05. Phương Pháp Tư Duy Hóa Học

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HA HC V C
Bi 1. Trng hp no sau y khng xy ra phn ng ho hc?

A. Cho Fe vo dung dch H2SO4 long, ngui. B. Sc kh Cl2 vo dung dch FeCl2.
C. Sc kh H2S vo dung dch CuCl2.
D. Sc kh H2S vo dung dch FeCl2.
( Trch cu 3 M 825 HKA 2009)
Cn bit
Kim loi trc Pb + HCl , H2SO4(long)
Mui (min) + H2
Phn ng ny lun xy ra bt lun HCl v H2SO4(long) l nng hay ngui . Khi nim nng v ngui ch
c tc dng i vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c.
Hp cht Fe2+ va l cht kh va l cht oxi ha ( v +2 l s oxi ha trung gian ca st), tnh cht
no c bc l l ph thuc vo i tc phn ng khi gp Cl2( cht oxi ha mnh) th FeCl2 l cht
kh,nn c phn ng : FeCl2 + Cl2
FeCl3
Axit + Mui

Muoi moi + A.moi

i Muoi
Axit moi la axit yeu
i Axit
Axit moi con axit ban dau la axit manh va khong .
Cc mui sunfua ca kim loi t Na n trc Pb tan tt trong axit HCl v H2SO4 long, cn cc mui
sunfua ca kim loi t Pb tr v sau : PbS; CuS; Ag2S... khng tan trong HCl, H2SO4long ( nhng vn
tc dng vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c).V d:
FeS + HCl
FeCl2+ H2S
CuS + HCl
CuCl2 + H2S
CuS + HNO3
Cu(NO3)2 + H2SO4 + NO2 + H2O
( phn ng xy ra theo hng oxi ha kh)
Bi gii
FeSO4 + H2.
Loi A v : Fe + H2SO4 (long, ngui)

Loi B v: FeCl2 + Cl2
FeCl3.
Loi C v : CuCl2 + H2S
CuS + HCl
Chn D v : H2S + FeCl2

FeS + HCl
( Do khng tha mn iu kin ca phn ng mui + axit nu trn: FeS tan trong HCl).
Bi 2. Cho cc hp kim sau: Cu-Fe (I); Zn-Fe (II); Fe-C (III); Sn-Fe (IV). Khi tip xc vi
dung dch cht in li th cc hp kim m trong Fe u b n mn trc l:
A. I, II v III. B. I, II v IV.
C. I, III v IV.
D. II, III v IV.
( Trch cu 4 M 825 HKA 2009)
Cn bit
Khi cho kim hai kim loi (KL-KL) hoc kim loi v phi kim ( KL-PK) tip xc nhau ( trc tip hoc
gin tip thng qua dy dn) v cng nm trong mt dung dch cht in li ( hoc mi trng khng kh
m) th xy ra hin tng n mn in ha.
Trong hin tng n mn in ha:
- mi trng in li, gi vai tr cha cht oxi ha v l mi trng ion kim loi mnh tan vo )
- kim loi no mnh hn( ngi ta quy c n l cc m hay catot) s b n mn : cho e bin thnh ion
kim loi ri tan vo mi trng in li ti catot (kim loi mnh )xy ra qu trnh oxi ha.
- kim loi no yu hn ( gi l anot) khng b n mn m l kho cha e do kim loi mnh chuyn
sang, cht oxi ha t mi trng s nhn e ca kim loi mnh ti y ti anot xy ra qu trnh kh.
c im ca n mn in ha:
To ra dng in mt chiu v trong sut qu trnh n mn in ha electron ca kim loi mnh di
chuyn lin tc v c hng t kim loi mnh sang kim loi yu ri t kim loi yu i vo cht oxi ha
nm trong dung dch cht in li.
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Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn Fe mun b n mn trc th trong cc cp Fe phi l kim loi mnh hn
l (I); (III); (IV) Chn C.
Bi 3. Cho bn hn hp, mi hn hp gm hai cht rn c s mol bng nhau: Na2O v Al2O3; Cu
v FeCl3; BaCl2 v CuSO4; Ba v NaHCO3. S hn hp c th tan hon ton trong nc (d) ch
to ra dung dch l
A. 4.
B. 2.
C. 1.
D. 3.
( Trch cu 6 M 825 HKA 2009)
Tm tt bi ton :
Na2O
i
Al2O3
Cu
i
FeCl3
+ H 2O
c 4 hh rn ( s mol cc cht trong mi hh bng nhau)
ch thu c dd.
i BaCl2
CuSO
4
Ba
i
NaHCO3
S hn hp tha mn = ?
Cn bit
Oxit kim loi tan trong nc bao gm oxit ca kim loi kim v oxit ca kim loi kim th.C th:
Li2O, Na2O,K2O,CaO,BaO,SrO.
M2O + H2O
2M(OH)n
Oxit kim loi tan c trong dung dch baz gm cc oxit tan c trong nc nu trn + oxit
lng tnh. C th gm :( Li2O, Na2O,K2O,CaO,BaO,SrO) + ( Al2O3 + ZnO + Cr2O3).
M2O + H2O
2M(OH)n
M2On +(8-2n) OH-
2MO2(4-n)- +(4-n) H2O.
Cc kim loi ( khng tan trong nc) t Cu tr v trc u c kh nng ko mui Fe3+ v mui Fe2+.
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn p n C.
Bi 4. Dy gm cc cht u tc dng c vi dung dch HCl long l:
A. AgNO3, (NH4)2CO3, CuS.
B. Mg(HCO3)2, HCOONa, CuO.
C. FeS, BaSO4, KOH.
D. KNO3, CaCO3, Fe(OH)3.
( Trch cu 14 M 825 HKA 2009)
Cn bit.
1. Axit tc dng vi mui .
i Mui + Axit (mnh)
Mui mi + axit mi ( yu).
Ngoi l: Cc mui sunfua ca kim loi t Pb tr v sau khng tan v khng tc dng vi Axit HCl v
H2SO4 long ( hai axit mnh hay gp).Tuy nhin, cc mui ny vn tc dng v tyan trong A.Loi 2 (
H2SO4 c ,HNO3) do cha S2- l cht kh mnhh.
V d:
CuS + HNO3
Cu(NO3)2 + SO2 + NO2 + H2O.
i Mui + Axit mnh, khng bay hi ( H2SO4)
Mui mi + axit mnh , (HCl,HNO3).
i Mui Fe2+,Cu+, S2-,S-1 + A.Loi 2
Mn+(max) + SPK + H2O.
i Mui Fe3+, S2- + A.loi 3 ( HI)
Fe2+ + S + I2 + H2O.
i BaSO4 v PbSO4 l hai mui khng tan trong mi axit.

2. Axit + Oxit kim loi.
i Lut chung:
Oxit kim loi + axit
Mui + H2O
i Ngoi l :
- FeO, Fe3O4,FexOy ,Cu2O,CrO + A.loi 2
2+
- Fe3O4 + HI
Fe + I2 + H2O.
3.Axit + Baz
i Lut chung:
Axit + baz
Mui + H2O
i Ngoi l.
- Fe(OH)2, Cr(OH)2 + A.loi 2
- NH3 v cc amin CxHyN + Axit
mui.
- Amin CxHyN + HNO2
ancol ( hoc mui iazoni) + N2 + H2O.
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn ta c :
- Loi A v c CuS khng tc dng vi HCl.
- Loi C v c BaSO4 khng tc dng vi HCl.
- Loi D v c KNO3 khng tc dng vi HCl.
chn B.
Bi 5. Cho phng trnh ho hc:
Fe3O4 + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NxOy + H2O
Sau khi cn bng phng trnh ho hc trn vi h s ca cc cht l nhng s nguyn, ti gin th
h s ca HNO3 l
A. 46x - 18y.
B. 45x - 18y.
C. 13x - 9y.
D. 23x - 9y.
( Trch cu 15 M 825 HKA 2009)
Cn bit.
Khi cn bng cc phn ng oxi ha phc tp ( c s oxi ha l bin s hoc phn s), xc nh nhanh
v chnh xc s e cho v nhn cn lu :
i Tng nhng (e), Gim thu(e).

i S e cho( vit bn phi) = s oxi ha sau s oxi ha trc.
i S e nhn ( vit bn tri) = s oxi ha trc s oxi ha sau.
i Nu nguyn t th hin tnh kh hoc tnh oxi ha m c ch s pha di th nhn ch s ny vo hai
v ca qu trnh cho, nhn.
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn ta c:
8
3
3 Fe3+ + 3 (3 )e (5 x 2 y )
3
+2 y
2y
1
x.N +5 + x.(5 )e
x.N x
x
p n A.
3 Fe
Bi 6.Thc hin cc th nghim sau:

(I) Sc kh SO2 vo dung dch KMnO4.
(II) Sc kh SO2 vo dung dch H2S.
(III) Sc hn hp kh NO2 v O2 vo nc.
(IV) Cho MnO2 vo dung dch HCl c, nng.
(V) Cho Fe2O3 vo dung dch H2SO4 c, nng. (VI) Cho SiO2 vo dung dch HF.
S th nghim c phn ng oxi ho - kh xy ra l
A. 3.
B. 6.
C. 5.
D. 4.
(Trch Cu 5- M 596 H khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Trong mt phn ng oxi ha kh lun c mt ng thi cht kh v cht oxi ho.
Tnh cht ca mt s cht:
Cht
Tnh oxi ha
SO2
Tnh kh
Va c tnh kh va c tnh oxi ha
KMnO4
S+4
Mn+7
Cht oxi ha mnh
H2S
Fe2O3
Tc nhn
Ch c tnh kh mnh
S-2
Fe+3
C tnh kh
N+4
Ch c tnh oxi ha
NO2 N2O3.N2O5
O2
H2SO4 c nng
Ch c tnh oxi ha mnh

Ch c tnh oxi ha mnh
O0
S+6
MnO2
C tnh oxi ha mnh
Mn+4
HCl
C tnh kh yu
SiO2
C tnh oxi ha
HF
khng
Cl-
khng
Bi gii
Theo s phn tch trn nhn thy (V) v (VI) khng phi l phn ng oxi ha kh v khng tha mn
tiu ch c ng thi c cht kh v cht oxi ha :
Fe2O3 + H2SO4 (c)
Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O
SiO2 + HF
SiF4 + H2O
Chn D:
(1) 5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4
(2) SO2 + 2H2S 3S + 2H2O
(3) 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3
0
t C
(4) MnO2 + 4HClc
MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O
Bi 7. Cho cn bng: 2SO2 (k) + O2 (k) 2SO3 (k). Khi tng nhit th t khi ca hn hp kh so vi H2
gim i. Pht biu ng khi ni v cn bng ny l:
A. Phn ng nghch to nhit, cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu thun khi tng nhit .
B. Phn ng thun to nhit, cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu nghch khi tng nhit .
C. Phn ng nghch thu nhit, cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu thun khi tng nhit .
D. Phn ng thun thu nhit, cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu nghch khi tng nhit
(Trch Cu 6- M 596 H khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Khi mt h ang trng thi cn bng, ch khi c tc ng t bn ngoi vo cn bng ( thay i nhit
nng hoc p sut) th cn bng mi b ph v v dch chuyn theo nguyn l : chiu dch
chuyn bn trong cn bng i lp vi s tc ng t bn ngoi.
Cc thao tc xc nh chiu dch chuyn ca cn bng .
- Bc 1: Xc nh yu t bn ngoi cng nh chiu tc ng vo cn bng ( yu t ny
chnh l cu n ca bi. V d khi tng nhit .. th yu t bn ngoi y l nhit
, cn chiu tc ng y l chiu tng ).
- Bc 2:Nhn vo phn ng thun- nghch cho xem chiu no c thng tin ngc vi
bc 1 th chnh l chiu dch chuyn bn trong cn bng ( v d : nu bn ngoi tng
nhit th trn phng trnh ta phi tm phn ng lm gim nhit .).
- Ch : nu bc 2 m khng tm c phng trnh( hoc thun hoc nghch) tha mn
th chng t yu t bn ngoi bc 1 khng nh hng ti cn bng. hay ni cch khc,
cn bng khng ph thuc, khng b nh hng bi yu t bc 1.
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn v bi cho nhn thy: yu t bn ngoi tc ng ln cn bng l tng nhit
Bn trong, cn bng s dch theo chiu gim nhit .
V M =
mhh
Khi tng nhit , t khi ca hn hp kh so vi H2 gim i th chng t s mol kh tng
nhh
ln ( v mhh lun khng i do bo ton khi lng).

Tm li , theo bi ra khi tng nhit s mol kh tng ln, chng t khi tng nhit
2SO2 (k) + O2 (k) 2SO3 (k).
cn bng:
A , B ,C , D
loi A,C v chiu nghch l chiu thu nhit chiu thun l chiu ta
dch theo chiu nghch
B ,D
nhit
loi D.
Vy ,chn B.
Bi 8. Hn hp kh no sau y khng tn ti nhit thng?
A. H2 v F2.
B. Cl2 v O2.
C. H2S v N2.
D. CO v O2.
(Trch Cu 12- M 596 H khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Cc cht mun cng tn ti c vi nhau trong cng mt hn hp th chng phi khng tng tc
c vi nhau.
Tt c cc halogen u khng tc dng vi O2.
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn Chn C.
Bi 9. Nung nng tng cp cht sau trong bnh kn: (1) Fe+S(r), (2) Fe2O3+CO(k), (3) Au+O2(k), (4) Cu+Cu(NO3)2(r),
(5) Cu+KNO3(r), (6) Al+NaCl(r). Cc trng hp xy ra phn ng oxi ho kim loi l:
A. (1), (3), (6).
B. (2), (3), (4).
C. (1), (4), (5). D. (2), (5), (6).
(Trch Cu 14- M 596 H khi A 2010)

Cn bit
Oxi ha mt cht l ly electron ca cht cht b oxi ha l cht kh.
O2 tc dng vi hu ht kim loi (- Au,Pt)
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn nhn thy:
A , B ,C , D
- (2): Fe2O3 + CO khng c s tham gia ca kim loi loi (2)
Loi B,D.
A ,C
- Au khng tc dng vi O2 loi (3) loi A.
Vy chn C.
Bi 10. C cc pht biu sau:
(1) Lu hunh, photpho u bc chy khi tip xc vi CrO3.
(2) Ion Fe3+ c cu hnh electron vit gn l [Ar]3d5.
(3) Bt nhm t bc chy khi tip xc vi kh clo.
(4) Phn chua c cng thc l Na2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O. Cc pht biu ng l:
A. (1), (3), (4).
B. (2), (3), (4). C. (1), (2), (3). D. (1), (2), (4).
(Trch Cu 16- M 596 H khi A 2010)

Cn bit
C,S v P l nhng phi kim c tnh oxi ha mnh.
Cr+6 c tnh oxi ha mnh.
Phn chua l mui sunfat kp ngm nc ca kali v nhm :
K2SO4 .Al2(SO4)3. 24H2O K2Al2(SO4)4.24H2O KAl(SO4)2.12H2O
Nu thay K+ bng M+ = Na+, Li+, NH4+ th gi l phn nhm ( khng gi l phn chua).
(NH4)2SO4 .Al2(SO4)3. 24H2O (NH4)2Al2(SO4)4.24H2O NH4 .Al(SO4)2.12H2O
Li2SO4 .Al2(SO4)3. 24H2O Li2Al2(SO4)4.24H2O Li.Al(SO4)2.12H2O
Na2SO4 .Al2(SO4)3. 24H2O Na2Al2(SO4)4.24H2O Na .Al(SO4)2.12H2O
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn pht biu (4) sai : Phn chua c cng thc l Na2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
A , B ,C , D
loi A,B,D
Chn C.
Bi 11. Cc nguyn t t Li n F, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn th
A. bn knh nguyn t v m in u tng.
B. bn knh nguyn t tng, m in gim.
C. bn knh nguyn t gim, m in tng.

