,
thi gian di khong 35% v ko di ti vi ngy c th ti 40%). Nhng vi sinh vt
sng y ch yu l vi khun, ngoi ra cn c nm men, nm mc, x khun, ng
vt nguyn sinh, di, giun,
Bn hot tnh lng xung l bn gi, hot tnh gim. Nu c hot ha (trong
mi trng thch hp c sc kh y ) s sinh trng tr li v hot tnh c phc
hi.
Khi cn bng dinh dng cho vi sinh vt trong nc thi cn quan tm ti t s
BOD5 : N : P. T s ny c xut l 100 : 5 : 1i vi cc cng trnh hiu kh tch
cc v 200 : 5 : 1 trong trng hp hiu kh di ngy.
Khi cn bng dinh dng ngi ta c th dng NH 4OH, ure v cc mui amon lm
ngun nit v cc mui photphat, supephotphat lm ngun photpho. Trong trng hp
BOD nh hn 500mg/l th chn nng nit trong mui amon l 15 mg/l v nng
photpho theo P2O5 l 3mg/l; cn trng hp BOD trong khong 500 1000mg/l th
chn cc s tng ng l 25 v 8mg/l.
Cc nguyn t dinh dng dng cc hp cht thch hp cho t bo vi sinh vt, d
hp th v ng ha l tt nht. Ngun nit l NH 4 - dng kh, photpho dng
photphat dng oxy ha, l nhng cht dinh dng tt nht i vi vi khun.
Cc nguyn t K, Mg, Ca, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, u cn cho vi sinh vt nhng trong
nc thi c mt cc cht ny v khng cn phi cho thm. Thiu cc nguyn t
dinh dng s km hm sinh trng v ngn cn cc qu trnh oxy ha kh trong t
bo vi sinh vt.
Nu thiu nit lu di s lm cho vi sinh vt sinh ra dng si lm cho qu trnh
lng chm v gim hiu sut oxy ha cc cht hu c ca bn hot tnh.
S lng vi khun trong bn hot tnh dao ng trong khong 10 8 n 1012 trn
1mg cht kh. Phn ln chng l Pseudomonas, Achomobacter, Alcaligenes, Bacillus,
Mcococus, Flavobacterium,
Trong khi nhy ta thy cc loi Zooglea, c bit l Z. ramigoza, rt ging
Pseudomonas. Chng c kh nng sinh ra mt bao nhy chung quanh t bo. Bao nhy
ny l mt polymer sinh hc, thnh phn l polysaccarit, c tc dng kt cc t bo vi
khun li thnh ht bng.
Cc vi khun tham gia qu trnh chuyn ha NH 3 thnh N2 cng thy c mt
trong bn, nh Nitromonas, Nitrobacter, Acinetobacter, Hyphomicrobium,
Thiobacillus. Ngoi ra cn thy Sphacrotilus v Cladothirix.
Trang 82
Bng 3.3: Mt s ging chnh trong qun th vi khun c trong bn hot tnh
Vi khun
Chc nng
Pseudomonas
Phn hy hidratcacbon, protein, cc hp cht hu c khc v
Arthrobacter
phn nitrat ha
Bacillus
Phn hy hidratcacbon
Cytophaga
Phn hy hidratcacbon, protein,
Zooglea
Phn hy cc polyme
Acinetobacter
To thnh cht nhy (polysaccarit), hnh thnh cht keo t
Nitrosomonas
Tch ly polyphotphat, phn nitrat
Nitrobacter
Nitrit ha
Sphaerotilus
Nitrat ha
Alcaligenes
Sinh nhiu tin mao, phn hy cc cht hu c
Flavobacterium
Phn hy protein, phn nitrat ha
Ntococcus denitrificans Phn hy protein
Thiobacillus
Phn nitrat ha (kh nitrat thnh N2)
denitrificans
Acinetobacter
Hyphomicrobium
Desulfovibrio
Kh sulfat, kh nitrat
Cc cht keo dnh trong khi nhy ca bn hot tnh hp ph cc cht l lng, vi
khun, cc cht mu, mi trong nc thi. Do vy ht bn s ln dn v tng lng
bn cng tng dn ln, ri t t lng xung y. Kt qu l nc sng mu, gim
lng nhim, cc cht huyn ph lng xung cng vi bn v nc c lm sch.
Ty thuc vo iu kin bn trong cng nh bn ngoi ca nc thi, cc nhm
vi sinh vt tn ti trong bn s khc nhau. Chng c kh nng thch ng vi iu kin
sng mi.
Thnh phn nc thi thay i s lm thay i chng loi thnh phn, tng gim
s lng tng loi trong qun th vi sinh vt ca bn hot tnh.
Tnh cht quan trng ca bn l kh nng to bng. Theo l thuyt ca Mekhati
th s to bng xy ra giai on trao i cht c t l cht dinh dng vi sinh khi
tr ln thp dn. T l ny thp s c trng cho ngun nng lng thp ca h thng
v dn ti gim nng lng chuyn ng. ng nng tc dng i khng vi lc hp
dn. Nu ng nng nhro th tc ng i khng cng s nh v cc t bo vi khun
hp dn vi nhau. Din tch b mt t bo, s to thnh v nhy v tit ra nim dch l
nguyn nhn keo t ca cc t bo vi khun.
Trong bn hot tnh ta cn thy cc loi thuc ng vt nguyn sinh. Chng ng
vai tr kh quan trng trong bn. Chng cng tham gia phn hy cc cht hu c
iu kin hiu kh, iu chnh loi v tui cho qun th vi trong bn, gi cho bn lun
lun hot ng iu kin ti u. ng vt nguyn sinh n cc vi khun gi hoc
cht, tng cng loi b vi khun gy bnh, lm m c mng nhy nhng li lm
Trang 83
xp khi bn, kch thch vi sinh vt tit enzim ngoi bo phn hy cht hu c
nhim bn v lm kt lng bn nhanh.
Trong bn hot tnh thy c i din ca 4 lp protozoa: Sarcodina,
Mastgophora, Ciliata v Suctoria. Hay gp nht l ging Amoeba thuc lp
Sarcodina.
Ngi ta ly ch tiu protozoa xc nh cht lng bn hot tnh: bn c cht
lng cao th c 1 triu t bo vi khun phi c 10 15 protozoa.
Nhiu hp cht ha hc c tc dng gy c i vi h vi sinh vt ca bn hot
tnh nh hng n hot ng sng ca chng, thm ch lm chng b cht. Vi nng
cao cc cht phenol, formaldehyt v cc cht st khun cng nh cc cht bo v
thc vt s lm bin tnh protein ca t bo cht hoc tc dng xu ln thnh t bo.
Cc kim loi c nh hng n s sng ca vi khun theo th t nh sau: Sb, Ag, Cu,
Hg, Co, Ni, Pb, Cr, Zn, Fe. Ni chung, cc ion kim loi ny thng nng vi lng
(vi phn triu (ppm) n vi phn nghn) th c tc dng dng tnh n sinh trng
vi sinh vt v cc ng thc vt, nu cao hn na s xut hin tc dng m tnh, ring
bc nng vi lng cng c tc dng st khun. Tc dng st khun cn thy
cc hp cht thy ngn, cn vi ch l mt cht c tch ly trong c th sinh vt. Cc
ion kim loi thng dng mui v c. Nng mui v c c trong nc thi cng
c nh hng n kh nng hnh thnh v cht lng ca bn, v d: nng mui
clorit tng n 30g/l s lm gim cht lng lm sch ca nc thi.
Ta c th pht huy c vai tr ca bn hot tnh, trong cc quy trnh cng ngh
chng ta phi quan tm n: nng oxy ha tan trong nc hay l iu kin hiu kh
(c th lm tng mt thong ca ao h, b cha hoc sc kh v khuy cng bc),
nng v tui ca bn hot tnh, cc cht gy c cho vi sinh vt nc hay trong bn
hot tnh, cng pH, nhit nc thi.
Ta c th to bn hot tnh trong phng th nghim vi iu kin l mi trng
tng t vi thnh phn nc thi (hay cn gi l gn ging ph nhim bn) vi ging
vi sinh vt ban u l t bn b cha nc thi sinh hot hoc cng nghip m ta sau
ny cn phi x l. Khi nui cy to bn c th thm mt s cht dinh dng v cht
sinh trng vo mui trng, sc kh v khuy. Khi mi trng to lng ti a bn
hot tnh ta s cho vo cc ao h, b hoc thit b x l nc thi iu kin hiu kh.
Dng mt lng bn hot tnh (khong 15 30%, c khi ti 75%) cho quay li
lm ging x l cho m tip theo. Nhng k thut trong qu trnh ny v nguyn tc
rt ging nh trong ln men hiu kh v dng bn hi lu nh s dng li men ging
trong ln men ru, bia.
Phng php to v ti sinh (hot ha) bn hot tnh
H thng x l mi a vo hot ng cha c bn hot tnh, ngi ta phi to
bn hot tnh.
to bn hot tnh phi ch n mt s yu t nh hng n sinh trng v
pht trin ca vi sinh vt c trong bn hot tnh. Cc yu t l:
Nhit ca nc thi. Nu nhit cao th phi c thit b h nhit xung 25
30oC.
Trang 84
Cn phi iu chnh pH ca nc thi v khong 6,5 7,5.

Cc nguyn t c tnh c lm km hm sinh trng ca vi sinh vt hoc c
th dit c cc vi sinh vt. Nu cc cht c c t c bit ny th cn phi
c bin php loi b ring.
Xc nh t l hm lng N tng v P tng c trong nc thi. Nu t l
BOD5 : N : P cch xa so vi hng s t l 100 : 5 : 1 th phi b sung thm P v
N. C th dng mui amon, nc amoniac, ure, lm ngun N v cc mui
photphat hoc supephotphat lm ngun P.
Mi trng to bn l nc thi cng ngun N v P c tnh ton c pha trn vi
nhau. Ging vi sinh vt l bn hot tnh ly t cc ni khc hoc nhng b cha
hnh thnh bn iu kin hiu kh trong cc ngun nc thi ging nhau. Bn ny
c cho vo mi trng trong cc bnh tam gic theo t l 5 10% ri t trn my
lc c vn tc 180 220 vng/pht 30oC trong 24 48 h, sau ly cn bn t bnh
tam gic a vo cc thng ln cha mi trng c sc kh to thnh hiu kh ri
chuyn sang h thng x l Cng vic ny rt cn lu nhu cu oxy ca bn hot
tnh (nu l bn k kh th phi nui kn, tnh v khng sc kh).
Bn hi lu c th c lm ti sinh hay hot ha tng hot lc ca bn trong
cc b c pha cc t l mi trng thch hp (nc thi c b sung ngun N v P) v
sc kh tch cc trong vi gi ri cho quay tr li cc b hiu kh aeroten hoc cc b
x l hiu kh khc.
6.5. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l sinh hc
nh hng ca pH
Cc h thng x l sinh hc hiu kh c th hot ng c trong di pH kh rng
t 5 9. Tuy nhin pH ti u trong khong 6,5 8,5. Nc thi c pH ngoi ngng
cho php c iu chnh trong b iu ha.
nh hng ca nhit
Trong x l sinh hc, nhit c vai tr quan trng quyt nh vn tc ca phn
ng xy ha, cc qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Vi a s vi sinh
vt, nhit trong cc h thng x l c th bin ng t 16 370C, nhit ti u 25
300C. nh hng ca nhit ti tc phn ng sinh hc th hin qua biu thc:
T 20
KT K 20
Trong :
KT, K20: tc phn ng nhit x l v 200C;
: h s nhit (c gi tr t 1,00 1,04);
T: nhit x l, 0C.
Nhit cn nh hng ti vic hp th xy vo nc thi.
nh hng ca thnh phn v ngun dinh dng
duy tr s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, m bo m bo qu trnh lm sch nc
thi cn p ng nhu cu dinh dng ca vi sinh vt. Cc nguyn t nh hng quyt
nh ti qu trnh xy ha l C, N v P. Thnh phn dinh dng ph thuc nhiu vo
Trang 85
bn cht cc cht dinh dng c trong nc thi. Thc nghim cho thy t l C:N:P ti
u l 100:5:1. Cc nguyn t khong v vi lng thng c sn trong nc thi. Do
c trng cng ngh, mt s loi nc thi ngho N v P. S thiu ht ny s km hm
s pht trin ca mt s vi sinh vt c vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh xy ha.
Thiu N v P trong mt thi gian di l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm thay
i tng tc gia cc nhm vi khun c trong bn hot tnh. Cc vi khun dng si
pht trin mnh lm bn xp (>200m). Hin tng ny c gi l s phng ln ca
bn. Bn s xp, kh lng. ch s th tch lng tng gy kh khn cho qu trnh tch
bn b lng th cp.
nh hng ca cc cht c i vi vi sinh vt
Cc cht c hu c, v c, nht l cc kim loi nng, cc ion halogen c kh
nng c ch thm ch v hot h Enzym xy ha kh vi sinh vt. V vy cn kim tra
v m bo hm lng ca chng khng qu gii hn cho php.
V d: Cc kim loi nng 2mg/
Phenol v hp cht cha phenol < 140mg/l
Cc mui xyanua < 60mg/l.
nh hng ca xy ha tan
thc hin qu trnh xy ha, vi sinh vt cn O2 di dng ha tan. Trong cc h
thng x l hiu kh, xy c cung cp lin tc p ng nhu cu xy cho qu trnh
xy ha.
Thiu O2 cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm phng bn do vi khun dng
si pht trin. Vic cung cp O2 cn c tc dng to ra ng nht trong thit b, lm
r cc khi bng ln, gim cc im cht trong thit b, nng cao hiu qu lm sch
v rt ngn thi gian lu ca nc trong h thng x l.
Hiu sut s dng O2 trong thit b x l ph thuc khng ch vo phng php
cp kh (cng sut thit b, p lc nn, c trng ca h thng phn phi kh, chiu cao
lp nc) m cn ph thuc vo nhit , tnh cht nc thi, F/M (ngun dinh dng
Food v lng sinh khi Microorganismes), tc sinh trng, c trng hnh thi
v sinh l ca vi sinh vt.
m bo tc xy ha, O 2 ha tan cn t t nht l 4 mg/l. Theo Edeline,
nhu cu O2 cc b cn ph thuc ti trng ca h thng x l.
Trang 86
6.6. Cc cng trnh x l sinh hc nc thi trong iu kin t nhin
Hnh 6.5: Cc qu trnh xy ra trong iu kin t nhin

