TECHNOLOGY FOR LIFE

Issue 3,
November 2015

Household
Machinery

Inside this issue:

Techmates, Issue 3 - Household Machinery
Page 2 Washing machine, The Ironing, Refrigerators, Vacuum Cleaner - Kristvallabrunns School, Sweden
Page 3 Household Machinery - 15 Dimotiko Scholeio Patras, Greece
Page 4 The household exhibition - VIII Instituto Comprensivo Vittorino, Italy
Page 5 Exhibition Household Machinery - Szkoa Podstawowa Nr 2, Sztum, Poland
Page 6 - History of some home appliances - Kapakli Tulay Ilgen Orta Okulu, Turkey
Page 7 The history of wasching machines - Zkladn Skola tefana Kohriho II. S Vyuovacm Jazykom
Maarskm II. Kohry Istvn Alapiskola, Fiakovo, Slovakia
Page 8 Household Machinery - Szkoa Podstawowa Nr 2, Sztum, Poland

Published by:

Household Machinery Sweden

Washing machine
Laundering by hand involves soaking, beating, scrubbing, and rinsing dirty textiles. Washing machine is an apparatus for cleaning
textiles and the like. Washing machine developed as a
way to reduce manual labor.
The first Washing
machine was made of
wood and operated by crank. It
came into use in England in the
late 1700. The first United States
Patent titled "Clothes Washing"
was granted to Nathaniel Briggs of
New Hampshire in 1797.
The rotary washing machine was
patented by Hamilton
Smith in 1858.
Margaret Colvin invented
the Triumph Rotary
Washer, which was exhibited in the Women's Pavilion at the centennial International
Exhibition of 1876 in Philadelphia.
At last a women inventor.
In the early 1900 came the first
electric Washing machine. It was
not until the mid-1900s, before the
development of household washing
machines began to pay off.
http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lng/t
vttmaskin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Washing
_machine.jpg
http://s3.pji.nu/product/standard/800/1134333.jpg

The Ironing
The Chinese invented the ironing
about thousand
years ago. The first
ironing was shaped as a big sole
with a handle on it and it was directly warmed in the fire. In that
time the people in northern Europe
used stones and wood to smoothen
clothes. In 15th century the ironing
had a rounded top and was made
of brass, but the top become sharp
in the 16th century. They used
mangles to bigger textiles when it
took too long time to use an iron.
In the 17th century it started to be
normal with cast iron made ironings. The first electrical ironing
was invented in USA, in 1882. In
1920 the electrical ironing starts to
spread all over the world. The

most normal ironing today is the

steam iron. The steam iron has a
container with water, the water
become steam. The steam make it
easier to iron textiles and the
steam iron don't sound much.
When you iron you need an ironing
board so you don't burn up the table. The ironing is a very good invention and is used by a lot of people.
Made by: Signe and Isabell Sweden
http://www.oldandinteresting.com/antique-irons-smoothers
-mangles.aspx
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strykj%C3%A4rn

Refrigerators
Think like this, you are in 1000
B.C. Youve just cached two large
fish but you know that if you dont
do anything with them, they are
going to be destroyed by the heat
and you wont be able to eat them.
So what are you going to do? This
is where our subject comes in, refrigerating. Okay so refrigerators
was not invented yet but there was
other methods. An example is drying, its the process where you dehydrate meat, seafood, fruit and
other stuff until theres not enough
moisture to support microbial a
kind of bacteria. But a new technique from China was that you
could also have ice blocks around.
That was clever,
right? Now you
could have your
fish stored.
Another way to
store food is in
Earth cellar
an earth cellar,
they were most built and used in
the 17th century. They were built
almost completely underneath the
ground to keep the cold inside and
keep the food that was canned
there cold and thereby make it
keep longer.
What about now? Earth cellars are
still left but only in the country
side and they are not always used
because now we have the fridge.
The first fridge was demonstrated
in 1748 but was first built in 1834.
There are four steps in the cooling
process.
By: Klara & Kajsa Sweden.
http://inve----------ntors.about.com/library/
inventors/blrefrigerator.htm
http://www.aham.org/consumer/ht/action/
GetDocumentAction/id/1409

http://www.homepreservingbible.com/630-anoverview-of-10-home-food-preservation-methodsfrom-ancient-to-modern/