D. bn knh nguyn t v m in u gim.
(Trch Cu 30- M 596 H khi A 2010)

Cn bit
Mi quy lut ca mt chu k do in tch ht nhn quyt nh : trong mt chu k ,i t tri sang phi ,s lp
khng i nhng in tch ht nhn tng ln lm lc ht tnh in gia ht nhn vi e cng tng ln.
H qu:
Bn knh
m in
Tnh kim loi Tnh phi kim Nng lng
Cc i lng
( tnh kh)
( tnh oxi ion ha
ha)
Quy lut bin i trong chu
k
Ghi ch; cc quy lut trong mt nhm chnh do bn knh nguyn t quyt nh v bin i mt cch i nghch
vi cc quy lut trong mt chu k.
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn chn C: bn knh nguyn t gim, m in tng
Bi 12. Cc cht va tc dng c vi dung dch HCl va tc dng c vi dung dch AgNO3 l:
A. CuO, Al, Mg.
B. Zn, Cu, Fe.
C. MgO, Na, Ba.
D. Zn, Ni, Sn.
(Trch Cu 44- M 596 H khi A 2010)

Cn bit
Khc vi cc kim loi mun tc dng c vi HCl, H2SO4 long phi l kim loi ng trc H , cc oxit
kim loi lun tc dng vi dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long theo phn ng :
+2 y
MxOy +2y H+(ca HCl v H2SO4 long)

x M x + yH2O
Dung dch HCl hoc H2SO4 long ch tc dng c vi kim loi trc H.
2M + 2nH+(ca HCl v H2SO4 long)
2Mn+(min) + nH2
Khi cho cc oxit kim loi vo cc dung dch mui( c th coi l hn hp gm mui v H2O) th ch c oxit
ca kim loi kim ( Na2O,K2O) v oxit ca kim loi kim th ( CaO,BaO) c phn ng ( phn ng vi H2O
ca dung dch) . Cc oxit cn li khng c kh nng phn ng . Chng hn ,khi cho Na2O v dung dch CuSO4
th :
Ban u :
2NaOH
Na2O + H2O(ca dd)
Sau :
NaOH + CuSO4
Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
Ch : Al2O3, ZnO ,Cr2O3 bnh thng khng phn ng , nhng nu dung dch c mi trng baz ( mi
trng ny c t ban u hoc mi to ra do cc phn ng khc) th cc oxit ny tham gia phn ng( vi baz
)v tan .
Phn ng gia kim loi khng tan trong nc v mui xy ra theo quy tc .Kinh nghim nh quy tc
ny thng l : kim loi ng trc phn ng c vi mui ca kim loi ng sau.
Bi gii
A , B ,C , D
- Cu khng tc dng c vi dung dch HCl
loi B.
A ,C , D
- CuO v MgO khng tc dng dc vi dd AgNO3
loi A,C.
chn D.
Bi 13. Trong phn ng: K2Cr2O7 + HCl CrCl3 + Cl2 + KCl + H2O
S phn t HCl ng vai tr cht kh bng k ln tng s phn t HCl tham gia phn ng. Gi tr ca k l
A. 4/7.
B. 1/7.
C. 3/14.
D. 3/7.
(Trch Cu 45- M 596 H khi A 2010)

Cn bit
Trong phn ng oxi ha kh, cht tham gia phn ng m mi nguyn t thuc cht u khng b thay
i s oxi ha th ta ni cht ng vai tr l mi trng.
Trong nhiu phn ng oxi ha kh , mt cht va ng vai tr l cht kh ( hoc cht oxi ha) va ng
vai tr l cht mi trng.
Khi nim cht mi trng ch tn ti i vi cc phn ng xy ra trong dung dch.

xc nh cht mi trng trong cc phn ng oxi ha kh, ta thng lm nhng bc sau :
Bc 1 : Cn bng phn ng cho theo phng php thng dng l thng bng electron ( tuy
nhin,nn hc cch cn bng nhm : tng tin, Gim li, m nguyn t li, m H, m kim
loi.)
- Bc 2 : da vo phn ng va cn bng c, tnh s lng phn t ca cht bn tri ca
phn ng m khng b thay i s oxi ha chnh l s lng phn t ng vai tr cht mi
trng.
Bi gii
- Sau khi cn bng, phn ng cho tr thnh :
K2Cr2O7 +14HCl
2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + 2KCl + 7H2O
- Nhn vo phn ng ta thy : Trc phn ng, c 14Cl- , sau phn ng ch c 6Cl0 ch c 6Cl-/14Cl- ng vai
3Cl20 + 6e) , cn 8Cl- ng vai tr l mi trng m 1HCl c 1Cl- nn trong phn
tr l cht kh ( 6Cl-1
ng trn trong tng s 14 phn t HCl th c 6 phn t HCl ng vai tr l cht kh , 8 phn t HCl ng vai tr
-
l mi trng k =
6 3
= .Chn D.
14 7
Bi 14. Trong s cc ngun nng lng: (1) thy in, (2) gi, (3) mt tri, (4) ho thch; nhng ngun nng
lng sch l:
A. (1), (3), (4).
B. (2), (3), (4).
C. (1), (2), (4). D. (1), (2), (3).
(Trch Cu 56- M 596 H khi A 2010)

Cn bit
Khi gii bng phng php loi tr, cn quan st nhanh nhng im ging v khc nhau gia cc p n
loi tr cho nhanh.
Bi gii
Mt trong nhng cch gii bng loi tr bi ny l :
A , B ,C , D
- T
ta thy c A,B,C u c (4) Tp chung vo pht biu (4) v thy (4) sai loi
A,B,C.
- Chn D.
Bi 15. Phng php loi b tp cht HCl c ln trong kh H2S l: Cho hn hp kh li t t qua mt
lng d dung dch
A. Pb(NO3)2.
B. NaHS.
C. AgNO3.
D. NaOH.
(Trch Cu 4- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Nguyn tc loi b tp cht bng phng php ha hc l ha cht c dng phi tha mn hai tiu
ch :
-Tc dng c vi tp cht.
- Khng tc dng c vi cht cn lm sch.
iu ny ging nh, ha cht mun c chn lm thuc c th phi tha mn tiu ch l dit c c
nhng khng c dit la!!!
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn chnB v :
HCl(tp cht) + NaHS
NaCl + H2S
H2S + NaHS
Khng phn ng.
- Loi A v Pb(NO3)2 khng tc dng c vi tp cht HCl ( do khng sinh ra cht kt ta,
cht bay hi hoc cht in li yu).
- Loi C,D v c tp cht v cht cn lm sch u tc dng :
HCl + AgNO3
AgCl + HNO3
AgNO3 + H2S
Ag2S + HNO3
( Cc mui sunfua ca kim loi t Pb v sau khng tan trong tt c cc axit long).
HCl + NaOH
NaCl + H2O
H2S + NaOH
NaHS + H2O hoc
Na2S + H2O.
( Loi mui to ra ph thuc vo t l mol NaOH : H2S)

Bi 16. Pht biu no sau y khng ng khi so snh tnh cht ha hc ca nhm v crom?
A. Nhm v crom u b th ng ha trong dung dch H2SO4 c ngui.
B. Nhm c tnh kh mnh hn crom.
C. Nhm v crom u phn ng vi dung dch HCl theo cng t l v s mol.
D. Nhm v crom u bn trong khng kh v trong nc.
(Trch Cu 5- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Vi nhng cu hi trc nghim l thuyt mang tnh cht lit k thng tin ca nhiu cht th phng
php gii nhanh nht l phng php loi tr.
Nguyn tc ca phng php loi tr l tm 3 phng n ngc vi yu cu ca em b i
Phng n cn li l phng n c la chn ( mc d kin thc ca phng n ny c th ngi
hc cng khng bit!!! ).
Cr l kim loi c nhiu tnh cht tng ng vi Fe v Al:
- Ging Fe, Cr khi tc dng vi HCl, H2SO4 long th hin ha tr thp( ha tr 2), khi tc
dng vi HNO3, H2SO4 c,O2 th hin ha tr cao ( Ha tr 3).
- Ging Al v Fe , Cr b th ng trong HNO3 v H2SO4 c ngui.
- Ging Al, Cr bn trong khng kh v nc do c lp oxit bn trn b mt bo v.
- Cr2O3 v Cr(OH)3 ging Al2O3 v Al(OH)3 u l hp cht lng tnh( ch CrO l oxit
bazo cn CrO3 l oxit axit).
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn V A,B,D l cu ng Chn C ( V yu cu chn cu khng ng).
Gii thch;
n
2Al + 6HCl
2AlCl3 + 3H2 HCl = 3
n Al
n
Cr + 2HCl
CrCl2 + H2 HCl = 2
nZn
Bi 17. Cho dung dch Ba(HCO3)2 ln lt vo cc dung dch: CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2, NaOH, Na2CO3,
KHSO4, Na2SO4, Ca(OH)2, H2SO4, HCl. S trng hp c to ra kt ta l
A. 4.
B. 7.
C. 5.
D. 6.
(Trch Cu 8- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Mui axit + Axit mnh Mui mi + axit mi.

( Ch c mui hirosunfat khng tham gia phn ng ny).
Mui axit + Baz tan

Mui trung ha + H2O
( phn ng ny lun xy ra v c bao nhiu kim loi th to ra by nhiu mui trung ha )
Mui axit + Mui khc

2 mui mi
Phn ng ch xy ra khi sn phm c cht :

Ch : Mui hirosunfat c vai tr l mt axit mnh .
V d: phn ng NaHSO4 + Na2CO3 khng phi l mui + mui m l axit mnh ( HNaSO4 ) + Mui.
Tnh tan ca mt s mui quan trng:
- Tt c cc mui axit u tan.
- Tt c cc mui cha Cl u tan ( - AgCl).
- Tt c cc mui cha N u tan.
- Tt c cc mui cha Na, K u tan.
- Tt c cc mui cha SO42- u tan ( - BaSO4 v PbSO4)
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn ta thy, cc cht to kt ta vi dung dch Ba(HCO3)2 bao gm : NaOH, Na2CO3,
KHSO4, Na2SO4, Ca(OH)2 v H2SO4 p n D.
Gii thch:
Ba(HCO3)2 +CaCl2
khng xy ra
Ba(HCO3)2 +Ca(NO3)2
Khng xy ra
BaCO3 + Na2CO3 + H2O
Ba(HCO3)2 +NaOH
Ba(HCO3)2 +Na2CO3
BaCO3 + NaHCO3
Ba(HCO3)2 +KHSO4
BaSO4 +K2SO4 + CO2 + H2O
BaSO4 + NaHCO3
Ba(HCO3)2 + Na2SO4
Ba(HCO3)2 +Ca(OH)2
BaCO3 +CaCO3 +2H2O
BaSO4 +2CO2+2H2O
Ba(HCO3)2 +H2SO4
Ba(HCO3)2 +2HCl
BaCl2 +2 CO2 + 2H2O
Bi 18. Cc cht m phn t khng phn cc l:
A. HBr, CO2, CH4.
C. NH3, Br2, C2H4.
B. Cl2, CO2, C2H2.

D. HCl, C2H2, Br2.
(Trch Cu 11- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Mt phn t khng phn cc khi: Tt c cc lin kt trong phn t khng phn cc hoc trong
phn t c cc lin kt phn cc nhng vc t tng hp ca cc lin kt phn cc l vc t 0
V d : Br Br hay O= C= O
Mt phn t phn cc khi: trong phn t c lin kt phn cc v vc t tng hp ca cc lin kt
phn cc vc t 0 .
V d : H Br hay O= C
Bi gii
- HBr l phn t phn cc loi A.
- NH3 l phn t phn cc loi C
- HCl l phn t phn cc Loi D
chn B.
Bi 19: Pht biu no sau y khng ng?
A. Trong cc dung dch: HCl, H2SO4, H2S c cng nng 0,01M, dung dch H2S c pH ln nht.
B. Nh dung dch NH3 t t ti d vo dung dch CuSO4, thu c kt ta xanh.

C. Dung dch Na2CO3 lm phenolphtalein khng mu chuyn sang mu hng.
D. Nh dung dch NH3 t t ti d vo dung dch AlCl3, thu c kt ta trng.
(Trch Cu 14- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
pH = - lg H + dung dch c nng H+ cng ln th pH cng b v ngc li, dung dch c nng
H+ cng b th pH cng ln.

Cu(OH)2 , Zn(OH)2 ,AgOH mi sinh tan c trong dung dch NH3 d:
Cu (OH )2 + 4 NH 3
[Cu ( NH 3 ) 4 ] (OH ) 2
Zn(OH ) 2 + 4 NH 3
[ Zn( NH 3 ) 4 ] (OH ) 2
AgOH + 2 NH 3
[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ] OH
Al(OH)3 khng c kh nng to phc vi NH3 :
Al (OH )3 + NH 3
khng xy ra.
nn Al(OH)3 khng tan m kt ta trong NH3.
Mui to ra bi axit mnh v baz yu b thy phn mt phn ra mi trng axit. V d:
Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl(to mi trng axit)

FeCl3 +3 H2O
Ngc li, mui to bi axit yu v baz mnh b thy phn mt phn v to ra mi trng baz. V
d :
H2CO3 + NaOH(to ra mi trng baz)

Na2CO3 + H2O
Vy quy lut chung ca s thy phn mui l: ci g mnh th to ra mi trng .

Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn ta thy:
- H2S l axit yu nn c H + nh nht nn pH ln nht A ng.
- dd Na2CO3 l mui ca baz mnh ( NaOH) v axit yu ( H2CO3) nn khi b thy phn to
mi trng baz lm phenolphthalein chuyn sang mu hng C ng.
- Khi cho NH3 vo dung dch AlCl3 th c phn ng :
AlCl3 + NH 3 + H 2O
Al(OH)3 +NH4Cl
NH 4 OH
Al (OH )3 + NH 3
khng xy ra.
thu c kt ta trng D ng.
Vy cu khng ng l B Chn B.
Bi 20. Cho dung dch X cha KMnO4 v H2SO4 (long) ln lt vo cc dung dch : FeCl2, FeSO4,
CuSO4, MgSO4, H2S, HCl (c). S trng hp c xy ra phn ng oxi ho - kh l
A. 3
B. 5
C. 4
D. 6
(Trch Cu 25- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Cch d on mt cht mang tnh kh hay tnh oxi ha .
- Cht cha nguyn t ang trng thi oxi ha thp nht ch th hin tnh kh. Hay gp l
kim loi M, S-2, S-1, I-, Cl-,H2, NH3, H2S.
Cht cha nguyn t trng thi oxi ha cao nht ch th hin tnh oxi ha. Hay gp iom
kim loi Mn+ ca kim loi sau Mg, HNO3, H2SO4 c, KMnO4, O2, O3,F2.
Cht cha nguyn t trng thi oxi ha trung gian th va th hin tnh kh va th hin
tnh oxi ha ( ph thuc vo i tc m n s th hin tnh cht no trong hai tnh cht ).
+8
+8
Hay gp l : S,SO2, CO, Fe2+, Fe 3 Cr2+. Tuy nhin, Fe 3 ,CO V Fe2+ thin v tnh kh
nhiu hn...
iu kin cn c phn ng oxi ha kh l phi c mt cht kh v mt cht oxi ha.
Sn phm ca qu trnh kh KMnO4 ph thuc vo mi trng. C th :
OH

K 2 MnO4
+H+
KMnO4

Mn 2 +
H 2O
MnO2

Khi vit phng trnh ca mt phn ng oxi ha kh vit ng sn phm chng ta cn thc hin
ba bc sau :
- Bc 1 : Cht kh th sau phn ng phi cho s oxi ha ca n tng ln, cht oxi ha th
sau phn ng phi cho s oxi ha ca n gim xung( cho tng ln v gim xung v
nhng s oxi ha quen thuc ca nguyn t )
- Bc 2 : Vi cc nguyn t khng c s thay i s oxi ha chng ta t iu chuyn chng
v cc hp cht ph hp sao cho bo ton nguyn t hai v l c.
- Bc 3 : Cn bng phn ng theo phng php thng bng e kinh nghim ( tng - tin,
gim- li, cn bng nguyn t gim, cn bng H, cn bng kim loi).
Bi gii
- Do trong KMnO4 c cha nguyn t ang trng thi oxi ha cao nht : Mn+7 KMnO4 l cht oxi
ha.
- V KMnO4 l cht oxi ha nn i tc phn ng vi n phi c tnh kh T cc cht cho suy ra
ch c th l :FeCl2 (cha Fe2+) , FeSO4( cha Fe2+) , H2S( cha S2-) v HCl ( cha Cl-) Chn C.
Cc phn ng minh ha:
5Fe2+ + MnO-4 + 8H+
5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
5H2S +6 MnO4- + 18H+
5SO2 + 6Mn2+ + 14H2O
10Cl- + 2MnO4- + 16H+
5Cl20 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O
Bi 21. C 4 dung dch ring bit: CuSO4, ZnCl2, FeCl3, AgNO3. Nhng vo mi dung dch mt thanh
Ni. S trng hp xut hin n mn in ho l
A. 1
B. 4
C. 3
D. 2
(Trch Cu 30- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Phn ng gia kim loi khng tan trong nc vi cc dung dch mui xy ra theo quy tc .
Hin tng n mn in ha xy ra khi c hai cht kh ( thng l hai kim loi ) tip xc vi
nhau v hai kim loi phi nm trong dung dch hoc nm ngoi khng kh m ( mi trng in li,
gi vai tr cha cht oxi ha v l mi trng ion kim loi mnh tan ra ).Khi kim loi no
mnh hn s b n mn ( l cc m cho e bin thnh ion kim loi ri tan vo mi trng in li)
kim loi no yu hn khng b n mn ( l kho cha e do kim loi mnh chuyn sang, cht oxi
ha t mi trng s nhn e ca kim loi mnh ti y).
Bi gii
- Vi ZnCl2 : Ni khng phn ng c Khng tha mn iu kin c hai kim loi tip xc
nhau Loi.
- Vi FeCl3: c xy ra phn ng Ni + FeCl3
NiCl2 + FeCl2 ( theo quy tc ) Cng
khng tha mn iu kin c hai kim loi tip xc nhau Loi.
- Vi CuSO4 v AgNO3 th Ni u phn ng c v to ra kim loi bm trn thanh Ni :