Trong mi trng t nhin, cc qu trnh l, ha v sinh hc din ra khi t, nc,
sinh vt v khng kh tc ng qua li vi nhau. Li dng cc qu trnh ny, ngi ta
thit k cc h thng t nhin x l nc thi. Cc qu trnh xy ra trong t nhin
ging nh cc qu trnh xy ra trong cc h thng nhn to, ngoi ra cn c thm cc
qu trnh quang hp, quang oxy ha, hp thu dng cht ca h thc vt. Trong cc h
thng t nhin cc qu trnh din ra vn tc "t nhin" v xy ra ng thi trong
cng mt h sinh thi, trong khi trong cc h thng nhn to cc qu trnh din ra tun
t trong cc b phn ng ring bit.
6.6.1. Ao h hiu kh
Ao sinh hc l dy ao gm 3 5 bc, qua nc thi chy vi vn tc nh, c
lng trong v x l sinh hc. Cc ao c ng dng x l sinh hc v x l b sung
trong t hp vi cc cng trnh x l khc. Ao c chia thnh 2 loi: ao thng kh t
nhin v ao nhn to. Ao thng kh t nhin khng su (0,5 1m) c si nng
bng mt tri v cc vi sinh vt nc. hot ng bnh thng cn phi t pH ti
u v nhit khng thp hn 6oC. Kch thc ao phi bo m thi gian lu cn thit
ca nc thi v vn tc oxy ha c nh gi theo BOD ca cht phn hu chm
nht.
Trang 87
Hnh 6.6: Cc qu trnh xy ra trong ao h hiu kh

6.6.2. Ao h sinh hc (Ao h n nh nc thi)
X l nc thi trong cc ao h n nh l phng php x l n gin nht v
c p dng t thi xa xa. Phng php ny khng yu cu k thut cao, vn u t
t, chi ph hot ng r tin, qun l n gin v hiu qu cng kh cao9.
Qui trnh x l theo phng php ao h sinh hc kh n gin v c tm tt nh
sau:
Nc thi loi b rc, ct si Cc ao h n nh Nc x l.
C s khoa hc ca phng php l da vo kh nng t nhin lm sch ca nc,
ch yu l vi sinh vt v cc thy sinh khc, cc cht nhim bn b phn hy thnh cc
cht kh v nc. Nh vy, qu trnh lm sch khng phi thun nht l qu trnh hiu
kh, m cn c c qu trnh ty tin v k kh.
Phng php ny c mt s u im nh sau:
y l phng php r nht, d thit k v xy dng, d vn hnh, khng i
hi cung cp nng lng (s dng nng lng Mt Tri).
C kh nng lm gim cc vi sinh vt gy bnh nhim trong nc thi xung
ti mc thp nht.
C kh nng loi c cc cht hu c, v c tan trong nc thi xung ti
mc thp nht.
C kh nng loi c cc cht hu c, v c tan trong nc
H vi sinh vt hot ng y chu ng c nng cc kim loi nng
tng i cao (>= 30 mg/l).
ng thi phng php ny cng c nhng nhc im c bn nh sau:
Thi gian x l kh di ngy
i hi mt bng rng
Trang 88
Trong qu trnh x l ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin thi tit t nhin, nhit

thp ca ma ng ko di thi gian v hiu qu lm sch hoc gp ma s lm trn ao
h gy nhim cc i tng khc
Ngoi ra cc ao h sinh hc, c bit l ao h k kh thng sinh ra cc mi hi thi
kh chu lm nh hng n mi trng sng xung quanh.
Phng php ny vn l phng php t lm sch nc c p dng t xa
xa, c bit l c dng nhiu trong cc nc pht trin t th k trc cho n nay.
6.6.3. Ao h hiu kh
Ao h hiu kh l loi ao nng 0.30.5m c qu trnh oxi ha cc cht bn hu c
ch yu nh cc vi sinh vt hiu kh. Loi ao h ny gm c: h lm thong t nhin
v h lm thong nhn to.
H hiu kh t nhin: Oxi t khng kh d dng khuch tn vo lp nc pha trn
v nh sng Mt Tri chiu di, lm cho to pht trin, tin hnh quang hp thi ra
oxi. m bo nh sng qua nc, chiu su ca h phi nh, thng l 30-40 cm.
Do chiu su nh vy din tch ca h cng ln hn cng tt. Ti ca h (BOD)
khong 250-300 kg/ha.ngy. Thi gian lu ca nc t 3-12 ngy.
Do ao nng, din tch ln m bo iu kin hiu kh cho ton b nc trong ao (t
mt thong n y). Nc lu trong ao tng i di, hiu qu lm sch c th ti
80-95% BOD, mu nc c th chuyn dn sang mu xanh ca to.
H c sc khuy: Ngun oxi cung cp cho vi sinh vt hiu kh trong nc hot
ng l cc thit b khuy c hc hoc kh kh nn (ch yu l khuy c hc). Nh vy,
mc hiu kh trong h s mnh hn, u hn v su ca h cng ln hn (2-4.5
m). Ti BOD ca h khong 400kg/ha.ngy. Thi gian lu nc trong h khong 1-3
ngy c khi di hn.
Qu trnh x l nc thi trong h hiu kh lm thong nhn to v c bn ging
qu trnh x l Aeroten, ch khc hai im:
+ Khng dng bn hot tnh hi lu t lng 2. V vy, nng bn trong h l rt
nh. C th coi phn ng BOD y l phn ng bc mt xy ra trong iu kin
khuy trn hon chnh.
+ Tui ca bn c tnh bng thi gian lu nc trong h t= V/Q. Thi gian lu gn
ng da trn p dng men ca Monod cho h khuy trn hon ton.
Kh nng kh BOD5 tnh theo cng thc:
S/S0 = 1/(1+ KT.t)
Trong :
S0 v S l BOD5 trc v sau khi x l (vo v ra h) (tnh bng mg/l)
t: Thi gian lu nc (ngy)
KT: Ph thuc vo nhit T0C: KT = K20 .(T-20)
Trong thc t, xy ngn h sc kh vi trang b b sc kh hp l s cho hiu qu
x l cao. Ngc li, s phn tn bng kt ta ca bn hot tnh thp ( tui bn hot
tnh nh, mc n nh b hn ch) cng nh s pht trin ca to lm cn tr s
Trang 89
phn tn cc cht l lng. Do vy, khi x l nc thi th, nng cc cht huyn
ph dao ng trong khong 50 20 mg/l.
Sau h sc kh nn xy dng 1 b lng (lng 2) s gim c ch s ny. Thi gian
lu nc h sc kh l 10 ngy, trong iu kin kh hu n ha gim BOD c 80
90%, nu nhit cao hn s rt ngn c thi gian. Hiu qu kh vi khn ph
thuc vo thi gian lu nc trong h. V mt ny, h c sc kh khng bng cc ao
h t nhin khc. Chnh v vy, cc ao h t nhin cn c tn l cc ao h n nh.
B lng 2 y c th lm bng t, su t 1 2m, nn t nn hoc y lt
hoc tm b tng, nu nn t yu c hin tng xi l. Khng nn lu nc trong
b lng qu 2 ngy trnh rong to pht trin.
6.6.4. Ao h k kh
Hnh 6.7: Cc qu trnh xy ra trong ao h hiu kh

Ao h k kh l loi ao su, t c hoc khng c iu kin hiu kh. Cc vi sinh vt
k kh hot ng sng khng cn oxi ca khng kh. Chng s dng oxi cc hp cht
nh nitrat, sulfat oxi ha cc cht hu c thnh cc axit hu c, cc loi ru v
kh CH4, H2S, CO2 v nc.
Ao h k kh thng dng lng v phn hy cn lng vng y. Loi ao h ny
c th tip nhn loi nc thi (k c nc thi cng nghip) c nhim bn ln, ti
BOD cao v khng cn vai tr quang hp ca to. Nc thi lu h k kh thng
sinh ra mi hi thi kh chu. V vy khng nn b tr cc loi ao h ny gn khu dn
c v x nghip ch bin thc phm.
duy tr iu kin k kh v gi m nc trong h trong nhng ngy ma ng
gi lnh, chiu su l kh ln (t 2 6 m, thng thng ly khong 2,5 3,5 m).
Khi xy dng h k kh thng tnh ton theo kinh nghim: chiu su nh trn
cp, din tch mt thong khng cn ln (thng vo khong 10 20% din tch ao
h ty nghi). Thi gian lu nc c th l di, nhng cn tnh ton sao cho ma h ch
cn lu nc t 1,5 n 2 ngy vo ma ng l 5 ngy. BOD trong h ny trong ma
h c th kh ti 6,5 80 % v ma ng c th kh ti 45 65%.
Cu to ca h trn c 2 ngn: 1 ngn lm vic v 1 ngn d phng khi vt bn
cn.
Ca dn nc vo ao h nn t chm m bo cho vic phn phi cn ng u
cc m h k kh x l nc thi. Trn th gii c thnh phn x l nc thi
trong h c b mt ti 5km2.
Trang 90
Cc h hiu kh hoc k kh c th xy dng mt bc hoc nhiu bc. Chiu su ca

bc sau ln hn bc trc. H mt bc thng c din tch 0.5 7 ha, nhiu bc din
tch mi bc 2,25 ha. Ty theo yu cu x l, c th xy dng mt h thng gm nhiu
h.
6.6.5. Ao h hiu kh k kh (Ao h ty nghi)
Loi ao h ny rt ph bin trong thc t. l loi kt hp c hai qu trnh song
song phn hy cc cht hu c ha tan c u trong nc v phn hy k kh (sn
phm ch yu l CH4) cn lng vng y.
c im ca ao h ty nghi xt theo chiu su c 3 vng: lp trn l vng hiu kh
(vi sinh vt hiu kh hot ng), vng gia l vng k kh ty tin (vi sinh vt ty nghi
hot ng) v vng pha y su l vng k kh (vi khun ln men metan hot ng).
Ngun oxi cn thit cho qu trnh oxi ha cc cht hu c nhim bn trong nc
nh khuch tn qua mt nc do sng gi v nh to quang hp di tc dng ca nh
sng Mt Tri. Nng oxi ha tan ban ngy nhiu hn ban m. Vng hiu kh ch
yu lp nc pha trn mt ao h c su ti 1m.
Vng k kh xy ra lp y h. y cc cht hu c b phn hy k kh sinh ra
cc kh CH4, H2S, H2, N2, CO2 (ch yu l CH4. Do qu trnh phn hy k kh cc cht
hu c cn gi l qu trnh ln men metan xy ra nhanh hn. Phn hy k kh cc cht
hu c thng sinh ra cc sn phm dng kh c mi thi kh chu v c th cn b
chy n hoc gy nhim c bu khng kh, c khi gy cht ngi khi ngi phi hn
hp kh thot ra t cc b k kh vi nng cao.
Trong h thng hnh thnh hai tng phn cch nhit: tng nc pha trn c nhit
cao hn tng di. Tng trn c to pht trin, tiu th CO 2 lm cho pH chuyn
sang kim (c khi ti 9,8). To pht trin mnh thnh lp dy ri cht v t phn lm
cho nc thiu oxi ha tan, nh hng n vi sinh vt hiu kh, cn cc vi sinh vt k
kh ty tin hot ng manh. Trong trng hp ny nn khuy o nc h trnh
cho h b qu ti cht hu c.
Xy dng h nn chn chiu su khong 1 1,5m, t l chiu di v chiu rng l
1:1 hoc 2:1. Nhng ni c nhiu gi, din tch h nn cho rng, cn nhng ni t gi,
xy h c nhiu ngn. y h cn phi ln cht chng thm, c th phi ph mt
lp t st dy 15cm. B h nn gia c chc chn trnh xi l.
Nu trng hp trong nc c nng kim loi nng cao th cn phi dng bin
php hp ph, trao i ionhoc cc bin php thch hp khc loi chng lm
gim nng ca chng. Kim loi nng cng nh cc cht c c tnh khc nh hng
c ch hoc tiu dit trc ht l cc vi sinh vt, sau n cc gii thy sinh khc v
cui cng nh hng n mi trng sng ca con ngi. Nu cc cht c ny nhim
vo nc sinh hot, nc ung s gy c rt nguy him cho ngi v ng vt. Qun
th vi to trong ao h rt mn cm vi c ca ion kim loi. Ngi ta ra
phng php dng to ch th mc nhim c ca cc ion kim loi nng trong nc.
Trang 91
Bo dng v vn hnh cc ao h sinh hc kh n gin: vi ao h hiu kh v ty

nghi cn phi loi bn v to, thay nc v lm c thng xuyn (c th vi tun phi
lm mt ln). Vi ao h k kh th 2 3 nm mi loi bn mt ln.
6.6.6. Ao h n nh x l bc III
Nc thi sau khi x l c bn (bc II bng Aeroten, lc sinh hc hay x l k kh
hoc qua cc thit b x l ha l, vt lcha t tiu chun l nc sch x vo
ngun th c th phi x l b sung (bc III). Mt trong cc cng trnh x l bc III l
ao h n nh sinh hc kt hp vi th bo, nui c.
y l loi ao h ty tin, nng su, rng hp ty iu kin cho php. Trong nc
thi x l cn mt lng BOD 5 no (th d: khong 60 80mg/l), cn nit cc
dng NH4+, NO-3 v phosphat (ngun P). Trong ao h, h vi sinh vt, ch yu l vi
khun, s hot ng 3 vng: k kh y, ty tin vng gia v hiu kh vng
trn gn mt nc. Vi sinh vt hot ng s phn hy nt phn BOD cn li hoc phn
COD c chuyn sang d phn hy. vng hiu kh, to pht trin s s dng
ngun N v P cho vic tng sinh khi, ng thi thi ra O 2 phc v cho vi sinh vt hiu
kh. Ngc li, vi sinh vt hiu kh hat ng s thi ra CO 2 cung cp ngun cacbon
phc v cho to v cc loi thc vt thy sinh khc cho qu trnh quang hp.
Thc vt thy sinh ao h n nh x l bc III thng l bo ci, bo ty, rau
mungCc loi ny pht trin, ngoi cung cp oxi cho vi sinh vt cn c b r cho
vi khun hiu k bm, b l che nh sng mt tri cho vi khun khi b cht bi tia
t ngoiv nh vy thc y nhanh qu trnh lm sch nc. Cc thc vt thy sinh
v to cn c kh nng hp th kim loi nng.
Cc ao h loi ny c th dng cho cc loi nc thi ch qua x l s b, nu cn
c th pha long vi nc c quy nh l sch theo t l 1:3 hoc 1:5. Vic nui c
cn tham kho kin ca ngnh thy sn.
6.6.7. Cnh ng ti v bi lc
Hnh 6.8: Cc qu trnh din ra cnh ng ti v bi lc
l khu t c chun b ring bit s dng ng thi hai mc ch: X l

