HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

B CNG THNG
TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP THC PHM

BO CO TIU LUN
MN:

HA SINH HC THC PHM

ti:
ENZYME TRONG CH BIN RAU QU
GVHD:

Nguyn Phan Khnh Ha

Dnh sch Nhm:

1. ng L Thy Qunh: 2005140466

2. Quch Th Hu
: 2005140194
3. V Thanh Nht
: 2005140392
4. Nguyn Minh Phc : 2006140257

Tp.HCM 02/2015

HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

MC LC
LI M U

I. Gii thiu chung v enzyme pectinase 5

1.1

Khi nim:...............................................................................................5

1.2

Phn loi..................................................................................................5

1.3

Ngun thu nhn enzyme pectinase........................................................7

1.4

Trung tm hot ng ca pectinase....................................................11

1.5

Vai tr ca enzyme pectinase...............................................................12

1.6

C ch tc ng ca enzyme pectinnase.............................................12

II.

Tc ng ca enzyme trong ch bin rau qu

13

2.1

Nhng bt li khi s dng enzyme......................................................13

2.2

Hiu qu ca vic s dng enzyme......................................................14

III. ng dng enzyme pectinase sn xut nc qu 14

1. ng dng ch phm pectinase trong sn xut nc qu........................16
IV.

ng Dng Enzyme Pectinase Trong Sn Xut Nc To.

18

1. Quy trnh sn xut nc to ng hp:.................................................19

2. Tc ng ca enzyme pectinase trong quy trnh x l enzyme:.........19
3. C ch lm trong ca enzyme:................................................................20

HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

LI M U
Nn kinh t quc t trn pht trin th cc ngnh khoa hc k thut v dch
v ngy cng pht trin, theo ngnh cng ngh thc phm cng tng bc c ci
tin cung cp cc sn phm y cht dinh dng, p mt, tin li p ng
nhng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca con ngi.
S dng enzyme trong sn xut v i sng tr thnh ph bin trong ngnh sn
xut thc phaamt v mang li li ch kh ln. Trc y, ngun enzyme ch yu thu
nhn t thc vt v ng vt. Ngy nay, ngi ta nghin cu tm ra ngun enzyme t
vi sinh vt phong ph v a dng v r tin. V c ng dng rng ri trong cc
ngnh sn xut khc nhau. hiu su hn v ngun enzyme ny nhm em thc hin
ti tiu lun:

Quy Trnh Sn Xut Enzyme Pectinase V ng Dng

Trong Sn Xut Nc Qu.

V thi gian hon thnh bo co khng nhiu, cng nh kin thc cn hn ch nn
khng trnh khi nhng sai st, em knh mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca c,
cc bn bi bo co ca em c hon thin hn v gip em tin b hn trong
nhng bi lm sp ti.

HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

I. Gii thiu chung v enzyme pectinase

1.1 Khi nim:
L h enzyme c tc dng ln pectin dng ha tan, lm gii phng nhm
metoxy (CH3O-) v phn polysaccarit cn li c gi l acid pectin
1.2 Phn loi
Enzyme pectinase c th phn loi theo c ch tc dng ca chng:
Bng 1.1: Phn loi enzyme pectinase
St

Enzym (tn gi Enzym(tn

theo

thng)
1

Pectinpectinhydrolase
Poly--1,4

galacturonidglycano hydrolasePG
Poly--1,4-D-

Poly--1,4-Dgalacturonidmetiles
terglycanohydrolase
5

Phn ng xc tc

gi)
pectinesterase
Endopoly
galacturonase
(endo-PG)
Exopoly

galacturonidgalactu galacturonase
ron-hydrolase

thng

(exo-PG)
Endopolymetilgalacturonase
(Endo-PMG)

Pectin + H2O = n metanol + pectic acid

Thy phn lin kt -1,4-D-galacturonid
trong galacturonid khng theo mt trt t
no
Thy phn lin kt -1,4-D-galacturonid
trong pectat, trong galacturonic vi s t
mch ca acid galacturonic
Thy phn lin kt -1,4-D-galacturonid
trong pectin khng theo mt trt t nht
nh.

Poly--1,4-D-

Exo-pectatliase

Thy phn lin kt -1,4-D-galacturonid

galacturonid

(exo-PKTE)

trong pectat vi s to thnh -4,5

digalacturonoliase

aciddegalacturonic khng theo mt trt t

5

HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

nht nh.
Poly--1,4-D6

galacturonid
glicanoliase

Thy phn lin kt -1,4-D-galacturonid

Endopectatliase

trong pectat, trong galacturonic vi s to

(PETE)

thnh ni i khng theo mt trt t nht

nh
Thy phn lin kt -1,4-D-galacturonid

Poly--1,4-D7

galacturonid

Endopectinliase

trong pectin vi s to thnh ni i

metylester

(Endo-PTE)

khng theo mt trt t nht nh

glicanoliase

Pectinesterase (PE): xc tc s thy phn ca cc nhm methyl ester.

