7 - Compression-Tanks.28123914

Energy Efficient Building Design
College of Architecture
Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Volume of Pipes in System
Pressurization Tank Sizing
Color Codes
Nom InsideVolumeLengthVolume
Project Nam
User Input
Size
Diam per ftper size

per size
Project No.
Calculated
(ins)
(ins) (cu.ft.) (ft) (cu.ft.)
Reference Data
3/8
0.49
0.001
1/2
0.62
0.002
3/4
0.82
0.004
20
0.07
30
0.18
System Type Chilled Water

Date
Tank Identif. / Na
Tank Description
Cylindrical / Horizontal
Location (building Penthouse Equipt R

Volume System Equipt
Properties of Water
Equipt Dscr
Volume
Temp Sp.Vol
(replace/edit(cu.ft.)
Temp Sp.Vol
T deg FV ft3/lb % exp T deg FV ft3/lb % exp
0.00
0.00
1.05
0.006
1 1/4
1.38
0.010
1 1/2
1.61
0.014
30
0.42
0.00
2.07
0.023
20
0.47
2 1/2
2.47
0.033
30
1.00
3.07
0.051
20
1.03
Chillers - Evap 20
35
###
160
###
2.44
3 1/2
3.55
0.069
Chillers - Cond
40
###
0.12
170
###
2.81
4.03
0.088
50
###
0.12
180
###
3.19
5.05
0.139
60
###
0.25
190
###
3.56
6.07
CW Pumps
70
###
0.31
200
###
3.94
7.89
Boilers - WT
80
###
0.44
210
###
4.38
10
10.02 0.548
HW Pumps
90
###
0.62
220
###
4.81
12
11.94 0.777
Heat Exchangers
100
###
0.81
230
###
5.25
14
13.13 0.940
Cooling Coils
110
###
1.06
240
###
5.75
16
15.00 1.227
120
###
1.25
250
###
6.25
18
16.88 1.553
130
###
1.56
260
###
6.75
20
18.81 1.931
0.00
140
###
1.81
270
###
7.44
22
20.75 2.348
0.00
150
###
2.13
280
###
7.88
24
22.64 2.796
0.00
Cooling Towers
CHW Pumps
10
50
Heating Coils
Radtrs, Convtrs
Fan Coil Units
30
Terminal Equipt
Miscell Equipt
10
Equip Vol (ft 120

System Vol (ft3) =
270
Contigency Factor (
10
###
0.201
50
10.03
0.340
30
10.19
20
15.55
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
70
###
26
25.25 3.477
0.00
28
27.25 4.050
0.00
e = 100*( Vt - 0.016 ) / 0.016
30
29.25 4.666
0.00
t = Max temp of water (deg F)
32
31.25 5.326
0.00
Vt = Sp. Vol at temp t (ft3/lb)
34
33.25 6.030
0.00
36
35.25 6.777
0.00
a = Coeff of Exp of Steel (in / in) = 0.00000
Equiv gals of Water = 2,226
2.65
e = % Expansion of Water from 35 F to
Sys Vol + % age (ft3 ) =

297
Vs
Equiv lbs of Water =
0.00
30
a = Coeff of Exp of Copper (in / in) = 0.00
E = Net Pressurization Factor for diaphragm tanks

T
90
0.004
110
0.008
130
0.012
150
0.018
100
0.006
120
0.010
140
0.015
160
0.021
Total Volume of Pipes (ft3 150.3
E = Net Exp of water (gals) heated from T1 to T2

T
e=
100
120
150
200
280
0.006 0.010 0.018 0.034 0.070
E = exp 13.4
22.3
40.1
75.7
155.8
200
dt = T2-T1 = 160
(V2/V1 - 1) = 0.044
Sizing Data (Enter as required by tank type & sizing method)

Maxim Water Temp - Tmax ( T2
% Exp of Water fr 35 F to T
Tank Material (Steel / Copper)