nc thi v gieo trng. X l nc thi trong iu kin t nhin din ra di tc dng
ca h vi thc vt di t, mt tri, khng kh v di nh hng ca thc vt.
Trang 92
Trong t, cnh ng ti c vi khun, men, nm, ru to, ng vt nguyn sinh v

ng vt khng xng sng. Nc thi cha ch yu l vi khun. Trong lp t tch
cc xut hin s tng tc phc tp ca cc vi sinh vt c bc cnh tranh.
S lng vi sinh vt trong cnh ng ti ph thuc vo thi tit trong nm. Vo
ma ng, s lng vi sinh vt nh hn rt nhiu so vi ma h. Nu trn cc cnh
ng khng gieo trng cy nng nghip v chng ch c dng x l sinh hc
nc thi th chng c gi l cc cnh ng lc nc. Cc cnh ng ti sau khi
x l sinh hc nc thi, lm m v bn phn c x dng gieo trng cy c ht
v cy n ti, c, rau cng nh trng cy ln v cy nh (dng cy bi, khm).
Cnh ng ti c cc u im sau so vi cc Aeroten:
1. Gim chi ph u t v vn hnh.
2. Khng thi nc ra ngoi phm vi din tch ti.
3. Bo m c ma cy nng nghip ln v bn.
4. Phc hi t bc mu.
Trong qu trnh x l sinh hc, nc thi i qua lp t lc, trong cc ht l
lng v keo c gi li, to thnh mng trong l xp ca t.
Sau mng c to thnh ny hp th cc ht keo v cc cht tan trong nc
thi. Oxy t khng kh xm nhp vo l xp oxy ha cc cht ha c, chng chuyn
thnh cc hp cht v c. Oxy kh xm nhp v lp t di su, v vy s oxy ha
mnh lit nht din ra trong lp t pha trn (0,2 0,4m). Nu khng oxy s xy ra
cc qu trnh ym kh. Cc cnh ng ti tt nht nn b tr trn ct, t st tht v t
en. Nc ngm khng c cao hn 1,25m tnh t mt t. Nu nc ngm cao hn
th cn phi lp h thng thot nc.
X l nc thi bng cnh ng lc l vic ti nc thi ln b mt ca mt cnh
ng vi lu lng tnh ton t c mt mc x l no thng qua qu trnh l,
ha v sinh hc t nhin ca h t - nc - thc vt ca h thng. cc nc ang
pht trin, din tch t cn tha thi, gi t cn r do vic x l nc thi bng
cnh ng lc c coi nh l mt bin php r tin.
X l nc thi bng cnh ng lc ng thi c th t c ba mc tiu:
X l nc thi
Ti s dng cc cht dinh dng c trong nc thi sn xut
Np li nc cho cc ti nc ngm
So vi cc h thng nhn to th vic x l nc thi bng cnh ng lc cn t
nng lng hn. X l nc thi bng cnh ng lc cn nng lng vn chuyn v
ti nc thi ln t, trong khi x l nc thi bng cc bin php nhn to cn nng
lng vn chuyn, khuy trn, sc kh, bm hon lu nc thi v bn... Do t s
dng cc thit b c kh, vic vn hnh v bo qun h thng x l nc thi bng
cnh ng lc d dng v t tn km hn. Tuy nhin, vic x l nc thi bng cnh
ng lc cng c nhng hn ch nh cn mt din tch t ln, ph thuc vo cu trc
t v iu kin kh hu.
Ty theo tc di chuyn, ng i ca nc thi trong h thng ngi ta chia
cnh ng lc ra lm 3 loi:
Trang 93
Cnh ng lc chm (SR)

Cnh ng lc nhanh (RI)
Cnh ng chy trn (OF)
Cc c ch x l nc thi trong cnh ng lc
Cc c ch l hc:
Khi nc thi ngm qua cc l rng ca t, cc cht rn l lng s b gi li do
qu trnh lc. dy ca tng t din ra qu trnh lc bin thin theo kch thc ca
cc cht rn l lng, cu trc t v vn tc ca nc thi. Lu lng nc thi cng
cao, cc ht t cng ln th b dy ca tng t din ra qu trnh lc cng ln. i vi
cnh ng lc chm do lu lng nc thi p dng cho h thng thp nn cc cht
rn l lng c kch thc ln s b gi li ngay trn b mt t, cc cht rn l lng c
kch thc nh v vi khun b gi li vi centimet t mt. Cc cht ha tan trong
nc thi c th b pha long do nc ma, cc qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc v sinh
hc c th loi b c cc cht ny. Tuy nhin nhng vng kh hn c tc bc
hi nc cao, cc cht ny c th b tch t li (v d cc mui khong). Mt iu khc
cn ch l nu hm lng cht l lng qu cao n s lp y cc l rng ca t lm
gim kh nng thm lc ca t, cng nh lm nght cc h thng ti. Trong trng
hp ny ta nn cho cnh ng lc "ngh" mt thi gian cc qu trnh t nhin phn
hy cc cht rn l lng tch t ny, phc hi li kh nng thm lc ca t.
Cc c ch ha hc:
Hp ph v kt ta l hai c ch x l ha hc quan trng nht trong qu trnh.
Qu trnh trao i cation chu nh hng bi kh nng trao i cation ca t (CEC),
thng kh nng trao i cation ca t bin thin t 2 - 60meq/100g. Hu ht cc loi
t c CEC nm trong khong 10 - 30. Qu trnh trao i cation quan trng trong vic
kh nitogen ca amonium. Phospho c kh bng cch to thnh cc dng khng
hoc t ha tan. cc vng kh hn kh trnh khi vic tch t ca cc ion Natri lm
ph hy cu trc t v gim kh nng thm lc ca t. nh gi mc nguy hi
ca qu trnh ny ngi ta thng dng t l hp ph natri (SAR) trong Na, Ca, Mg
l nng cc cation tng ng c trong nc thi c tnh bng meq/L.
Khi dng cnh ng lc x l nc thi cng nghip cn phi c bc tin x
l nhm khng ch pH ca nc thi trong khong 6,5 - 9 khng lm hi thm thc
vt. Nu nc thi c SAR cao phi tm cch loi b Natri khng ch SAR khng
ln hn 8 - 10.
C ch sinh hc:
Cc qu trnh sinh hc thng din ra phn r ca thm thc vt. S lng vi
khun trong dt bin thin t 1- 3 t/g t, s a dng ca chng cng gip cho qu
trnh phn hy cc cht hu c t nhin hoc nhn to. S hin din hay khng ca
oxy trong khu vc ny cng nh hng rt ln n qu trnh phn hy v sn phm
cui cng ca h thng. Hm lng oxy c trong khu vc ny ty thuc vo cu trc
( rng) ca t. Do s phn hy ca cc vi sinh vt t, cc cht nitrogen,
phosphorus, sulfur chuyn t dng hu c sang dng v c v phn ln c ng ha
bi h thc vt. Lu qu trnh kh nitrt cng c th din ra nu lu lng np cht
Trang 94
hu c qu cao, t qu mn, thng xuyn ngp nc, mc thy cp cao, pH t

trung tnh hoc kim nh, nhit m...
Cc mm bnh, k sinh trng b tiu dit do tn ti bn ngoi k ch mt thi gian
di, cnh tranh vi cc vi sinh vt t, bm trn cc b phn ca thm thc vt sau
b tiu dit bi tia UV trong bc x mt tri.
6.7. Cc cng trnh hiu kh nhn to x l nc thi
6.7.1. B phn ng sinh hc hiu kh - Aeroten
X l nc thi bng Aeroten c nh khoa hc ngi Anh xut t nm 1887,
nhng n nm 1914 mi c p dng trong thc t v tn ti, pht trin rng ri cho
n ngy nay. Qu trnh hot ng sng ca qun th sinh vt trong Aeroten thc cht
l qu trnh nui vi sinh vt trong cc bnh phn ng sinh hc (bioreacter) hay cc bnh
ln men (fermenter) thu sinh khi. Sinh khi vi sinh vt trong cng ngh vi sinh
thng l t mt ging thun chng, cn trong x l nc thi l qun th vi sinh vt,
ch yu l vi khun, c sn trong nc thi.
6.7.1.1. c im v nguyn l lm vic ca Aeroten
B phn ng sinh hc hiu kh Aeroten l cng trnh b tng ct thp hnh khi
ch nht hoc hnh trn, cng c trng hp ngi ta ch to cc Aeroten bng st
thp hnh khi tr. Thng dng nht hin nay l cc Aeroten hnh b khi ch nht.
Nc thi chy qua sut chiu di ca b v c sc kh, khuy o nhm tng cng
oxi ha tan v tng cng qu trnh oxi ha cht hu c c trong nc.
Nc thi sau khi c x l s b cn cha phn ln cc cht hu c dng
ha tan cng cc cht l lng i vo Aeroten. Cc cht l lng lm ni vi khun bm
vo c tr, sinh sn v pht trin, dn thnh cc ht cn bng. Cc ht ny dn dn
to v l lng trong nc. Chnh v vy, x l nc thi Aeroten c gi l qu
trnh x l vi sinh trng l lng ca qun th vi sinh vt. Cc ht bng cn ny cng
chnh l bn hot tnh (xem chng II). Bn hot tnh l cc bng cn c mu nu
sm, cha cc cht hu c hp ph t nc thi l ni c tr cho cc vi khun cng
vi cc vi sinh vt bc thp khc, nh nguyn sinh ng vt sng v pht trin. Trong
nc thi c nhng hp cht hu c ha tan loi hp cht d b vi sinh vt phn hy
nht. Ngoi ra, cn c loi hp cht hu c kh b phn hy hoc loi hp cht ha
tan, kh ha tan dng keo cc dng hp cht ny c cu trc phc tp cn c vi
khun tit ra Enzym ngoi bo, phn hy thnh nhng cht vt liu cho t bo hoc
sn phm cui cng l CO2 va nc. Cc hp cht hu c dng keo hoc dng cc
cht l lng kh ha tan l cc hp cht b oxi ha bng vi sinh vt kh khn hoc xy
ra chm hn.
Trang 95
Hnh 6.9: S nguyn tc hot ng ca Aeroten

Qu trnh oxi ha cc cht bn hu c xy ra trong Aeroten qua ba giai oan:
- Giai on th nht: tc oxi ha bng tc tiu th oxi. giai on ny
bn hot tnh hnh thnh v pht trin. Hm lng oxi cn cho vi sinh vt sinh trng,
c bit thi gian u tin, thc n dinh dng trong nc thi rt phong ph, lng
sinh khi trong thi gian ny rt t. Sau khi vi sinh vt thch nghi vi mi trng,
chng sinh trng rt mnh theo cp s nhn. V vy, lng tiu th oxi tng cao dn.
- Giai on hai: vi sinh vt pht trin n nh v tc tiu th oxi cng mc
gn nh t thay i. Chnh giai on ny cc cht hu c b phn hy nhiu nht.
Hot lc Enzym ca bn hot tnh trong giai on ca Enzym oxi ha ca bn hot
tnh thng t thi im sau khi lng bn hot tnh (sinh khi vi sinh vt) ti mc
n nh. Qua cc thng s hot ng ca Aeroten cho thy giai on th nht tc
tiu th oxi (hay tc oxi ha) rt cao, c khi gp 3 ln giai on hai.
- Giai on ba: sau mt thi gian kh di tc oxi ha cm chng (hu nh t
thay i) v c chiu hng gim, li thy tc tiu th oxi tng ln. y l giai
on nitrat ha cc mui amon.
Sau cng, nhu cu oxi li gim v cn phi kt thc qu trnh lm vic ca Aeroten
(lm vic theo m). y cn lu rng, sau khi oxi ha c 80 90% BOD trong
nc thi, nu khng khuy o hoc thi kh, bn hot tnh s lng xung y, cn
phi ly bn cn ra khi nc. Nu khng kp thi tch bn, nc s b nhim th
cp, ngha l sinh khi sinh vt trong bn (chim ti 70% khi lng cn bn) s b t
phn. T bo vi khun c hm lng protein rt cao (60 80% so vi cht kh), ngoi
ra cn c cc hp cht cha cht bo, hidratcacbon, cc cht khongkhi b t phn
s lm nhim ngun nc.
6.7.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng lm sch nc thi ca
Aeroten
- Lng oxi ha tan trong nc: iu kin u tin m bo cho Aeroten c
kh nng oxi ha cc cht bn hu c vi hiu sut cao l phi m bo cung cp
lng oxi, m ch yu l oxi ha tan trong mi trng lng, mt cch lin tc, p ng
Trang 96
y cho nhu cu hiu kh ca vi sinh vt trong bn hot tnh. Lng oxi c th c