Enzyme thng tn cng vo cc nhm ester methyl ca n v galaturonate nm k
n v khng b ester ho, phn ct cc nhm methoxy (COOCH 3) ng cnh cc
nhm COOH t do, to thnh acid pectinic hoc acid pectic v methanol.
Pectinesterase thu c t cc ngun khc nhau c gi tr pH ti u khc nhau. Nu
thu t ngun VSV th PH ti u t 4,5-5,5 cn nu t ngun thc vt th c pH ti u
t 5,0-8,5. Pectinesterase t nm mc c nhit ti u l 30-40 oC v b v hot 5562oC. Pectinesterase thng c hot ho bi cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+.
Polygalacturonase:

cn

tn

gi

poly

-1,4-

galacturoniglucanohydrolase, xc tc s phn ct cc mi lin kt 1,4-glycosid. Cc

exo-PG (exo-poly 1,4--D-galacturonide) galacturonohydrolase, phn ct t cc u
khng kh, v endo-PG (endo-poly1,4--D-galacturonide) glycanohydrolase, tn cng
ngu nhin vo gia mch c cht. Polygalacturonase t gp trong thc vt nhng c
ch yu mt s nm mc v vi khun. Polygalacturonase l mt phc h enzyme
gm c nhiu cu t v thng c tnh c hiu cao i vi c cht. Trn c s tnh
c hiu v c ch tc dng vi c cht, enzym polygalacturonase c chia lm bn
loi:
Polymethylgalacturonase

hay

cn

gi

-1,4-galacturonite-

methylesglucanohydrolase, tc dng trn polygalactorunic acid c methoxyl ho

(tc l pectin). Enzyme ny li c phn thnh hai nhm nh ph thuc vo kh nng
6

HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

phn ct trong hay cui mch trong phn t pectin, l endo-glucosidasepolymethyl galacturonase kiu I v exo-glucosidase-polymethylgalaturonase kiu II.
Polygalacturonase, enzyme tc dng trn pectic acid hoc pectinic,
cng c chia thnh hai nhm nh l endo-glucosidase-polygalacturonase kiu II v
exo-glucosidase-polygalacturonase kiu IV. Enzyme endo-glucosidase-Polymethylgalacturonase kiu I l enzyme polymethylgalacturonase dch ho pectin c mc
methyl ho cng cao th b thy phn bi enzyme ny cng nhanh v cng c hiu qu.
Trong dung dch, khi c mt ca enzyme pectinesterase th hot ca enzyme ny
thng b gim. Enzyme ny rt ph bin trong cc VSV, c bit l nm mc A.
niger, A, awamori.
Pectate lyase (PEL): xc tc s phn ct cc n v galacturonate khng
b ester ho. C hai enzyme exo-PEL (exo-Poly(1,4--D-galac turonide) lyase) v endoPEL (endo-poly(1,4--D-galacturonic lyase) u tn ti. Pectate v pectin c lng
methoxyl thp l cc c cht thch hp hn c cho cc enzyme ny. Ni chung, c hai
enzyme ny u c khong pH ti a nm trong khong t 8,0-11, u cn ion Ca 2+
hot ng. Pectate lyase khng c tm thy trong cy xanh, nhng c vi khun v
nm. Cc enzyme VSV ngoi bo ny ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh
gy bnh thc vt, gy ra s phn hy m ca thnh t bo, lm mm v lm mc
m thc vt.
Ngoi ra cn c:
Pectin-transeliminase hay cn c gi l poly

1,4-galaturonite

methylesteglucanoliase, l enyme tc dng trn pectin v pectinic acid.