Ni + CuSO4
NiSO4 + Cu(bm trn thanh Ni)
Ni + AgNO3
Ni(NO3)2 + Ag (bm trn thanh Ni)
tha mn iu kin c hai kim loi tip xc nhau . chn D.
Bi 22 Cho cc cn bng sau
(I) 2HI (k)
H2 (k) + I2 (k) ;
(II) CaCO3 (r)
CaO (r) + CO2 (k) ;
(III) FeO (r) + CO (k)
Fe (r) + CO2 (k) ;
(IV) 2SO2 (k) + O2 (k)
2SO3 (k)
Khi gim p sut ca h, s cn bng b chuyn dch theo chiu nghch l
A. 4
B. 3
C. 2
D. 1
(Trch Cu 34- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
p sut l do cht kh gy ra Ch c cht kh mi lin quan n p sut.
chnh l cu n ca bi. V d khi gim p sut.. th yu t bn ngoi y l p
sut, cn chiu tc ng y l chiu gim).
- Bc 2:Nhn vo phn ng thun nghch cho xem chiu no c thng tin ngc vi
bc 1 th chnh l chiu dch chuyn bn trong cn bng ( v d : nu bn ngoi gim
p sut th trn phng trnh ta phi tm phn ng lm tng p sut).
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn ta c yu t bn ngoi tc ng ln cc cn bng l gim p sut Bn trong
cc cn bng s dch chuyn theo chiu phn ng lm tng p sut tc lm tng s mol kh .
- Xt cn bng (I) nhn thy cn bng khng b dch chuyn v lng kh hai bn bng nhau.
- Xt cn bng (II) nhn thy cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu thun.
- Xt cn bng (III) nhn thy cn bng khng b dch chuyn.
- Xt cn bng (IV) nhn thy cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu nghch.
V yu cu tm s cn bng b di chuyn theo chiu nghch chn D.
+ H 3 PO4
+ KOH
+ KOH
Bi 23Cho s chuyn ho :
P2O5
X
Y
Z
Cc cht X, Y, Z ln lt l :
A. K3PO4, K2HPO4, KH2PO4
B. KH2PO4, K2HPO4, K3PO4
C. K3PO4, KH2PO4, K2HPO4
D. KH2PO4, K3PO4, K2HPO4
(Trch Cu35- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Vi mui ca axit yu th :
- Mui axit + baz
lm gim H trong mui + H2O
- Mui + Axit
lm tng H trong mui.
Bi gii
- V X + H3PO4 X phi l mui trung ha K3PO4 hoc mui axit K2HPO4 v Y phi l mui axit
A , B ,C , D
Loi B,D
A ,C
- V Y + KOH
Z nn s H trong Y phi nhiu hn trong Z
loi A.
chn C.
Bi 24. Cho cc cp cht vi t l s mol tng ng nh sau :
(a) Fe3O4 v Cu (1:1)
(b) Sn v Zn (2:1)
(c) Zn v Cu (1:1)
(d) Fe2(SO4)3 v Cu (1:1)
(e) FeCl2 v Cu (2:1)
(g) FeCl3 v Cu (1:1)
S cp cht tan hon ton trong mt lng d dung dch HCl long nng l
A. 4
B. 2
C. 3
D. 5
(Trch Cu 42- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Phn ng gia kim loi khng tan trong nc vi mui xy ra theo quy tc nn Cu khng phn
ng c vi mui ca kim loi ng trc n tr mt ngoi l: Cu c kh nng tan c trong dung
dch mui Fe3+ do :
Cu +2 Fe3+
Cu2+ + 2Fe2+
Cu khng tc dng vi dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long.
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn nhn thy: Cp (c) v (e) : Cu cn nguyn loi D.
cc cp(a),(b),(d) v (g) thy (g) Cu cn ( vit phn ng ra v lm mt php ton l thy) chn
C.
Bi 25.Cho mt s nhn nh v nguyn nhn gy nhim mi trng khng kh nh sau :
(1) Do hot ng ca ni la
(2) Do kh thi cng nghip, kh thi sinh hot
(3) Do kh thi t cc phng tin giao thng
(4) Do kh sinh ra t qu trnh quang hp cy xanh
(5) Do nng cao ca cc ion kim loi : Pb2+, Hg2+, Mn2+, Cu2+ trong cc ngun nc
Nhng nhn nh ng l :
A. (1), (2), (3)
B. (2), (3), (5)
C. (1), (2), (4)
D. (2), (3), (4)
(Trch Cu 47- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Bi gii
Cn bit
Bi gii
diep luc
-Phn ng quang hp ca cy xanh l : CO2 + H2O
(C6H10O5)n + O2
A , B ,C , D
(4) l pht bu sai
loi C,D.
- bi cp n vic nhim n mi trng khng kh trong khi pht biu (5) li cp n
mi trng nc, mt khc cc ion trong nc lm sao bay hi vo khng kh c nn pht biu (5) sai
A, B
loi B.
chn A.
Bi 26. nh gi s nhim kim loi nng trong nc thi ca mt nh my, ngi ta ly mt t
nc, c c ri thm dung dch Na2S vo thy xut hin kt ta mu vng. Hin tng trn chng t
nc thi b nhim bi ion
A. Fe2+.
B. Cu2+.
C. Pb2+.
D. Cd2+.
(Trch Cu 55- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Cch nhn bit mui sunfua ( S2-) trong dung dch: dng mui tan ca kim loi nng ha tr 2 (
thng l mui nitrat):
M2+ + S2-
MS
Cc mui sunfua khng tan thng c mu en ring CdS li c mu vng.
Cc mui sunfua ca kim loi t Pb tr v sau khng tan trong axit HCl, H2SO4 long..(Tuy nhin
vn tan trong HNO3 c v H2SO4 c theo quan im oxi ha kh vi tc nhn kh l S2- v c th
l c Fe2+ hoc Cu+)
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn ta c nc thi b nhim bi ion Cd2+ Chn D.
Cd2+ + S2-
CdS vng
Bi 27. Cho s chuyn ha:
Fe3O4 + dung dch HI (d) X + Y + H2O
Bit X v Y l sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh chuyn ha. Cc cht X v Y l
A. Fe v I2.
B. FeI3 v FeI2.
C. FeI2 v I2.
D. FeI3 v I2.
(Trch Cu 58- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
HCl , H 2 SO4 ( l )

Fe2 + + Fe3+ + H 2O
NO2 , NO, N 2O, N 2 , NH 4 NO3 .

+ HNO3 , H 2 SO4 ( dc )
Fe3O4

Fe3+ + Spk
+ H 2O
SO2 , S , H 2 S
+ HI

Fe 2+ + I 2 + H 2O
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn p n C :
Fe3O4 + dung dch HI (d) FeI2 + I2 + H2O
Bi 28. Cht rn X phn ng vi dung dch HCl c dung dch Y. Cho t t dung dch NH3 n d vo
dung dch Y, ban u xut hin kt ta xanh, sau kt ta tan, thu c dung dch mu xanh thm.
Cht X l
A. FeO
B. Fe
C.CuO
D.Cu
(Trch Cu 1- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Cu(OH)2 , Zn(OH)2 ,AgOH mi sinh tan c trong dung dch NH3 d:
Cu (OH )2 + 4 NH 3
[Cu ( NH 3 ) 4 ] (OH ) 2
Zn(OH ) 2 + 4 NH 3
[ Zn( NH 3 ) 4 ] (OH ) 2
AgOH + 2 NH 3
[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ] OH
Al(OH)3 khng c kh nng to phc vi NH3 nn khng tan m kt ta.
Al (OH )3 + NH 3
khng xy ra.
Bi gii
- Cu khng tan trong HCl
loi D.
- Theo phn tch trn Loi A,B chn C.
Bi 29. Cho bit th t t tri sang phi ca cc cp oxi ho - kh trong dy in ho (dy th in cc
chun) nh sau : Zn2+/Zn ; Fe2+/Fe; Cu2+/Cu; Fe3+/Fe2+; Ag+/Ag
Cc kim loi v ion u phn ng c vi ion Fe2+ trong dung dch l
A , B ,C , D
A. Zn, Cu2+
B. Ag, Fe3+
C. Ag, Cu2+
D. Zn, Ag+
(Trch Cu 8- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Trong dung dch, cc mui tan tn ti dng ion Phn ng gia cc kim loi khng tan trong
nc vi dung dch mui thc cht l phn ng gia kim loi v cc ion kim loi c trong dung dch.
C s xc nh xem phn ng gia kim loi v ion kim loi( v d Fe v Zn2+) hoc gia ion kim
loi vi ion kim loi( v d Ag+ v Fe3+) c xy ra hay khng v nu xy ra th sn phm thu c l
nhng cht no , ta phi dng quy tc vi cc bc c bn sau:
- Xc nh cp oxi ha kh cha kim loi bi cho.
- Xc nh cp oxi ha kh cha ion kim loi trong mui bi cho.
- Sp xp cc cp va xc nh c theo ng v tr ca chng trong dy in ha ( cp no
ng trc vit trc, cp no ng sau vit sau).
- S dng quy tc anpha s bit c phn ng xy ra gia hai cp.
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn th Cc kim loi v ion u phn ng c vi ion Fe2+ trong dung dch l Zn v
Ag+ Chn D.
Bi 30. Lin kt ha hc gia cc nguyn t trong phn t H2O l lin kt
B. hiro
A. cng ho tr khng phn cc
C. ion
D. cng ho tr phn cc
(Trch Cu 14- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
C hai cch phn loi lin kt ha hc:
- Cch 1: da vo tnh cht ca hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt. C th
+ lin kt gia hai nguyn t phi kim phi kim ging nhau l lin kt cng ha tr khng
phn cc.
+ lin kt gia hai nguyn t phi kim phi kim khc nhau l lin kt cng ha tr phn
cc.
+ lin kt gia cc nguyn t kim loi kim loi trong tinh th kim loi ( n cht kim
loi hay ni gn l trong kim loi )l lin kt kim loi.
+ lin kt gia phi kim kim loi l lin kt ion.
- Cch 2: da vo hiu m in ca hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt. C th:
> 1,7
(0,4
1, 7 ]
0
0, 4
Loi lin kt
Cng ha tr khng Lin kt cng ha tr Lin kt ion

cc
c cc
Ch :
-Dng cch 1 khi bi khng cho m in ca cc nguyn t
- Dng cch 2 khi bi cho m in ca cc nguyn t
- Nu trong mt phn t c nhiu lin kt th c th trong phn t s c nhiu loi lin kt
xt y ta phi v CTCT ca cht ra ri xt tng lin kt.
Bi gii
Theo s phn tch trn ta c p n ng l D.
Bi 31. Pht biu no sau y ng ?
A. Dung dch NaF phn ng vi dung dch AgNO3 sinh ra AgF kt ta
B.Iot c bn knh nguyn t ln hn brom
C. Axit HBr c tnh axit yu hn axit HCl
D. Flo c tnh oxi ho yu hn clo
(Trch Cu 17- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Cc mui AgCl, AgBr, AgI khng tan nhng AgF li tan tt..
Trong mt nhm chnh, khi i t trn xung:
- Bn knh nguyn t tng dn.
- Tnh axit ca HX tng dn.
- Tnh oxi ha gim dn, tnh kh tng dn.
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn thy A,B,D sai p n C.
Bi 32. Cho cc dung dch long: (1) FeCl3, (2) FeCl2, (3) H2SO4, (4) HNO3, (5) hn hp gm HCl v
NaNO3. Nhng dung dch phn ng c vi kim loi Cu l
A. (1), (2), (3)
B. (1), (3), (5)
C. (1), (4), (5)
D. (1), (3), (4)
(Trch Cu 18- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Kim loi khng tan trong nc + mui tun theo quy tc .
Ch c kim loi ng trc H mi tc dng vi H2SO4 long.
HNO3 tc dng c vi hu ht kim loi , k c kim loi ng sau H ( - Au,Pt).
Kim loi + H+(ca cc axit) + NO3-( trong mui nitrat hoc HNO3)
Mn+(max) + Spk + H2O.
Bi gii
Theo s phn tch trn nhn thy, dung dch phn ng c vi Cu bao gm: 1- FeCl3, 4-HNO3,5- dd(
HCl + NaNO3) Chn C.
Ngoi ra, c th gii bi trn bng phng php loi tr nh sau:
A , B ,C , D
Cu khng tc dng vi (3): H2SO4 long
Loi A,B,D Chn C.
Bi 33. Dy gm cc ion cng tn ti trong mt dung dch l
A.K+, Ba2+, OH-, ClB. Al3+, PO43-, Cl-, Ba2+
+
+
C. Na , K , OH , HCO3
D. Ca2+, Cl-, Na+, CO32(Trch Cu 22- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Cc ion mun cng tn ti c vi nhau trong cng mt dung dch th chng phi khng tng tc
c vi nhau.
Cc ion tng tc c vi nhau khi:
- Mang in tch tri du ( ngoi tr trng hp gc axit cn H + OH-
Gc axit t H
2hn + CO3 ).
- Sn phm ca s tng tc ca cc ion phi l cht

.
Bi gii
Theo s phan tch trn ta c:
- Loi B v Al3+, Ba2+ + PO43-
CO32- + H2O
- Loi C v OH + HCO3
- Loi D v Ca2+ + CO32-
CaCO3
Vy chn A.
Bi 34. Cho cn bng ho hc : PCl5 (k)
PCl3 (k) + Cl 2 (k); H > 0
Cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun khi
A. thm PCl3 vo h phn ng
B. tng nhit ca h phn ng
C. thm Cl2 vo h phn ng
D. tng p sut ca h phn ng
(Trch Cu 23- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Bi gii
- Khi thm PCl3 , tng nhit , thm Cl2 vo h th cn bng dch theo chiu nghch
A , B ,C , D
loi A,B,C
- Chn D.
Bi 35. Nguyn t S ng vai tr va l cht kh, va l cht oxi ho trong phn ng no sau y?
0
t
A. 4S + 6NaOH(c)
2Na2S + Na2S2O3 + 3H2O
0
t
B. S + 3F2
SF6
0
t
C. S + 6HNO3 (c)
H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O
0
t
D. S + 2Na
Na2S
(Trch Cu 25- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Cch d on mt cht mang tnh kh hay tnh oxi ha .
- Cht cha nguyn t ang trng thi oxi ha thp nht ch th hin tnh kh. Hay gp
l kim loi M, S-2, S-1, I-, Cl-,H2, NH3, H2S.
- Cht cha nguyn t trng thi oxi ha cao nht ch th hin tnh oxi ha. Hay gp
iom kim loi Mn+ ca kim loi sau Mg, HNO3, H2SO4 c, KMnO4, O2, O3,F2.
- Cht cha nguyn t trng thi oxi ha trung gian th va th hin tnh kh va th
hin tnh oxi ha ( ph thuc vo i tc m n s th hin tnh cht no trong hai tnh
+8
+8
cht ). Hay gp l : S,SO2, CO, Fe2+, Fe 3 Cr2+. Tuy nhin, Fe 3 ,CO V Fe2+ thin
v tnh kh nhiu hn...
Lu hunh ( S) c cc s oxi ha : -2,-1,0,+4,+6.
Trong ion S2O32- th lu hunh c hai s oxi ha ????
Bi gii
0
t
S0 + 2Na
Na2S-2 S c tnh oxi ha Loi D.
t
S0 + 6HNO3 (c)
H2S+6O4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O
S c tnh kh Loi C.
t
S0 + 3F2
S+6F6
S c tnh kh Loi B
- Vy chn A.
Bi 36. Pht biu no sau y khng ng?
A. Crom(VI) oxit l oxit baz

B. Ancol etylic bc chy khi tip xc vi CrO3
C. Khi phn ng vi dung dch HCl, kim loi Cr b oxi ho thnh ion Cr2+
D. Crom(III) oxit v crom(II) hiroxit u l cht c tnh lng tnh
(Trch Cu 45- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Tnh cht ca oxit crom
oxit
CrO
Cr2O3
CrO3
Tnh cht
Oxit Baz
Oxit lng tnh
Oxit axit
Tnh cht hiroxit ca crom
Cr(OH)6
2 H 2O
H2CrO4
Hi roxit
Cr(OH)2
Cr(OH)3
Hoc:
2Cr(OH)6
5H 2O
H2Cr2O7
Tnh cht
Baz
Lng tnh
axit
Tnh oxi ha Kh
Hp cht
Cr2+
Cr3+
Cr+6
Tnh cht
Tnh kh
Va c tnh kh
Va c tnh oxi ha
Tnh oxi ha
S chuyn ha gia CrO42- v Cr2O72-:
Cr2O72-( mu da cam) + H2O

2CrO42-( mu vng) + 2H+
Lut nh:
- Vi oxit v hiroxit ca crom ,trng thi oxi ha thp mang tnh baz, trng thi oxi ha
cao mang tnh axit, trng thi oxi ha trung gian mang tnh lng tnh.
- mu ca CrO42- v Cr2O72- ph thuc vo oxi ( mu t l thun vi s oxi : 4 vng; 7- cam).
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn pht biu Crom(III) oxit v Crom(II) hiroxit u c tnh lng tnh l pht
biu sai Chn D.
Bi 37. Sn phm ca phn ng nhit phn hon ton AgNO3 l
A.Ag, NO2, O2 B. Ag2O, NO, O2 C. Ag, NO, O2 D.Ag2O, NO2, O2
(Trch Cu 48- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Tt c cc mui nitrat M(NO3)n u km bn: khi un hoc nung nng u b nhit phn.
Sn phm ca s nhit phn mui nitrat M(NO3)n ph thuc vo M. Cu th:
M = K Na

M ( NO2 ) n + O2
M = Mg Cu
M 2On (max) + NO2 +O2
t0
M ( NO3 )n
M = Ag Au
M + NO2 +O2

M = NH 4+
N 2 O + H 2O
Nhn xt
- Mui nitrat nhit phn khng li cht rn l NH4NO3 hoc Hg(NO3)2.
- Khi gii ton, nu khng xc nh c mui nitrat em nhit phn l loi no th phi
xt c 4 trng hp.Nu vn khng ra kt qu th mui em nhit phn l mui ca kim
loi c a ha tr hoc mui ngm nc.
- Khi gii bi tp tnh ton nn da vo s tng gim khi lng:
m rn sau = mrn trc - mkh
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn Chn A: 2AgNO3
2Ag +2 NO2 + O2
Bi 38. Kim loi M c th c iu ch bng cch kh ion ca n trong oxit bi kh H2 nhit cao.
Mt khc, kim loi M kh c ion H+ trong dung dch axit long thnh H2. Kim loi M l
A. Al
B. Mg
C. Fe
D. Cu
(Trch Cu 50- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Phn ng :
H 2O
H2
CO + CO
C
2
t0
MxOy + CO
M + CO2
Al2O3
Al
N + H O
NH 3
2
2
Ch xy ra vi oxit ca kim loi sau Al v c gi l phng php nhit luyn dng iu ch kim
loi sau Al.
Phn ng :
2M + 2nH+
2Mn+ + nH2
Ch xy ra vi kim loi ng trc H.
t0
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn
loi A,B,D Chn C.
Bi 39. Dung dch no sau y c pH > 7 ?
A. Dung dch NaCl
B. Dung dch NH4Cl
C. Dung dch Al2(SO4)3
D. Dung dch CH3COONa
(Trch Cu 57- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
S thy phn ca mui l s phn hy ca mui di tc dng ca nc.
Bn cht ca s thy phn mui l phn ng trao i ca mui vi nc V mt tng qut, ch
mui no phn ng vi nc tha mn iu kin ca phn ng trao i th mui b thy phn.
Kinh nghim :
Loi mui to ra t
Thy phn
c im ca dung dch
Mi trng
pH
Ch
A , B ,C , D
A.mnh- B.mnh
Khng thy phn
Trung Tnh
pH= 7
Tr mui
Hiro sunfat lun c
mi trng axit mnh
A.mnh- B.Yu
C thy phn
axit
pH < 7
Lm qu ha hng
A.yu- B.mnh
C thy phn
Baz
pH > 7
Lm qu hi ha xanh
A.Yu- B.Yu
C b thy phn
Gn nh l trung
tnh
pH
Khng lm thay i
mu cht ch th
c im ca s thy phn: s thy phn ca mui l mt qu trnh thun nghch.iu ny c ngha

l, khi ha tan mui vo nc th ch c mt lng nh mui b thy phn.
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn dung dch c pH > 7 l dung dch CH3COONa :
CH3COOH + NaOH
CH3COONa + HOH
chn D.
Bi 40. Trong cc cht: FeCl2, FeCl3, Fe(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3. S cht c c tnh
oxi ho v tnh kh l
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 5.
D. 4.
(Trch Cu 3- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
Mt cht mun va c tnh kh, va c tnh oxi ha th cht phi hoc cha nguyn t hin ang c
s oxi ha trung gian (Hay gp : Phi kim : Cl2, Br2, I2, S,N2,P,C. Hp cht : Cc hp cht Fe2+, Cc hp
cht Cr2+, Cr3+, SO2.) Hoc cht cha ng thi mt nguyn t c s tnh oxi ha ( thng l
nguyn t ang trng thi oxi ha cao nht) v mt nguyn t c c tnh kh ( thng l nguyn t
ang trng thi oxi ha thp nht)
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn cc cht c c tnh oxi ho v tnh kh l: FeCl2, Fe(NO3)2, FeSO4.
Fe(NO3)3 , FeCl3 Chn C.
Bi 41. Cho cc cn bng sau:
2SO3(k)
(1) 2SO2(k) + O2(k)
2NH3(k)
(2) N2(k) + 3H2(k)
CO(k) + H2O(k)
(3) CO2(k) + H2(k)
I2(k) + H2(k)
(4) 2HI
Khi thay i p sut, nhm gm cc cn bng ho hc u khng b chuyn dch l

A. (1) v (2).
B. (1) v (3).
C. (3) v (4).
D. (2) v (4).
(Trch Cu 7- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
cn bng khng ph thuc, khng b nh hng bi yu t bc 1.Thng gp l v s
tc ng ca p sut.C th: khi s phn t kh hai v ca cn bng m bng nhau th
cn bng khng b chuyn dch khi c s thay i p sut .
Bi gii
- Nhn vo A,B thy u c (1) kim tra (1) v cn bng (1) b dch chuyn khi c s
thay i p sut ( v s phn t kh hai v khng bng nhau) loi A,B.