Vacuum Cleaner
The first Vacuum Cleaner was invented in Chicago 1860 by Ives W.
McGaffey.
The British Vacuum Cleaner Company started by Hubert Cecil
Booth operated a car-like vacuum
trolley, which the company would
drive through the street to the clients' residence. Using long tubing,
the vacuum could be snaked into
all the corners of the client's home,
with the unit itself remaining in
the street, outside. Eventually,
with the development and spread of
electricity, portable
models were designed to work to be
plugged in, at individual homes, such
as the company's 'Goblin' brand,
launched in the 1920s.
In traditional vacuum cleaners, a
fan sucks in air, reducing the air
pressure inside the cleaning tube,
and atmospheric pressure then
pushes the air up the tube and into
the bag. The air carries dirt with
it, and while the air freely moves
through the dust bags small pores
to the vacuum exhaust, the dirt
gets trapped inside the bag. 1868
Daniel Hess patents a vacuum
cleaner, it appears to be the first
recorded. 1905 Chapman and Skinner in San Fransisco invented a
movable vacuum cleaner. 2002
Helen Greiner and her colleages at
iRobot introduced Roomba the robot vacuum cleaner. The Vacuum
Cleaner clean your house.
http://www.achooallergy.com/learning/americanvacuum-cleaning-history-trends/,
http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/
vacleaner.htm,
https://www.google.se/search?q=the+first+vacuum

Household Machinery - Greece

HISTORY OF REFRIGERATOR
Old refrigerators
were wooden. People kept their food
in ice. The wooden
fridges had a container of metal sheet where people
placed the ice bought from the ice
seller who usually passed from the
streets once a day and at heatwaves
twice a day.
For paraphernalia he had the
stroller, which was
carrying the ice,
the forceps or
tweezers, which
caught the ice and
downloaded it
from the truck to
the stroller. Many
wore gloves, not to
suffer their hands
frostbite. They also
used clothes, sawdust or straw, to avoid fast-melting
ice.

wooden fridge. At the bottom there

was the collector of water that filled
sometimes and sometimes overflowed. The housewives poured the
water from melted ice in the yards.
In 1931 the American chemist Thomas Mitzli invented Freon , and
from that moment the electic fridge
replaced ice regrigerators and technology made life easier.
HISTORY OF IRONING
The concept of straightening the
clothes is very old .It starts with
straightening tools made of wood ,
glass or marble , while the whole
process is improved by the addition
of heat.
The first reference to the use of
iron for washed clothes is made in
the 17th century. Heavy stones were
heat up in fireplaces and used to
press clothes.

Commercial needs were

greater and frost blocks were those
who gave the solution. The construction of the ice was in ice factories,
some of which operate today and produce ice for preservation of fresh fish
or meat.
The ice seller handing out ice in
homes. Depending on the needs of
the home, the housewives took 1/4 a
day, half or entire column if they had
a feast. The ice seller pushed the
small stroller or a patient donkey
was dragging it. He stopped under

the house, broke with the saw ice,

taking him to the tweezers and left it
in front of the house door. From
there the housewife took it with a
damp cloth and placed on top of the

Flattish hand-size stones could be

rubbed over woven cloth to smooth
it, polish it, or to press in pleated
folds. Simple round linen smoothers
made of dark glass have been found
in many Viking women's graves, and
are believed to have been used with
smoothing boards. Water may have
been used to dampen linen, but it is
unlikely the smoothers were heated.
Other methods were available to
the rich. Medieval launderers preparing big sheets, tablecloths etc. for
a large household may have used
frames to stretch damp cloth smooth,
or passed it between "calenders"
(rollers). They could also flatten and
smooth linen in screw presses of the
kind known in Europe since the Romans had used them for smoothing
cloth.
Blacksmiths started forging simple flat irons in the late Middle Ages.