Polygalactorunate-transeliminase cn c gi l poly -1,4D-galaturonite
glucanoliase, l enzyme tc dng trn pectic acid v pectinic acid.
Pectin lyase (PNL): xc tc s phn ct cc n v galacturonate b ester ho.
Tt c cc PNL u l endo-enzyme.
1.3 Ngun thu nhn enzyme pectinase
Enzym pectinase t ngun thc vt:

Pectinesterase:

HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

Trong thc vt, hu ht cc loi cy cho tri u cha enyme PE.Enzyme ny

thng tn ti di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau, nm trong phn v t bo. PE thc
vt ni chung c hot ti u trong khong pH hi kim. Cc cation kim loi nng
thp, nh Ca2+ chng hn, c khuynh hng lm tng nng hot ng ca
enzyme.
-

C chua cha t nht hai loi PE. C PE1 v PE2 u tng trong giai

on u ca qu trnh chn. Khi bc vo giai on chn, nng enzyme PE1 gim

xung, nhng PE2 tch lu dn cho n khi tri cy c mu c trng ca tri chn.
PE2 c khi lng phn t 23kD, pH ti u 7,6. Enzyme ny b bt hot 50% sau 5
pht un 67oC. Cc ion Ca2+ v Na+ lm tng hot ca enzyme ln ti a cc
nng 0,005M v 0,05M, theo th t.
-

PE ca u nnh l protein c khi lng phn t 33kD, hot ng ti

u ti pH gn 8. Polygalacturonic acid, l sn phm c hnh thnh do qu trnh

methyl ho cc phn t galacturonic acid.
-

Trong tht qu chui c hai isoenzyme PE. C hai c cng khi lng

phn t l 30kD, nhng c im ng in khc nhau: 8,8 v 9,3. Cc enzyme ny

hot ng pH ti a l 7,5. Hot enzyme tng ln khi thm vo dung dch NaCl
nng 0,2M, v a pH ca dung dch v 6,0. Cc enzyme ny b c ch bi nhiu
loi.
-

Polyol c khi lng phn t thp, nh glycerol, sucrose, glucose,

maltose v galactose. PE trong qu cam c hai loi: l hai isoenzyme PE1 v PE2
c khi lng phn t 36,kD, nhng c im ng in khc nhau l 10,05 v 11,0,
theo th t. pH ti u ca PE1 l 7,6, cn ca PE2 l 8,0.
-

Trong thnh phn ca nhiu tht qu khc cng cha hai isoenzyem, mt

trong hai enzyme ny c tnh bn nhit hn, cn enzyme kia th t mn cm hn khi b

tc ng ca protease. n nh ca enzyme c th lin quan n mc glycosyl
ho ca cc phn t enzyme. Enzyme bn nhit hn v enzyme cn li c khi lng
l 51kD v 36kD, theo th t.

HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

Hnh 2.1: Cu trc ca pectinesterase t carrot

- C to v kiwi cng cha hai loi isoenzyme. Cc isoenzyme ca kiwi c cng
khi lng phn t l 57kD v cng im ng in l 7,3. Tuy nhin, chng khc
nhau v mc bn nhit.
Polygalacturonase:
Hu ht cc nghin cu v PG u trn c s cc ngun VSV. PG thng c
tm thy trong cc phn tit ngoi bo ca cc loi nm v vi khun gy bnh, chng
hn nh Sacchromyces gragilis, Aspergillus niger, Lactobacillus plantarum,
Cochiliobolus carbonum, Neurospora crassa, cc loi Ascomycete, Phizopus
arrchizus, v Fusarium osyporum. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, PG ca thc vt bc cao
c nghin cu rt nhiu c chua chn.
Cc enzyme PG trong c chua chn tn ti di hai dng, v c hai u l
endo-enzyme.PG1 c khi lng phn t 84kD v c khong 50% b bt hot nhit
78oC.PG2 c khi lng phn t 44kD v c khong 50% b bt hot 57 oC. PG1
c n nh ti a pH 4,3, tri li PG2 n nh ti a pH 5,6.
Exo-PG thy phn cc u khng kh ca chui polygalacturonic, to ra
galacturonic acid l sn phm thy phn chim u th.S thy phn polymer ny b
gin on ca s tn ti ca cc mch nhnh trong c cht. Mc thu phn tng t
l vi kch thc c cht, t ti a vi mc polymer ho 20 i vi cc exo-PG c
rt v o. Hot ng ca cc exo-enzyme lm tng nhanh s to thnh cc nhm kh
9

HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

v lm tng chm nht ca dung dch c cht. S phn hy polyuronide trong qu

trnh chn khng gy ra s tch ly galacturonic acid, v ch c endo-enzyme PG l c
lin quan.
Enzym pectinase t vi sinh vt
Ngun giu enzyme pectinase l nm mc, nm men, vi khun.
Nm mc: penicillium glaucum, p.ehrlichii, p.chrysogenum, p.expanam,
p.cilrimim, aspergillus awamori, a.foetidus, a.niger, a.terrus, a.saitoi, a.aureus,
a.oryzae, a.wentii, fusarium moniliforme,
Nm men: saccharomyces fragilis
Vi khun:

bacillus

polymyxa,

flavobacterium pectinovorum,

klebsiella

aerogenes
Cc loi vi sinh vt ny thng c trong b mt tt c cc loi qu, cc b phn
khc ca thc vt. khi qu b h hng, hoc thc vt cht, chng s cng cc loi vi
sinh vt khc ph hu nhanh qu v cc b phn ca thc vt. Ngi ta thng thu
pectinase t canh trng b mt hoc t canh trng b su ca nm mc.
Cc vi khun v nm men cng tng hp c enzime ny a.niger ch yu tng
hp

ra

pectinnesterase.

polygalacturonase.