coi l khi nc thi ra khi b lng 2 c nng oxi ha tan l 2mg/l.
p ng c nhu cu oxi ha tan trong Aeroten ngi ta thng chn gii
php:
+ Khuy c hc vi cc dng khuy ngang, khuy ng. Song, bin php ny
khng hon ton p ng c nhu cu oxi.
+ Thi v sc kh bng h thng kh nn vi cc h thng phn tn kh thnh
cc dng hoc tia ln nh khc nhau.
+ Kt hp nn kh vi khuy o.
- Thnh phn dinh dng vi vi sinh vt
Trong nc thi, thnh phn dinh dng ch yu l ngun cacbon (c gi l c
cht hoc cht nn c th hin bng BOD) Cht bn hu c b phn hy (hoc b
oxi ha) bi vi sinh vt. Ngoi ra BOD, cn lu ti hai thnh phn khc: ngun nit
(thng dng NH4+) v ngun phosphat ( dng mui phosphat). Nhng hp cht
ny ( dng mui amon va phosphat) l nhng cht dinh dng tt nht i vi vi sinh
vt. Vi sinh vt pht trin cn cn ti mt lot cc cht khong khc nh Mg, K, Ca,
Mn, Fe, CoThng cc nguyn t ny dng ion u c mt trong nc thi, khng
nhng chng p ng cho nhu cu sinh l ca vi sinh vt m trong nhiu trng hp
cn qu tha d.
Thiu dinh dng trong nc thi (coi nc thi l mi trng nui cy) s gim
mc sinh trng, pht trin sinh khi ca vi sinh vt, th hin bng lng bn hot
tnh to thnh gim, km hm v c ch qu trnh oxi ha cc cht hu c gy nhim
bn.
Nu thiu nit mt cch ko di, ngoi vic cn tr cc qu trnh ha sinh cn lm
cho bn hot tnh kh lng, cc ht bng b phng ln tri ni theo dng nc ra lm
cho nc kh trong v cha mt lng ln vi sinh vt, lm gim tc sinh trng
cng nh cng oxi ha ca chng.
Nu thiu phosphat, vi sinh vt dng si pht trin v cng lm cho bn hot tnh
lng chm v gim hiu qu x l.
Ni chung, thiu dinh dng hai ngun N v P lu di s nh hng nhiu ti cu
to t bo mi, gim mc sinh trng, nh hng khng tt ti di truyn v cc th
h sau ca vi sinh vt. Trong thc t nu dng hi lu li nhiu ln cc qun th vi
khun ny trong bn hot tnh s lm gim hiu sut lm sch nc thi. khc phc
iu ny ngi ta xut mt t l cc cht dinh dng cho x l nc thi bng
phng php hiu kh nh sau: BOD:N:P=100:5:1. T s ny thng ch ng cho 3
ngy u. Trong thi gian ny vi sinh vt trong Aeroten pht trin mnh v bn hot
tnh cng c to thnh nhiu nht (nht l 1 2 ngy u tin). Cn qu trnh x l
ko di th t l ny cn l 200:5:1 (thi gian x l c th ti 20 ngy). cn i dinh
dng c th dng cc mui amon v phosphat b sung vo nc thi tng ngun N
v P. C th dng uree hoc superphosphat vo mc ch ny.
Trng hp d tha lng N v P, vi sinh vt s dng khng ht, phi kh cc
thnh phn ny bng cc bin php c bit tip theo (xem chng VIII, mc 8.6.1 v
Trang 97
8.6.2) hoc x l bng ao h n nh vi vic nui trng bo, rau mung v cc thc
vt ni khc.
- Nng cho php ca cht bn hu c c trong nc thi m bo cho
Aeroten lm vic c hiu qu.
Nng c cht trong mi trng nh hng nhiu ti i sng ca vi sinh vt.
Ni chung chng u c nng c cht ti hn hoc cho php, nu vt qu s c
ch n sinh l v sinh ha ca t bo vi sinh vt, lm nh hng xu n qu trnh trao
i cht, n vic hnh thnh Enzym, thm ch c th b cht. Nh vy, vi sinh vt s b
c ch v b km hm qu trnh hot ng sng trong trng hp nng cht bn hu
c cao hn nng cho php.
Ni chung, cc loi nc thi c th x l bng Aeroten c lng BOD vo khong
500 mg/l, cn trng hp cao hn (khng qu 1000mg/l) phi x l bng Aeroten
khuy trn hon chnh. Nu BOD cao qu mc trn y th ta phi pha long bng
nc c quy c l sch (nh nc sng, h khng b nhim) hoc nc qua
x l c lng BOD dng ra thp. Cng c th phi x l k kh trc x l hiu kh.
- Cc cht c c tnh trong nc thi c ch n i sng ca vi sinh vt.
m bo cho bn hot tnh c to thnh v hot ng bnh thng trong
nc thi cn phi xc nh xem trc nc thi lm mi trng dinh dng nui
vi sinh vt c thch hp khng, c km hm, c ch n sinh trng v tng sinh khi
ca chng hay khng?
Tin hnh xc nh c tnh i vi vi sinh vt, c th dng nc thi nguyn
hoc pha long ri cn i dinh dng, sau cy ging vi sinh vt (c th l ging
thun chng hoc cn bn ca nc thi).
Vic xc nh ny ch cho ta thy loi nc thi no c th x l bng k thut bn
hot tnh trong Aeroten c hay khng, ch khng th suy ra c c tnh c ca
cc yu t (trong c kim loi nng hoc cc cht c khc) i vi vi sinh vt.
Nng mui v c trong nc thi khng qu 10 g/l. Nu l mui v c thng
thng, c th pha long nc thi v x l bng phng php bn hot tnh, cn nu
ln cht c nh kim loi nng, cc cht c hu c phi tin hnh phn tch cn thn
v c bin php x l ring bit (hp ph, trao i ion), sau mi c th x l bng
phng php sinh hc.
- pH ca nc thi c nh hng nhiu n cc qu trnh ha sinh ca vi sinh
vt, qu trnh to bn v lng. Ni chung, pH thch hp cho x l nc thi Aeroten
l 6,5 8,5. Trong thi gian cui, nc thi trong Aeroten c pH chuyn sang kim, c
th l cc h cht nit c chuyn thnh NH3 hoc mui amon.
- Nhit : Nhit nc thi trong nc thi c nh hng rt ln n hot
ng sng ca vi sinh vt. Hu ht cc vi sinh vt c trong nc thi l cc th a m
(mesophile): chng c nhit sinh trng ti a l 40 0C v ti thiu 50C. V vy,
nhit x l nc thi ch trong khong 6 370C, tt nht l 15 350C.
Nh chng ta bit, nhit khng ch nh hng n chuyn ha ca vi sinh
vt m cn nh hng nhiu ti qu trnh ha tan oxi vo nc cng nh kh nng kt
Trang 98
lng ca cc bng cn bn hot tnh. nh hng ca nhit n tc phn ng ha

sinh thng tnh theo phng trnh
rT = r20. (T-20)
rT: Tc phn ng T0C
r20: Tc phn ng 200C
: H s hot ng do nhit
T: Nhit nc (0C)
Gi tr trong qu trnh x l sinh hc dao ng t 1,02 n 1,09 thng ly l
1,04.
- Nng cc cht l lng (SS) dng huyn ph
Sau khi x l s b, ty thuc nng l lng c trong nc thi m xc nh
cng trnh x l c bn thch hp nh lc sinh hc hoc Aeroten.
Nu nng cc cht l lng khng qu 100mg/l th loi hnh x l thch hp l b
lc sinh hc c bn thch hp nh lc sinh hc hoc Aeroten.
Con s ny cng ch quy c trong thc nghim i vi nhng Aeroten thng
thng, cn vi cc Aeroten hiu kh tch cc (khuy o hon chnh) nng cc
cht rn l lng c th l cao hn.
Song, vi lng cht rng l lng cao thng lm nh hng ti hiu qu x l. V
vy, i vi nhng nc thi c hm lng cht rn l lng qu cao cn phi qua lng
1 trong giai on x l s b mt cch y c th loi b vn cn ln v mt phn
cc cht rn l lng.
Trong :
6.7.1.3. Phn loai Aeroten

C nhiu cch phn loi Aeroten:
- Phn loi theo ch thy ng: Aeroten y, Aeroten khuy trn v Aeroten
hn hp.
- Phn loi theo ch lm vic ca bn hot tnh: Aeroten c ngn hoc b
ti sinh (hot ha) bn hot tnh tch ring v loi khng c ngng ti sinh
bn hot tnh tch ring.
- Theo ti trng BOD trn 1 gam bn trong mt ngy ta c: Aeroten ti trng
cao, Aeroten ti trng trung bnh v Aeroten ti trng thp.
- Theo s bc cu to trong Aeroten (xy dng c nhiu ngn hoc hnh lang)
ta c cc Aeroten 1bc, 2 bc, 3 bc
6.7.1.4. Mt s Aeroten thng dng trong x l nc thi
a.
B Aeroten truyn thng
B Aeroten truyn thng c m t theo s cng nghip hnh 6.10
Trang 99
Hnh 6.10: S lm vic ca b Aeroten truyn thng

Nc thi sau lng 1 c trn u vi bn hot tnh hi lu ngy u b
Aeroten. Lng bn hi lu so vi lng nc thi c nhim trung bnh khong
20 30%. Dung tch b tnh ton sao cho khi dng kh nn sc khi nc trong b sau
6 8h, hoc lm thong b mt khuy c hc trong 9 12 gi m bo hiu sut x
l ti 80 95%.
Vi Aeroten kiu ny thng dng x l nc thi c BOD < 400mg/l. Lng
khng kh cp cho Aeroten lm vic 55 65m3 khng kh cho 1kg BOD. Ch s th
tch ca bn (SVI) l 50 150ml/g. Tui ca bn l 3 15 ngy.
Aeroten kiu ny cn c ngn trong b hoc ngoi b hot ha (ti sinh) bn
hot tnh. Ngn hay b phc hi hot tnh cn c gi l ngn ti sinh hoc ngn hot
ha. Nng bn sau khi phc hi t ti 7 8g/l (trong b Aeroten lm vic ch cn
nng bn l 2 3g/l).
b.
Aeroten ti trng cao
Nc thi i vo b c nhim bn cao, thng l BOD > 500mg/l. Ti trng
trn bn hot tnh l 400 1000 mg BOD/g bn (khng tro) trong mt ngy m.
Nc thi khi x l s b c trn u vi bn hi lu (lng bn khong 10 20%) ri vo b Aeroten. Nng bn hot tnh trong b <= 1000mg/l. Sau 1 3 gi
sc kh kh c 60 65% BOD v nc ra c th t loi C hoc gn loi B.
B loi ny thng p dng x l nc thi cng nghip ch bin tht, sa. Cc
loi b truyn thng hoc thng thng c th thc hin hiu kh ko di v kh BOD
gn nh hon ton. Trong cc loi b ny cc cht hu c ha tan d phn hy s b
oxi ha trc ht, sau l cc cht kh phn hy hn dng keo hoc cc dng ht
nh l lng s b vi sinh vt hp th ri b phn hy tip sau.
c.
B Aeroten c cp kh gim dn theo dng chy
Hnh 6.11: B Aeroten c cp kh gim dn theo dng chy

Trang 100
Thng nc thi v bn hot tnh c a vo u b. Thng y c nng

cht hu c nhim bn ln nht, s xy ra cng oxi ha cao, nhu cu lng oxi
ln nht. Do nhu cu khng kh nhiu nht v gim dn theo chiu di ca b.
u im ca b ny l:
Gim c lng khng kh cp, tc l gim cng sut my nn kh, gim in
nng.
Khng c s lm hiu kh qu mc ngn cn sinh trng v hot ng ca cc
vi sinh khun kh cc hp cht cha nit, trong c khu kh nitrat thnh N 2 bay
vo khng kh.
Thi gian sc kh nc thi cng bn hot tnh (k c lng bn hi lu) l 6 8
gi. Lng bn sau hot ha c hi lu thng bng 25 50% lu lng dng
vo.
d.
B Aeroten nhiu bc
Hnh 6.12: B Aeroten nhiu bc

Nc thi sau khi lng 1 c a vo Aeroten bng cch onh hay theo bc, dc
theo chiu di b (khong 50 60%), bn tun hon i vo u b.
Cp kh u dc theo chiu di.
Cp kh theo cch ny s d oxi mt cht phn cui Aeroten. Song, Aeroten
c xy thnh nhiu ngn th s khc phc c d dng. Mi ngn y l mt bc.
Np theo bc c tc dng lm cn bng ti trng BOD theo th tch b, lm gim s
thiu ht oxi u b v lng oxi c tri u theo dc b lm cho hiu sut s
dng oxi tng ln, hiu sut x l s cao hn.
Cc loi b nhiu bc xy dng btng ct thp thng c mt bng hnh ch nht
chia thnh nhiu ngn. Mi ngn c mt hoc nhiu hnh lang, ngn cch bng tng
dc l lng khng ko di ti cnh i din. Nc thi chy ni tip theo chiu hnh
lang. Tit din ca mi hnh lang c th l hnh vung hoc hnh ch nht.
Aeroten mt hnh lang c dng vi trm x l nh v lm vic vi quy trnh
khng hot ha bn hot tnh. Nc thi sau khi lng 1 v bn hot tnh hi lu t lng
2 u cho vo u hnh lang (mng phn phi nc nm pha trn, cn mng phn
phi bn nm pha di).
Aeroten hai hnh lang thng c ngn ti sinh (hot ha) bn hot tnh. Dng mt
hnh lang lm ngn ti sinh. Th tch ngn ny thng 50% tng th tch
Aeroten.Aeroten kiu ny gn ging Aeroten c ngn n nh v ngn tip xc.
Thng c dng cc trm x l nh v trung bnh.
Trang 101
Aeroten ba hnh lang lm vic thun tin khi khng cn phc hi (ti sinh) bn
hot tnh. Song, cng c th ring 1 hnh lang (33% tng th tch Aeroten) lm
ngn hot ha bn hi lu.
Aeroten bn hnh lang lm vic c nhiu u vit, lm vic thun tin hn bt k
quy trnh cng ngh no. C th dnh 25 75% tng th tch Aeroten ti sinh bn
hot tnh. Aeroten kiu ny c lng bn hot tnh vi kh nng oxi ha kh cao v
hiu sut kh BOD tng i ln.
e.
B Aeroten c ngn tip xc vi bn hot tnh n nh
(Aeroten n nh- tip xc)
Hnh 6.13: S cng ngh x l nc thi bng b n nh tip xc

