Work and Kinetic Energy Mastering Physics

3/9/2016
Work and Kinetic Energy
WorkandKineticEnergy
Due:11:59pmonWednesday,March2,2016
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy
Amessagefromyourinstructor...
Dot(orScalar)Product
VectorDotProduct
LetvectorsA= (2, 1, 4) ,B =
Calculatethefollowing:
(3, 0, 1)
,andC =
(1, 1, 2)
PartA
Hint1.Rememberthedotproductequation
IfM =
(M x , M y , M z )
andN =
(Nx , Ny , Nz )
,then
M N = M x Nx + M y Ny + M z Nz
ANSWER:
= 10
A B
Correct
PartB
Whatistheangle AB betweenAandB?
Expressyouranswerusingonesignificantfigure.
Hint1.Rememberthedefinitionofdotproducts
A B = |A | |B| cos()
,where istheanglebetweenAandB.
ANSWER:
AB
= 2 radians
Correct
PartC
ANSWER:
= 30
2B 3C
Correct
PartD
ANSWER:
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?displayMode=studentView&assignmentID=4198002
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2(B 3C )
= 30
Correct
PartE
Whichofthefollowingcanbecomputed?
Hint1.Dotproductoperator
Thedotproductoperatesonlyontwovectors.Thedotproductofavectorandascalarisnotdefined.
ANSWER:
A B C
A (B C )
A (B + C )
3A
Correct
andV 2 aredifferentvectorswithlengthsV1 andV2 respectively.Findthefollowing:
PartF
ExpressyouranswerintermsofV1
Hint1.Whatistheanglebetweenavectoranditself?
Theanglebetweenavectoranditselfis0.
Hint2.Rememberthedefinitionofdotproducts
A B = |A | |B| cos()
,where istheanglebetweenAandB.
ANSWER:
Correct
PartG
IfV 1 andV 2 areperpendicular,
Hint1.Whatistheanglebetweenperpendicularvectors?
Theanglebetweenvectorsthatareperpendicularisequalto/2 radiansor90degrees.
ANSWER:
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V 1 V 2 cos(
Correct
PartH
IfV 1 andV 2 areparallel,
ExpressyouranswerintermsofV1 andV2 .
Hint1.Whatistheanglebetweenparallelvectors?
Theanglebetweenvectorsthatareparallelisequalto0.
ANSWER:
V
V1 V2
Correct
DefinitionofWork
AllWorkandNoPlay
LearningGoal:
Tobeabletocalculateworkdonebyaconstantforcedirectedatdifferentanglesrelativetodisplacement
Ifanobjectundergoesdisplacementwhilebeingacteduponbyaforce(orseveralforces),itissaidthatworkisbeing
doneontheobject.Iftheobjectismovinginastraightlineandthedisplacementandtheforceareknown,theworkdone
bytheforcecanbecalculatedas
cos
W = F s = F
s
whereW istheworkdonebyforceF ontheobjectthatundergoesdisplacements directedatangle relativetoF .