Nm

con.diplodiella,
men

pen.citrimin

sacch.fragilis

to

dng

ra

nh

ch

yu

ch

to

ra

endopectintraseliminase. Vi khun bac.polymyxa, bac.species li ch yu to ra

transeliminase.
Pectinesterase:
Pectinesterase thu c t cc ngun khc nhau c gi tr PH ti u khc nhau:
PH ti u ca pectinesterase t ngun nm mc l 4,5 n 5,5 cn ca ch phm
loi b enzime polygalacturonase s c PH ti u t 2,0 n 6,5. Tri li ph ti u ca
pectinesterase t ngun thc vt thng ng l t 6 n 7,5 8.

10

HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

Nhit ti u ca pectinesterase t nm mc l 40 n 45 0C.t 55 n 620C th

enzime b v hot, trong khi nhit ti u ca enzime pectinesterase t thc vt
thng ng cao hn: t 55 600C
Pectinesterase c th nhn c t canh trng nm mc A.niger c nhit ti
u l 30 45oC, PHopt= 4,5-5,5 v b v hot 55- 62oC v t thc vt (phopt=7,5-8,
toopt= 55-60oC). kh nng hot ng ca chng ph thuc vo ngun thu nhn, mc
ester ho ca pectin. Ion natri v c bit l ion canxi, cng nh chlorua ca Na, K v
Ca s hot ha pectinesterase t nm mc conithyrium diplodiella v t a.niger.tri li
cc cation ha tr 3 v 4 (thy ngn nitrat, ch nitrat, nhm sunfat v st clorua) s km
hm tc dng ca pectinesterase. Ngoi ra, ngi ta thu c enzime pectinesterase
trng thi ng th. v ngi ta cng xc lp c rng n-axit cui trong phn t
enzime l phenylalanin.
Pectinesterase ca nm mc s thy phn trc nht l nhm methylester nm
gia hai nhm carboxyl t do. v enzime s thy phn ln lt ct lin kt ester dc
theo phn t pectin. hot ng ca pectinesterase ph thuc nhiu vo mc ester
ha ca pectin v t l thun vo mc ester ha. Chng hn, i vi tc ng ca
pectinesterase t nm mc a.niger, cn thit phi c pectin ester ha mc cao
khng t hn 70%.
Polygalacturonase:
Hu ht cc nghin cu v Polygalacturonase u trn c s cc ngun Vi sinh
vt. Polygalacturonase thng c tm thy trong cc phn tit ngoi bo ca cc loi
nm v vi khun gy bnh, chng hn nh: saccharomyces fragilis, asperigillus niger,
lactobacillus plantarum, cochlibolus carbonum, neurosrora crassa, cc loi
ascomycete, rhizopus arrchizus v fusarium oxysrorum.
PH ti u ca cc polygalacturonase cng khc nhau, ph thuc vo ngun thu
v c cht. Chng hn polygalacturonase dch ha (endopolygalacturonase) khi tc
dng trn acid pectinic th ph ti u nm trong khong t 4,0 5,5. cng enzime
nhng khi tc dng trn pectin th li c ph ti u trong khong 5,5 6. cn
11

HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

polygalacturonase ng ha khi tc dng trn pectin th ph ti u t 3 4 nhng khi

tc dng trn acid pectinic th ph ti u cao hn mt t vng 4,4- 6. Cc
polygalacturonase ch yu bn vng vng pH t 4 6
Polygalacturonase ng ha ch yu t A.niger nu c hot ha bng thy
ngn th c th bn vng khi pH= 2,5. Nhit ti u ca a s polygalacturonase
nm trong khong t 40 -450C.trong khong nht , chng thng bn vng,
nhng s b v hot ha khi nhit 50 v 55 - 650C.
1.4

Trung tm hot ng ca pectinase

Enzyme pectinase cha vng c 8 10 vng xon kp v pha phi vi 2 vng

to thnh khe lin kt vi c cht.