Plain metal irons were heated by a

fire or on a stove.
Flat irons were also called sad
irons or smoothing irons. Metal handles had to be gripped
in a pad or thick rag.
Some irons had cool
wooden handles and in
1870 a detachable
handle was patented
in the US.
You'd need at least
two irons on the go together for an
effective system: one in use, and one
re-heating. Large households with
servants had a special ironing-stove
for this purpose. Some were fitted
with slots for several irons, and a
water-jug on top.
For centuries charcoal irons have
been used in many different countries. When they have a funnel to
keep smokey smells away from the
cloth, they may be called chimney
irons.
Late 19th century iron designs
experimented with heat-retaining
fillings. Designs of this period became more and more ingenious and
complicated, with reversible bases,
gas jets and other innovations. The
search for a foolproof "self-heating
flat iron" was under way by the mid19th century. In 1852 a patent was
issued in the US for a new, improved
charcoal-burning iron which would

make "practicable the permanent

heating of smoothing irons". In 1852
a patent was issued in the US for a
new, improved charcoal-burning iron
which would make "practicable the
permanent heating of smoothing
irons".
By the 1930s the iron's only rival
for "most popular electrical home
appliance" was the radio. In the 20th
century enthusiasm was building for
the new electric smoothing irons:

THE HOUSEHOLD
EXHIBITION
/ITALY/

In our school Elio Vittorini secondary school, on

the 25th November 2015, we organized an exhibition. It took patience, time and work to gather all
those particular and rare objects. The idea
started when we were invited by our English
teachers to reflect about life in the past. We had
no idea about it and we became curious, so we
asked our grandparents. They explained us they
didnt have any washing machines, dishwashers,
electric irons, computers, TVs. But they lived
happily. Their lives flew slower and quieter, they
spent some time talking to their friends or relatives while they were ironing using a coal iron or
working on a loom. We wanted to know and see
what were the most popular objects in the past.
A few of these are, for example:
-the sewing machine: it was used to repair the
clothes;
-the Rotary phone: it was often kept in the kitchens; it had a very long twisted cord, attached to
the receiver;
-the coal iron: it was heated by coal, which was
taken from the fire and placed in a box.
When our relatives came to the exhibition they
were attracted by the objects and they were
happy; looking at all those objects they thought
about their life few years ago. So they shared
their memories and took a lot of pictures .

This exhibition made us realize how different

was life in the past, but we also understood
the importance of our roots.
We realize this exhibition with the help of:
Our English teachers Mrs Caramma and Mrs
Terranova
Our art teacher, Mr Fretto, who recorded all in a
video.

CRISCONIO LUDOVICA, GRECO GIULIA,

LENTINELLO EMANUELA, MILARDI IRENE

EXHIBITIONHousehold Machinery

History of some home appliances

cooks food fast, almost everyone owns

Home appliances were designed to

make peoples life easier when cooking,
preparing food, heating, washing,
cleaning and etc. Since the mid-1800s,
people have been thinking of new ways
to make their life much easier and
more comfortable. Inventors are still
trying to make things easier for us by
coming up with new products that do
more things. For example :

a microwave oven. The first microwave

The stove is something that most

people could not do without. Whether
you prefer gas or electric, stoves are
the main source of cooking food in
peoples homes today. The first gas
stoves were invented in the early
1850's. By 1912, gas stoves were being
replaced by the more convenient
electric stoves. Today, people can
choose between gas and electric. Since
they are both safe and serve the same
purpose, the stove that people use is
generally a matter of personal
preference.
If the stove was the most important
kitchen appliance product of the 1800s,
the refrigerator was possible the
most important appliance in the
1900s. Although the idea of cooling
foods dates back to the ancient Roman
era, the idea for the modern electric
refrigerator was patented in 1914.
Other patents occurred before this one,
but the model for the 1914 patent was
the one that resembles todays
refrigerator. The electric refrigerator
was a threat to the ice industry of the
day because it no longer required ice to
cool foods. Rather, it used a convection
technology that produced cold air
within an insulated box. In 1952,
refrigerators began to be produced
with an automatic ice maker. A few
years later, the magnetic strip that
helps to keep the doors closed tightly
was standard on new refrigerators.
The dishwasher is also essential part
of our kitchens. While some still
consider this appliance to be a luxury
rather than a necessity, the
overwhelming majority of people have
a dishwasher. The first patent for an
appliance that resembles the
dishwasher occurred in 1850 by Joel
Houghton and they are very popular
today.

with an idea but now we think how we

Finally, the microwave oven is one of

the most innovative and widely used
kitchen appliances today. Since it

oven came into use in 1940, but the

first marketable product was not
created until 1947. Today, they are an
essential part of any household and
there are a lot of foods that are special

Now, open your eyes. The chances are

that most of your photographs, books,
music and movies are in your tablets,
smart phones or in a technological
vortex. You have your tv set on the
wall, you may have your home cinema
too and don't need to go out to watch a
film. You read the news online and
search the internet for any
information.

for microwave ovens.