Notethatdependingonthevalueofcos ,theworkdonecanbepositive,negative,orzero.
Inthisproblem,youwillpracticecalculatingworkdoneonanobjectmovinginastraightline.Thefirstseriesofquestions
isrelatedtotheaccompanyingfigure.
PartA
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WhatcanbesaidaboutthesignoftheworkdonebytheforceF 1 ?
ANSWER:
Itispositive.
Itisnegative.
Itiszero.
Thereisnotenoughinformationtoanswerthequestion.
Correct
When
= 90
,thecosineof iszero,andthereforetheworkdoneiszero.
PartB
WhatcanbesaidabouttheworkdonebyforceF 2 ?
ANSWER:
Itispositive.
Itisnegative.
Itiszero.
Correct
When0
< < 90
,cos ispositive,andsotheworkdoneispositive.
PartC
TheworkdonebyforceF 3 is
ANSWER:
positive
negative
zero
Correct
When90
< < 180
,cos isnegative,andsotheworkdoneisnegative.
PartD
ANSWER:
positive
negative
zero
Correct
PartE
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ANSWER:
positive
negative
zero
Correct
PartF
ANSWER:
positive
negative
zero
Correct
PartG
ANSWER:
positive
negative
zero
Correct
Inthenextseriesofquestions,youwillusetheformulaW
cos
= F s = F
s
tocalculatetheworkdonebyvariousforcesonanobjectthatmoves160meterstotheright.
PartH
FindtheworkW donebythe18newtonforce.
Usetwosignificantfiguresinyouranswer.Expressyouranswerinjoules.
ANSWER:
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W
= 2900 J
Correct
PartI
ANSWER:
W
= 4200 J
Correct
PartJ
ANSWER:
W
= 1900 J
Correct
PartK
ANSWER:
W
= 1800 J
Correct
Exercise6.8
Aloadedgrocerycartisrollingacrossaparkinglotinastrongwind.YouapplyaconstantforceF = ( 28N)^
i ( 41
^
N )j
tothecartasitundergoesadisplacements =
^
9.1m)^
i ( 3.3m)j .
PartA
Howmuchworkdoestheforceyouapplydoonthegrocerycart?
Expressyouranswerusingthreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
W
= 120 J
Correct
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WorkfromaConstantForce
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandhowtocomputetheworkdonebyaconstantforceactingonaparticlethatmovesinastraightline.
Inthisproblem,youwillcalculatetheworkdonebyaconstantforce.AforceisconsideredconstantifF ( r ) is
independentofr .ThisisthemostfrequentlyencounteredsituationinelementaryNewtonianmechanics.
PartA
ConsideraparticlemovinginastraightlinefrominitialpointBtofinalpointA,acteduponbyaconstantforceF .In
thefiguretheforceisindicatedbyaseriesofidentical
vectorspointingtotheleft,paralleltothehorizontalaxis.
Thevectorsareallidenticaltoreflecttheideathatthe
forceisconstanteverywherealongthepath.The
magnitudeoftheforceisF ,andthedisplacementvector
frompointBtopointAisL(ofmagnitudeL,makingan
angle (radians)withthepositivexaxis).FindW BA ,the
workthattheforceF performsontheparticleasitmoves
frompointBtopointA.
ExpresstheworkintermsofL,F ,and .Remember
touseradians,notdegrees,foranyanglesthat
appearinyouranswer.
Hint1.Formulaforworkdonebyaconstantforce
ForaparticlesubjectedtoaconstantforceF alongastraightpathrepresentedbythedisplacementvector
,thenetworkdonebyF isF L.
Hint2.FindtheanglebetweenF andL
YouneedtofindtheanglebetweenthevectorF ,whichisdirectedhorizontallytotheleft,andthevectorL
inthedirectionoftheparticle'smotion(atanangle (radians)relativetothepositivexaxis).Itmayhelpto
visualizeF directedalongthenegativexaxisattheorigin.Whatistheangle betweenF andL?
Expressyouranswerinradians,notdegrees.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
W BA
F Lcos( )
Correct
Thisresultisworthremembering!TheworkdonebyaconstantforceofmagnitudeF ,whichactsatanangleof
withrespecttothedirectionofmotionalongastraightpathoflengthL ,isW BA = F L cos() .This
equationcorrectlygivesthesigninthisproblem.Since istheanglewithrespecttothepositivexaxis(in
radians), = hencecos() = cos( ) = cos() .
PartB
NowconsiderthesameforceF actingonaparticlethattravelsfrompointAtopointB.ThedisplacementvectorL
nowpointsintheoppositedirectionasitdidinPartA.FindtheworkW AB donebyF inthiscase.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofL,F ,and .