Trung tm hot ng ca enzyme ny cha axit amin Aspartate v Lysine. C 1
Histidine nm gn trung tm hot ng s nh hng n kh nng xc tc ca
enzyme Nhit ti u ca enzyme pectinase khong t 45 550C.
1.5

Vai tr ca enzyme pectinase

Tng hiu sut p
Tng tc lc
Gip hoa qu trong
Tch lp Nht c pectin bao quanh ht
Tng hiu sut trch li dc liu

1.6

C ch tc ng ca enzyme pectinnase
Trong ch bin nc qu, ngi ta s dng cc ch phm enzym nhm hai mc
ch c bn.
- Ph v thnh t bo thc vt nhm nng cao hiu sut thu nc qu.
- Lm trong v n nh cht lng nc.
12

HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

Ph v thnh t bo. T bo thc vt c cu to bng v t bo

(thnh t bo). V t bo nh mt lp thnh bo v rt hu hiu v to hnh cho t bo.

v t bo thc vt c nhiu cht pectin, cc cht pectin c xem nh cht ciment
gn cc t bo vi nhau. Ph v s gn kt ny s to iu kin cho cc vt cht trong
t bo thot ra khi t bo. Cc ch phm enzym c cha khng ch pectinase m cn
cha cc enzym trong nhm cellulase. Cc loi enzym ny s lm ph v thnh t bo
v gip qu trnh thu nhn dch t bo tt hn.

Lm trong nc qu. Nc qu sau khi c tch khi t bo

thng cha nhiu cht khc nhau. Trong cht pectin chim lng ng k v
pectin thng gy hin tng nht cao v gy c nc qu.
Nu enzym tham gia phn gii pectin gian bo s lm cc t bo kh lin kt
vi nhau v tht qu d dng b mm ra.Pectin thng c mi lin kt hydro v lin kt
nguyn t yu hn so vi cellulose. Tham gia phn hy pectin gm nhiu loi enzym :
cellulose, pectinase,
II.

Tc ng ca enzyme trong ch bin rau qu

2.1 Nhng bt li khi s dng enzyme
Nc qu c s dng enzyme co nhiu u im, tuy nhin vic s dng

enzyme cng c nhng nhc im nh xy ra nhng bt li v vi sinh vt. Nu c

s l trong thi gian ngn, qu trnh oxi ha v s nhim vsv khng thnh vn ln.
Nhng nu s l enzyme trong thi gian di s xy ra qu trnh oxi ha v s nhim
vsv.
Ngi ta ngn chn qu trnh oxi ha trong nc qu bng mt trong ba cch
sau:
Cho ascorbic acd
Cho anhydric sulfur
Cho enzym glucose oxidase
Trc khi dng nhng cht oxi ha trn, ngi ta thng phi un nng dch
qu, khi un nng dch qu cc enzyme c trong nc qu s b c ch. Theo , nc
qu s c li tm lm sch lm sch c hc. Sau nc qu s c un nng
ti 800C v sau s c h nhit n nhit ti u ca hot ng ca enzyme.
13

HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

Ngi ta thng cho lng ascorbic acid ti 5mg/100g nc hoa qu hn ch qu

trnh oxi ha.
hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt trong trng hp s dng enzyme s
l nc qu, ngi ta thng dng cc bin php sau:

S dng aorbic scid, acorbic acid, benzoate natri. Sorbic acid thng
c s dng trong nc qu vi liu lng l 0,3%. Acid ny hot ng pH rt
rng ( pH t 3,9 n 9,2%). Sorbic acid c ch s pht trin ca nm men v nm si,
khng lm thay i mi v ca sn phm. Benzoat natri c s dng trong hoa qu
vi liu lng l 0,15%.

S dung Anhydric sulfur. Ngi ta thng dng Anhydric sulfur bo

qun nc qu bn thnh phm. Cht ny va c kh nng tiu dit VSV, va c kh
nng chng oxi ha. Khi cht ny vo dch qu, chng d dng b oxi ha. Khi
lng oxi c trong dch qu t dn v n mc trit tiu gy ra trng thi th hiu oxi
ha-kh trong dch qu thay i v VSV s b c ch hoc b tiu dit. Tuy nhin, cn
phi lu rng nu lng anhdric sulfur qu nhiu s dn n c ch hot ng ca
enzyme

X l nhit. Ngi ta c th un nng dch qu bo qun nc qu.