- Nhn vo C,D thy u c (4) khng kim tra (4) v ch cn 2 phng n nn chc chn
phng n c la chn s cha (4) ch kim tra (2) hoc (3).Cn bng (2) b dch
chuyn khi c s thay i p sut ( v s phn t kh hai v khng bng nhau) loi D.
Chn C
Bi 42. Cht dng lm kh kh Cl2 m l
A. Na2SO3 khan.
B. dung dch NaOH c.
C. dung dch H2SO4 m c.
D. CaO.
(Trch Cu 8- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
Mt cht mun lm kh c cht khc th phi tha mn hai tiu ch:
- Cht phi c kh nng ht nc ( hay gp l H2SO4(c), P2O5 khan, CuSO4 khan,
CaO,...).
- Cht ( hoc sn phm to thnh cht tc dng vi H2O) phi khng tc dng c
vi cht cn lm kh.
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn ta c, Cht dng lm kh kh Cl2 m l H2SO4 m c Chn C.
Bi 43. phn bit CO2 v SO2 ch cn dng thuc th l
A. nc brom.
B. CaO.
C. dung dch Ba(OH)2.
D. dung dch NaOH.
(Trch Cu 9- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
Mt phn ng c dng nhn bit phi tha mn tiu ch : phn ng phi ta ra nhng du hiu
m gic quan con ngi phi cm nhn c ( thng l kt ta xut hin hoc mu,mi).
Nguyn tc nhn bit, phn bit cc cht l phi da vo s khc nhau ca cc cht .
im khc nhau c bn gia CO2 v SO2 l CO2 ch c tnh oxi ha cn SO2 va c tnh kh va c
tnh oxi ha( Do C thuc nhm IVA nn s oxi ha max l +4 cn S thuc nhm VIA nn s oxi ha
max l +6)
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn ta c , phn bit CO2 v SO2 ch cn dng thuc th l nc brom; SO2 lm mt
mu nc Brom cn CO2 th khng:
SO2 + Br2 + H2O
H2SO4 +2 HBr
Chn A.
Bi 44. Dy gm cc cht trong phn t ch c lin kt cng ho tr phn cc l:
A. O2, H2O, NH3.
B. H2O, HF, H2S.
C. HCl, O3, H2S.D. HF, Cl2, H2O.
(Trch Cu 13- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
C hai cch phn loi lin kt ha hc:
- Cch 1: da vo hiu m in ca hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt. C th:
> 1,7
(0,4
1, 7 ]
0
0, 4
Loi lin kt
Cng ha tr khng
cc
Lin kt cng ha
tr c cc
Lin kt ion
- Cch 2: da vo tnh cht ca hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt. C th

+ lin kt gia hai nguyn t phi kim phi kim ging nhau l lin kt cng ha tr khng
phn cc.
+ lin kt gia hai nguyn t phi kim phi kim khc nhau l lin kt cng ha tr phn
cc.
+ lin kt gia cc nguyn t kim loi kim loi trong tinh th kim loi ( n cht kim
loi hay ni gn l trong kim loi )l lin kt kim loi.

+ lin kt gia phi kim kim loi l lin kt ion.
Ch :
-Dng cch 1 khi bi khng cho m in ca cc nguyn t
- Dng cch 2 khi bi cho m in ca cc nguyn t
- Nu trong mt phn t c nhiu lin kt th c th trong phn t s c nhiu loi lin kt
xt y ta phi v CTCT ca cht ra ri xt tng lin kt.
Bi gii
- Loi A v c O2 l n cht nn lin kt trong trong phn t u l lin kt khng phn cc.
- Tng t loi C v c O3 v loi D v c Cl2.
Chn B.
Bi 45. Cht kh X tan trong nc to ra mt dung dch lm chuyn mu qu tm thnh v c th
c dng lm cht ty mu. Kh X l
A. NH3.
B. CO2.
C. SO2.
D. O3.
(Trch Cu 26- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
Hai cht ch th hay dng xc nh mi trng ca dung dch l qu tm v phenolphthalein.
Mi trng axit
Mi trng baz
Mi trng trung
tnh
Qu tm
Qu tm ha
Qu tm ha xanh Qu tm khng i
mu
Phenolphtalein
Phenolphtalein t
( khng mu)
Khng mu
khng mu chuyn
Khng mu
sang mu hng
Cc cht c tnh oxi ha ( thng gp l Cl2, nc javen NaCl + NaClO + H2O, clorua vi CaOCl2 v
SO2) u c tnh ty mu.
V mt hnh thc, SO2 ging CO2 nhng gia chng c im khc bit quan trng; S thuc nhm VIA
nn c s oxi ha max = +6, cn C thuc nhm IVA nn s oxi ha max ca cacbon ch = +4 CO2 ch
c tnh oxi ha cn SO2 va c tnh oxi ha va c tnh kh.
Bi gii
A , B ,C , D
loi A,D.
- V ddX lm qu ha ddX c mi trng axit
B ,C
- V X c dng lm cht ty mu X c tnh oxi ha
loi B.
- Chn C.
Bi 46. Dy gm cc cht va tan trong dung dch HCl, va tan trong dung dch NaOH l:
A. NaHCO3, MgO, Ca(HCO3)2.
B. NaHCO3, ZnO, Mg(OH)2.
C. NaHCO3, Ca(HCO3)2, Al2O3.
D. Mg(OH)2, Al2O3, Ca(HCO3)2.
(Trch Cu29- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
dung dch gm dung mi nc v cht tan khi cho mt cht rn A no vo dung dch th c bn
kh nng:
- A khng tan v A khng tan trong nc,A cng khng tc dng vi nc ,khng tc dng
vi cht tan c trong dung dch to ra sn phm tan.
- A l cht tan trong nc v qu trnh tan ca A khng gy ra phn ng ha hc vi nc
hoc cht tan c trong dung dch ( v d qu trnh tan ca aCl trong dung dch KOH).
- A tan ra v A tc dng vi nc c trong dch ( v d qu trnh ha tan Na2O trong dung
dch NaCl).
- A khng tan trong nc nhng A tan ra v A tc dng vi cht tan c trong dung dch to ra
sn phm l cht tan ( v d qu trnh tan ca Fe trong dd CuSO4).
Trong s 4 kh nng trn, hc sinh thng b sai lm, thiu st trng hp th ba !!!
Cc cht tan c trong c dung dch axit, c trong dung dch baz thng l:
- Cc kim loi mnh, Al,Zn
- oxit baz mnh v baz mnh ( thng gp trong thi l cc cht sau :
Na2O,K2O,CaO,BaO,NaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2...).
- Cc hp cht lng tnh : Al2O3, ZnO, Cr2O3, PbO, Al(OH)3, Zn(OH)2, Cr(OH)3,
Pb(OH)2...v tt c cc mui axit .
Bi gii
- MgO tan trong dung dch HCl ( v tc dng vi cht tan HCl
MgCl2 l mui tan)
nhng khng tan trong dung dch NaOH ( do MgO khng tan trong nc,MgO cng khng
tc dng vi nc ,cng khng tc dng vi cht tan c trong dung dch l NaOH to ra
A , B ,C , D
sn phm tan)
loi A.
- Tng t cho Mg(OH)2 loi B,D. Chn C.
Bi 47. Dy gm cc ion (khng k n s phn li ca nc) cng tn ti trong mt dung dch l:
A. Al3+ , NH 4 + , Br , OH . B. Mg 2+ , K + , SO32 , PO43C. H+ , Fe3+ , NO3 , SO32D. K+ , Na + , NO3- , Cl .
(Trch Cu 33- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
Cc ion mun tn ti trong cng mt dung dch th gia cc ion phi khng xy ra phn ng ha
hc.
Gia cc ion xy ra phn ng ha hc khi tha mn ng thi hai tiu ch:
- Hai ion phi tri du ( tr trng hp OH- + anion mui axit HCO3-, HS-...hoc HSO4- tc dng vi
gc axit yu. ).
- Sn phm ca s tng tc gia hai ion phi l cht kt ta, cht bay hi hoc cht in li yu.
Bi gii
Theo s phn tch trn ta c :
- Loi A v OH- tc dng c vi Al3+ v NH4+.
- Loi B v Mg2+ tc dng c vi SO32- v PO43- Loi C v SO32- tc dng c vi H+ v Fe3+
- Chn D.
Bi 48. Dy no sau y ch gm cc cht va tc dng c vi dung dch HCl, va tc dng c vi
dung dch AgNO3?
A. Fe, Ni, Sn. B. Al, Fe, CuO.
C. Zn, Cu, Mg.
D. Hg, Na, Ca.

(Trch Cu 35- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
dung dch gm dung mi nc v cht tan khi cho mt cht rn A no vo dung dch th c bn
kh nng:
- A khng tan v A khng tan trong nc,A cng khng tc dng vi nc ,khng tc dng vi
cht tan c trong dung dch to ra sn phm tan.
- A l cht tan trong nc v qu trnh tan ca A khng gy ra phn ng ha hc vi nc
hoc cht tan c trong dung dch ( v d qu trnh tan ca aCl trong dung dch KOH).
- A tan ra v A tc dng vi nc c trong dch ( v d qu trnh ha tan Na2O trong dung
dch NaCl).
- A khng tan trong nc nhng A tan ra v A tc dng vi cht tan c trong dung dch to ra
sn phm l cht tan ( v d qu trnh tan ca Fe trong dd CuSO4).
Trong s 4 kh nng trn, hc sinh thng b sai lm, thiu st trng hp th ba !!!
Ch c kim loi ng trc H mi tc dng c vi HCl,H2SO4 long.
Cc oxit kim loi lun tan trong axit nhng ch c Na2O, K2O,CaO v BaO tan c trong nc:
M2On + H2O
M(OH)n
Cc oxit Al2O3, ZnO, Cr2O3 th tan c trong kim:
M2On + OH-
MO2(4-n)- + H2O
Bi gii
Theo s phn tch trn ta thy:
-Lai C v Cu khng tan trong dung dch HCl.
- Loi D v Hg khng tan trong dung dch HCl.
- Loi B v CuO khng tan trong dung dch AgNO3.
Chn A.
Bi 49. Nguyn tc chung c dng iu ch kim loi l
A. cho hp cht cha ion kim loi tc dng vi cht kh.
B. oxi ho ion kim loi trong hp cht thnh nguyn t kim loi.
C. kh ion kim loi trong hp cht thnh nguyn t kim loi.
D. cho hp cht cha ion kim loi tc dng vi cht oxi ho.
(Trch Cu 37- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
Cn phn bit khi nim nguyn tc v phng php:
- Nguyn tc l vic phi lm.
- Phng php l cch thc lm vic .
ng vi mi nguyn tc c th c nhiu phng php thc hin nguyn tc .
Cc khi nim lin quan n phn ng oxi ha kh:
- Mt phn ng ch l phn ng oxi ha- kh khi trong phn ng c s thay i s
oxi ha ( tng v gim) ca mt s nguyn t.
- Cht kh: l cht cha nguyn t c s tng s oxi ha.
- Cht oxi ha l cht cha nguyn t c s gim s oxi ha
- Cht kh tham gia qu trnh oxi ha ( qu trnh cho e)
- Cht oxi ha tham gia qu trnh kh ( qu trnh nhn e)
- Oxi ha mt cht l ly e ca cht ( tc cht l cht kh).
- Kh mt cht l np e vo cht ( tc cht l cht oxi ha).
Lut nh:
Kh - tng
O gim
Nhng phi bo m:
Cht Trnh ngc nhau.
Trong t nhin ( lng t, cc ngun nc...) hu nh khng c cc kim loi m ch c cc ion
kim loi Mn+ tn ti trong cc hp cht. V d ion Na+ c trong mui n NaCl, Ca2+ c trong vi
CaCO3, Al3+ c trong qung boxit m thnh phn chnh l Al2O3 Mun c kim loi ( iu ch
kim loi) th con ngi phi lm mt vic l chuyn ion Mn+ thnh kim loi M:
Mn+ + ne
M
Nguyn tc ( vic phi lm) khi iu ch kim loi l phi thc hin qu trnh kh ion kim loi
Mn+.
Bi gii
Bi 50. Ch dng dung dch KOH phn bit c cc cht ring bit trong nhm no sau y?
A. Mg, Al2O3, Al. B. Mg, K, Na. C. Zn, Al2O3, Al.
D. Fe, Al2O3, Mg.

(Trch Cu 40- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
Nguyn tc ca vic nhn bit cc cht l phi da vo nhng im khc nhau gia cc cht .
Cc kim loi kim (Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs) v cc kim loi kim th ( Ca, Ba, Sr) tan c trong nc v
mi dung dch, gii phng kh khng mu:
M(OH)n (tan) + H2
M + H2O(ca dd)
Cc oxit tng ng ca chng ( Li2O,Na2O,K2O, CaO, BaO) cng tan trong mi dung dch ,nhng
khng gii phng kh:
M2On + nH2O(ca dd)
2M(OH)n
Cc kim loi Al, Zn tan c trong cc dung dch baz.
M + H2O + OH-
MO2(4-n)- + H2
Cc oxit ca kim loi ny cng tan trong cc dung dch baz nhng khng gii phng kh:
M2On + OH-
MO2(4-n)- + H2O
Bi gii
Theo s phn tch trn nhn thy:
- Na v K u cho hin tng ging nhau: u tan v phn ng vi nc ca dung dch KOH,
gii phng kh khng mu dng dung dch KOH, khng phn bit c hai kim loi ny
loi B.
- Zn v Al u cho hin tng ging nhau: u tan v phn ng vi nc trong dung dch
baz KOH, gii phng kh khng mu dng dung dch KOH, khng phn bit c hai
kim loi ny loi C.
- Fe v Mg u cho hin tng ging nhau: u tan khng tan trong dung dch KOH dng
dung dch KOH, khng phn bit c hai kim loi ny loi D.
Chn A.
----HT PPHN 1---Bn c c th tip tc ng k cc phn 2, phn 3 v phn 4 nu cm thy cc chuyn ny thc
s hiu qu i vi vic tng n tp kin thc l thuyt trc ma thi cn k.Chc cc bn hc gii
v n thi hiu qu thc hin c c m ca mnh trong ma phng n sp ti.Cho thn i./.
Ad FC- HO HC VNG CAO
--- DongHuuLee---
Bi 51. Phn bn nitrophotka (NPK) l hn hp ca

A. (NH4)2HPO4 v KNO3 B. NH4H2PO4 v KNO3. C. (NH4)3PO4 v KNO3.
D. (NH4)2HPO4 v NaNO3.
(Trch Cu 44- M 182 C khi A 2009)

Cn bit Phn bn ha hc l nhng ha cht c cha cc nguyn t dinh dng , c bn cho cy
nhm nng cao nng sut cy trng.
Cc loi phn bn
Phn m
( Cung cp nit cho cy trng
di dng NH4+ v NO3-)
Phn
Phn
ure
m
m
amoni
nitrat
L cc L mui (NH2)
mui
nitrat
2CO
amoni
ca kim
loi
Phn ln
(cung cp cho cy di dng ion PO43-)
Supephotphat n
Supephotphat kp
L
mui
Ca(H2PO4)2
c
ch ch bng mt
phn ng
L
mui
Ca(H2PO4)2 c
ch bng hai phn
ng .
Phn
hn hp
Phn
phc
hp
Mui
ca kali.
Quan
trng
nht l
KCl,
K2SO4.
Tro
thc vt
cng l
mt loi
phn
kali v
cha
K2CO3
Cha c
ba
nguyn
t
N,P,K
thu
c
bng
cch
trn ln
cc loi
phn
khc
nhau.
Quan
trng
nht l
Nitroph
ot ka:
(NH4)2
HPO4
v
KNO3
L hn
hp cc
cht
c
to ra
ng
thi t
mt
phn
ng ha
hc.
Phn ln
nng
chy
Ch
s
ch
t
l
ng
Cht lng c nh gi qua

%N .
c nh gi thng qua % P2O5.