Coeff of Exp of Tank Materia
Tank Type (Open / Closed)
200
Average Operating Temp (F
3.94
Minim Water Temp - Tmin (F T1
40
Steel
Maxim Water Temp - Tmax ( T2
200
Pa / P1 =
0.588
7E-006
Specific Volume at Tmin (ft3 V1
###
Pa / P2 =
0.368
P1 / P2 =
0.625
Specific Volume at Tmax (ft
V2
###
Closed Type (Normal / Diaphragm) Normal
Open
System Volume (ft3)
Vs
297
Tank Size (% of System Volume)
Min Press at Highest Point (
P1
25.0
Max Press to open Safety Va P2
40.0
psi
2.31
= ft
Locatn w.r.t Pump (Suctn/Dischge) Suction
Atmospheric Pressure (psia) Pa
14.7
" Hg
1.33
= ft
System Height above Tank (
90
Atmospheric Pressure (ft.Wt A, Pa'
33.9
ft3
Pr. Loss fr Tank to Pump (ft.
20
Venting Pressure (ft.Wtr)
12
gals
Default Diameter (inches)
Pa' / Po = 0.097
24
Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP
3*a*dt =
7.5
0.003
= gals
8.334 = lbs
308386823.xls

Pump Head (ft Wtr)
PH
70
Maxim Operating Pressure (f Po
350
ft3
62.4 = lbs
308386823.xls
Pressurization Tank Sizing

Open Tank Sizing
Sizing assumes Open Tank is: (1) vented to atmosphere, (2) at

Vt
Basis of Sizing
(1) As a Percentage of Syst
Weight Volume
Tank Size
3' above highest point of system, & (3) connected to pump suc
gallons
lbs
ft3
D (in)
L (ft)
Vt =
Minimum Volume of Expansion Tank (gals)
111
928
15
24.0
4.7
Vt =
Vs * (% of System Volume / 100)
(2) Using Min, Max Temp, Exp 96
804
13
24.0
4.1
Vt =
Vs * (e/100) * 1.1
Exp Vol + 10%
from ASHRAE Systems 20 181
1508
24
24.0
7.7
Vt =
2 * Vs * [ (V2/V1 - 1) - (3ASHRAE 2000
Closed Tank Sizing
V = +ve venting pressure (= 12 ft if unknown)
Fill Pressure (Pf): The tank location w.r.t. the piping system affects the initial fill or
F=
minim
frictional
pressloss
at the
from
tank.
tank to pump in order to
The tank can be at three possible locations with respect to the system as shown maintain +ve venting pressure (ft)
Pf = Initial or
Pf
Pa/Pf
A = atmospheric pressure (ft)
Min
Pa/Pf
Pf/Po 1-Pf/Po
Fill
Pressure
Location of Tank
ft H2O
- Pa/Po
H = system static head (ft) = distance between
(ft)
(1) Tank is above the piping Pf = V + F + 65.9 0.51
0.42
0.19 0.81
tank and highest point of system
(2) Tank is on suction side o
Pf = V + H + 135.9
0.25
0.15
0.39
0.61
(3) Tank is on discharge sid
Pf = V + PH + 115.9
0.29
0.20
0.33
0.67
110
Vs =
297
(1) Closed Tank:: T <= 16 T2 =
150
dt =
V2 at T2 0.016
Location of Tank
Denom Vt gals
E = e*Vs
40
Lbs
ft3
D (ft)
(1) Tank is above the piping
0.42
96
798
13
24.0
4.1
0.15
262
2185
35
24.0
11.1
0.20
204
1704
27
24.0
8.7
Using ASHRAE HdBk Syst 0.22
193
1608
26
24.0
8.2
Vs =
297
(2) Closed Tank:: 160 <= T <= T2 =
200
T1 to T2
DenomGallons
Lbs
ft3
D (ft)
0.42
189
###
25.2
24.0
8.0
0.15
517
###
69.0
24.0
22.0
0.20
403
###
53.8
24.0
17.1
410
3419
55
24.0
17.4
(3) Closed Chilled Water Tank
T=
Vs =
297
(0.00041 x T - 0.0466) 79
Location of Tank
DenomGallons
Lbs
ft3
D (ft)
L (ft)
0.81
97
809
13
24.0
4.1
0.61
129
1074
17
24.0
5.5
0.67
118
982
16
24.0
5.0
205
1709
27
24.0
8.7
297
(4) Closed Diaphragm Water Ta T =
120
Vs =
E=
0.01
Num = E*Vs = 22
Location of Tank
DenomGallons
Lbs
ft3
D (ft)
L (ft)
0.19
118
985
16
24.0
5.0
0.39
57
478
24.0
2.4
0.33
67
560
24.0
2.9
241
2010
32
24.0
10.3
References: (1) 1987 ASHRAE Handbook, pp. 13.11 - 13.15

Minim Volume of Pressurization Tank (gals)
Vt =
ASHRAE 1987
(Pa/Pf) - (Pa/Po)
for T <= 160 F
E = Net expansion of water (gals) heated from 40 F to
Vt =
Vs *
[(V2/V1) - 1] - (3* ASHRAE