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Hint1.Aphysicalargument
Theeasiestargumenttomakeisaphysicalone:IftheparticleweretogostraightfrompointAtopointBand
thenbackfrompointBtopointAwiththesameforceacting,thetotalworkdonewouldbezero(i.e.,thegain
inenergyonthewaytopointBduetothisforcewouldbelostonthewayback,andviceversa).Thisholds
forallconservativeforces(butdoesnotholdfornonconservativeforces),andaconstantforceisindeed
conservative.Therefore,W BA + W AB = 0.
ANSWER:
W AB
F Lcos( )
Correct
Exercise6.14
YouapplyaconstantforceF = (68.0 N)^
i + (36.0
is240.0 counterclockwisefromthe+x axis.
^
N) j
toa420kg carasthecartravels40.0minadirectionthat
PartA
Howmuchworkdoestheforceyouapplydoonthecar?
Expressyouranswertothreesignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
W
= 113J
Correct
WorkEnergyTheorem
WorkEnergyTheoremReviewed
LearningGoal:
Reviewtheworkenergytheoremandapplyittoasimpleproblem.
IfyoupushaparticleofmassM inthedirectioninwhichitisalreadymoving,youexpecttheparticle'sspeedto
increase.IfyoupushwithaconstantforceF ,thentheparticlewillacceleratewith
accelerationa = F /M (fromNewton's2ndlaw).
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accelerationa
= F /M
(fromNewton's2ndlaw).
PartA
Enteraoneortwowordanswerthatcorrectlycompletesthefollowingstatement.
Iftheconstantforceisappliedforafixedintervaloftimet,thenthe_____oftheparticlewillincreasebyanamount
at.
Hint1.Kinematicequationsrecalled
Recallthekinematicequations
v = u + at ;
s = ut +
v
= u
1
2
at
+ 2as
ANSWER:
velocity
Correct
PartB
Enteraoneortwowordanswerthatcorrectlycompletesthefollowingstatement.
IftheconstantforceisappliedoveragivendistanceD,alongthepathoftheparticle,thenthe_____oftheparticle
willincreasebyF D.
ANSWER:
energy
Correct
TheworkW doneontheparticlebytheforceF overthedistanceDisF D.
PartC
IftheinitialkineticenergyoftheparticleisKi ,anditsfinalkineticenergyisKf ,expressKf intermsofKi andthe
workW doneontheparticle.
ANSWER:
Kf
W + Ki
Correct
Thisistheworkenergytheorem,oftenwrittenW = Kf Ki .Itis,essentially,astatementofenergy
conservationthatdoesnotincludepotentialenergyexplicitly.Allforcesevenconservativeforceslikegravity
contributetothework.
PartD
Ingeneral,theworkdonebyaforceF iswrittenas
W =
f
i
dr .
F (r )
Now,considerwhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse:
Thedotproductassuresthattheintegrandisalwaysnonnegative.
Thedotproductindicatesthatonlythecomponentoftheforceperpendiculartothepathcontributesto
theintegral.
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Thedotproductindicatesthatonlythecomponentoftheforceparalleltothepathcontributestothe
integral.
Entertfortrueorfforfalseforeachstatement.Separateyourresponseswithcommas(e.g.,t,f,t).
ANSWER:
f,f,t
Correct
PartE
Assumethattheparticlehasinitialspeedv i .FinditsfinalkineticenergyKf intermsofv i ,M ,F ,andD.
Hint1.Findtheinitialkineticenergy
ExpresstheinitialkineticenergyKi intermsoftheparticle'sinitialvelocityv i anditsmassM .
ANSWER:
Ki
.5M v i
ANSWER:
Kf
.5M v i
+ FD
Correct
PartF
Whatisthefinalspeedoftheparticle?
ExpressyouranswerintermsofKf andM .
ANSWER:
vf
2K f
M
Correct
WorkonaSlidingBlock
Ablockofweightw sitsonafrictionlessinclinedplane,whichmakesanangle withrespecttothehorizontal,as
shown.AforceofmagnitudeF ,appliedparalleltotheincline,pullstheblockuptheplaneatconstantspeed.
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PartA
TheblockmovesadistanceLuptheincline.Theblockdoesnotstopaftermovingthisdistancebutcontinuesto
movewithconstantspeed.WhatisthetotalworkW tot doneontheblockbyallforces?(Includeonlytheworkdone
aftertheblockhasstartedmoving,nottheworkneededtostarttheblockmovingfromrest.)
Expressyouranswerintermsofgivenquantities.
Hint1.Whatphysicalprincipletouse
Tofindthetotalworkdoneontheblock,usetheworkenergytheorem:
W tot = Kf Ki .
Hint2.Findthechangeinkineticenergy