Nguyn liu sn xut l qung photphorit v apatit (
thnh phn chnh l Ca3(PO4)3.
Amoniac
+ axit
HNO3 +
mui
cacbona
t
CO2 +
NH3
Ca3(PO4)2 + H2SO4
(c) = Ca(H2PO4)2
+ CaSO4
Ca3(PO4)2
+
H2SO4 = H3PO4 +
CaSO4
V Ca3(PO4)2 +
H3PO4
=Ca(H2PO4)2
Ca3(PO4)2
+ x
vn
(
MgSiO3)
+C
B thy
phn to
mi
trng
axit nn
ch bn
cho t t
chua
hoc t
c
kh chua
D ht
m v b
chy
gia
ging
phan
amoni,
tan
nhiu
trong
nc, c
tc dng
nhanh
vi cy
trng,
nhng
cng d
b nc
ma
gia
tri.
Cha
46%N
,trong
t b
vi
sinh
vt
phn
hy
thnh
NH3
hoc
tc
dng
vi
nc
to
thnh
mui
amoni
cacbo
nat.
Cha 14- 20% P2O5.

cy trng ng ha
d dng Ca(H2PO4)2
CaSO4 l phn
khng c ch, lm
rn t.
Cha
50%P2O5.
Cha 1214%P2O5.
Cc mui
trong loi
phn ny
khng tan
trong
nc nn
phn ny
ch thch
hp cho
loi t
chua.
40-
Phn
kali
Cht
lng
c
nh
gi
thng
qua
%K2O.
Phn
amopho
t:
NH3 +
H3PO4=
NH4H2P
O4
+(NH4)2
HPO4
Phn
kali
gip
cho cy
trng
hp th
c
nhiu
m
hn.
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn Phn bn nitrophotka (NPK) l hn hp ca (NH4)2HPO4 v KNO3. Chn
A.
Bi 52. Th t mt s cp oxi ho - kh trong dy in ho nh sau: Mg2+/Mg; Fe2+/Fe; Cu2+/Cu;
Fe3+/Fe2+; Ag+/Ag. Dy ch gm cc cht, ion tc dng c vi ion Fe3+ trong dung dch l:
A. Fe, Cu, Ag+.
B. Mg, Fe2+, Ag.
C. Mg, Cu, Cu2+. D. Mg, Fe, Cu.
(Trch Cu 52- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
Phn ng gia cc cp oxi ha kh xy ra theo quy tc anpha ( ).
H qu rt ra t quy tc anpha:
- Cc kim loi t Cu tr v trc trong dy in ha c kh nng ko mui Fe3+ v mui
Fe2+.
- Cc ion t Ag+ tr v sau c kh nng y mui Fe2+ ln mui Fe3+.
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn p n D.
Bi 53. Trng hp no sau y khng xy ra phn ng ho
hc?
A. Cho Fe vo dung dch H2SO4 long, ngui. B. Sc kh Cl2 vo dung dch FeCl2.
C. Sc kh H2S vo dung dch CuCl2.
D. Sc kh H2S vo dung dch FeCl2.
(Trch Cu 3 H khi A 2009)
Cn bit
Kim loi trc Pb + HCl , H2SO4(long)
Mui (min) + H2
Phn ng ny lun xy ra bt lun HCl v H2SO4(long) l nng hay ngui . Khi nim nng v ngui
ch c tc dng i vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c.
Hp cht Fe2+ va l cht kh va l cht oxi ha ( v +2 l s oxi ha trung gian ca st), tnh cht
no c bc l l ph thuc vo i tc phn ng khi gp Cl2( cht oxi ha mnh) th FeCl2 l
cht kh,nn c phn ng : FeCl2 + Cl2
FeCl3
Axit + Mui

Muoi moi + A.moi

i Muoi
Axit moi la axit yeu
i Axit
Axit moi con axit ban dau la axit manh va khong .
Cc mui sunfua ca kim loi t Na n trc Pb tan tt trong axit HCl v H2SO4 long, cn cc
mui sunfua ca kim loi t Pb tr v sau : PbS; CuS; Ag2S... khng tan trong HCl, H2SO4long (
nhng vn tc dng vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c).V d:
FeCl2+ H2S
FeS + HCl
CuS + HCl
CuCl2 + H2S
CuS + HNO3
Cu(NO3)2 + H2SO4 + NO2 + H2O
( phn ng xy ra theo hng oxi ha kh)
Bi gii
FeSO4 + H2.
Loi A v : Fe + H2SO4 (long, ngui)

Loi B v: FeCl2 + Cl2
FeCl3.
Loi C v : CuCl2 + H2S
CuS + HCl
Chn D v : H2S + FeCl2
FeS + HCl
( Do khng tha mn iu kin ca phn ng mui + axit nu trn: FeS tan trong HCl).
-
Bi 54. C cc th nghim sau:

(I) Nhng thanh st vo dung dch H2SO4 long, ngui.
(II) Sc kh SO2 vo nc brom.
(III) Sc kh CO2 vo nc Gia-ven.
(IV) Nhng l nhm vo dung dch H2SO4 c, ngui.
S th nghim xy ra phn ng ho hc l
A. 4.
B. 3.
C. 1.
D. 2.
( Trch cu 2 M 637 HKB 2009)
Cn bit
i Khi nim th ng ch p dng cho axit c ,ngui ( HNO3,H2SO4) v cc kim loi Al,Fe,Cr.
i Trong SO2 , lu hunh c trng thi oxi ha = +4 ( trung gian : -2, 0, +4, + 6) nn SO2 va c tnh oxi
ha, va c tnh kh:
Tnh oxi ha : khi gp cht kh
Tnh kh: khi gp cht oxi ha
+4
0
( S
S )
( S+4
S+6)
S (vng) +
H2SO4 + HBr
SO2 + H2S(dd)
SO2 + Br2 +H2O
H2O
SO2 kh dung dch Br2 c mu( c th l nu cn
long th l da cam) thnh dung dch khng mu y l
mt trong phn ng nhn ra SO2 hoc Br2
i Axit nc 1 ca H2CO3 l axit mnh hn axit HClO nn :
CO2 (kk) + H2O(kk) + ClO-
HCO3- + HClO(c tnh oxi ha mnh do Cl+1 nn st trng, ty mu)
y l c ch gii thch tnh ty mu ca nc Javen ( NaCl + NaClO + H2O) v clorua vi CaOCl2(
thc cht l mui kp CaCl2 . Ca(ClO)2 thi).
Bi gii
T s phn tch trn p n B.
Cc phn ng :
Fe + H2SO4( long, ngui)
FeSO4 + H2
SO2 + Br2 +H2O
H2SO4 + 2HBr
CO2 (kk) + H2O(kk) + NaClO
NaHCO3 + HClO(c tnh oxi ha mnh do Cl+1 nn st trng, ty mu)
Bi 55. Cho cc nguyn t: K (Z = 19), N (Z = 7), Si (Z = 14), Mg (Z = 12). Dy gm cc nguyn
t c sp xp theo chiu gim dn bn knh nguyn t t tri sang phi l:
A. N, Si, Mg, K.
B. Mg, K, Si, N.
C. K, Mg, N, Si.
D. K, Mg, Si, N.
( Trch cu 5 M 637 HKB 2009)
Cn bit
i Khi gp kiu cu hi sp xp tng ( hoc gim) gii quyt nhanh cn ch c im :
- Sp xp gim : ci ln nht ng u, ci nh nht ng cui.
- Sp xp tng : ci nh nht ng u, ci ln nht ng cui.
Da vo c im ny, nhn vo cc p n ta s loi tr c nhanh chng cc p n khng tha
mn!!!
i Quan h gia cu to nguyn t v v tr nguyn t trong BTH:
- STT ca = s e trong nguyn t
- STT ca chu k = s lp e.
- STT ca nhm A = s e lp ngoi cng
i Khi cho in tch ht nhn ca cc nguyn t ( Z) bit quan h gia cc nguyn t ( cng chu
k hay cng nhm .) thng phi da vo cu hnh e.Tuy nhin nhanh hn ta ch cn da vo
Bng tun hon s lc di y ( c xy dng trn c s s lng nguyn t ca mi chu k trong
Bng tun hon)
Chu S nguyn
in tch ht nhn
k
t
IA
VIIIA
1
2
1
2
2
8
3
10
3
8
11
18
4
18
19
36
5
18
37
54
6
32
55
86
7
23
87
119
Cn c vo bng trn, ng vi Z cho ta s bit c mt cch nhanh chng nguyn t ang xt thuc
chu k, nhm no.
i Quy lut trong mt chu k do in tch ht nhn Z quyt nh, quy lut trong mt nhm do bn knh
nguyn t r quyt nh.
i Quy lut trong mt chu k ngc vi quy lut trong mt nhm.
i Trong bng tun hon :
-T tri sang phi : bn knh nguyn t gim.
-T trn xung di bn knh tng.
Bi gii
-Nguyn t N c Z = 7 (3;10) thuc chu k 2, nhm VA.
- Nguyn t Mg thuc chu k 3, nhm IIA, nguyn t Si thuc chu k 2, nhm IVA.
- Nguyn t K thuc chu k 4, nhm IA
Chu S nguyn
in tch ht nhn
k
t
IA
VIIIA
1
2
2
1
2
8
N
10
3
3
8
11 Mg
Si
18
4
18
K
36
5
18
37
54
6
32
86
55
7
23
87
119
K c bn knh ln nht ( v thuc chu k 4 nn c 4 lp e) ,N c bn knh nh nht ( v thuc chu k 2
nn c 2 lp e).
A , B ,C , D
chn D.
- yu cu sp xp tng p n ng l p n c K ng u v N ng cui
Bi 56. Khi nhit phn hon ton tng mui X, Y th u to ra s mol kh nh hn s mol
mui tng ng. t mt lng nh tinh th Y trn n kh khng mu, thy ngn la c mu
vng. Hai mui X, Y ln lt l:
A. KMnO4, NaNO3.
B. Cu(NO3)2, NaNO3. C. CaCO3, NaNO3.
D. NaNO3, KNO3.
( Trch cu 8 M 637 HKB 2009)
Cn bit
i Hu ht cc kim loi, ion kim loi trong mui khi b t, nung trn ngn la u lm cho ngn la c
mu c trng . Hay gp:
Li
ngn la mu .
Na
ngn la mu vng.
K
ngn la mu tm hoa c.
Ca
ngn la mu .
Sr
ngn la mu thm.
Ba
ngn la mu lc nht.
i S nhit phn ca mt s mui:
0
t
1) KMnO4
K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
( mt trong nhng phn ng iu ch O2 trong phng th nghim).
K Na
M ( NO2 ) n + O2
0
t
Mg Cu

M 2On ( max ) + O2 + NO2
2) M ( NO3 )n
Sau Cu
M + NO2 + O2
0
t
3) M2(CO3)n
M2On + CO2
( k: M kim loi kim)
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn thy:
- t mui Y cho ngn la c mu vng mui Y cn tm l mui natri D sai.
- Mui nitrat ca kim loi Mg
Au khi nung lun c mol kh > mol mui phn ng. B sai.
0
t
- Theo phn ng : CaCO3
CaO + CO2 thy nKh = nmui p Loi C
Chn A.
Bi 57. Dy gm cc cht c sp xp theo chiu tng dn nhit si t tri sang phi l:
A. CH3CHO, C2H5OH, HCOOH, CH3COOH. B. CH3COOH, HCOOH, C2H5OH, CH3CHO.
C. HCOOH, CH3COOH, C2H5OH, CH3CHO. D. CH3COOH, C2H5OH, HCOOH, CH3CHO.
( Trch cu10 M 637 HKB 2009)
Cn bit
i Lut xt nhit si:
- Tiu ch 1:Cht c lin kt hiro c t0s ln hn cht khng c lin kt hiro.
- Tiu ch 2 :Cht c phn t khi ln th c nhit si ln hn.
i Nhng cht hu c c lin kt hiro hay gp:
- axit cacboxylic ( 2 lin kt hi ro ).
- Ancol
- Phenol
- Amin
i Kinh nghim v sp xp nhit si:
Axit
>
Ancol,amin > Andehit,xeton,ete,dn > xut halogen, este > Hi rocacbon
0
M ln th t s cng
M ln th t0s
M ln th t0s cng ln
M ln th t0s
ln
cng ln
cng ln
i Khi gp kiu cu hi sp xp tng ( hoc gim) gii quyt nhanh cn ch c im :
- Sp xp gim : ci ln nht ng u, ci nh nht ng cui.
- Sp xp tng : ci nh nht ng u, ci ln nht ng cui.
Da vo c im ny, nhn vo cc p n ta s loi tr c nhanh chng cc p n khng tha
mn!!!
Bi gii
- CH3CHO l cht c t0s thp nht, CH3COOH l cht c t0s cao nht.
- yu cu sp xp tng nn p n ng l p n c CH3CHO ng u v CH3COOH ng cui.
p n A.
Bi 58. Th nghim no sau y c kt ta sau phn ng?
A. Cho dung dch NaOH n d vo dung dch Cr(NO3)3.
B. Cho dung dch HCl n d vo dung dch NaAlO2 (hoc Na[Al(OH)4]).
C. Thi CO2 n d vo dung dch Ca(OH)2.
D. Cho dung dch NH3 n d vo dung dch AlCl3.

( Trch cu19 M 637 HKB 2009)
Cn bit
i CrO, Cr(OH)2 l baz cn Cr2O3 v Cr(OH)3 l hp cht lng tnh.
i Cc mui aluminat ( AlO2-) v zincat ( ZnO22-) hay CrO2- l nhng mui ca cc axit cc yu
khng ch b axit mnh nh HCl, H2SO4.m cn b c cc axit yu( chng hn H2CO3 = CO2 +
H2O ) y ra khi mui :
+ H 2O
NaHCO3 + HAlO2
Al(OH)3
NaAlO2 + CO2 + H2O
( ch l to ra NaHCO3 , khng phi l Na2CO3 )
V mt tng qut: Khi cho MO2(4-n)- i qua dung dch axit mnh (H+) th c 3 kh nng:
i M (OH ) n
M (OH ) n
MO2 (4 n ) + H +
i n+
M
i M n+
Lut: H+ d th khng c kt ta.

i Khi cho CO2 i qua dung dch baz (OH-) th v mt tng qut c 3 kh nng:
iCO32
CO32
CO2 + OH
i
HCO3
i HCO3
Lut:
+ OH- d Mui trung ha CO32-.
+ CO2 d Mui axit HCO3-.
i Dung dch NH3 ch to phc tan vi Zn(OH)2, Cu(OH)2 , AgOH v AgCl :
M(OH)n + NH3
[ M ( NH 3 )2 n ] (OH ) n (tan)
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn thy :
- Loi A v :
Ban u: NaOH + Cr(NO3)3
Cr(OH)3 + 3NaNO3
Sau ,v NaOH d nn kt ta b ha tan:
NaOH + Cr(OH)3
NaCrO2 + H2O
- Loi B v :
Ban u: NaAlO2 + HCl +H2O
Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl
Sau v NaOH d nn kt ta b ha tan:
NaOH + Al(OH)3
NaAlO2 + H2O
- Loi C v : 2CO2(d) + Ca(OH)2
Ca(HCO3)2
p n D
Bi 59. Cho cc phn ng sau:
(a) 4HCl + PbO2 PbCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O.
(b) HCl + NH4HCO3 NH4Cl + CO2 + H2O.
(c) 2HCl + 2HNO3 2NO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O.
(d) 2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 + H2.
S phn ng trong HCl th hin tnh kh l
A. 2.
B. 4.
C. 1.
D. 3.
( Trch cu23 M 637 HKB 2009)
Cn bit
i Mt cht th hin tnh kh khi phn t cht cha nguyn t c s tng s oxi ha sau phn ng.
i Phn t HCl tim n hai tnh cht : tnh oxi ha ca H+ ( bc l khi gp kim loi trc H H2 ) .V
d :
2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 + H2.
v tnh kh ca Cl ( bc l khi gp cht oxi ha mnh: MnO2, KMnO4,K2Cr2O7,KClO3.. Cl2 ).V
d :
MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O
HCl + MnO2
HCl l phn t va c tnh oxi ha , va c tnh kh.(cc em thng qun mt tnh oxi ha ca H+)
Bi gi
Theo phn tch trn ch c 2 phn ng (a) v (c) tha mn :
(a) 4HCl + PbO2 PbCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O.
(c) 2HCl + 2HNO3 2NO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O.
p n A.
Bi 60. Cho cc cht sau : FeCO3, Fe3O4, FeS, Fe(OH)2. Nu ha tan cng s mol mi cht vo
dung dch H2SO4 c, nng (d) th cht to ra s mol kh ln nht l
A. Fe3O4
B. Fe(OH)2
C. FeS
D. FeCO3
Bi 61. Pht biu no sau y l ng?
A.Thi khng kh qua than nung , thu c kh than t
B.Dung dch hn hp HCl v KNO3 ha tan c bt ng
C.Hn hp FeS v CuS tan c ht trong dung dch HCl d
D.Phtpho d bc chy trong khng kh iu kin thng
Phn tch
i Cc mui sunfua u tan v tc dng vi axit loi 2 (HNO3,H2SO4 c) theo kiu oxi ha kh.Th
d :
i Fe( NO3 )3
Fe( NO3 )3 i H 2 SO4
FeS + HNO3 i
+
+ NO + H 2O
Fe2 ( SO4 )3 i SO2
i Fe2 ( SO4 )3
( Trong qu trnh gii bi tp c th , bn c cn bm vo bi bit sn phm l gi v nn
vit dng ion th mi n gin ha c vn ).
Tuy nhin trong dung dch axit loi 1(HCl,H2SO4 long) th ch c cc mui sunfua ca kim loi
trc Pb mi tan v tc dng, cc mui sunfua ca kim loi t Pb tr v sau khng tan v cng
khng tc dng .Th d :
FeS + HCl FeCl2 + H2S
(Phn ng iu ch H2S trong phng th nghim)
CuS + HCl CuCl2 + H2S
Ch : C th coi FeS2 FeS.S nn:
FeS2 + HCl FeCl2 + H2S +S
i Khi cho hi nc qua than nung th :
10500 C
CO + H2
C + H2O
y l 1 trong 2 cch i ch kh CO trong cng nghip ( Cch cn li l

+C
+ O2 ( kk )
CO : Kh CO chim 25% cn li l CO2,N2 v mt s kh khc.Hn hp kh

C
CO2
thu c sau phn ng gi l kh l ga).Hn hp kh sau phn ng cha khong 44% l kh CO,
cn li l CO2,N2,H2 gi l kh than t(dng lm nhin liu kh).
i Photpho ch chy nhit khong 2100C, cn photpho trng c i lc mnh lit vi oxi:
Ngay trong khng kh, nhit thng,photpho trng b oxi ha thnh P2O3 ng thi c pht ln
quang:
P4 + 3O2
2P2O3
nhit khong 400C, photpho trng bc chy thnh P2O5 :
400 C
P4 + 3O2
2P2O5
Phn ng trn c dng trong qun s, ch bom chy v n m.Phot pho trng l mt cht rt d
bc chy.
i Nhiu bn c bit :
Kim loi + HNO3 Mui + Spk + H2O
Tuy nhin, nhiu bn li khng bit bn cht ca phn ng ch l :
Kim loi + H+ + NO3- Mui + Spk + H2O
iu ny c ngha l khng nht thit phi dng HNO3 m c c H+ vi NO3- l phn ng xy ra
Khng ch HNO3 m dung dch cha ng thi H+ v NO3- nh dd (NaNO3,HCl) hay dd(
NaNO3,NaHSO4)cng ha tan c kim loi theo phn ng :
Kim loi + H+ + NO3- Mui + Spk + H2O
Th d :
3Cu + 8NaNO3 + 8HCl 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O + 8NaCl
( Bn cht l : 3Cu + 8H+ca HCl +2NO3-ca NaNO3 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O)
y l phn ng minh ha tnh oxi ha ca ion NO3- trong mi trng axit v cng l cch nhn ra
ion NO3- c mt trong cc dung dch ( Du hiu : c kh NO khng mu b ha nu do NO +O2(kk)
NO2).Khi gp ton dng ny th cch n gin nht l bn gii theo phng php 3 dng nh !!!
Bn c thn mn, tin chc rng vi s phn tch nh trn th cu hi trn khng cn kh i vi
bn n a .
p n l Dung dch hn hp HCl v KNO3 ha tan c bt ng .
Nhn xt. Thng qua bi ny ti truyn t cho bn mt thng ip, mt b quyt rt quan trng
trong qu trnh dy ca cc qu v ng nghip v qu trnh luyn thi ca cc bn th sinh. Qu v
v cc bn cm nhn c iu ny cha ???
0
+ FeCl3
t
+ CO ( du )
T
Fe( NO3 )3
X
Y
T
Fe( NO3 )3
t0
Bi 62. Cho:
Cc cht X v T ln lt l
A. FeO v AgNO3 B. Fe2O3 v AgNO3
C. Fe2O3 v Cu(NO3)2
D.FeO v NaNO3
Phn tch
i Trong qu trnh lm cc cu hi trc nghim nu bn lun lun va lm va loi tr, va khai
thc v th p n th bn t nht l tay ua xe phn khi ln cn i th ca bn ch l nh
v ch para game .Khng tin bn hy th i !!!
i Tng qut v s nhit phn mui nitrat
Tt c cc mui nitrat u km bn vi nhit, khi nung nng u b phn hy , sn phm sinh ra ph
thuc vo hot ng ca kim loi c trong mui.C th :
n
M = K , Ba ,Ca , Na
M ( NO2 )n + 2 O2
n
M = Mg Cu

M 2On ( max) + 2nNO2 + O2
t0
2
M ( NO3 ) n
3
n
M = Hg Au

M + nNO2 + O2
2
M = NH 4+
N 2O + H 2O

( N2O l kh c hot tnh sinh hc : gy ci gi l kh ci)
Nhn xt v s nhit phn mui nitrat
(1) Nu yu cu tm mui nitrat da vo s nhit phn , nu khng bit mnh ca M th v
mt tng qut bn phi xt c bn trng hp trn tm p n ( nu lm trc nghim th nn
th trng hp th hai trc, m bo bn s nhn c vng 4 con 9 y nh !!!).