(Pa/P1) - (Pa/P 2000
L (ft)
90
at the top of the system
L (ft)
(0.00041 x T - 0.0466) 79
Location of Tank
Vt =
PH = pump head (ft) reqd to maintain +ve press
Vt =
(0.00041*T - 0.046 ASHRAE 1987

( Pa/Pf) - (Pa/P 160 <= T <= 280
(1) Tank Size is half of a hot water tank operating at 200

Vt =
(0.00041*T - 0.0466) * Vs
2 * [(Pa/Pf) - (Pa/Po)]
ASHRAE 1987
(2) Tank Size can be estimated from:

Vt =
Vt =
Vt =
(0.00041*T - 0.0466) * Vs
1 - (Pf/Po)
E * Vs
ASHRAE 1987
[ 1 - (Pf/Po) ]
for T <= 160 F
Vs *
[(V2/V1) - 1] - (3*a
ASHRAE
[ 1 - (P1/P2) ] 2000
(2) 2000 ASHRAE Handbook pp. 12.3 - 12.5
308386823.xls
308386823.xls
mosphere, (2) at least
ted to pump suction
2 ft if unknown)
pump in order to
stance between
aintain +ve press.
Tank (gals)
ed from 40 F to T
operating at 200 F
308386823.xls
308386823.xls
Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago
PRESSURIZATION TANKS
Pressurization tanks include expansion tanks and compression tanks. The term expansion tank is used with low
pressure systems where the tank is located at the highest point of the piping system (open or closed) and the ta
water surface is at atmospheric pressure. The height location of the expansion tank determines the static press
head available to the terminal equipment. The term compression tank applies to pressurized closed piping syste
Make-up water is supplied through the pressurization tank.
Pressurization tank types include (1) Open and (2) Closed
Closed pressurization tank construction can be:
A regular tank where the pressurizing air or gas is in contact with the liquid.
A diaphragm tank where the air charge and liquid are permanently separated by a diaphragm to prevent
corrosion of the tank or contamination of the fluid.
System Volume
Pressurization tank size is based on the volume capacity of the system. System volume consists of:
the physical inside volume of all the pipe sections in the system. The pipe volume is converted into gallon
liquid using the density of the liquid.
the liquid storage capacity of all the equipment in the system. The physical volume storage capacity of th
terminal equipment, primary equipment and miscellaneous equipment, etc., that is converted to liquid
volume using liquid density.
Open Tank Sizing
Open tank sizing assumes that the tank is:
vented to the atmosphere
at least three feet above the highest point in the piping system
connected to the suction side of the pump
Tank Volume
The tank volume size in gallons is estimated as a percentage of the total system volume The minimum reco
volume is 6% in accordance with 1987ASHRAE Handbook. An alternative to sizing the tank based on percenta
system volume, the system liquid expansion volume can be used to determinethe tank size. This expansion
is the difference in volumes at the maximum temperature of the piping system and at the minimum temperatur
Closed Tank Sizing

Fill Pressure: The tank location with respect to the piping system affects the initial fill or minimum pressure Pf
at the tank. The tank can be at three possible locations with respect to the system.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Pf = V + F + A
Pf = V + H + A
Pf = V + PH + A
Tank is above the piping system

V
= positive venting pressure; (assumes 12 ft of liquid if not known)
F
= frictional pipe losses from tank to pump that must be overcome in order to
obtain positive air venting pressure (ft of liquid as specified in input)
A
= atmospheric pressure (ft of liquid)
Tank is on suction side of the pump

H
= system static head = distance between tank and highest point of piping syste
Tank is on discharge side of the pump

PH = pump head (ft of liquid) required to maintain positive pressure attop of system
In all three cases, the atmospheric pressure A is added to obtain absolute pressure
You must specify either the initial fill pressure Pf or the system static head H.
308386823.xls
Tank Sizing Equations (closed tanks)
is used with low

losed) and the tanks
Vt =
s the static pressure
osed piping systems.
[( ) ( ) ]
Vt =
Pa
Pf
Pa
Po
(1) Tank with operating temperatures below 160 F