Bn hi lu c a vo ngn ti sinh (hay ngn phc hi hoc cn gi l ngn
hot ha). y mi trng ti sinh l nc thi c hoc khng c cn bng dinh
dng, nhng nht thit phi sc kh v khuy o (cng c th ch cn mt trong hai
bin php hiu kh). Bn c phc hi ngn ny khong 2 3 gi, c khi ti 6 gi
oxi ha ht cc cht hu c hp ph trn b mt v cc khe h ca ht bn, ti khi
n nh (t lng bn ti a v cc thng s khc t yu cu, c bit l kh nng
oxi ha l cao nht v n nh).
Nc thi t lng 1 c trn u vi bn hot tnh ti sinh n nh a ngn
tip xc. y bn hot tnh hp ph cc cht keo, cc cht l lng v ng thi hp
ph cc cht hu c dng ha tan c trong nc thi, qu trnh oxi ha l lng v
ng thi hp ph cc cht hu c dng ha tan c trong nc thi, qu trnh oxi ha
cc cht ny xy ra tc th v din ra trong thi gian 30 60 pht. Sau khi x l hn
hp bn - nc i sang b lng 2. Bn thu c b lng 2 c hi lu a vo ngn
ti sinh lm n nh. Bn d c x ra ngoi a i x l bn.
u im ca b: thng kh tch cc c dung tch nh, chu c s dao ng ln
ca lu lng v cht lng nc thi, hiu sut x l kh cao. Quy trnh ny c
ng dng v lm vic cho hiu sut cao trong x l nc thi sinh hot v nc thi
cng nghip thc phm.
f.
Aeroten thng kh ko di
Aeroten thng kh ko di c dng x l nc thi c t s l F/M (t l gia
BOD5 trong nc thi v bn hot tnh mg BOD/mg bn hot tnh) thp, ti trng
thp, thi gian thng kh thng l 20 30 gi duy tr h vi sinh vt lm vic pha
h hp ni bo (hay l pha hot ng ni sinh).
Trang 102
Cng sut thch hp cho Aeroten loi ny l <= 3500 m 3/ngy. Trong s cng
ngh khng cn b lng, nc ch cn loi rc i thng vo Aeroten. Ton b bn
lng 2 c tun hon li Aeroten. Bn d c a ln sn phi.
Ti trng ca b ny (tnh theo BOD trn n v th tch b): 240
mgBOD/m3.ngy
Lng khng kh cn cp theo BOD
B su 1,8m cn 280 m3/kg BOD5
B su 2,7m cn 187 m3/1kg BOD5
Nu lm thong bng my khuy c hc trn b mt th cn khng t hn 2
kgO2/1kgBOD5
g.
Aeroten thng kh cao c khuy o hon chnh
B hiu kh c tc thng kh cao v khuy o hon chnh l loi Aeroten tng
i l tng x l nc thi c nhim cng nh nng cc cht l lng cao.
Aeroten loi ny s c thi gian lm vic ngn. Rt ngn c c thi gian thng
kh vn hnh t s F/M cao, gim tui ca bn hot tnh (thi gian lu nc trong b
ngn).
Trong b Aeroten khuy o hon chnh, nc thi, bn hot tnh, oxi ha ha tan
c khuy trn u, tc thi. Do vy, nng bn hot tnh v oxi ha tan c phn
b u mi ni trong b v dn n qu trnh oxi ha c ng u, hiu qu cao.
u im ca quy trnh cng ngh ny l:
+ Pha long ngay tc khc nng cht nhim bn, k c cc cht c hi (nu
c).
+ Khng xy ra hin tng qu ti cc b mt ni no trong b.
+ Thch hp cho x l nc thi c ti trng cao, ch s th tch bn cao, cn kh
lng.
Hnh 6.14: S cng ngh ca b Aeroten thng kh cao c khuy o hon chnh
6.7.1.5. Cung cp oxi cho Aeroten
Cc vi sinh vt trong Aeroten ch yu dng hiu kh. Chng cn oxi duy tr
hot ng sng: tng trng s lng t bo v oxi ha cc cht hu c nhim bn
nc. Trong nc thi c mt t oxi ha tan c vi sinh vt s dng trong thi gian
Trang 103
u ca qu trnh sinh trng, sau lng oxi ny cn kit. Nhu cu oxi ca vi khun
hiu kh trong Aeroten rt ln. Cc ngun oxi do khng kh khuch tn vo nc v c
th do to sinh ra trong qu trnh quang hp cng khng th p ng c nhu cu
ny. Do vy, vic cung cp oxi cho Aeroten b phn ng sinh hc hiu kh v cc
dng cng trnh hiu kh khc nh cc sinh hc, mng oxi hal v cng quan
trng.
Trong mt s quyn sch v vn ny thng c gi l H thng lm
thong Thc cht y l cung cp oxi, m ch yu l oxi ha tan pha lng (nc),
cho nhu cu sinh l ca v Trong mt s quyn sch v vn ny thng c gi l
H thng lm thong Thc cht y l cung cp oxi, m ch yu l oxi ha tan pha
lng (nc), cho nhu cu sinh l ca vi sinh vt.
Cung cp oxi c cc bin php:
+ Thi, nn kh.
+ Lm thong c hc
+ Thi nn kh kt hp vi khuy o c hoc.
Cc trm x l ln cn hiu kh tch cc cho cc Aeroten, ngi ta thng trang b
mt trm kh nn. Khng kh c nn qua cc my nn kh (Compressor) v a vo
bnh cha vi p lc cao ri x dn qua cc ng dn kh vo h thng phn phi kh
trong Aeroten.
H thng kh nn cn c bnh tch du m trnh lm tc cc l phn phi kh
thnh tia hoc bt nh, cng c th c bnh lm ngui kh nn trnh hin tng lm
cho nc thi trong Aeroten tng nhit qu gii hn lm vic.
Vic phn phi kh u trong cc lp nc Aeroten c ngha rt ln. N nh
hng trc tip n ha tan ca oxi, h s s dng oxi ca vi sinh vt, n hiu qu
x l v cng sut s dng in nng, chi ph qun l phn phi kh ngi ta hay
dng h thng ng lp theo hnh xng c t trong lng Aeroten; ng c c l nh
phun thnh tia kh hoc khng c l m cho phun thnh dong bt ln; lp u
kh ra l cc ng xp, tm xp hnh vng trn, hnh nn..
Kch thc cc l phn phi kh nh sau:
d <= 0,1 mm cho bt kh nh
d t 2 n 5 mm cho bt kh trung bnh,
d t 5 n 25 mm cho bt kh ln.
Ph bin nht l phng php phn phi kh qua tm xp. Kh ra khi cc l nh
ca tm xp thnh tia bt kh lm cho hn hp nc bn chuyn ng thnh vng
xon. Din tch cc tm xp chim ti 6 10% din tch y b.
Tm xp vung thng c kch thc 0,3 x 0,3 x 0,04m. a xp c ng knh
khong gn nh th. Vt liu xp c ch bng oxit nhm trn vi keramzit, thch
anh, than cc, backelit v bt thy tinh ri nung chy.
Dng tm xp c nhiu u im hn so vi ng c l: h s s dng khng kh
tng 1,75 ln. Song, bin php ny cng c nhc im l cc l ca tm xp d b kn
lm tc dng kh do cac nguyn nhn: bi bn du m trong khng kh, g st hoc vi
khun, nm mc pht trin trong cc l .
Trang 104
Phn phi kh bng ng c l, sau mt thi gian s dung cc l ny c th b vt

kn vi cc nguyn nhn ging nh trn. Trong s ng c l ngi ta c th dng ng
c l khoan vi d = 2,5 mm. Cc ng ny t l lng cch mt nc l 0,8 1 m. Hoc
c th dng qut gi thi mnh thay my nn kh.
Lm thong (hiu kh) bng cc my khuy o c hc. Cc loi my khuy o
c hc c th l rt khc nhau, nhng nguyn l cng tc u ging nhau: khi thit b
lm vic s to ra vng p thp khng kh thm nhp vo nc.
Cc thit b lm thong c hc c th phn theo:
+ Hiu ng: loi xm nhp su, loi xm nhp b mt;
+ Mt phng t trc quay ca cnh khuy: loi nm ngang, loi ng;
+ Cu to ca cnh khuy: loi nn, a, trc, bnh xe, tuc bin v xon c.
Lp h thng khuy c hc vi cc thit b thng khng ngp qu sau trong
nc. Phn mt in pha trn mt nc lm quay h thng khuy o khng
kh thm nhp vo nc. Trong thi gian gn y ngi ta ch to thit b lm thong
c hc di ng khuy o nc thi trong cc h sinh hc.
Vi my khuy c hc, c kin cho rng, nu m bo hiu kh th bn hot
tnh trong Aeroten s lng ng tt hn, gi thnh qun l thp hn 15% so vi kh
nn. Khuy o c hc c th p dng cho Aeroten c cng sut 800 3000 m3/ngy.
H thng hiu kh kt hp gm sc kh nc bng kh nn v khuy o bng c
hoc. H thng ny c th l cc thit b tch ri: h thng kh nn v khuy o ring
bit nh gii thiu trn hoc a kh nn vo trc my khuy ng c mt hoc
vi tua bin. di tuc bin cui cng ngp su trong nc, ngi ta gn mt vnh
c l phn tn kh. Khng kh i ra khi l nh ca vnh thnh tia kt hp khuy trn
ca cnh tuc bin s c ha tan tt hn.
Hiu kh khuy trn han chnh gm hai h thng: sc kh nn v khuy trn b
mt tch cc thng trang b cho cc Aeroten x l cc loi nc thi c ch s th tch
bn cao, cn kh lng v c th l nc thi c BOD cao cn pha long ngay tc khc
trong ton th tch b, khng xy ra hin tng qu ti cc b.
6.7.2. Mng oxi ha
Nm 1950, ln u tin H Lan, cng trnh a mng oxi ha vo x l nc
thi do tin s Pasveer cng tc ti Vin nghin cu Pulic Engineering ch tr. n nay
mng oxi ha c nhiu ci tin v c p dng rng ri, c bit cc trm x l
vi quy m nh.
Mng oxi ha l mt dng ci tin ca Aeroten khuy trn hon chnh lm vic
trong iu kin hiu kh ko di vi bn hot tnh (sinh trng l lng ca vi sinh vt
trong nc thi) chuyn ng tun hon trong mng. Nc thi c nhim bn cao
BOD20 = 1000 5000mg/l c th a vo x l mng oxi ha. i vi nc thi
sinh hot ch cn qua chn rc, lng ct v khng qua lng 1 v c th a vo mng
oxi ha. Ti trng ca mng tnh theo bn hot tnh vo khong 200g BOD 5/kg.ngy.
Mt phn bn c khong ha ngay trong mng. Do , s lng bn gim khong
2,8 ln. Thi gian x l hiu kh 1 3 ngy.
Trang 105
Hnh 6.15: Cu to mng oxi ha

Mng oxi ha c dng hnh ch nht, hnh trn hay hnh elp. y v b c th
lm bng b tng ct thp hoc o (p) t c gia c. Chiu su cng tc t 0,7 n
1,0 m. Tc chuyn ng nc trong mng >= 0,3m/s, lm thong (khuy o)
bng thit b c hc vi trc nm ngang.
6.7.3. Lc sinh hc
6.7.3.1. Nguyn l
Phng php lc nc ni chung loi ngi bit t lu, song a a n thnh
mt bin php cng ngh x l nc ni chung v nc thi ni ring mi ti th k
XIX mi c xc lp. Lc sinh hc ln u tin c p dung M nm 1891 v
Anh nm 1893. Khi nim v sinh hc lc nh git c pht trin t khi dng cc b
lc tip xc c cha y cc hn b p v v cho nc i qua. Nc chy qua
lc, tip xc vi mi vt liu lc trong khong thi gian ngn.
V nguyn l ca phng php lc sinh hc l da trn qu trnh hot ng ca vi
sinh vt mng sinh hc, oxi ha cc cht bn hu c c trong nc. Cc mng sinh
hc, l tp th cc vi sinh vt mng sinh hc, oxi ha cc cht bn hu c c trong
nc. Cc mng sinh hc, l tp th cc vi sinh vt (ch yu l vi khun) hiu kh, k
kh v k kh ty tin. Cc vi khun hiu kh c tp trung phn lp ngoi ca mng
sinh hc. y chng pht trin v gn vi gi mng l cc vt liu lc (c gi l
sinh trng gn kt hay sinh trng dnh bm).
Trong qu trnh lm vic, cc vt liu lc tip xc vi nc chy t trn xung,
sau nc thi lm sch c thu gom x vo lng 2. Nc vo lng 2 c th theo
nhng mnh v ca mng sinh hc b trc ra khi lc lm vic. Trong thc t, mt phn
nc qua lng 2 c quay tr li lm nc pha long cho cc loi nc thi m
c tr khi vo b lc v gi nhit cho mng sinh hc lm vic.
Cht hu c nhim bn trong nc thi b oxi ha bi qun th vi sinh vt mng
sinh hc. Mng ny thng dy khong 0,1 0,4 mm. Cc cht hu c trc ht b
phn hy b vi sinh vt hiu kh. Sau khi thm su vo mng, nc ht oxi ha tan v
s chuyn sang phn hy bi vi sinh vt k kh. Khi cc cht hu c c trong nc thi
cn kit, vi sinh vt mng sinh hc s chuyn sang h hp ni bo v kh nng kt
Trang 106
dnh cng gim, dn dn b v cun theo nc lc. Hin tng ny gi l trc mng.
Sau lp mng mi li xut hin.
6.7.3.2. Phn loi
Lc sinh hc ang c dng hin ny chia lm hai loi:
+ Lc sinh hc vi vt liu tip xc khng ngp nc
+ Lc sinh hc c vt liu tip xc t ngp trong nc.
6.7.3.3. Lc sinh hc c lp vt liu khng ngp trong nc
a. Lc phun hay nh git (Trickling filter)
Nguyn l cu to v hot ng
Lc nh git l loi b lc sinh hc vi vt liu tip xc khng ngp nc. Cc vt
liu lc c rng v din tch mt tip xc trong mt n v th tch l ln nht trong
iu kin c th. Nc n lp vt liu lc chia thnh cc dng hoc ht nh chy
thnh lp mng qua khe h ca vt liu, ng thi tip xc vi mng sinh hc trn
b mt vt liu v c lm sch do vi sinh vt ca mng phn hy hiu kh v k kh
cc cht hu c c trong nc. Cc cht hu c phn hy hiu kh sinh ra CO 2 v
nc, phn hy k kh sinh ra CH 4 v CO2 lm trc mng ra kh vt mang, b nc
cun theo. Trn mt gi mang l vt liu lc li hnh thnh lp mng mi. Hin tng
ny c lp i lp li nhiu ln. Kt qu l BOD ca nc thi vi sinh vt s dng
lm cht cht dinh dng v b phn hy k kh cng nh hiu kh: nc thi c lm
sch.
Hnh 6.16: Nguyn l cu to b lc sinh hc nh git