(2) Phn ng thuc trng hp 1 thng c dng iu ch oxi trong phng th nghim.Th d :
1
t0
KNO3
KNO2 + O2.
2
(3) Nu bi ton thuc trng hp 2( tr Fe(NO3)2 y nh) th nNO2 = 4nO2 tc n NO2 > nO2 , nu
2
nO tc nNO2 < nO2 .Da vo nhn xt ny, nu bi cho
3 2
bit quan h v mol ( hoc th tch) gia NO2 v O2 th ta s bit ngay bi ton thuc trng
hp no m khng cn phi bin lun nhiu trng hp.Tinh t qu phi khng bn !!!Tuy
nhin, bn ch thc s hon m khi bit thm cc tnh hung di y.
(4) Cc phn ng c bit ca mui nitrat
- C s thay i ha tr sau phn ng :
1
t0
2Fe(NO3)2
Fe2O3 + 4NO2 + O2
2
- Khng thu c cht rn sau phn ng
thuc trng hp th 3 th nNO2 =
t
Hg(NO3)2
Hg + NO2 + O2
( Hg l kim loi duy nht th lng trong iu kin thng v bay hi khi un nng)
0
t
N2O + H2O
NH4NO3
- S nhit phn ca mui nittrat ngm nc.Th d :
0
t
Fe(NO3)3.9H2O
Fe2O3 + NO2 + O2 + H2O
( Kinh in nht l nhit phn mui nitrat kp i thi gp trng hp ny th xin li i qu en
v b lun v c lm c u m khng b !!!)
Khi gii bi ton tm cng thc ca mui nitrat nu bn c gii bnh thng m khng ra th
ng ni sai m hy ni mnh qu NGU = Never Give Up ri hy xt xem bi ton ri vo
trng hp c bit no trong s cc trng hp va nu trn.
(5) Trong qu trnh gii ton nhit phn mui nitrat cn ch thm :
(6) m (kh) = mrn trc - mrn sau
(7) C th s dng phng php tng gim khi lng hoc bo ton khi lng.
i Tng quan v s kh oxit bng CO
(1) Phn ng tng qut :
0
t
MxOy + yCO
xM +yCO2
(2) iu kin : Ch c oxit kim loi sau Al mi tham gia phn ng.
(3) ng dng : y l phng php nhit luyn iu ch cc kim loi trung bnh ( t Zn --->Pb)
trong cng nghip
(4) Bn cht: [O ] trong oxit sau Al +CO CO2
m ran sau = mran truoc mO trong oxit sau Al

(5) H qu :
n[O ]trong oxit sau Al = n CO( pu ) = nCO2
( thng cho CO2 gin tip thng qua phn ng vi NaOH,Ba(OH)2, KOH bn c cn
trang b thm k nng gii ton CO2 +baz.V ch ny qu quan trng trong mi k thi nn ti
s c hn mt chuyn ring , bn c ch n c!!!).
(6) Ch .
Ch khi CO d th mi c phn ng
0
t
Fe2O3 + CO
Fe + CO2
Cn CO m khng d th :
+ CO
+ CO
+ CO
Fe2O3
Fe3O4
FeO
Fe
4000 C
500 6000 C
700 8000 c
( y l cc phn ng xy ra phn trn- phn gia phn di ca thn l trong qu trnh
luyn gang)
Cc phn ng ny xy ra gn nh ng thi sn phm thu c l mt hn hp phc tp ti a

gm 4 chtFe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO,Fe ( tuy nhin, trong khi lm thi, tr mt vi bi qu c bit ,cc
trng hp cn li bn c c coi ch c mt phn ng FexOy Fe).
i Tng quan v phn ng ko mui Fe3+ v mui Fe2+
Cc kim loi t Mg Cu c kh nng ko mui Fe3+ mui Fe2+
M + Fe3+ M n + + Fe 2+
( Mg Cu )
c bit nu kim loi l t Mg Zn th c th c thm phn ng ko tip Fe2+ va sinh thnh kim
loi Fe( y cng l mt ch quan trng trong thi v khin cho nhiu hc sinh phi m
hn do ti s c mt ch ring bit v ch ny,bn c ch tm c).
Nh vy, khi cho Fe + A.loi 2 (HNO3, H2SO4 c) th rt nhiu bn cho rng mui Fe3+ nhng
y nht ca vn l :
Ban u :
Fe + A.loi 2 Mui Fe3+ + Spk (NO2,NO,SO2) + H2O
Sau nu Fe ( hoc kim loi t Mg Cu) m cn th cso hin tng Fe3+ b ko v Fe2+
Fe3+(va sinh) + Kim loi (phn cn sau p trn) Fe2+ + ion kim loi
Vy , tng qut c 3 trng hp :
i Fe3+
3+
Fe
+ A. Loai 2( HNO3 , H 2 SO4 dac )
Fe i 2+
Fe
i Fe2+
Lut:
(1) Axit d Fe3+
(2) Kim loi d Fe2+
Bn c thn mn, Ch Fe + A.loai 2 l mt ch v cng quan trng nn xin php dng li
ti y v ha s quay li vi cc bn bng c mt chuyn nh !!!
i Tng quan v hin tng ko mui Fe2+ ln mui Fe3+
C hai cch :
Cch 1 : Cho mui Fe2+ + A.loi 2 Mui Fe3+ + SPK + H2O
Cch 2: Cho dd mui Fe2+ + dd mui Ag+ Mui Fe3+ + Ag
Bn c thn mn, y cng l mt ch v cng quan trng nn xin php dng li ti y v ha
s quay li vi cc bn bng c mt chuyn nh !!!
HNG DN GII
t
4Fe(NO3)3 2Fe2O3 + 12NO2 + 3O2
;
o
t
Fe2O3 + 3CO
2Fe + 3CO2
Fe + 2FeCl3
3FeCl2
;FeCl2 + 3AgNO3
Fe(NO3)3 + 2AgCl + Ag
Vy p n l g ban c? y l vic ca bn nh !!!
Bi 63.Cho cc cht ring bit sau: FeSO4, AgNO3, Na2SO3, H2S, HI, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 tc dng vi
dung dch H2SO4 c, nng. S trng hp xy ra phn ng oxi ha kh l
A. 6
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
Phn tch
i H2SO4 c mang trong mnh hai thuc tnh : tnh axit mnh v tnh oxi ha mnh.Tnh cht no
c bc l l ty thuc vo i tc phn ng H2SO4 c mun tham gia phn ng oxi ha
kh th i tc phi l cht kh.
i Cc cht kh hay gp trong thi:
* Nguyn tc chung: phi cha nguyn t trng thi oxi ha thp nht hoc trung gian
*Hay gp :
1. Mi kim loi M
2. Hp cht cha N-3 nh NH3, cc amin CxHyN .
3. Hp cht cha P-3 nh PH3, Zn2P3
4.Hp cht cha S2- nh H2S, mui sunsua M2Sn .
5. ion O2- trong mui nitrat M(NO3)n v KMnO4 ( khi b nhit phn).
6. Ion Cl- ( ch khi iu ch Cl2), Br- v c bit l I- .
7. Cc phi kim :C,P,S
8. Cc oxit kim loi sau : FeO,Fe3O4,CrO v Cu2O
9. Cc oxit phi kim sau: H2O, CO, NO2, SO2.
10. Cc axit HCl,HBr,HI, H2S v Peoxit H2O2.
11. Cc mui halogenua (-florua) MXn, mui nitrat M(NO3)n v KMnO4 ( khi thc hin
phn ng nhit phn).
12. Cc hp cht hu c hay gp l hp cht c nhm -CHO, HCOO- v
CO- )xeton.
HNG DN GII
Cc cht tham gia phn ng oxi ha kh vi H2SO4 c nng: FeSO4; H2S; HI; Fe3O4.
y Na2SO3 ch tham gia phn ng trao i thng thng (ni chnh xc l do tnh cht axit
mnh y mui axit yu)
Phng trnh phn ng:
2FeSO4 + 2H2SO4(c) Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 2H2O
H2S + H2SO4(c) SO2 + H2O
8HI + H2SO4(c) 4I2 + H2S + 4H2O
( iu ny gii thch ti sao khng th iu ch HI v HBr theo phng php sunfat:
0
t
NaX (khan) + H2SO4(c)
HX +NaHSO4 hoc Na2SO4 )
Fe3O4 + H2SO4 ) Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 2H2O
Bi 64 .Trng hp no sau y to ra kim loi?
A. t FeS2 trong oxi d
B. Nung hn hp qung apatit, x vn v than

cc trong l ng
D. t Ag2S trong oxi d
C.Nung hn hp qung photphorit, ct v than

cc trong l in
Phn tch
i Gp nhng cu hi kiu ny th sinh thng chong v ta sng ngay v khng nh do y l
ch d l thuyt v thuc cc phn ph trong SGK, hn na n li phn tn nhiu bi, nhiu lp
Trong qu trnh n tp phi thng xuyn lm cc cu hi l thuyt cc thi th nh tht v
nu gp vn no b th phi dng SGK c li ngay hon thin cc vn l thuyt ( cn lu
l l thuyt chim khong 4-5 im trong thi y.Vy bn c nn v cm vi l thuyt???).
i Cc mui sunfua M2Sn hoc cc qung nh FeS2 u d b oxi ha khi t chy trong oxi d hoc
khng kh d Oxit kim loi ha tr max + SO2:
M2Sn + O2 M2On(max) + SO2
Ch : Do cc oxit Ag2O v HgO khng bn , d b nhit phn thnh kim loi v O2 nn :
0
t
Ag2S + O2
Ag + SO2
0
t
HgS + O2
Hg + SO2
i Nung hn hp qung photphorit( hoc apatit), ct v than cc 12000C trong l in l phng
php iu ch photpho trng trong cng nghip:
12000 C
Ca3(PO4)2 +3SiO2 +5C
3CaSiO3 5CO+2P
P (trng)
ngung tu
i Bt qung apatit ( hay photphorit) + x vn ( MgSiO3) + than cc
>1000 C
phn ln nung chy ( hn hp mui PO43- v SiO32- ca canxi v magie)

n y ri th tc gi tin chc tt c cc bn u thy p n l din ri ng khng ? t
Ag2S trong oxi d.
Bi 65. Dung dch cht X khng lm i mu qu tm; dung dch cht Y lm qu tm ha xanh. Trn
ln hai dung dch trn thu c kt ta. Hai cht X v Y tng ng l
A.Na2SO4 v BaCl2
B. Ba(NO3)2 v K2SO4
C. KNO3 v Na2CO3
D. Ba(NO3)2 v Na2CO3
Phn tch
i Nhiu mui khi tan trong nc s b thy phn ( tc dng vi nc) mt phn nh theo phn ng
thun nghch C th lm mi trng v pH ca dung dch thay i.
i Bn cht ca s thy phn l cation kim loi hoc anion gc axit hoc c hai tc dng vi HOH (
tc H+ v OH-) iu kin xy ra l s tng tc phi to ra sn phm l , hoc cht in li
yu.
i Vi bn cht trn d lp c bng tng kt v s thy phn ca muois nh sau:
Loi mui to ra t
Thy phn
Mi trng
pH
P vi
dung dch
qu tm
dung dch
Axit mnh ba z mnh
khng
Trung tnh
pH =7
Qu khng
i mu
Axit mnh ba z yu
c
axit
pH < 7
Qu
Axit yu ba z mnh
c
Baz
pH >7
Qu xanh
Axit yu ba z yu
c
gn nh trung
pH 7
Qu ko i
tnh
mu
( lut nh : ci no mnh th thng v quyt nh.)
Ch .
- Cc mui cha HSO4- nh NaHSO4, Ba(HSO4)2 tuy khng b thy phn nhng dung dch
vn c mi trng axit v :
+
2dien li
M(HSO4)n
Mn+ + HSO4-
H + SO4
- Cc ancol, phenol, axit hu c u l axit yu, cc amin u l baz yu cc mui ca
chng d dng b thy phn, i khi cn thy phn hon ton .Th d:
C2H5ONa + H2O C2H5OH +NaOH
( trong v c , mui Al2S3, ZnS, Al2(CO3)3 v Fe2(CO3)3 cng b thy phn hon ton to ra
mt s phn ng c v c bit.Th d:
AlCl3 + Na2S + H2O Al(OH)3 +NaCl + H2S )
i Mui + Mui
- Lut chung: Mui + Mui 2 mui mi
iu kin: 2 mui ban u phi tan, sn phm phi c kt ta Bn c phi nh c bng
tnh tan (y l vn nan gii vi nhiu bn.Tuy nhin s rt nh nhng nu bn bit c k
thut nh bng tnh tan, Bn c bit k thut ny khng???).
- Cc ngoi l quan trng thng gp trong thi:
Ngoi l 1: Mui axit + Baz tan to mui trung ha (mui t H hn) + H2O
Ngoi l 2: Mui Fe2+ + mui Ag+ Mui Fe3+ + Ag
i Trong qu trnh lm bi trc nghim, lun lun khai thc p n A,B,C,D v s dng phng php
loi tr nng cao tc gii.
Vy bi ny p n l g bn c ? Ba(NO3)2 v Na2CO3!!!
Bn c nn vit cc phn ng khc su v nh lu kin thc nh.
Bi 66. Khi ni v kim loi kim, pht biu no sau y l sai?
A.T Li n Cs kh nng phn ng vi nc gim dn
B.Cc kim loi kim c mu trng bc v c nh kim.
C.Trong t nhin, cc kim loi kim ch tn ti dng hp cht.

D.Kim loi kim c nhit nng chy v nhit si thp.
Phn tch
iKhi lm cu hi l thuyt cn xc nh r hi chn ng hay chn sai.Thc t qua nhiu k
thi cho thy nhiu bn phi tr gi t v cht nhm nht sang trng trt ri y !!!
i Mt s tnh cht vt l quan trng ca kim loi kim:
(1) Cc kim loi kim c mu trng bc v c nh kim.
(2) Dn in tt.
Nhit nng chy,nhit si thp, khi lng ring nh, cng thp. Nguyn nhn:
- C mng tinh th lp phng tm khi ( kiu mng rng).
- Lin kt kim loi ( lc ht gia cc e t do trong mng vi cc ion dng ti nt mng) yu do
mt e trong mng thp.
i Trng thi t nhin ( cch thc tn ti trong t nhin) ca kim loi kim.
Do c tnh kh cc mnh m mi trng t nhin li c nhiu cht oxi ha trong t nhin khng
c n cht kim loi kim m ch c cc hp cht ca kim loi kim.Th d nc bin cha cc
nhiu NaCl , hay qung sinvinit cha KCl.NaCl
i Tnh cht ha hc c trng ca kim loi kim.
(1) Do ng u cc chu k Cc kim loi kim c in tch ht nhn nh nht C bn knh
ln nht C m in (hiu n gin lc ht gi ht nhn vi cc e lp ngoi cng khi
lin kt) nh nht d mt e nht Cc kim loi kim l nguyn t cso tnh kh mnh nht
trong mt chu k.
(2) i t trn xung di trong mt nhm, s lp e tng ln khi chuyn t nguyn t ny sang
nguyn t khc bn knh nguyn t tng dn m in gim dn Tnh kh ca cc
nguyn t tng dn kh nng , tc phn ng ca cc nguyn t trong nhm tng dn.
y l cc kin thc c s rt quan trng c hc lp 10, xong nhiu em do khi hc khng
hiu ngun gc, bn cht ca vn nn i th nhng cu kiu ny l ngn ni Thi Sn kh
vt qua!!!
T s phn tch trn p n cu ny l T Li n Cs kh nng phn ng vi nc gim dn.
Bi 67. Cho cc th nghim sau:
(a) t kh H2S trong O2 d
(b) Nhit phn KClO3 (xc tc MnO2)
(c) Dn kh F2 vo nc nng
(d) t P trong O2 d
(e) Kh NH3 chy trong O2
(g) Dn kh CO2 vo dung dch Na2SiO3
S th nghim to ra cht kh l
A.5
B.4
C.2
D.3
Phn tch
i Trong qu trnh n tp vi cc cu hi l thuyt, nhng vn no lin quan m khng nh hoc
cha bit th ngay lp tc dng SGK c li ngay , tng hp v ghi chp li.Mi thi c khong t
20 25 cu hi l thuyt lin quan n tt c cc vn trong SGK ca 3 lp 10,11,12.V vy trong
ton b qu trnh luyn thi cc em ch cn lm khong 20 thi vi cch hc nh ni trn th
c th khng nh em s nm c 100% kin thc l thuyt trong thi Gip em ly c mt
phn ln im bi thi (4-5 im l thuyt) trong khi cc i th khc li b qua v ngi hc l
thuyt.
i Mt s phn ng quan trng lin quan n bi ang xt:
0
t
(1) H2S + O2(thiu)
S (vng) + H2O
0
t
(2) H2S + O2(d)
SO2 + H2O
0
t
(3) KClO3
KClO4 + KCl
0
t , xt :MnO2
(4) KClO3
O2 + KCl
t
(5) 2F2 + 2H2O
4HF + O2
o
t
(6) P +O2(thiu)
P 2 O3
o
t
(7) P +O2(d)
P 2 O5
o
t
(8) NH3 + O2
N 2 + H2 O
o
t
(9) NH3 + O2
N 2 + H2 O
0
85 C
(10) NH3 + O2
NO + H2O
Pt
(11) CO2 + H2O + Na2SiO3 Na2CO3 + H2SiO3 (keo, ko tan)