Vt = minimum volume of pressurization tank (gal)
E
= net pressurization of water in the system when heated from min to max temp (gal)
Pa = pressure in tank when water first enters tank (ft of water absolute); At atmos.press.
Pf = initial fill or minimum pressure of tank (ft of water absolute)
Po = maximum operating pressure of tank (ft of water absolute)
( 0 . 041 x T - 0 . 0466 ) x V s
[( ) ( )]
Pa
Pf
gm to prevent
( 0 . 041 x T - 0 . 0466 ) x V s
Vt =
[ ( )]
verted into gallons of
ge capacity of the
onverted to liquid
Vt =
Pa
Po
e Vs
[ ( )]
1-
Pf
Po
Pf
Po
(2) Tank with operating temperatures between 160 F and 280 F

T
= maximum average operating temperature (oF)
Vs = system volume calculated from the piping system dimensions (gal)
Error: Denominator is Pa/Pf - Pa/Po
(3) Chilled Water Tank

Error: Denominator is 1 - Pf/Po
Tank sizing for chilled water systems will result in tanks of very small size
because of the low pressurization coefficients (40 F to 90 F temperature range). Fo
reason, closed compression tanks applied to chilled water systems are sized as follo
(1) regular tank size is half the equivalent hot water size
(2) the piping system is considered to be operating from 70 F to 200 F
(4) Diaphragm Water Tank
Specific Volume of Water

(ASHRAE Chapter-6, Table-4)
e = net pressurization factor for water Tmp Press
Sp.Vol Expansion
F
psia
###
###
The lowest temperature of chilled water equals the mini 32

design temperature. This can be assumed to be 35 o 40
inimum reco The highest temperature is the highest anticipated ambie 50
ed on percentaThe net pressurization factor e is obtained from table be 60
his expansion Source: 1987 ASHRAE Handbook, Table 2, p. 13.15
70
mum temperature.
80
Net Pressurization Facto Typical make-up water su 90
for Diaphragm Water Ta and expansion tank piping100
plain steel tanks
110
###
###
###
###
Press.
120
###
###
F
90
Factor
e
0.004
130
140
###
###
100
110
0.006
0.008
150
160
###
###
120
130
0.010
0.012
170
180
190
###
###
###
140
150
0.015
0.018
200
210
###
###
160
0.021
220
230
###
###
240
250
###
###
260
280
###
###
300
###
Highest
um pressure Pf Temp
me in order to
###
###
###
nt of piping system
e attop of system
Sp.Vol
Exp: ft3
ft3 / (F.lb) ft3 / gal / (F.gal)

* 1,000,000
* 1,000,000
###
###
###
0.0175
###
0.0160
ft3 / lb
0.0160
0.0160
###
###
0.0161 1.6667
0.0161 1.7500
0.0161 2.0000
0.0161 2.1667
0.1338
0.1339
8.6900
10.6845
0.1342
0.1344
13.5480
15.4570
0.0162 2.4286
0.0162 2.5000
0.0163 2.7778
0.0163 2.9000
0.0163 3.0909
0.1348
0.1350
18.0111
18.8850
0.1354
0.1358
0.1362
21.4167
22.6086
24.3415
0.0164 3.2500
0.0165 3.4615
0.1366
0.1371
25.7855
27.6485
0.0165 3.6429
0.0166 3.8000
0.0166 3.9375
0.0167 4.1176
0.1376
0.1381
29.2453
30.6292
0.1386
0.1392
31.8401
33.3988
0.0168 4.2778
0.0168 4.4211
0.0169 4.6000
0.0170 4.7619
0.1398
0.1403
34.7843
36.0240
0.1410
0.1417
37.5564
38.9429
0.0171 4.9091
0.0173 5.2500
0.0175 5.5769
0.1423
0.1438
0.1454
40.2033
43.1035
45.8781
308386823.xls
PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS
Liquid
o max temp (gal) Water

; At atmos.press.
Glycol
Brine
rature range). Fo Diesel

s are sized as follows:
Petrol
Properties
-30
Density (lb/cu ft)

Specific Gravity ( = Density / 6
Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec)
Specific heat (Btu/lb oF)
Density (lb/cu ft)
67.98
Specific Gravity ( = Density / 6 1.09
Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec) ###
0.70
Density (lb/cu ft)
78.59
0.66
Density (lb/cu ft)
59.20
0.47
Density (lb/cu ft)
46.10
Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec) 11.00
0.47
67.55
1.08
190.00
0.73
78.21
1.25
77.50
0.67
57.40
0.92
161.50
0.48
45.50
0.73
9.80
0.48
Temperature
30
60
100
150
62.42
62.37
62.00
61.20
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.00
12.17
7.39
4.76
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
67.11
66.55
65.74
64.68
1.08
1.07
1.05
1.04
85.40
48.60
22.60
12.50
0.76
0.78
0.81
0.85
77.71
77.21
76.09
1.25
1.24
1.22
34.70
21.80
8.90
0.68
0.69
0.71
56.10
54.90
53.00
51.10
0.90
0.88
0.85
0.82
80.70
48.30
29.10
7.50
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.52
44.90
44.70
44.30
42.40
0.72
0.72
0.71
0.68
8.80
7.00
5.50
3.00
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.52
PROPERTIES OF HIGH TEMPERATURE HOT WATER