Tuy nhin vic un nng dich qu khng th qu cao v chinh nhit s lm thay i
tnh cht cm quan, thnh phn ha hc ca enzyme.
2.2

Hiu qu ca vic s dng enzyme

- c nhiu nghin cu v kt qu p dng trong sn xut nc qu v ru

vang cho thy khi s dng enzyme pectinase cho thy hiu sut nc qu v cht
lng ru vang rt cao. Khi tin hnh ng dng enzyme trong sn xut nc qu v
sn xut ru vang ngi ta t bit quan tm n 2 yu t c tnh cht quyt nh n
hiu qu ca enzyme:
Nguyn liu
Kh nng xay, nghin v lm nh nguyn liu.
- Nguyn liu. Khng phi tt c cac loi qu u c kh nng cho hiu sut cao
khi l enzyme. Khi s dng enzyme trong ch bin nc qu v ri vang, ngi ta
a ra chn k thut cho ph hp. Khi khi nim ny hon ton khc vi khi nim
chn k thut trong cng ngh ngi ta khng s dng enzyme. chn k thut
sn xut nc qu l giai on chn ca qu, m bo tch dch qu c tt vi s
tch t a cht c gi tr dinh dng cao v hng v thch hp
Tuy nhin cng cn bit rng, phn ln nguyn liu hiu sut dch qu cao khng
ph hp vi s tch t cc cht c gi tr dinh dng. nhiu loi qu kh nng thot
dch qu khng trng vi mc chn. Nhiu khi qu tht chn kh nng tch t dinh
dng cao nhng li khng thun li trong vic tch nc qu. Chnh v th, tng loi
qu ngi ta tin hnh phn loi v xc nh chn k thut ring sao cho ph hp
vi s dng enzyme v thu hi dch qu.
Cng vic th 2 sau khi phn loi qu vic nht thit trc khi s dng enzyme
l qu phi c lm sch bng cch l ra nhiu ln loi b cc tp cht, VSV. Sau
l qu trnh k thut nh s nhn nghin lm tng tc ng ca enzyme va
lm tng hiu sut thu nhn dch qu.
14

HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

- Kh nng lm nh nguyn liu, lm nh nguyn liu l khu k thut rt quan

trng. N tc ng n hiu qu ca enzyme v hiu sut dch qu cng nh cht
lng dch qu.
Ty theo tnh cht c l v c im cu to ca tng loi qu , ngi ta chn
nhng phng php s l qu thch hp nh nghin, ct, ch hay x nh.
III.

ng dng enzyme pectinase sn xut nc qu

Trong sn xut nc qu v ru vang, vic s dng enzym l mt tin b

khoa hc rt ln.Cc ch phm enzyme c s dng trong sn xut nc qu v ru

vang c th l mt hn hp nhiu loi enzyme v cng c th ch l mt loi enzyme
ring bit.vic s dng hn hp enzyme hay tng loi enzyme ring bit ph thuc vp
nguyn liu v sn phm cn t ti. Ngoi ra, vic s dng cc loi ch phm enzyme
nh trnh by cn ph thuc vo cng ngh sn xut ( cc yu t k thut).
Trong sn xut nc qu v ru vang, ngi ta thng s dng mt trong su
nhm enzyme sau:

Nhm ch phm enzyme dng sn xut nc qu c. Mc ch s

dng nhm ch phm enzyme ny l lm tng hiu sut trch ly thu c
lung sn phm ln.

Nhm ch phm enzyme dng sn xut nc qu trong, khng cha

pectin. Mc ch s dng nhm ny l lm tng hiu sut trch ly v thu phn
hon ton cc cht protein, pectin, lm gim nht v lm trit tiu nguyn
nhn lm c nc qu.

Nhm ch phm enzyme dng lm tng kh nng ng ho nc qu

v tht qu, lm tng kh nng trch ly nc qu.

Nhm ch phm enzyme dng sn sut bn sn phm ru vang

nhm lm tng hiu sut trch ly ca bn sn phm.

Nhm ch phm enzyme dng ngn cn qu trnh oxy ho v lm cn

tr s pht trin ca vi sinh vt hiu kh pht trin trong nc qu, trong ru
vang.