Nc thi trc khi a vo x l lc phun (nh git) cn phi x l s b
trnh tc nghn cc khe trong vt liu. Nc sau khi x l lc sinh hc thng nhiu
cht l lng do cc mnh v ca mng sinh hc cun theo, v vy cn phi a vo
lng 2 v lu y thi gian thch hp lng cn. Trong trng hp ny, khc vi
nc ra b Aeroten: nc ra khi lc sinh hc thng t bn cn hn ra t Aeroten.
Nng bn cn y thng nh hn 500 mg/l, khng xy hin tng lng hn ch.
Ti trng b mt ca lng 2 sau lc phun vo khong 16 25m3/m2.ngy.
Vt liu lc
Trang 107
Vt liu lc kh phong ph: t dm, cui, ong, vng kim loi, vng gm,
than , than cc, g mnh, cht do tm un lnCc loi nn chn cc cc c
kich thc trung bnh 60 100mm. Chiu cao lp chn khong 0,4 2,5 4m,
trung bnh l 1,8 2,5m, kch thc ht, cc vt liu nh s lm gim h gia cc
cc vt liu gy tc nghn cc b, nu kch thc qu ln th din tch tip xc b h
gim nhiu dn n gim hiu sut x l. B vi vt liu l dm thng c dng
hnh trn. Nc thi c phn phi trn b mt lp vt liu lc nh mt h thng gin
quay phun nc thnh tia hoc nh git.
Cc thanh g, c bit l g M, v cc tm cht do (plastic) ln sng hoc
gp np c xp thnh nhng khi b cht c gi l mun vt liu. Cc modun
ny c xp trn gi , khi lng ton b ca vt liu gim i nhiu v lm cho
chiu cao ca lc c th tng ng k (ti 9 hoc 12 16m), gip ta thit k nhng
thp lc
Nhng thp nin gn y, do k thut cht do c nhiu tin b, nha PVC
(polyvinyl clorit), PP ( polypropylen) c lm thnh tm ln sng, gp np, dng
cu khe h, dng vnh hoa (plasdek), dng vch ngnc c im l rt nh
Phn ln cc vt liu lc c trn th trng p ng cc yu cu sau:
+ Din tch ring ln, thay i t 80 220 m2/m3
+ Ch s chn khng cao trnh lng ng ( thng cao hn 90%)
+ Nh c th s dng cao ln ( t 4 n 10 m hoc cao hn)
+ C bn c hc ln. Khi lm vic, vt liu dnh mng sinh hc v ngm
nc nng ti 300 350kg/m3. tnh ton, gi thng ly gi tr an ton l 500
kg/m3
+ Qun tnh sinh hc cao
+ n nh ha hc
Vt liu l cht do khc nhau v hnh dng c xc nh bng t s gia din
tch b mt/th tch; trng lng/ th tch; tnh xp ca vt liu, bn cht ca vt liu.
Tui th trung bnh ca vt liu cht do vo khong chc nm. Vic thay chng
do nhiu nguyn nhn: do qu bn, gi b hng
H thng lc sinh hc c thit lp u tin ti tri thc nghim Lawrence, bang
Matsachust, nc M nm 1891. n nm 1940 nc ny c 60% h thng x l
nc thi p dng cng ngh lc sinh hc. Nm 1946 Hi ng nghin cu ca lin
bang v vn lc nc khuyn co dng ton hc thit k cc h thng lc sinh
hc. S pht trin cc cht polime to iu kin cho bin php cng ngh x l nc
thi bng lc sinh hc c s dng rng ri.
Trc y vt liu lc thng l dm, cui c kch thc 25x100mm vi b
lc cao khong 1 25m, n nay, nh c plastic lm vt liu lc, b lc c th cao ti
9 10m hoc 12 18m (thp lc). Ty thuc vo c tnh cng nh hm lng cc
cht nhim bn trong nc, ngi ta thit k h a nc thi vo lc bng h thng
phun hoc nh git quay c iu chnh c thi gian nc lc v tc dng chy.
Vi qun th vi sinh vt bm vo cc vt liu lc nh granit, vng gm, nha
plasticQa trnh oxi ha din ra rt nhanh. Do vy, h thng ny c nhng u im:
Trang 108
+ Rt ngn c thi gian x l

+ ng thi c th x l hiu qu nc cn c qu trnh kh nitrat hoc phn
nitrat ha.
Tuy vy, h thng ny c tc nhc im l khng kh ra khi lc thng c mi
hi thi v xung quang lc c nhiu rui mui.
Thng kh b lc sinh hc
B lc sinh hc lm vic trong iu kin thong kh. Ngoi vic cp oxi cho vi
sinh vt mng sinh hc hot ng, thong kh cn c tc dng loi ra khi lc cc
kh to thnh do qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c c trong nc, nh CO 2 v c th
c c CH4, H2S
Thng kh y c th bng cch t nhin hoc nhn to. Thng kh t nhin l
do s chnh lch nhit trong v ngoi b lc. Nu nhit ca nc thi ln hn
nhit ca khng kh th khng kh s i ra t ca thng kh thnh pha di gn
y b, qua lp vt liu lc i ln. Ngc li, nu nhit ca nc thi thp hn
nhit ca khng kh th hp nhit ca nc thi v khng kh bng nhau th b
lc khng thng kh. Trng hp ny khc phc bng thng kh nhn to.
Trong thng kh nhn to, ngi ta dung qut gi thi vo khong trng y b
mt v khng kh t i ln qua cc khe h ca lp vt liu.
Lng khng kh cn thitd cho lc sinh hc tnh theo cng thc:
WKK = BOD20(g/m3.ngy)/21
Trong :
WKK: lng khng kh cn thit (m3/m2 nc thi.ngy)
21: t l % ca oxi trong khng kh
Qua thc t xc nh c lng oxi s dng trong lc sinh hc v trong cc cng
trnh sinh hc thng khng qu 7 8% lng oxi cung cp.
Khi nhit di 60C, qu trnh oxi ha cht hu c trong nc thi khng xy ra
b. Thit b lc a quay
Nc sau khi qua lc phun hoc nh git, nht l i vi lc cao ti, c th cha
t yu cu, c th cho nc tun hon tr li vi mc ch tng thi gian tip xc
gia nc thi vi mng sinh hc tng hiu qu x l. Khi tun hon nc tr li
cng lm tng ti trng thy lc lm cho mng d b v v trc khi vt liu, y mnh
qu trnh to mng
Hnh 6.17: Lc dng a quay

a quay sinh hc c p dng u tin CHLB c nm 1960 sau M v
Canada, 70% h thng RBC c s dng loi BOD, 25% loi BOD v nitrat,
Trang 109
5% loi nitrat. H a quay gm nhng a trn polystyren hoc polyvinyl clorit t

gn st nhau nhng chm khong 40 90% trong nc thi hoc quay vi vn tc
chm. Tng t nh b lc sinh hc, mt lp mng sinh hc c hnh thnh v bm
chc vo vt liu a quay
Khi quay, mng sinh hc tip xc vi cht hu c trong nc thi v sau tip
xc vi oxi ha khi ra khi nc thi. a quay c nh mt hoc sc gi. Nh
quay lin tc m mng sinh hc va tip xc c vi khng kh va tip xc c
vi cht hu c trong nc thi, v vy cht hu c c phn hy nhanh.
Yu t quan trng nht nh hng n hot ng ca RBC l lp mng sinh hc.
Khi bt u vn hng cc vi sinh vt trong nc bm vo vt liu v pht trin
cho n khi tt c vt liu c bao bi lp mng nhy dy chng 0,16 0,32 cm.
Sinh khi bm chc vo RBC tng ng nh mng sinh hc.
Vi sinh vt trong mng bm trn a quay gm cc vi khun k kh ty tin nh
Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, Micrococus, Cc vi sinh vt hiu kh
nh Bacillus th thng c lp trn ca mng. Khi km kh hoc ym kh th to
thnh lp mng vi sinh vt mng v gm cc chng vi sinh vt thng mi kh chu.
Nm v cc cht hu c. S ng gp ca nm ch quan trng trong trng hp pH
nc thi thp hoc cc loi nc thi cng nghip c bit, v nm khng th cnh
tranh vi cc loi vi khun v thc n trong iu kin bnh thng. To mc trn b
mt lp mng vi sinh vt lm tng cng sc chu ng CO 2 ca lp mng sinh hc.
Ni chung pH ti u cho RBC l t 6,5 7,8, khi oxi ha cc cht hidratcacbon th
pH thch hp l 8,2 8,6. nitrat ha, pH ti u khong 7,2 7,8. Qu trnh nitrat
ha c th a ti vic kim ha mi trng v vy thm cc cht kim nh vi chng
hn l iu kin cn thit.
Cc cht dinh dng v c trong nc thi sinh hot cho s pht trin ca vi
sinh vt, v vy khng cn thit phi thm cht dinh dng. Tuy nhin i vi nc
thi cng nghip th cn phi thm cht dinh dng, t l thng ngh BOD 5: N:P l
100: 5 :1.
Nhit nc thi mc 13 320C khng nh hng nhiu n qu trnh hot
ng. Tuy nhin khi nhit gim di 130C th hiu qu x l gim. t c hiu
qu cao, nc thi phi c gi iu kin thong kh trong ton b h thng m
bo qu trnh oxi ha hidratcacbon v nitrat ha. C ngh cho rng nn gi lng
oxi ha tan mc 1 2mg/l trong bn x l phng vic thiu oxi lm hn ch mc
x l lp di.
Mt trung bnh 9300m2/ trc di 8m, mt cao t 11000 16700m2/ trc 8 m,
th tch thch hp l 51/m2. Nh vy, s dng vt liu lc c b mt ln s c hiu qu
cao. Vt liu dng li ni chung l tt hn dng a, v b mt ca dng li ln hn.
Nhng dng dng ny giai on u d b tc nghn dn n vic a cht thi vo
chm lm gim hiu lc ca thit b. Vn tc quay ca i khong 0,3 m/s.
Trong qu trnh vn hnh, s sinh trng ca vi sinh vt c gn kt vo b mt
cc a v s hnh thnh lp mng mng trn cc b mt xp nc a. Khi a quay,
ln lt s lm cho lp mng sinh hc (sinh khi) tip xc vi cht hu c trong nc
Trang 110
thi vi kh quyn hp th oxi. a quay s nh hng ti s vn chuyn oxi v

m bo cho sinh khi tn ti trong iu kin hiu kh. a quay cng l mt c ch
tch cht rn b trc mng. Mt s mng v c tch khi a, trng thi l lng
sau theo dng nc chuyn sang b lng. a sinh hc c th dng x l bc
hai ng thi cng c th hot ng nh kiu qu trnh theo ma, nitrat ha v kh
nitrat.
a quay sinh hc thng c thit k trn c s yu t ti trng rt ra t kt qu
nghin cu trm th nghim, m hnh sn xut, mc d (c th phn tch) nng sut
ca n theo phng php tim cn, tng t nh i vi cc b lc sinh hc. C hai
ch tiu ti trng thy lc v ti trng cht hu c u c dng xc nh kch
thc cng trnh x l bc hai. Cc loi ti trng i vi thi tit m p v ton nm v
nitrat ha s thp hn nhiu so vi ti trng khi x l bc hai.
Nng sut ti ca a RBC vo khong 0,5 1 kg BOD/m 3.ngy. Nn gim bt
cht hu c vo giai on u phng xy ra hin tng thiu oxi. Ti lng
nc trn b mt vt liu ca RBC thay i trong khong 0,03 0,06 m 3/m2.ngy vi
nc thi x l ln 2 v 0,01m 3/m2.ngy vi nc cn x l nitrat. Mi lin quan gia
th tch bn cha v b mt vt liu c ngha rt ln. Dung tch ti u ca bn cha
x l nc sinh hot l khong 4,88 1/m2 b mt vt liu v thi gian lu nc khong
40 90 pht cho oxi ha cc hp cht cacbon hu c v 90 240 pht cho nitrat ha.
V phng din thit k RBC v thc t thy rng, a sinh hc lung sinh khi M
tn ti l ln v do t s F/M l nh. Chnh v l cc RBC c ti trng thy lc
cao v ti trng cc cht hu c cng cao, dn n x l nc thi rt c hiu qu.
6.8. Cc cng trnh k kh x l nc thi
6.8.1. X l nc thi bng phng php k kh vi sinh trng l lng
6.8.1.1. B metan
Trong cc qu trnh phn hy k kh cc cht hu c, x l nc thi bng phng
php k kh vi sinh trng l lng c ph bin. l qu trnh phn hy k kh xo
trn hon ton v c thc hin trong cng trnh thng c gi l b metan
(methantank). Ngoi ra hai qu trnh tip xc k kh, qu trnh vi lp bn hot tnh c
dng hng ln cng ang c ng dng rng ri.
Phn hy k kh vi sinh trng l lng l mt trong nhng quy trnh x l bn cn
lu i nht. Trong quy trnh ny khng cn c mt oxi phn t (O 2). Sinh kh metan
hay phn hy cc cht hu c trong b metan c th thc hin 35 37 0C hoc 50
550C. nhit 35 37 0C, khi nguyn liu trong b khng c gia nhit v xo
trn, do vy thi gian ln men l kh di: 30- 60 ngy (ln men tc tiu chun).
Trang 111
Hnh 6.18: Cu to b Metan