Home appliances normally begin
functioned before their inventions.
THEN and NOW
Close your eyes and imagine your
home in the past. Can you see the big
old TV / the radio and the tape
recorder with tapes? Theres the
bookshelf full of novels, travel guides
and reference books. There may be
some newspapers and magazines on
the coffee table and framed family
photographs on the wall. The kitchen
seems empty without the fridge, dish
washer, doesn't it? You see that stove

Now everybone has his/her mobile and

people do not prefer having
phoneswith cord at home. Youre
chatting to a friend on your cordless
phone or mobile while emptying the
dishwasher, making a cuppa or
ordering your groceries online.

Selfies, pets doing mad things,

unexpected sunsets owning a mobile
with a good camera is a real joy. You
have many digital pics Your calender
is in your mobile today.
used for baking, cooking and heating
water? How big it is. You are lucky
you have the light, long before there
was no electricity and on the wall was
a gas lamp. Ha ha ha ... you can't see a
mixer / a kitchen robot nor a
microwave oven.

That cable is for the phone, and the

phone is in the living room.It is used
only for calling people. On the wall is
the calender, some important dates are
marked. It isn't a keyboard, it is a
typewriter on dad's desk. He writes his
articles on it. Behind the door, you can
see the broom. It is used for cleaning
floor.

Can you imagine the house in future?

People may live all in smart houses

and do all the housework just by
clicking on some buttons. Who knows?
Sena & Zeynep

Household
Machinery
/TURKEY/

The history of washing machines /SLOVAKIA/

How did people wash clothes without the factory-made equipment and cleansing products?
Who and when invented the washing machine?

Normal is just a setting on

a washing machine.

Why are modern washers so innovative?

Among other things, our article is looking for
answers to these questions. Lets have a look at

The beginnings
From ancient times up to the 16th
century people washed their clothes
in local streams.
They used special wooden tools, like
washing bats or boards to scrub and
beat the dirt out of
the cloth. They were
also
useful
for
smoothing dry cloth.
There
were
two
techniques
for
washing the dirt out:
slapping clothes and trampling them
with bare feet.
Bucking was a special technique to
whiten and cleanse the cloth. People
soaked laundry in
lye which was a
mixture of animal
ashes and urine.
People
washed
their clothes and household linens
after several months, later once a
week. The first washing soap was
found in Rome, where the ashes
containing the fat of sacrificial
animals was used as soap. Firstly,
soap was used by washerwomen
whose employers paid for it. But by
the 18th century, soap was
widespread.
Washing and drying
were often public or group activities.
In Europe and America people
established communal bleaching
areas. Spring was the season of The
Grand Wash or Great
Wash
because
sunshine helped to
bleach
off
white
cloth.

Made by Marek
and Vivien,
Slovakia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washi
ng_machine
http://www.oldandinteresting.com/h
istory-washing-machines.aspx
http://electroluxdesignlab.com/en/su
bmission/clean-scent/
http://www.lg.com/us/laundry

The early washing machines...

The first home laundry tool Yorkshire Maidenwas used in the North of
England in the 1700s. It was a version of a tub. In Germany, Jacob
Schffer was inspired by the English washing machine and manufactured
an improved version of it. It could wash different kinds of clothing. It saved
on lye, fuel for heating water and soap. In 1787, Edward Beetham, an
actor, writer, bookseller became partner with Thomas Todd, who granted
a patent for a washing machine. In 1790 he started advertising a portable
washing mill. He offered a variety of sizes and prices and a special navy
version for shipboard use.
Coates and Hancock patterned their own
wringing machines. The first US patent
related to washing clothes is connected to
Nathaniel Briggs.

Modern washers
The first automatic washers were introduced by Bendix Corporation in
1937. They were similar to todays washers but they lacked some important
features, like the drum suspension that prevent washers from walking.
Many US manufacturers introduced competing automatic machines in the
late 1940s and early 1950s.. In 2000, the British inventor James
Dyson produced a type of washing machine with two cylinders rotating in
opposite directions. This washer reduced the wash time and produced
cleaner washing than a single cylinder machine. In 2001, Whirlpool
Corporation introduced a washer with a washplate in the bottom of the tub
to bounce, shake, and toss the laundry around. Simultaneously, water
containing detergent was sprayed on to the laundry.