Nhm ch phm enzyme dng vo mc ch chng li ng trong sn

sut siro thnh phm.
Vic s dng cc ch phm enzyme phi c xem xt k lng trn c s c
im nguyn liu tri cy cn x l.Trong cc c im ca tri cy, ngi ta quan tm
15

HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

rt nhiu n c im mu sc t nhin ca sn phm. Trong nhiu trng hp, vic

s dng enzyme phi m bo gi c mu sc t nhin ban u hoc to ra nhng
mu sc theo mun bng cch iu khin nhng phn ng enzyme. Theo mu sc t
nhin, cc loi tri cy c chia lm hai loi:
Tri cy c mu nht: to, l, nho trng, chui, cam, xoi, bi..
Tri cy c mu sm do cha nhiu antian: anh o, mn , nho ,

mn en, du..
x l qu nghin c mu nht, ngi ta thng s dng mt lot cc

enzyme sau:
Enzym endo-PmG lm gim nht ca dch qu.
Enzyme PE lm tng hiu sut trch ly
Enzyme khc nh cellulose, hemicelluase, protease khng bt buc.
1. ng dng ch phm pectinase trong sn xut nc qu
T cc loi qu khc nhau, ngi ta thng ch bin thnh cc loi nc qu
trong, nc qu c, trc tin phi chit rt c dch qu t m c bn, m b i
khi m c hc na. Do , hiu sut chit rt dch qu s ph thuc vo kh nng thm
ca t bo, cu to gii phu v tnh cht c l ca nguyn liu, nht ca chnh dch
qu, chc ca tht qu, cng nh thnh phn nh tnh v nh lng ca pectin
cha trong dch bo v trong thnh t bo ca m qu.
s dng vo vic ch bin nc qu trong th ch phm th pectinase pha c
enzym endo v exo-polygalacturonse, enzym pectinestenaza.Trong ch phm loi ny
th nhng enzym va k trn l nhng enzym quyt nh hiu qu ca ch phm.V
endo v exo-polygalacturonse s lm gim nht ca dch qu, cn enzymPE cng
gp phn vap tc dng ca enzym ny.Enzym proteinase ca ch phm s thu phn
v protein ca v nguyn sinh t bo, kt qu l lm cho s thot ca dch qu d
dng.S c mt ca xenluase v hemixenlulase trong ch phm cng tt nhng
khng bt buc. khi s dng cho cc loi qu nh to, l th trong ch phm khng
c php c enzyme pectinaseliminase v enzym ny s phn hu protopectin vn
gn cc t bo ring bit ca m qu li vi nhau, do gy mn ho m qu, lm
tng nht ca dch qu v kt qu l lm gim hiu sut dch qu. Ngc li, khi s
dng cho cc loi qu mng nh du tyth s c mt trong ch phm enzym PTE li

16

HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

cn thit v enzym ny s lm mn ho t bo lm cho tnh cht thot nc ca t bo

tng ln cn nht ca dch qu li gim xung.
Ngoi ra, i vi cc ch phm pectinase dng trong sn xut nc qu trong
cng khng c php c cc enzym oxydase( ascohatoxydase, poliphenoloxydase).
Trong ch bin nc qu c tht th cc enzym PTE, hemixenlulase v xenlulase li l
nhng enzym quyt nh hiu qu tc dng ca ch phm.trong vai tr dn ng l
enzym PTE c tc dng phn hu protopectin ca m qu. Hemixenlulase v xenlulase
s cng vi PTE lm cho ng th ca nc qu c mu sang th trong ch phm
khng cha enzym oxi ho, cn cho cc nguyn liu c carotenoid v antian th
khng cha enzym ph hu cc cht ny.
thu c nc qu, trong trng hp c s dng enzym pectinase, ngi ta
cng phi nghin nh nguyn liu qu. B nghin nhnh c em x l bng enzym,
sau mi em p hoc ly tm.Trong trng hp c s dng enzyme, ngi ta c th
nghin nh ti mc ti a, ct sao thun li cho tc dng ca enzym m khng s b
tc nghn knh dn dch qu trong qu trnh p sau ny.
Dng pectinase khng ch lm tng hiu sut dch qu m cn lm trong dch
qu. Phng php s dng enzym c hiu qu hn c.Bi l nh tc dng ca cc
enzyme m cc h keo ca nc qu s b ph hu hon ton.Nu nh khi lm trong
bng cc phng php khc pectin b kt ta mt phn th khi x l bng pectinase,
pectin b phn gii hon ton thnh cc cht ho tan.
Vi phng php enzym, khi mang mt lng tha ch phm s loi tr c
trng hp lm trong khng hon ton. Dch nc qu c x l bng ch phm
pectinase thng c v hon ton hn v t c khuynh hng b c hn.
Qu trnh lm trong dch qu di tc dng ca pectinase c th chia lm 3
giai on:
-