Whatisthechangeinthekineticenergyoftheblock,fromthemomentitstartsmovinguntilithasbeen
pulledadistanceL?Rememberthattheblockispulledatconstantspeed.
Hint1.Considerkineticenergy
Iftheblock'sspeeddoesnotchange,itskineticenergycannotchange.
ANSWER:
Kf Ki
= 0
ANSWER:
W tot
= 0
Correct
PartB
WhatisW g ,theworkdoneontheblockbytheforceofgravityastheblockmovesadistanceLuptheincline?
Expresstheworkdonebygravityintermsoftheweightw andanyotherquantitiesgivenintheproblem
introduction.
Hint1.Forcediagram
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Hint2.Forceofgravitycomponent
Whatisthecomponentoftheforceofgravityinthedirectionoftheblock'sdisplacement(alongtheinclined
plane)?
Expressyouranswerintermsofw and .
Hint1.Relativedirectionoftheforceandthemotion
Rememberthattheforceofgravityactsdowntheplane,whereastheblock'sdisplacementisdirected
uptheplane.
ANSWER:
F g||
wsin()
ANSWER:
Wg
wLsin()
Correct
PartC
WhatisW F ,theworkdoneontheblockbytheappliedforceF astheblockmovesadistanceLuptheincline?
ExpressyouranswerintermsofF andothergivenquantities.
Hint1.Howtofindtheworkdonebyaconstantforce
Rememberthattheworkdoneonanobjectbyaparticularforceistheintegralofthedotproductoftheforce
andtheinstantaneousdisplacementoftheobject,overthepathfollowedbytheobject.Inthiscase,sincethe
forceisconstantandthepathisastraightsegmentoflengthLuptheinclinedplane,thedotproduct
becomessimplemultiplication.
ANSWER:
WF
FL
Correct
PartD
WhatisW normal ,theworkdoneontheblockbythenormalforceastheblockmovesadistanceLuptheinclined
plane?
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Expressyouranswerintermsofgivenquantities.
Hint1.Firststepincomputingthework
Theworkdonebythenormalforceisequaltothedotproductoftheforcevectorandtheblock's
displacementvector.Thenormalforceandtheblock'sdisplacementvectorareperpendicular.Therefore,
whatistheirdotproduct?
ANSWER:
= 0
N L
ANSWER:
W normal
= 0
Correct
WorkandKineticEnergy
Twoblocksofice,onefourtimesasheavyastheother,areatrestonafrozenlake.Apersonpusheseachblockthe
samedistanced .IgnorefrictionandassumethatanequalforceF isexertedoneachblock.
PartA
Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutthekineticenergyoftheheavierblockafterthepush?
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Theworkenergytheoremstatesthatthechangeinkineticenergyofanobjectequalsthenetworkdoneon
thatobject:
W total = K .
Theworkdoneonanobjectcanalsoberelatedtothedistanced thattheobjectmoveswhilebeingactedon
byaforceF :
W = F d
whereF|| isthecomponentofF paralleltothedirectionofdisplacement.
Hint2.Findtheworkdoneoneachblock
Whatcanbesaidaboutthenetworkdoneontheheavierblock?
ANSWER:
Itisgreaterthantheworkdoneonthelighterblock.
Itisequaltotheworkdoneonthelighterblock.
Itislessthantheworkdoneonthelighterblock.
ANSWER:
Itissmallerthanthekineticenergyofthelighterblock.
Itisequaltothekineticenergyofthelighterblock.
Itislargerthanthekineticenergyofthelighterblock.
Itcannotbedeterminedwithoutknowingtheforceandthemassofeachblock.
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Correct
Theworkenergytheoremstatesthatthechangeinkineticenergyofanobjectequalsthenetworkdoneonthat
object.Theonlyforcedoingworkontheblocksistheforcefromtheperson,whichisthesameinbothcases.
Sincetheinitialkineticenergyofeachblockiszero,bothblockshavethesamefinalkineticenergy.
PartB
Comparedtothespeedoftheheavierblock,whatisthespeedofthelightblockafterbothblocksmovethesame
distanced ?
InPartA,youdeterminedthatthekineticenergyoftheheavierblockwasthesameasthatofthelighter
block.Relatethistothespeedoftheblocks.
Hint2.Proportionalreasoning
Proportionalreasoningbecomeseasierwithpractice.Firstrelatethekineticenergiesoftheblockstoeach
other.Toaccomplishthis,letthesubscripthrefertotheheavierblockandthesubscript tothelighterblock.
Now
Kh = K
canbewrittenas
1
2
m h (v h )
1
2
m (v )
Theproblemstatesthattheheavierblockisfourtimeasmassiveasthelighterblock.Thiscanbe
representedbytheexpression
m h = 4m