( axit silixic H2SiO3 l axit cc yu v km bn)
n y ri m em no cn hi p n l g th s b thy h h vo mt y nh!!!
Bi 68. Pht biu no sau y l ng ?
A.CrO3 tc dng vi nc to ra hn hp axit

B.Tt c cc phn ng ca lu hunh vi kim loi u cn un nng
C.Ca(OH)2 c dng lm mt tnh cng vnh cu ca nc.
D.Trong cng nghip nhm c sn xut t qung olomit.
Phn tch
i Cc kim loi mnh ( kim loi kim, kim loi kim th ) v Hg tc dng vi lu hunh ngay iu
kin thng :
Na + S Na2S
Hg + S HgS
( Phn ng ny thu hi, x l cht c Hg b ri vi di dng nhng ht rt nh bng cch rc
bt S).
i vi cc kim loi khc th cn un nng.Th d:
t0
Fe + S
FeS
i Trong cng nghip, nhm c sn xut t qung Boxit ( Al2O3.2H2O ln tp cht l Fe2O3 v
SiO2):
dpnc
Al2O3
2Al +3O2
Kh O2 thot ra anot ( lm bng cc khi than ch ln ) v nhit cao nn t chy anot
thnh kh CO v CO2:
0
t
C+ O2
CO
0
t
C + O2
CO2
V vy sau mt thi gian phi thay th in cc dng (anot).
Nhit nng chy ca Al2O3 rt cao (20500C), v vy phi dng criolit nng chy Na3AlF6 ( tc
NaF.AlF3 ) ha tan Al2O3..Vic lm ny c 3 tc dng :
(1) H nhit nng chy ca hn hp xung ch cn 9000C tit kim c nng lng.
(2) To c cht lng nng chy c tnh dn in tt hn Al2O3 nng chy.
(3) To c hn hp cht lng nng chy c khi lng ring nh hn Al nng chy va sinh ra
ni ln trn bo v nhm nng chy khng b O2 ca khng kh oxi ha.
Ghi ch : Qung olomit l MgCO3.CaCO3
i Nc cng vnh cu l nc c cha Ca2+ v Mg2+ nm trong cc mui clorua v mui sunfat:
CaCl2, MgCl2, MgSO4 v CaSO4 ( tng qut l cc mui trung ha v mui hirosunfat). lm
mm nc cng vnh cu ( tc loi b Ca2+ v Mg2+) ngi ta dng dung dch c cha CO32- hoc
OH- hoc PO43- ( thng l dng Na2CO3, NaOH v Na3PO4.C l l do tiu ch an ton):
Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3
3Ca2+ + 2PO43- Ca3(PO4)2
Mg2+ + 2OH- + Ca2+ + CO32- Mg(OH)2 + CaCO3
Dung dch Na2CO3 ( cng vi Ca(OH)2) cng c dng lm mm nc cng tm thi.
i Nguyn t Crom to ra c 3 oxit : CrO(oxit baz), Cr2O3 ( Oxit lng tnh) v CrO3 l oxit axit:
H2O + CrO3 H2CrO4 (axit cromic)
H2O + 2CrO3 H2Cr2O7 H2CrO4.CrO3 ( Axit icromic)
Hai axit ny km bn , ch tn ti trong dung dch( nu tch ra khi dung dch th chng b phn
hy v ti to li CrO3).
T s phn tch trn p n l : CrO3 tc dng vi nc to ra hn hp axit.
Bi 69. Pht biu no sau y l sai?

A.Nguyn t kim loi thng c 1, 2 hoc 3 electron lp ngoi cng.
B.Trong mt chu k, bn knh nguyn t kim loi nh hn bn knh nguyn t phi kim
C.Cc nhm A bao gm cc nguyn t s v nguyn t p.
D. Cc kim loi thng c nh kim do cc electron t do phn x nh sng nhn thy c.
Phn tch
i C th phn loi cc nguyn t ha hc da vo s e lp ngoi cng ca cu hnh electron (
khng c nhm ln cu hnh e v mc nng lng cc bn c nh).C th :
1,2,3
4
S e lp ngoi cng
=
5,6,7
thng l kim loi ( -H,He,B

l phi kim )
V s lp < 4 l phi kim
V s lp 4 l kim loi
thng l phi kim
l kh him ( He c 2 e lp
ngoi cng vn l kh him)
( ch rng bng trn ch l thng ch khng phi l lun lun .Thi trc nghim rt hay chi
ch bn c cnQuch tnh y nh).
i Cn c vo mc nng lng cui cng ( ch khng phi cu hnh e u nh, nhiu bn hay nhm
vn ny lm!!!) c th bit c nguyn t thuc h g v phn nhm no .C th :
Mc nng lng ngoi cng
H nguyn t
Phn nhm
s
L nguyn t h s
A
p
L nguyn t h p
A
d
L nguyn t h d
B
f
L nguyn t h f
B
( M bn c bit k thut vit siu nhanh mc nng lng cha ? c ti 8 k thut c y.Nu
bn c m cha bit th alo hoc cmt cho tc gi trn FC HA HC VNG CAO nh).
i Cc quy lut trong mt chu k do in tch ht nhn quyt inh v cc nguyn t trong mt chu k
th c s lp e bng nhau( bng STT ca chu k) ch khc v in tch ht nhn ( i t tri qua phi ,
in tch ht nhn tng dn) in tch ht nhn l c s gii quyt mi vn lin quan ti
chu k.Chng hn bn knh nguyn t gim dn ( chc bn c gii thch c v sao li th !!!).
Ngc li, trong mt nhm i t trn xung di, do s lp e tng dn Bn knh nguyn t
tng dn C s gii quyt cc vn lin quan ti nhm l bn knh nguyn t.
( Kinh nghim cho thy vi rt nhiu th h hc sinh th vn v nh lut tun hon lun l c
mng v cc bn khng nm c c s, ct li ca vn .S phn tch va nu trn s gip bn
rt nhiu v c bit nu bn bit thit k bng tun hon thn tin th bn c cha kha
vng ha gii tt c cc cu lin quan ti BTH v nh lut tun hon ri .Quan trng l bn
bit thit k bng tun hon thn tin hay cha?Nu cha bit th ti tin bn bit mnh
phi lm g ri !!!
Da vo phn tch trn th p n l din ri y phi khng bn c.p n no bn ???
Trong mt chu k, bn knh nguyn t kim loi nh hn bn knh nguyn t phi kim.
8
PHN 2
K THUT TNG N TP L THUYT HA HC
HA HC HU C
Bi 1. Hirocacbon X khng lm mt mu dung dch brom nhit thng. Tn gi ca X l

A. etilen.
B. xiclopropan.
C. xiclohexan.
D. stiren.
( Trch cu11 M 825 HKA 2009)
Cn bit
Trong gii hn ca thi, cc cht hu c tc dng c vi dung dch nc brom phi l nhng cht:
- C lin kt bi : lin kt i C = C ( tr vng benzen) hoc lin kt ba C C.
- C vng 3 cnh ( hay gp xiclopropan).
- C nhm chc anehit CHO.
Ch . ankan, cc xicloan kan c vng > 3 cnh, bezen khng tc dng vi dung dch nc brom nhng li tc
dng c vi Br2 khan v phn ng din ra theo hung th.
Cng thc cu to ca Stiren l C6H5-CH=CH2( Cn gi l vinyl benzen ).
Bi gii
Bi 2. X phng ho mt hp cht c cng thc phn t C10H14O6 trong dung dch NaOH (d), thu
c glixerol v hn hp gm ba mui (khng c ng phn hnh hc). Cng thc ca ba mui l:
A. CH2=CH-COONa, HCOONa v CHC-COONa.
B. CH3-COONa, HCOONa v CH3-CH=CH-COONa.
C. HCOONa, CHC-COONa v CH3-CH2-COONa.
D. CH2=CH-COONa, CH3-CH2-COONa v HCOONa.
( Trch cu 16 M 825 HKA 2009)
Cn bit.
i Cng thc tnh ( lin kt pi + mch vng) i vi hp cht hu c ch c lin kt cng ha tr l:
a( + v ) =
2C + 2 H X + N
2
i iu kin mt cht c ng phan hnh hc l cc nhm gn trn 2 ( C=C) phi khc nhau.
i Phn ng x phng ha ca este to bi glixerol :
CH2-O-CO-R1
CH- O-CO-R2 + 3NaOH
CH2-O-CO-R3
CH2-OH
R1- COONa
2
CH2- OH + R - COONa
R3- COONa
CH -OH
2
Thc cht y l phn ng thy phn trong mi trng kim ca cht bo ( phn ng iu ch x
phng).
-
Bi gii
Trong C10H14O6 c lk = 4 Tng lin kt trong 3 gc hirocacbon ca gc axit
A , B ,C , D
- R1,R2,R3 s bng 1
loi A,C.
- Loi B v CH3-CH=CH-COONa c ng phn hnh hc.
p n A.
Bi 3. Trong s cc pht biu sau v phenol (C6H5OH):

(1) Phenol tan t trong nc nhng tan nhiu trong dung dch HCl.
(2) Phenol c tnh axit, dung dch phenol khng lm i mu qu tm.
(3) Phenol dng sn xut keo dn, cht dit nm mc.
(4) Phenol tham gia phn ng th brom v th nitro d hn benzen. Cc pht biu ng l:
A. (1), (2), (4).
B. (2), (3), (4).
C. (1), (2), (3).
D. (1), (3), (4).
(Trch Cu 20- M 596 H khi A 2010)
DongHuuLee THPT Cm Thu 1 Thanh Ho.FC HO HC VNG CAO.
Cn bit
Tnh cht vt l ca phenol C6H5-OH
- cht rn, khng mu.
- Tan t trong nc lnh nhng tan v hn 660C, tan tt trong nhiu dung mi hu c.
- B chy ra v thm mu do ht m v b oxi ha bi khng kh.
- c, gy bng.
- C lien kt hiro lin phn t.
Tnh cht ha hc
1- Phenol l hp cht c tnh axit-gi l axit phenic ( va tc dng c vi kim loi Na,K va tc
dng c vi baz NaOH, KOH):
2C6H5-OH + 2Na
2CcH5ONa + H2
CcH5ONa + H2O
C6H5-OH + NaOH
Tuy nhin tnh axit ca phenol rt yu:
- Khng lm i mu cht ch th.
- Khng ch b axit mnh nh HCl m cn b c axit yu ( H2CO3) y ra khi mui:
C6H5-ONa + CO2+H2O
C6H5OH (mu trng) + NaHCO3.
2- Phenol c tnh thm mnh hn bezen : phn ng th ca phenol vi Br2, HNO3 din ra d dng hn nhiu (
khng cn dng xc tc, khng cn Br2 khan nh benzen) do nhm OH l nhm no .
Bi gii
A , B ,C , D
- Pht biu (4) : ) Phenol tham gia phn ng th brom v th nitro d hn benzen
loi C v khng c
(4).
-Pht biu (3) : Phenol dng sn xut keo dn, cht dit nm mc.
A, B , D
L pht biu ng
loi A v khng c (3).
B ,D
-Pht biu (2) Phenol c tnh axit, dung dch phenol khng lm i mu qu tm l pht biu ng
loi D v
khng c (2)
Vy chn B.
Bi 4. Cho cc loi t: bng, t capron, t xenluloz axetat, t tm, t nitron, nilon-6,6. S t tng hp l
A. 3.
B. 4.
C. 2.
D. 5.
(Trch Cu19- M 596 H khi A 2010)

Cn bit
C 2 loi t :
1.T t nhin (c sn trong t nhin): Bng, len, t tm.
2.T ho hc ( c ch to bng phng php ho hc) C 2 nhm
2.1T tng hp:ch to t cc polime tng hp.Mt s loi t tng hp thng gp:
T Nilon - 6,6 : c tao t Hexa metylen iamin v axit aipic bng phng php trng hp :
t0 cao
nH2N[CH2]6NH2 + nHOOC[CH2]4COOH
NH[CH2]6NH - CO [CH2]4CO
+ 2nH2O
T lapsan
- T lapsan thuc loi t polieste c tng hp t axit terephtalic v etilenglicol
T Nitron ( hay olon)
- T nitron thuc loi t vinylic c tng hp t Vinylxihanua ( hay acrilonitrin)
nCH2 = CH
CN
xt, t0, p
CH2 - CH
CN
T poliamit( nilon, capron)

T vinylic(vinilon)
2.2.T bn tng hp( Hay t nhn to: Xut pht t polime thin nhin nhng c ch bin thm bng
phng php ha hc).Hay gp:T visco, t xenlulozo axetat ..
Bi gi
T s phn tch trn ta thy cc loi t: t capron, t nitron, nilon-6,6 l t tng hp.
p n A.
Bi 5. Pht biu ng l:
A. Khi thy phn n cng cc protein n gin s cho hn hp cc -aminoaxit.
B. Khi cho dung dch lng trng trng vo Cu(OH)2 thy xut hin phc mu xanh m.
C. Enzim amilaza xc tc cho phn ng thy phn xenluloz thnh mantoz.
D. Axit nucleic l polieste ca axit photphoric v glucoz.
(Trch Cu 29- M 596 H khi A 2010)

Cn bit
Protein c 2 loi :
- Protein n gin : to ra t cc gc -amino axit.
- Protein phc tp = protin n gin = thnh phn phi protein
Lng trng trng ( abumin) l mt loi protein hnh cu (protein tn ti 2 dng chnh : dng hnh si
v dng hnh cu).
peptit (tr ipeptit) v protein tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 iu kin thng
dung dch mu tm
( phn ng mu biure).
Qu trnh chuyn ha tinh bt trong c th :
[ ]
CO2 + H 2O
enzim
+O
+ H 2O
amilaza
+ H 2O
_ amilaza
+ H 2O
Mantaza
Tinh bt
extrin Mantoz Glucoz
enzim
Glicogen
Axit nucleic l poliesteca axit phot phoric vi pentoz ( mt loi mn saccarit).
Bi gii
T s phn tch trn p n A
Bi 6. Anken X hp nc to thnh 3-etylpentan-3-ol. Tn ca X l
A. 3-etylpent-3-en.
B. 2-etylpent-2-en.
C. 3-etylpent-2-en.D. 3-etylpent-1-en.
(Trch Cu 37- M 596 H khi A 2010)

Cn bit
Cch gi tn ancol
- nh s th t ca cc nguyn t C thuc mch chnh t pha gn OH.
- Tn thay th ca ancol :
V tr c nhnh + Tn nhnh + Tn hirocacbon mch chnh + V tr c OH + ol
Cch gi tn anken
- nh s th t ca cc nguyn t C thuc mch chnh t pha gn lin kt i.
- Cng thc gi tn anken :
V tr c nhnh + Tn nhnh +Tin t ch s C mch chnh + v tr C u tin c lin kt i
+ en
Phn ng cng HOH vo anken

- Bn cht
+ Chuyn lin kt i C= C thnh lin kt n.
+ Cng H v OH vo hai nguyn t C ti lin kt i.
- Quy tc cng ( quy tc Macopnhicop)
+ p dng cho trng hp c hai hng cng ( hay anken khng i xng vi tm i xng l lin kt i).
+ Hng chnh : H cng vo Cti lin kt i c bc thp , OH cng vo Cti lin kt i c bc cao
+ Hng ph : H cng vo Cti lin kt i c bc cao , OH cng vo Cti lin kt i c bc thp.
- c dim phn ng : mch C khng b bin dng trong qu trnh phn ng.Tc sn phm v anken ban u c
cng mch C.
Bi gii
Theo s phn tch trn, th tng phng n A,B,C,D thy th n C th cho kt qu ph hp vi yu cu ca
bi. Chn C.
Bi 7. Trong cc polime sau: (1) poli(metyl metacrylat); (2) polistiren; (3) nilon-7; (4) poli(etylen- terephtalat); (5)
nilon-6,6; (6) poli(vinyl axetat), cc polime l sn phm ca phn ng trng ngng l:
A. (1), (3), (6).
B. (3), (4), (5). C. (1), (2), (3).
D. (1), (3), (5).
(Trch Cu 51- M 596 H khi A 2010)

Cn bit
Tt c cc loi nilon u c iu ch bng phng php trng ngng.
Cc polime c iu ch bng phng php trng hp thng c xt trong SGK gm:

t 0 , xt , p
1- Poli Etilen hay P.E:
nCH2= CH2
(-CH2-CH2-)n
2- Caosu buNa hay poli(buta-1,3-ien):
t 0 , xt , p
nCH2= CH-CH=CH2
(-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 -)n
t 0 , xt , p
3- Poli Stiren hay P.S:
nC6H5- CH= CH2
(-CH [C6 H 5 ] -CH2-)n
4-Cao su isopren hay poli(isopren):
t 0 , xt , p
nCH2= CH(CH3)-CH=CH2
[ CH 2 (CH 3 ) CH = CH CH 2 ]n
5- Poli(vinyl clorua) hay P.V.C:
t 0 , xt , p
nCH2=CHCl
(-CH2-CHCl-)n
t 0 , xt , p
6- poliacrilonitrin : nCH2= CH -CN
[ CH 2 CH (CN ) ]n
7- Cao su buna N ( phn ng ng trng hp)
t 0 , xt , p
nCH2=CH-CH=CH2+nCH2=CHCN
[ CH 2 CH = CH CH 2 CH 2 CH (CN ) ]n
8- Cao su buna S ( phn ng ng trng hp):
nCH2=CH-CH=CH2
t 0 , xt , p
+nC6H5-CH= CH2
[ CH 2 CH = CH CH 2 CH 2 CH (C6 H 5 ) ]n
9- Poli acrylat:
t 0 , xt , p
nCH2=CH-COOH
[ CH 2 CH (COOH ) ]n
10- poli(mety metacrylat):
CH 2 CH (COOCH 3 )
t 0 , xt , p
nCH2=CH(CH3)-COOCH3
!
n
CH 3
11-Poli (metacry lat):
CH 2 CH (COOH )
nCH2=CH(CH3)-COOH
!
n
CH 3
t 0 , xt , p
12- Poli ( vinyl axetat):