Giai on bt n nh ho c tiu biu bng s gim nht mt

cch su sc v thng c gi l trng thi ph v

Giai on kt lng bt u t trng thi ph v v kt thc khi kt
ta hon ton.
Giai on cui cng thng c xc nh bng s vng mt cc pectin

kt ta bi ion canxi.
S dng enzym sn xut nc qu thanh trng ung trc tip t qu

to v qu vi
17

HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

Ngy nay, nc qu trong hoc nc qu c c sn xut nhiu nc trn

th gii. Ty theo hm lng ng v acid c trong nc qu, ngi ta ch bin nc
qu c hm lng ng v acid thp, ngi ta b sung ng v acid iu chnh cht
lng cui cng ca sn phm. Hm lng pectin cao sn phm thng khng c li
v khi nht ca sn phm rt cao. Vic thy phn pectin c trong dch qu cn
lm cho cc sn phm dch qu khng b c.Tuy nhin, vic x l pectin bng
pectinase khng nn tin hnh phn gii pectin n cng m cn phi gi mt lng
nht nh trong sn phm nc qu.Chnh lng pectin ny s gip cho cht lng
nc qu tt hn.
Trong sn xut nc qu to v nc qu vi, ngi ta s dng ch phm
pectinase cho hiu qu rt cao.Khi x l nc qu 500C trong 2 gi, hiu sut tch
nc qu tng 20%, 37- 40% sau2 -4 gi th tng 20 25%.Cc nghin cu v thc
t sn xut cho thy hiu qu x l nc to rt cao.Chnh v th, vic ng dng
enzyme pectinase c p dung tt c cc nh my sn xut nc to trn th
gii.Trong khi x l nc qu bng enzyme pectinase, ngi ta thng cho thm
ascorbic acid vo chng qu trnh oxy ha ca nc qu to.
Bng 3.1. Hiu qu x l nc qu v bng ch phm pectinas
Stt

Loi nc qu

Nc qu t to
a- Khng cho ch
phm enzyme
b- C ch phm

Hiu

Cht

n Pectina

Cht

im

sut

kh

acid

g (%)

cht

cm

(%)

(%)

(%)

(%)

quan

71,2

10,2

0,53

6,7

0,33

0,04

4,5

78,8

11,5

0,62

8,0

0,15

0,02

4,8

se (%)

enzyme

18

HA SINH THC PHM

Nc qu vi
a- Khng cho ch
phm enzyme
b- C cho ch phm

NHM 2

49,2

8,5

0,91

5,62

0,26

0,09

3,8

72,4

10,2

1,16

7,4

0,12

0,16

4,3

enzyme

IV.

ng Dng Enzyme Pectinase Trong Sn Xut Nc To.

1. Quy trnh sn xut nc to ng hp:

19

HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

2. Tc ng ca enzyme pectinase trong quy trnh x l enzyme:

Qu trnh ny lm gim bn c hc ca mng t bo, dch qu s c gii
phng ra khi t bo d dng hn v hiu sut nc p thu c tng ln trung bnh
khong 15 30%, c khi ti 49% (ty tng loi qu). B sung cellulase gp phn ph
v lp cellulose thnh t bo lm cho hiu sut qu trnh p tng ln ng k.
3. C ch lm trong ca enzyme:

20

HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

Lm trong gip tng tc qu trnh lc v s dng enzyme pectinase gip kt

lng nhng cu t nh l lng k c nhng cu t khng th nhn thy bng mt
thng.
Lm trong dch p to gip n nh trong nc p to khng b vn c tr li.
Qu trnh lm trong 3 giai on:
Giai on 1: giai on bt n nh, c trng bi s gim nht ca dch qu,

qu trnh thy phn din ra vi tc nhanh.

Giai on 2: cc cht to thnh trong qu trnh thy phn bt u kt lng, s
thy phn pectin vn cn nhng chm dn, giai on ny kt thc khi cn

lng hon ton.

Giai on 3: kt thc s phn gii pectin, c th xc nh bng cch cho lng

bng ion Ca2+ m khng thy pectin.

Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh lm trong:
pH ca mi trng phi thp.
Nhit x l enzyme 500 C/ 1-2 gi gip lm trong.
Nhit x l 250 C khng t yu cu v d b nhim vi sinh vt.
Ch x l enzyme tng hiu sut p l 500 C/30 pht.
B sung enzyme cellulase v hemicellulase lm tng hiu sut p.
B sung enzyme amilase, amiloglucosidase ci thin nht ca dch p khng
lm nght li lc qu trnh lc trong tt hn.
C

ng ngh sn xut nc p tri cy ngy cng ph bin v thng dng bi tnh tin
dng cu n. S pht trin ca cng ngh enzyme mang li cc ng dng rng ri
21

HA SINH THC PHM

NHM 2

ca enzyme trong cc ngnh cng nghip. Trong c ng dng b sung enzyme vo

quy trnh sn xut nc p to m to c mt loi thc ung b dng cho ngi
tiu dng.

22