So why are modern washers so innovative?

Because they are adapted to the new urban lifestyle. They are easy to
use, practical and makes the boring daily activities more comfortable.
They have front-load and top-load and they can be used as dryers too.
These innovative washers are designed to be energy and water
efficient. Let me mention some of the most important technologies they
have. For example the steam technology, it does the ironing work for
you while saving you time and money. Then there is the 6Motion
technology that combines six different washing motions for the
cleaning. The TubFresh technology helps to maintain your washer
fresh by cleaning the wash tub and spinning it dry.
It seems to be as many technologies your washer has as more
innovative it is.

Household Machinery /POLAND/

Which household machineries are the most important in your life?

Household
machineries

7 13 years old

14 19 years old

20 years old and

older

Summary

women

me
n

women

men

women

men

Fridge

52

24

11

59

26

178

Wasching
machine

15

40

15

82

Toaster

14

11

35

Vacuum cleaner

31

Mixer

18

Cooker

24

11

55

11

10

40

Iron

20

Dishwasher

11

32

11

31

Electric kettle

10

25

Coffee machine

10

25

Food
processor

19

Bathroom or
kitchen scale

Sandwicher

12

12

50

14

Hair dryer

15

31

Hair straightener

13

17

32

Shaver

Curling-pin

13

Microwave

Oven

QUIZ household machineries

1.Which household machinery is in every house?
a) a fridge b) a toaster c) a dishwasher
2. What equipment is the most modern?
a) a radio b) a washing machine c) a smartphone
3. What device do you use in an office?
a) a dishwasher b) a printer c) a TV set
4. What do you use when youve got dirty clothes?
a) a washing machine b) a dishwasher c) a shower
5. What do you use to bake an apple pie?
a) a sandwicher b) an oven c) a cooker
6. Where can you find an oven?
a) in the kitchen b) in the bathroom c) in the garden
7. What is the most important household machinery
for your mother?
a) a hair straightener b) a toaster c) a cooker
8. Where do you store food?
a) in a fridge b) in a cooker c) in a microwave
9. What do you use to make coffee?
a) a mixer b) a coffee machine c) a toaster
10. What do use to heat the water?
a) a hair dryer b) a vacuum cleaner c) an electric
kettle

New Vocabulary
Freezer

Students from our school prepared a questionnaire about household machineries and their importance in our
lives. They asked a very simple question which equipments, in people opinion, are the most important and
they cant live without them anymore. They asked people of all ages and sexes: students and adults, women
and men.
They questioned 120 people.
The answers are not surprising.
For the girls age 7 13, the most important is a fridge, a washing machine, a hair dryer and a toaster. They
dont need a scale or a shaver.
For the boys age 7 13, the most important is a fridge, a toaster and a washing machine. The least needed are:
a hair straightener, a hair dryer and a shaver.
For the teenage girls (age 14 19), the most important is a hair straightener, a fridge and a hair dryer. They
dont need a toaster, a mixer, an iron, a coffee machine, a food procesor, a scale, a frezer or a shaver.
For the teenage boys (age 14 19), the most important is a sandwicher, a dishwasher, a fridge and a microwave. The least needed are: a wasching machine, a mixer, an iron, a scale, a hair straightener, a hair dryer and
a curling pin.
For the women age 20 and older, the most important is a fridge, a wasching machine and a cooker. The least needed are: a food procesor, a shaver and a toaster.

Looking forward Techmates Issue 4

Activity for the youngest students:

Use a dictionary, translate it and put it in

alphabetical order:
electric toothbrush washing machine vacuum cleaner iron coffee machine electric shaver electric kettle ..
What kind of household machinery you have got
in your house?

I have got

QUIZ answers:
1. a
Dear friends and our readers!
2. c
In this issue 3 we have worked with Household machineries, history of
3. b
household, development and importance in our lives. Our students
4. a
searched the Internet looking for facts, they read books and they asked
5. b
people of all ages and sexes about this topic. They worked with pleasure, 6. a
they discovered- and they werent surprise- that we cant live without
7. c
household machineries at all! We hope you enjoyed Techmates 3 and we 8. a
9. b
are looking forward the next issue 4 Transportation Technology.
10. c