Substitutingthisexpressionintotheexpressionforkineticenergyyields
1
2
(4m )(v h )
1
2
m (v )
Howmanytimeslargerthanv 2h isv 2 ?
ANSWER:
v
= 4 v 2h
ANSWER:
onequarterasfast
halfasfast
thesamespeed
twiceasfast
fourtimesasfast
Correct
Sincethekineticenergyofthelighterblockisequaltothekineticenergyoftheheavierblock,thelighterblock
mustbemovingfasterthantheheavierblock.
PartC
NowassumethatbothblockshavethesamespeedafterbeingpushedwiththesameforceF .Whatcanbesaid
aboutthedistancesthetwoblocksarepushed?
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Theworkenergytheoremstatesthatthechangeinkineticenergyofanobjectequalsthenetworkdoneon
thatobject:
W total = K .
Theworkdoneonanobjectcanalsoberelatedtothedistanced thattheobjectmoveswhilebeingactedon
byaforceF :
W = F d
whereF|| isthecomponentofF paralleltothedirectionofdisplacement.
Hint2.Relatethekineticenergiesoftheblocks
Letthesubscripthrefertotheheavierblockandthesubscript tothelighterblock.Whatistheratio
Kh
Hint1.Thekineticenergies
Torelatethekineticenergiesoftheblockstoeachother,recallthat
vh = v
and
m h = 4m
ANSWER:
Kh
K
= 4
Hint3.Comparetheamountofworkdoneoneachblock
Intheprevioushint,youfoundthatKh
workdoneonthelighterblock,
Wh
W
= 4K
.Whatistheratiooftheworkdoneontheheavyblocktothe
ANSWER:
Wh
W
ANSWER:
Theheavyblockmustbepushed16timesfartherthanthelightblock.
Theheavyblockmustbepushedthesamedistanceasthelightblock.
Theheavyblockmustbepushedhalfasfarasthelightblock.
Correct
Becausetheheavierblockhasfourtimesthemassofthelighterblock,whenthetwoblockstravelwiththe
samespeed,theheavierblockwillhavefourtimesasmuchkineticenergy.Theworkenergytheoremimplies
thatfourtimesmoreworkmustbedoneontheheavierblockthanonthelighterblock.Sincethesameforceis
appliedtobothblocks,theheavierblockmustbepushedthroughfourtimesthedistanceasthelighterblock.
Exercise6.27
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A12packofOmniCola(mass4.30kg )isinitiallyatrestonahorizontalfloor.Itisthenpushedinastraightlinefor
1.20mbyatraineddogwhoexertsahorizontalforcewithmagnitude36.0N.
PartA
Usetheworkenergytheoremtofindthefinalspeedofthe12packifthereisnofrictionbetweenthe12packand
thefloor.
ANSWER:
v
= 4.48 m/s
Correct
PartB
Usetheworkenergytheoremtofindthefinalspeedofthe12packifthecoefficientofkineticfrictionbetweenthe
12packandtheflooris0.30.
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
v
= 3.6 m/s
Correct
Power
Exercise6.51
PartA
Howmanyjoulesofenergydoesa100wattlightbulbuseperhour?
ANSWER:
W
= 3.6105 J
Correct
PartB
Howfastwoulda66kg personhavetoruntohavethatamountofenergy?
ANSWER:
v
= 100 m/s
Correct
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Exercise6.57
Yourjobistolift30kg cratesaverticaldistanceof0.90mfromthegroundontothebedofatruck.
PartA
Howmanycrateswouldyouhavetoloadontothetruckinoneminutefortheaveragepoweroutputyouusetolift
thecratestoequal0.50hp ?
ANSWER:
85 1/min
Correct
PartB
Howmanycratesforanaveragepoweroutputof100W ?
ANSWER:
23 1/min
Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis98.6%.
Youreceived108.42outofapossibletotalof110points.
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3/9/2016

Work and Kinetic Energy

Work and Kinetic Energy

andV 2 aredifferentvectorswithlengthsV1 andV2 respectively.Findthefollowing:

Work and Kinetic Energy

whereW istheworkdonebyforceF ontheobjectthatundergoesdisplacements directedatangle relativetoF .

Work and Kinetic Energy

< < 180

Work and Kinetic Energy

Work and Kinetic Energy

Work and Kinetic Energy

Work and Kinetic Energy

Work and Kinetic Energy

Work and Kinetic Energy

Work and Kinetic Energy

Work and Kinetic Energy

Work and Kinetic Energy

whereF|| isthecomponentofF paralleltothedirectionofdisplacement.

Work and Kinetic Energy

Work and Kinetic Energy

whereF|| isthecomponentofF paralleltothedirectionofdisplacement.

Work and Kinetic Energy

Work and Kinetic Energy

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