6.8.1.2. X l bng phng php tip xc k kh
Nguyn l ca phng php c cp ti phn trn. Theo phng php ny,
cng trnh gm mt b phn ng v mt b lng ring bit vi mt thit b iu chnh
bn tun hon. Gia 2 thit b chnh c t mt thit b kh kh loi kh tc trong
cc cc vn. Cc cc vn tc kh s lm nh hng xu ti qu trnh lng.
Hnh 6.19: Thit b tip xc k kh

B phn ng c th lm bng btng, bng thp hay cht do, c chng n mn
pha trong, c cch nhit duy tr nhit mong mun khu vc gia. Khuy trn
bng cch bm kh vo bnh cha lm bng vt liu khng g.
B lng coi nh mt thit b c c, v bn tch ra c nng cao v t y cho
bn hi lu tr li b phn ng. T l bn tun hon khong 50 100%.
Phng php ny t chu nh hng bi lu lng, thch hp i vi vic x l
phn chung, x l nc thi c nh trong cng nghip hp, ct cn, cng nghip
ha cht, cng nghip bt giy, cng nghip ng
Trang 112
Vi 2 b (metan v lng) tch ring cho php phn ng mi b c lp vi nhau

v to ra mt s thun li:
+ Chuyn bn t b ny sang b khc d dng, qu trnh bo dng vi khi
ng li n gin.
+ Lc b H2S (sinh ra do kh sulfat v kh ny s c ch qu trnh) x l kh gaz
ngoi.
+ Tch c mt phn cc cht khong ca bn nh my li tm.
Hiu qu ca phng php: loi b c BOD 5 cao, x l bng phng php tip
xc k kh rt hiu qu. Nc thi cha x l c khuy trn vi bn tun hon v sau
c phn hy trong b phn ng kn khng cho khng kh vo. Song khi phn
hy, hn hp bn nc i vo b lng hoc tuyn ni: nc trong i ra, nu cha t
yu cu x vo cc ngun nc th phi x l tip bng phng php hiu kh vi
Aeroten hoc lc sinh hc; bn k kh sau khi lng c hi lu nui cy trong
nc thi mi. Lng sinh khi vi sinh vt k kh thp nn bn d tha l rt t. Ti
trng v hiu sut x l theo phng php k kh tip xc c gii thiu bng 8.2
cng vi phng php khc.
6.8.1.3. Thit b k kh gi lng
Hnh 6.20: Thit b k kh gi lng

y l h thng mt thit b c bm tun hon. Vi sinh vt c c nh ln cc
cht mang dng ht (thy tinh xp, gm xp, nha nhn to,...). Thit b ny c u
im l b mt tip xc pha rt ln (1000 2000 m 2/m3). 95% s t bo vi khun c
c nh ln lp cht mang.
Hn hp rn - lng trong thit b c tun hon to trng thi chuyn ng gi
lng hay tng si nh mt bm. Vn tc bm c khng ch sao cho cc ht cht
mang trng thi l lng khng nh hng ti mng sinh hc.
Phn trn ca thit b c kt cu hn ch s cun tri ca cc cht mang.
Trang 113
6.8.1.4. X l nc thi vi lp bn k kh vi dng hng ln (UASB)

B phn ng c th lm bng btng, thp khng g c cch nhit vi bn ngoi.
Trong b phn ng vi dng nc dng ln qua nn bn ri tip xc vo b lng t
cng vi b phn ng. Kh metan to ra gia lp bn. Hn hp kh lng v bn
lm cho bn to thnh dng l lng. Vi quy trnh ny, bn tip xc c nhiu cht
hu c c trong nc thi v qu trnh phn hy xy ra tch cc. Cc loi kh to ra
trong iu kin k kh (ch yu l CH4 v CO2) s to ra dng tun hon cc b, gip
cho vic hnh thnh nhng ht bn hot tnh v gi cho chng n nh. Mt s bt kh
v ht bn c kh bm vo s ni ln trn mt hn hp pha trn b. Khi va phi lp
li chn pha trn, cc bt kh b v v ht bn c tch ra li lng xung di.
gi cho lp bn trng thi l lng, vn tc dong hng ln phi gi khong 0,6
0,9 m/h.
Bn trong b metan l sinh khi vi sinh vt v ty nghi ng vai tr phn hy v
chuyn ha cc cht hu c. Bn hot tnh ny hnh thnh hai vng r rt: khong
chiu cao t y b ln l lp bn do cc ht keo t, nng khong 5 7%; trn lp
ny l lp bn l lng vi nng 1.000 3.000 mg/l, gm cc bng cn chuyn ng
gia lp bn y v bn tun hon t ngn lng ri xung.
Bn hot
tnh trong b phn
Hnh 6.21: B UASB
ng c nng
cao cho php b
lm vic vi ti trng cao. m bo b lm vic vi nng bn cao, ngi ta phi
cy ging vi sinh vt ca pha axit v pha sinh metan. Ly cc ging vi sinh vt t
nhin sng trn phn tru, b ti cy vi nng thch hp. B phi vn hnh vi
ch thy lc <= cng sut thit k, sau 2 3 thng mi t c nng bn cn
thit. Nu khng cy ging t nhin, b hot ng 3 4 thng mi t c nng
bn cn thit.
Hn hp vi sinh vt k kh phn hy cc cht hu c trong b trng thi trn ln 3
pha kh nc bn. a nc ra khi b phn ng cn phi c tm kh t
nghing 550 so vi phng nm ngang. Sau khi tch kh, hn hp bn kh chy vo
Trang 114
b lng. Bn lng c ri xung tun hon, tr li b phn ng k kh. Tng chiu

cao ca ngn lng l 2m, chiu cao phn lng l >=1.
6.8.1.5. Thit b dng thp m
Thit b dng thp c cha vt liu m ti y hoc 50 70% dung tch.
Vt liu m c th dng khi hoc dng ri t cht liu s xp, cht do, c
rng cao (< 45%).
Lp m ng vai tr cht mang c nh mng sinh hc. Hm lng vi sinh vt
trong thit b ln v kh n nh.
Nc thi c a vo y thit b. Qua thp m cc cht nhim c
chuyn ho ym kh. Nc sau x l chy trn ra phn trn.
Thit b c u im ln l vn hnh kh n gin, t tn nng lng. Tuy nhin khi
nc thi vo c hm lng cn l lng ln s tch lu v gy tc cc b trong lp
m.
6.8.1.6. H thng thit b k kh hai giai on
C ch x l ym kh kh phc tp. Mi nhm vi sinh vt cc giai on khc
nhau c tnh cht sinh l v yu cu iu kin mi trng khng ging nhau. c bit
khi x l thu Biogas. V vy to c mi trng thch hp cho mi giai on s nng
cao hiu qu ca qu trnh x l.
Do cc vi khun thu phn v axit ho a axit v chu c s bin ng axit ln
hn nn c th thit k h thng hai thit b.
- Thit b 1: Thc hin qu trnh thu phn v ln men axit hu c. Trong thit
b ny lng O2 c trong nc thi s c cc vi khun h hp tu tin s dng
oxy ho cc hp cht hu c. To iu kin ym kh cao cho qu trnh ln men.
- Thit b 2: Thc hin qu trnh axetat v metan ho.
H thng hai thit b c bit ph hp vi cc loi nc thi giu gluxit, d axit
ho nh tinh bt, ng
Tuy nhin h thng ny khng c u th vi cc loi nc thi giu protein, lipit,
xenlulo hoc pectin khng tan.
6.8.2. X l nc thi bng phng php k kh vi sinh trng gn kt
Trong phng php ny lp vi sinh vt pht trin thnh mng mng trn vt liu
lm gi mang bng cht do, c dng chy nc y chy qua.
Vt liu c th l cht do dng tm sp xp hay bng vt liu ri hoc ht, nh
ht polyspiren c ng knh 3- 5 mm, chiu dy lp vt liu l 2m.
Cu to b phn ng cy c nh vi khun trn lp hu c
Lc k kh l mt thp cha y cc loi vt liu rn khc nhau, dng kh cc
cht hu c cacbon c trong nc thi. Nc thi i t di lc hng ln pha trn
c tip xc vi vt liu. Trn mt cc loi vt liu c vi sinh vt k kh v ty tin
pht trin dnh bm. Lp mng ny khng b ra tri, thi gian lu li (c) c th
ti 100 ngy c c th ln hn vi thi gian nc lu trong b lc l ngn.
Do vy, b lc k kh thch hp cho vic x l nc thi c nng nhim thp
nhit khng kh ngoi tri. Trong b lc cc cht hu c khi tip xc vi mng dnh
Trang 115
bm trn mt vt liu s c hp th v phn hy. Bn cn c gi li trong khe

rng ca lp lc. Sau 2- 3 thng lm vic x bn 1 ln, thau ra lc.
Nc qua lp lc c tch ra kh ri chy vo mng thu theo ng dn sang x l
hiu kh (nu cn).
6.8.3. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l k kh
6.8.3.1. Nhit
Nhit v s bin i ca nhit trong ngy v cc ma nh hng n tc
phn hy cht hu c. Thng thng bin nhit sau y c ch n trong qu
trnh x l ym kh:
25 - 40oC: y l khong nhit thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt a m.
50 - 65oC: nhit thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt a nhit.
Ni chung khi nhit tng tc sinh kh tng nhng nhit trong khong 40
o
- 45 C th tc sinh kh gim v khong nhit ny khng thch hp cho c hai loi
vi khun, nhit trn 60oC tc sinh kh gim t ngt v qu trnh sinh kh b km
hm hon ton 65oC tr ln.
Hnh 6.22: nh hng ca nhit ln kh nng sinh kh ca hm

(Price and Cheremisinoff, 1981, Trch dn bi Chongrak, 1989)
cc nc vng n i nhit mi trng thp; do tc sinh kh chm v
nhit di 10oC th tch kh sn xut c gim mnh. ci thin tc sinh kh
ngi ta c th dng Biogas un nng nguyn liu np, hoc un nc nng trao
i nhit qua cc ng hnh xon c lp t sn trong lng hm . Ngoi ra ngi ta cn
dng cc tm nha trong bao hm li, nhit bn trong tm nha trong s cao
hn nhit mi trng t 5 - 10 oC, hoc thit k cho phn trn hm cha nc v
lng nc ny c un nng ln bng bc x mt tri, hoc to lp cch nhit vi
mi trng bng cch ph phn compost hoc l cy ln hm .
6.8.3.2. pH v kim (alkalinity)
pH trong hm nn c iu chnh mc 6,6 - 7,6 ti u trong khong 7 - 7,2 v
tuy rng vi khun to acid c th chu c pH thp khong 5,5 nhng vi khun to
methane b c ch pH . pH ca hm c khi h xung thp hn 6,6 do s tch t
qu cc acid bo do hm b np qu ti hoc do cc c t trong nguyn liu np
c ch hot ng ca vi khun methane. Trong trng hp ny ngi ta lp tc ngng
np cho hm vi khun sinh methane s dng ht cc acid tha, khi hm t
c tc sinh kh bnh thng tr li ngi ta mi np li nguyn liu cho hm
Trang 116
theo ng lng quy nh. Ngoi ra ngi ta c th dng vi trung ha pH ca hm

.
Alkalinity ca hm nn c gi khong 1.000 - 5.000 mg/L to kh nng
m tt cho nguyn liu np.
6.8.3.3. nh hng ca mn
Thng trn 90% trng lng nguyn liu l nc. Kh nng sinh Biogas ca hm
ty thuc nng mui trong nc. Kt qu cho thy vi khun tham gia trong qu
trnh sinh kh methane c kh nng dn dn thch nghi vi nng ca mui n NaCl
trong nc. Vi nng < 0,3% kh nng sinh kh khng b gim ng k. Nh vy
vic vn hnh cc h thng x l ym kh ti cc vng nc l trong ma kh khng
gp tr ngi nhiu (L Hong Vit, 1988).
6.8.3.4. Cc cht dinh dng
bo m nng sut sinh kh ca hm , nguyn liu np nn phi trn t
c t s C/N t 25/1 - 30/1 bi v cc vi khun s dng carbon nhanh hn s dng
m t 25 - 30 ln. Cc nguyn t khc nh P, Na, K v Ca cng quan trng i vi
qu trnh sinh kh tuy nhin C/N c coi l nhn t quyt nh.
6.8.3.5. nh hng lng nguyn liu np
nh hng ca lng nguyn liu np c th biu th bng 2 nhn t sau:
Hm lng cht hu c biu th bng kg COD/m3/ngy hay VS/m3/ngy
Thi gian lu tr hn hp np trong hm HRT
Lng cht hu c np cao s lm tch t cc acid bo do cc vi khun giai on
3 khng s dng kp lm gim pH ca hm gy bt li cho cc vi khun methane.
6.8.3.6. nh hng ca cc cht khong trong nguyn liu np
Cc cht khong trong nguyn liu np c tc ng tch cc hoc tiu cc n qu
trnh sinh kh methane. V d nng thp Nikel lm tng qu trnh sinh kh.
Cc cht khong ny cn gy hin tng cng hng hoc i khng. Hin tng
cng hng l hin tng tng c tnh ca mt nguyn t do s c mt mt nguyn t
khc. Hin tng i khng l hin tng gim c tnh ca mt nguyn t do s c
mt ca mt nguyn t khc.
6.8.3.7. nh hng ca cc sn phm trao i cht
Cc sn phm trao i cht thng l ru, axit,... Mt h thng hot ng n
nh thng c nng c cht cn bng. Tuy nhin, axit hu c hnh thnh thng
c phn ly:
R COOH R COO- + H+
S phn ly ca chng ph thuc vo pH, khi pH thp thnh phn axit khng
phn ng s tng, khng c li cho vi khun metan ha.
6.8.3.8. Khuy trn
Khuy trn to iu kin cho vi khun tip xc vi cht thi lm tng nhanh qu
trnh sinh kh. N cn lm gim thiu s lng ng ca cc cht rn xung y hm v
s to bt v vng trn mt hm
Trang 117
6.9. Loi b nitrat sinh hc