Temp
deg F
212
220
240
260
280
300
350
400
450
Satur.
Press
psig
0
2.5
10.3
20.7
34.5
52.3
119.9
232.6
407.9
Density Specific Kinem Sp. Heat

lb/cu ft Gravity = ViscosBtu/lb oF
Density/62.4sq ft/sec
0.96
1.006
59.81
3.2
0.96
1.007
59.63
3
0.95
1.01
59.1
2.7
0.94
1.015
58.51
2.5
0.93
57.94
2.3
1.02
0.92
57.31
2.1
1.26
0.89
55.59
1.9
1.044
0.86
53.65
1.7
1.067
0.83
51.55
1.5
1.095
210
59.81
0.96
3.20
1.01
63.12
1.01
6.40
0.88
Increase in Frictional Pressure Loss

due to Pipe Age
Hydraulic Handbook by Colt Industries
Multipliers
Pipe Age
Years
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
Small
1 - 3
1
1.4
2.2
3.6
5
6.3
7.25
8.1
8.75
9.25
9.6
10
Medium Large
4 to 12 14 - 48
1
1
1.35
1.3
1.9
1.6
2.7
1.8
3.5
2
4.2
2.1
4.73
2.2
5.2
2.3
5.58
2.4
5.93
2.6
6.23
2.86
7
3
308386823.xls
ressure Loss
olt Industries
308386823.xls

7 - Compression-Tanks.28123914

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

7 - Compression-Tanks.28123914

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Energy Efficient Building Design

Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Pressurization Tank Sizing

Diam per ftper size

(ins) (cu.ft.) (ft) (cu.ft.)

System Type Chilled Water

Location (building Penthouse Equipt R

T deg FV ft3/lb % exp T deg FV ft3/lb % exp

Equip Vol (ft 120

e = 100*( Vt - 0.016 ) / 0.016

t = Max temp of water (deg F)

Vt = Sp. Vol at temp t (ft3/lb)

a = Coeff of Exp of Steel (in / in) = 0.00000

Equiv gals of Water = 2,226

e = % Expansion of Water from 35 F to

Sys Vol + % age (ft3 ) =

a = Coeff of Exp of Copper (in / in) = 0.00

E = Net Pressurization Factor for diaphragm tanks

Total Volume of Pipes (ft3 150.3

E = Net Exp of water (gals) heated from T1 to T2

0.006 0.010 0.018 0.034 0.070

Sizing Data (Enter as required by tank type & sizing method)

Tank Material (Steel / Copper)

Tank Type (Open / Closed)

Average Operating Temp (F

Minim Water Temp - Tmin (F T1

Maxim Water Temp - Tmax ( T2

Specific Volume at Tmin (ft3 V1

Specific Volume at Tmax (ft

Closed Type (Normal / Diaphragm) Normal

System Volume (ft3)

Tank Size (% of System Volume)

Min Press at Highest Point (

Max Press to open Safety Va P2

Locatn w.r.t Pump (Suctn/Dischge) Suction

Atmospheric Pressure (psia) Pa

System Height above Tank (

Atmospheric Pressure (ft.Wt A, Pa'

Pr. Loss fr Tank to Pump (ft.

Venting Pressure (ft.Wtr)

Default Diameter (inches)

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP

Energy Efficient Building Design

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP

Energy Efficient Building Design

Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Pressurization Tank Sizing

Sizing assumes Open Tank is: (1) vented to atmosphere, (2) at

Minimum Volume of Expansion Tank (gals)

Vs * (% of System Volume / 100)

(2) Using Min, Max Temp, Exp 96

from ASHRAE Systems 20 181

2 * Vs * [ (V2/V1 - 1) - (3ASHRAE 2000

Closed Tank Sizing

V = +ve venting pressure (= 12 ft if unknown)

(3) Tank is on discharge sid

(1) Closed Tank:: T <= 16 T2 =

(1) Tank is above the piping

(2) Tank is on suction side o

(3) Tank is on discharge sid

Using ASHRAE HdBk Syst 0.22