6.9.1. Loi b nitrat bng bn hot tnh
Loi b nitrat sinh hc l to iu kin cho vi sinh vt kh nitrat hoc phn nitrat
ha hot ng kh nitrat thnh nit phn t bay vo khng kh. Do vy, cc phng
php sinh hc hay c dng nhiu nht loi b nhim cc hp cht cha nit.
Cc iu kin cn thit kh nitrat l:
Trc ht phi c mt qu trnh nitrat ha xy ra v lng nitrat c tch
t kh ln trong mi trng.
Cn phi c mt ngun cacbon hu c c kh nng ng ha.
Quan h vi khng kh l thiu kh (anoxic) (thiu oxi).
Ngun cacbon hu c c th l nc thi th. tha mn vic loi b nitrat,
ngi ta b sung nhng hp cht hu c d c vi sinh vt ng ha. V d: ru
metylic. i vi nc thi cng nghip thng thiu cacbon hu c d ng ha, vic
b sung ngun cacbon hu c t bn ngoi vo l rt cn thit.
Kh nitrat cng c th do chuyn ha ni sinh ca sinh khi vi sinh vt c to
ra. Trong bn hot tnh khi c mt s t bo vi sinh vt b cht v t phn, cc cht
dinh dng ca t bo c ha tan dng lm thc n cho vi khun kh nitrat v vi
sinh vt ni chung.
Trong b aeroten n gin lm thong ko di, vi kiu lm vic khng lin tc
ca cc mng sc kh, cho php kh nitrat tng phn v hiu qu ca ton b qu trnh
(nitrat ha v kh nitrat) t hiu sut khng vt qu 70%.
thu c hiu sut loi b N sinh hc cao cc trm x l ln, phi a thm
vo u b thong kh (aeroten) mt vng thiu kh (anoxic). Vng thiu kh nhn bn
tun hon a t lc 2 tr li vi mt lng ln. Vng ny c cung cp bng nc
thi sau lc 1 cng vi bn hi lu, trn u, nhng khng sc kh. Hiu sut loi N
sinh hc theo kiu ny t ti 95% trong cc iu kin ti u.
Hnh 6.23 l s trm x l nc thi th vi aeroten c vng thiu kh kh
nitrat, vng nitrat ha. Trong nc thi c cha tng N < 5mg/l. Lm thong kh m
bo bng cc my sc kh b mt.
Hnh 6.23: S trm x l nc thi vi aeroten c ngn thiu kh.

Trang 118
6.9.2. Loi b nitrat bng mng sinh hc.

Kh nitrat bng vi sinh vt phn nitrat ha trong mng sinh hc sinh trng gn
kt c nh cc lc sinh hc cho hiu qu cao. Nc chy qua mng sinh hc, nitrat
ha xy ra ng thi vi oxy ha BOD5 hoc chm hn ( giai on th hai).
Kh nitrat theo phng php ny thng thc hin cc thp lc c cha si
hoc vt liu tng hp. Cc mng sinh hc s hnh thnh bm dnh vo b mt vt liu
khi nc thi i qua. Lc sinh hc hiu kh cn cp khng kh i qua.
Cng nh qu trnh kh nitrat theo kiu sinh trng l lng (bn hot tnh), kh
nitrat theo kiu sinh trng c nh cng cn phi b sung ngun cacbon hu c
cung cp cho vi sinh vt nitrat ha v phn nitrat xy dng t bo mi. Do vy, ngi
ta ch b sung ngun cacbon t bn ngoi. Trn nc thi th v nc thi cng
nghip l mt bin php n gin v hiu qu. a s trng hp kh nitrat kiu ny
thng dng dng hng xung t chy hoc c p lc. Tuy nhin cng c th dng
theo dng hng ln.
6.10. Loi b phosphat bng phng php sinh hc
Trong nc thi th c 2/3 phospho dng polyphosphat v 1/3 dng
orthophosphat. cc trm x l, thng thng nc thi sau khi ra khi trm th cc
con s ny l ngc li. Vi sinh vt trong nc thi c tc dng chuyn ha
polyphosphat thnh orthophosphat. Cc mui phosphat ca orthophosphat c vi sinh
vt, thc vt ph du, to s dng lm ngun dinh dng phospho, tham gia vo
thnh phn ch yu ca axit nucleic trong cht nhn (ARN v AND), cc phospholipit,
cc polyme ca mng t bo. Trong mt s trng hp ngun phospho c tp trung
trong t bo di dng polymetaphosphat. Trong t bo cn c mt lng nh phospho
tn ti di dng hu c khuch tn c, loi hp cht ny tham gia vo h enzim
chuyn ha nng lng glycoliz (ATP v ADP). Phospho l mt nguyn t v cng
quan trng trong thnh phn t bo sinh vt ni chung, nhng chng chim t l rt
nh. Phospho chim 1,5 2% trng lng kh ca t bo vi sinh vt. Tuy nhin, t l
ny c thay i theo mc sinh trng v bin i nghch vi nhit .
Nc thi qua lng s b (lng 1) ch loi b c 10% phospho cha trong
nc thi th. Phn cn li c x l trong x l c bn hoc x l b sung tip
theo.
Mt s phng php c ng dng loi b BOD 5 cng phosphat quy
m ln. im chung ca cc phng php l qun th vi sinh vt trc ht phi qua
mt pha k kh khi tip xc vi cacbon hu c (nc thi th), sau l pha hiu kh.
Trong qu trnh nh vy, phospho tch ra trn c ng ha vi s lng ln
hn v lm tng nng phosphat trong bn d. Loi b bn d cng ng nha loi
b phosphat. iu ny lun kt hp vi loi b mt phn hay tan phn nit.
Cc phng php cng ngh x l nc thi c x l phospho thng l: phng
php hai bc, phng php 3 bc, phng php 4 5 bc.
Trang 119
6.10.1. Phng php hai bc

Phng php ny tin hnh trn hai pha k kh in hnh (Anoxic: k kh v Oxic:
hiu kh). V vy, c gi l phng php A/O. H thng c mt vng k kh nhiu
khoang c bao che v c khuy trn c hc. Nc thi v bn tun hon t lng 2 a
vo b phn ng k kh ny. Tip theo l b phn ng hiu kh c 3 ngn lin tip. Gia
hai b phn ng A/O nn c mt vng thiu kh vi mt chu trnh tun hon hn hp
lng. Nh vy ta c phng php PHOREDOX ci tin.
Mt phng n c xut: a thm than hot tnh trn vi mt phn nc thi
th trong mt b lng c thit b no vt c duy tr pha k kh. Bn v nc thi
ca b ny cng nc thi th b sung c a ti b lm thong.
Hnh 6.24: Phng php A/O kh phosphat trong nc thi.

6.10.2. Phng php 3 bc
Phng php PHOREDOX ci tin: Phng php ny c ng dng trn quy
m cng nghip. H thng gm 5 b k tip v mt b lng trong (lng 2). C kin
n gin ha quy trnh: loi b b thiu kh th hai v b lm thong nhc li. Tn tht
dung lng kh nitrat sinh ra do s thay i ny c b p bng cch tng th tch
ca b thiu kh th nht c cha c cht.
6.10.3. Phng php bn hay nm bc
Phng php bn bc c gi l BARDENPHO c Barnard xut v thit k
dng nitrat ha v kh nitrat, kh phosphat. Trong khi thc hin, kh khn l:
pha trc phi to ra mt vng hoc mt b thc s k kh vi sinh vt chuyn ha
phospho hot ng. Do ngi ta chuyn sang phng php 5 bc PHOREDOX
Phng php UCT (University of CAPE TOWN): Tt c cc phng php
m t trn c mt im chung l a hi lu tr li mt lng nitrat no c th
ha tan. iu s c ch hot tnh ca vi sinh vt sinh axit, do to ra mt c cht
khng cn thit cho s pht trin ca h thng vi sinh vt phn hy polyphosphat.
Theo phng php ny s loi b c nhc im trn bng cch tun hon bn
vo b (hoc vng) thiu oxy nm sau b (hoc vng) k kh ca h thng 3 giai
on.
Thng thng vng k kh ch nhn nc thi khng cha nitrat, trong khi vng
thiu oxy kh nit ca tt c nitrat a ti.
Trang 120
Theo l thuyt, phng php UCT cho hiu qu cao khi trong nc thi c tng
N/COD gn 0,12 (tng N y ph thuc ch yu vo nng nitrat), cn theo
phng php PHOREDOX t s ny nh hn 0,08. Loi b phosphat bng sinh hc
ph thuc nhiu vo tnh cht ca nc thi, ng hc phn ng v tnh thy lc ca
b phn ng k kh v thiu oxy.
Vi phng php UCT khi lu lng dng thi vo ln phi c 1 b phn ng k
kh c thit b dng y (pittng). iu ny li khng cn vi s PHOREDOX.
COD l nhu cu oxy ha hc oxy ha han ton cc cht c tnh kh trong
nc thi. Trong COD c mt phn c ng ha nhanh. S ny thng chim
khong 15 20% COD ton phn. Nu s lng COD ng ha nhanh qu nh (nh
nc thi th ca Php con s ny nh hn 60mg/l) trong nc thi th vic loi b
phospho bng sinh hc khng c kh nng v khng th thc hin bng phng php
no c. Khi ln hn 60mg/l cng nhiu th loi b P cng tt v ng thi loi b nitrat
ra khi b mt phn ng k kh cng nhiu hn.
PHOREDOX ci tin trc ht p ng tt hn v n gin nhng i hi khc
nhau ca qu trnh kh phosphat sinh hc:
Vng k kh do khng c oxy gy ra ng sut cn thit kt ta mui
phosphat. Vng thiu oxy cho php kh nitrat bng cch dng cacbon hu c ca nc
thi th (cha x l).
Vng lm thong (hiu kh) cho php nitrat ha v loi b cacbon hu c,
khng dng cho kt ta mui phosphat v loi b nitrat.
Vic cho hi lu bn tr li t lng 2 v vng k kh cc s kiu c cho
php duy tr nng bn chp nhn c trong ton b b. Vic quay tr li hn hp
lng cho php tun hon nitrat to ra s thng thong trong vng thiu oxy.
Vic hi lu bn cn ch :
Thi gian bn lu qu lu b cha bn, nht l lp di to iu kin cho vi
sinh vt k kh hot ng v lm kt ta mui phospho. Cc mui kt ta ny s xut
hin trong cc cht ni v c th quay li u qu trnh. Do vy, cn phi trnh hin
tng ny.
Lm c v kh bn hot tnh c th trnh c bng hai cch:
Chn k thut c v lm kh bn khng ko theo vi sinh vt k kh bng tuyn
ni.
Kt ta phospho trong thit b c c bng vi, ng thi gim mi kh chu.
Trong x l nc thi thng thng bng aeroten, cng c th dng vi kt ta i vi
phospho, mui kt ta trong thit b c c thay cho mt phn bn hi lu, sau
phn bn cn li cho tun hon v kch thch ng ha phospho bng bn hot tnh
trong b lm thong hiu kh. Phng php ny khc vi kt ta n thun trong b
phn ng hiu kh.
Trang 121
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Lm Vnh Sn, Bi ging: K thut x l nc thi, Trng H Tn
c Thng
[2]. Lng c Phm (2003), Cng ngh x l nc thi bng bin php
sinh hc, NXB Gio Dc, Nng
[3]. Trn Vn Nhn, Ng Th Nga (2004), Gio trnh cng ngh x l nc
thi, NXB Khoa hc K thut
[4]. Trnh L Hng, K thut x l nc thi, NXB Gio Dc, 2007, H
Ni
Trang 122

Bài Giang Cong Nghe Xu Ly Nuoc Thai - 6 - 10-THUYET MINH-song Chắn Rác

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bài Giang Cong Nghe Xu Ly Nuoc Thai - 6 - 10-THUYET MINH-song Chắn Rác

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

B CNG THNG

TRNG CAO NG CNG NGHIP TUY HA

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

CHNG 4 X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

4.5.4. Oxi ha bng piroluzit MnO2.........................................................................52

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

6.4. Gii thiu bn hot tnh.................................................................................76

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

6.8.1.6. H thng thit b k kh hai giai on....................................................110

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

+ Xut hin hoc lm tng cc loi vi khun gy bnh: Nc thi ko

Khi lng (g/ngi.ngy)

Cht rn l lng (SS)

Tng coliform (MPN/100ml)

Ngun: T chc y t th gii, WHO.

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

Nc thi sinh hot thng trn chung vi nc thi sn xut v gi chung l

Lu lng nc thi ca cc thnh ph ln bin ng t 50% QTB - 200%QTB

Lu lng nc thi ln nht trong ngy vo lc 10-12h tra v thp nht vo

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

ngnh cng nghip, s liu cng c th thay i ng k do mc hon thin ca

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

cc hidro cacbua a vng ngng t, cc cht bo v thc vt, x phng v cc

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

Nu nc cha hu ht nito hu c, Amoniac hoc NH 4 + th chng t nc

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

pH ca nc thi c mt ngha quan trng trong qu trnh x l. Cc cng trnh

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

- Cc cht v c l dng cc mui ha tan hoc khng tan nh t dng

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

Hnh 2.1: Song chn rc v b tr song chn rc

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

nht d dng cho vic x l cc giai on k tip, my nghin rc c thit k

chiu rng ca song chn,

Thng thng 20 300

Xc nh hs (tn tht p lc) qua song:

vmax: tc nc chy trong mng trc song chn, m/s (ng

gc nghing song chn so vi mt phng ngang,

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

Hnh 2.2: Gi tr ng vi cc kiu tit din song chn khc nhau

Hnh 2.3: Cu to li lc dng tang trng quay

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

C: h s thi (gi tr C in hnh cho li lc sch bng 0,60);

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

cc phn t pha phn tn chuyn ng vi vn tc V. Cui cng, pha phn tn b gi

Khong thi gian m cc ht ri ht cao ca phng lng gi l thi gian lng:

Hnh 2.4: M t nguyn l qu trnh lng

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

Hnh 2.5: Cu to b lng ct ngang

Hnh 2.6: B lng ct c sc kh v lng ng

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

Hnh 2.7: Cu to b tch du m

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

Hnh 2.8: Cu trc mt b lc c hc in hnh

Bi ging HP: C s cng ngh x l nc thi 2010

Nc t mng phn phi i vo b, qua lc (nh hn 0.1 0.5m/h). Lp ct lc