CH CH 2
nCH3COO-CH=CH2 !
OCOCH 3 n
V polime thi thng ra 3 loi cu hi:
- Ngun gc: thin nhin, nhn to, tng hp.
- Phng php iu ch; trng hp hay trng ngng.
- Tnh cht ha hc : b thy phn, tm s mt xch
Mun tr li c nhng cau hi kiu ny cn dng SGK h thng li 3 vn trn ca tt c cc polime ca
t 0 , xt , p
trong SGK 12.
Khi gii bng phng php loi tr, cn quan st nhanh nhng im ging v khc nhau gia cc p n
loi tr cho nhanh.
Bi gii
A , B ,C , D
-(5) Nilon-6,6 c iu ch bng phng php trng ngng
loi A v C v khng cha (5).
- Nhn vo B, D thy s khc bit hai p n ny l (4) v (1) nn ch quan tm ti (1) v (4) m khhoong cn quan
tm ti (3) v (5). C th: (1) poli(metyl metacrylat) c iu ch bng phng php trng hp loi D.
chn B.
Bi 8. Hp cht hu c mch h X c cng thc phn t C6H10O4. Thy phn X to ra hai ancol n chc
c s nguyn t cacbon trong phn t gp i nhau. Cng thc ca X l
A. CH3OCO-CH2-COOC2H5.
B. C2H5OCO-COOCH3.
C. CH3OCO-COOC3H7.
D. CH3OCO-CH2-CH2-COOC2H5.
(Trch Cu 1- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Cc phng n A,B,C,D cng l mt thng tin quan trng cn khai thc trit .
Trong cng thc cu to tng qut ca este cn phn bit u l gc R ca axit v u l gc R / ca
ancol: R l gc lin kt vi C ca chc COO- cn R / l gc lin kt vi O ca chc este COO- (
nhiu em quan nim sai rng c gc no ng trc l R , cn gc ng sau R / ).
Bn cht ca phn ng x phng ha : t lin kt C O ca chc COO.
Bi gii
A , B ,C , D
- V X c CTPT C6H10O4
loi B,D.
- V CH3OCO-COOC3H7
2 ancol CH3OH + C3H7OH khng ph hp vi ( khng c s C gp
i nhau) Loi C.
chn A.
Bi 9. Hai hp cht hu c X v Y c cng cng thc phn t l C3H7NO2, u l cht rn iu kin
thng. Cht X phn ng vi dung dch NaOH, gii phng kh. Cht Y c phn ng trng ngng. Cc
cht X v Y ln lt l
A. vinylamoni fomat v amoni acrylat.
B. amoni acrylat v axit 2-aminopropionic.
C. axit 2-aminopropionic v amoni acrylat.
D. axit 2-aminopropionic v axit 3-aminopropionic
(Trch Cu 6- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
ng vi CTPT kiu CxHyNO2 c th c nhng loi hp cht sau:
- Hp cht nitro: R-NO2( cht lng hoc kh, khng tc dng vi axit, baz)
- Mui amoni ca axit hu c : R-COONH4( Cht rn, tc dng c vi axit v baz. Khi tc dng vi
baz sinh kh ).
RCOONH4 + HCl
RCOOH + NH4Cl
RCOONH4 + NaOH
RCOONa + NH3 + H2O
- Aminoaxit: H2N- R- COOH( cht rn, tinh th, tc dng c vi axit v baz, tham gia phn ng trng
ngng).
H2N-R-COOH + HCl
Cl-H3N+-R-COOH
H2N-R-COONa + H2O
H2N-R-COOH + NaOH
/
-Mui to bi amin v axit hu c: R-COONH3 R ( Cht rn, tc dng c vi axit v baz. Khi tc
dng vi baz to kh).
RCOONH3 R / + HCl
RCOOH + NH3 R / Cl
RCOONH3 R / + NaOH
RCOONa + NH2 R / + H2O
- Este to bi aminoaxit v ancol; H2N-RCOO R / ( Cht kh hoc lng, tc dng c vi axit v baz).
Vi hp cht CxHyOzNtXv th s lin kt pi v mch vng ca phn t c tnh nh sau:
2C + 2 H X + N 2 x + 2 y v + t
a + v =
=
2
2
Nhng cng thc ny s khng cn ng khi hp cht hu c l mui ( hp cht ion).
Cht hu c c dng thc hin phn ng trng ngng thng l aminoaxxit v hay gp thng
l : Glyxin, alanin, axitglutamic , axit caproic ...( cc em phi hc thuc cng thc ca cc cht ny).
Phng php hay nht gii cc cu l thuyt l phng php loi tr .
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn v nhn thy:
A , B ,C , D
- V Y tham gia phn ng trng ngng Y l aminoaxit
loi A,C.
- V X + NaOH
( NH3 hoc amin) X phi l Mui amoni hoc mui ca amin vi axit hu c
B ,D
Loi D Chn B
Bi 10. Dy gm cc cht u tc dng vi H2 (xc tc Ni, t0) to ra sn phm c kh nng phn ng vi
Na l:
A. C2H3CH2OH, CH3COCH3, C2H3COOH.
B. C2H3CHO, CH3COOC2H3, C6H5COOH.
C. C2H3CH2OH, CH3CHO, CH3COOH.
D. CH3OC2H5, CH3CHO, C2H3COOH.
(Trch Cu 15- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Cc hp cht hu c tc dng c vi H2 phi tha mn mt trong hai iu kin sau:
- C lin kt bi C=C hoc C C.
+ H2
- C chc anehit: CHO
- CH2OH ( ancol bc 1)
Ni ,t 0
+ H2
C chc xeton: RCOR /
RCHOH R / ( ancol bc 2).
Ni ,t 0
Cc gc hirocacbon khng no hay gp l :

- CH2=CH- hay C2H3- ( vinyl)
- CH2=CH-CH2- hay C3H5- ( anlyl).
Bi gii
- Loi B v CH3COOC2H3 phn ng vi H2 nhng sn phm thu c khng tc dng c
vi Na.
- Loi C v CH3COOH khng tc dng vi H2.
- Loi D v CH3OC2H5 khng tc dng vi H2
chn A.
Bi 11. Cho phn ng: 2C6H5-CHO + KOH C6H5-COOK + C6H5-CH2-OH
Phn ng ny chng t C6H5-CHO
A. va th hin tnh oxi ha, va th hin tnh kh.
B. ch th hin tnh oxi ha.
C. ch th hin tnh kh.
D. khng th hin tnh kh v tnh oxi ha.
(Trch Cu 19- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Cch xc nh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht hu c:
- Bc 1 : da vo phn ng cho, xc nh xem trong phn ng b phn no b bin i.
- Bc 2: xc nh s oxi ha ca C v N(nu c) ti b phn b bin i: v cu to ca b phn
ra ri da vo m in ca cc nguyn t c tham gia lin kt xc nh xem nguyn t no c
e ( nguyn t c m in ln hn), nguyn t no mt e ( nguyn t c m in nh hn) t
s xc nh c s oxi ha ca C v N( c bao nhiu e th mang s oxi ha m by nhiu v
ngc li, mt bao nhiu th mang s oxi ha by nhiu).
Cc khi nim lin quan n phn ng oxi ha kh:
- Mt phn ng ch l phn ng oxi ha- kh khi trong phn ng c s thay i s oxi
ha ( tng v gim) ca mt s nguyn t.
- Cht kh: l cht cha nguyn t c s tng s oxi ha.
- Cht oxi ha l cht cha nguyn t c s gim s oxi ha
- Cht kh tham gia qu trnh oxi ha ( qu trnh cho e)
- Cht oxi ha tham gia qu trnh kh ( qu trnh nhn e)
Lut nh:
Kh - tng
O gim
Nhng phi bo m:
Cht Trnh ngc nhau.
Bi gii
-Trong phn ng: 2C6H5-CHO + KOH C6H5-COOK + C6H5-CH2-OH
Th b phn b bin i l nhm CHO. C th :
(-C+1HO)
(-C+3OOH) + (-C-1H2OH)
C6H5-CHO va l cht kh va l cht oxi ha.
Bi 12.Cc dung dch phn ng c vi Cu(OH)2 nhit thng l
A. glixerol, axit axetic, glucoz
B. lng trng trng, fructoz, axeton
C. anhit axetic, saccaroz, axit axetic
D. fructoz, axit acrylic, ancol etylic
(Trch Cu 24- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Nhng cht tc dng c vi Cu(OH)2 nhit thng
dd xanh lam hoc tm gm :
- cc hp cht hu c c t 2 nhm OH k nhau tr ln.
- Cc hp cht hu c c nhm chc COOH.
- Cc hp cht peptit( tr i peptit).
Ch : Mu xanh lam s b mt i khi un nng do phc ng (II) b ph hy.
Nhng hp cht tc dng c vi Cu(OH)2 nhit cao
Cu2O ( gch).
- iu kin : phi cha nhm CHO.
- C th hay gp :
+ anehit : R-CHO
+ axit fomic : HCOOH
+este ca axit fomic : HCOOR
+ Mui ca axit fomic : HCOONa.
+ Glucoz
+ fructoz( phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 din ra trong mi trng kim cn d trong phn ng
iu ch Cu(OH)2 t mui Cu2+ v baz OH-, m trong mi trng ny th fructozo b
chuyn ha thnh glucoz)
+ Mantoz( do cn mt nhm OH hemiaxetal nn c kh nng m vng ti to nhm
CHO)
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn nhn thy :
- Loi C v c CH3CHO khng tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 iu kin thng.
- Loi B v c CH3 COCH3 ( xeton) khng tc dng vi Cu(OH)2.
- Loi D v c C2H5OH khng tc dng vi Cu(OH)2
chn A
Bi 13. Cc cht u khng b thu phn trong dung dch H2SO4 long, nng l
A. t capron; nilon-6,6, polietylen
B. poli (vinyl axetat); polietilen, cao su buna
C. nilon-6,6; poli(etylen-terephtalat); polistiren
D. polietylen; cao su buna; polistiren
(Trch Cu 26- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Cc cht hu c b thy phn trong mi trng axit:
-Este v cht bo.
- Cacbohirat( - monosaccazit: glucoz v fructoz)
- Peptit v protein.
- Mt s polime: t capron; nilon-6,6; poli(vinylaxetat)... ( dng SGK 12 thng k cho y - chng
polime ).
Bi gii
- Loi A v c t capron v nilon-6,6 b thy phn trong mi trng axit.
- LoiB v c poli(vinylaxtat) b thy phn trong mi trng axit.
- Loi C v c nilon-6,6.
Chn D.
Bi 14. Tng s hp cht hu c no, n chc, mch h, c cng cng thc phn t C5H10O2, phn ng
c vi dung dch NaOH nhng khng c phn ng trng bc l
A. 4
B. 5
C. 8
D. 9
(Trch Cu 32- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Hp cht hu c cha C,H,O tc dng c vi NaOH ni ring v kim ni chung bao gm:
- Hp cht c OHphenol ( OH gn trc tip ln vng benzen).
- Hp cht c nhm chc axit COOH.
- Hp cht c nhm chc este COO Hp cht hu c tham gia phn ng trng gng phi c nhm CHO .Thng gp l :
+ anehit : R-CHO
+ axit fomic : HCOOH
+este ca axit fomic : HCOOR
+ Mui ca axit fomic : HCOONa
+ Glucoz
+ fructoz( phn ng vi AgNO3/NH3 din ra trong mi trng OH-, m trong mi trng
ny th fructozo b chuyn ha thnh glucoz).
+ Mantoz( do cn mt nhm OH hemiaxetal nn c kh nng m vng ti to nhm
CHO).
Cch vit ng phn ca axit CxHyO2 :
Bc 1 : xc nh xem axit bi cho l no hay khng no bng cch tnh s lin kt pi theo
cng thc :
2C + 2 H
=
2
Nu 1 l axit khng no.
- Bc 2 : Vit mch c (x-1) C ( mch thng, mch nhnh, rt t khi ra mch vng)
- Bc 3 : in lin kt bi nu c ( lin kt i hoc lin kt ba) vo cc mch C va vit
c bc 2 ( khi in cn ch cc trng hp trng lp v vi phm ha tr IV ca C
).
- Bc 4 : in nhm chc COOH vo cc mch va vit c bc 3.
- Bc 5 : Xt cc trng hp c ng phn hnh hc nu c( bc ny ch thc hin khi
mch c lin kt i v hi di dng ng phn v b qua bc ny khi khng c
lin kt i hoc c lin kt i nhng hi ng phn cu to .
Cch vit ng phn ca este CxHyO2 :
- Bc 1 : xc nh xem este bi cho l no hay khng no bng cch tnh s lin kt pi v
vng theo cng thc :
2C + 2 H
V+ =
2
Nu 1 l axit khng no.
- Bc 2 : Vit mch c (x-1) C ( mch thng, mch nhnh, rt t khi ra mch vng)
- Bc 2 : v CTCT ca este n chc lun c dng RCOO R / tng s C trong hai gc R +
R / = (x-1)
- Bc 3 : da vo tng C trong hai gc hy xt cc gc c th c ( khi xt cn ch gc R
c th l H tc khng c C , gc R / nht thit phi c t 1C tr ln. Ngoi ra, nhng gc
c t 3C tr ln th c th tn ti dng mch thng hoc mch nhnh).
- Bc 4 : in lin kt bi nu c ( lin kt i hoc lin kt ba) vo cc mch C va vit
c bc 2 ( khi in cn ch cc trng hp trng lp v vi phm ha tr IV ca C
).
- Bc 5 : Xt cc trng hp c ng phn hnh hc nu c( bc ny ch thc hin khi
mch c lin kt i v hi di dng ng phn v b qua bc ny khi khng c
lin kt i hoc c lin kt i nhng hi ng phn cu to .
-
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn C5H10O2 ch c th l : axit v este (khng trng gng). C th:
- cc ng phn axit : 4
- cc dng phn este khng trng gng : 5
chn D. ( bn c t vit cc ng phn theo hng dn trn).
Bi 15.Trong cc cht : xiclopropan, benzen, stiren, metyl acrylat, vinyl axetat, imetyl ete, s cht c kh
nng lm mt mu nc brom l
A. 5
B. 4
C. 6
D. 3
(Trch Cu 40- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Nhng cht lm mt mu nc Brom bao gm:
- Xicloankan c vng 3 cnh.
- Hp cht c lin kt bi C= C ( -lin kt C= C trong vng benzen) hoc C C.
- Phenol v anilin , stiren, naphtalen.
- Hp cht c nhm chc CHO.
- Glucoz v matoz.
Ankan v ankylbenzen ch tc dng vi Br2 khan.
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn nhn thy, cc cht lm mt mu dung dch nc brom gm : Xiclopropan, Stiren(
C6H5-CH=CH2), metyl acrylat ( CH2= CH-COO-CH3), Vinylaxetat ( CH3COOCH=CH2) Chn B.
Bi 16.Pht biu no sau y ng?
A. Khi un C2H5Br vi dung dch KOH ch thu c etilen
B. Dung dch phenol lm phenolphtalein khng mu chuyn thnh mu hng
C. Dy cc cht : C2H5Cl, C2H5Br, C2H5I c nhit si tng dn t tri sang phi
D. un ancol etylic 1400C (xc tc H2SO4 c) thu c imetyl ete
(Trch Cu 41- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Phenol l hp cht c tnh axit-gi l axit phenic ( va tc dng c vi kim loi Na,K va tc
dng c vi baz NaOH, KOH):
2CcH5ONa + H2
2C6H5-OH + 2Na
C6H5-OH + NaOH
CcH5ONa + H2O
Tuy nhin tnh axit ca phenol rt yu:
- Khng lm i mu cht ch th.
- Khng ch b axit mnh nh HCl m cn b c axit yu ( H2CO3) y ra khi mui:
C6H5-ONa + CO2+H2O
C6H5OH (mu trng) + NaHCO3.
Phn ng tch nc ca ancol:
H 2 SO4
ROH + HO R /
RO R / + HOH
1400 C
Phenolphtalein( khng mu) ch chuyn sang mu hng trong mi trng baz.
sn phm ca phn ng ca dn xut halogen vi baz ph thuc vo mi trng:
H 2O , t 0

Cn H 2 n +1OH + KX
CnH2n+1X + KOH( hoc NaOH)
ancol ,t 0
Cn H 2 n + KX + H 2O
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn d thy A,B,D sai Chn C.
Bi 17.C bao nhiu cht hu c mch h dng iu ch 4-metylpentan-2-ol ch bng phn ng cng
H2 (xc tc Ni, t0)?
A. 3
B. 5
C. 2
D. 4
(Trch Cu 43- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Phn ng ca mi cht hu c u lm mch C khng b bin dng.iu ny c ngha l sn phm v
cht phn ng c mch C ging nhau Nu bit c mch ca sn phm s suy ra ngay c mch
C ca cht phn ng.
Cc cht hu c cng H2 (Ni,t0) sinh ra ancol bc 2 gm:
- ancol bc 2 cha no tng ng.
- Xeton no tng ng.
- Xeton cha no tng ng
Ghi ch: Tng ng c ngha l cng s C
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn ta c: Vi CTCT ca 4-Metyl pentan -2-ol l
CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH(OH)-CH3 nn cc cht cng H2 sinh ra n l :
- Ancol bc 2 cha no tng ng:
CH2=CH(CH3)CH2CH(OH)CH3.,(CH3)2CH=CHCH(OH)CH3
- Xeton cha no tng ng: CH2=CH(CH3)CH2COCH3 , (CH3)2CH=CHCOCH3

- Xeton no tng ng: CH3)2CH2CH2COCH3
Chn B.
Bi 18.Cho cc cht : (1) axit picric; (2) cumen; (3) xiclohexanol; (4) 1,2-ihiroxi-4-metylbenzen; (5) 4metylphenol; (6) -naphtol. Cc cht thuc loi phenol l:
A. (1), (3), (5), (6)
B. (1), (2), (4), (6)
C. (1), (2), (4), (5)
D. (1), (4), (5), (6)
(Trch Cu 50- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Phenol l tt c cc cht hu c c OH gn trc tip vo vng benzen ( do thi quen, khi ni ti
phenol hc sinh thng ch ngh ti C6H5-OH).
Bi gii
- (3) Xiclohexanol l C6H11-OH : khng c vng ben zen (3) khng phi l phenol
A , B ,C , D
loi A.
B ,C , D
- (2) Cumen l : C6H5- CH(CH3)2 khng c OH (2) khng phi l phenol
loi
B,C.
Chn D.
Bi 19.Hp cht hu c mch h X c cng thc phn t C5H10O. Cht X khng phn ng vi Na, tha
mn s chuyn ha sau:
+ CH 3COOH
+ H2
X
Y
Este c mi mui chn.

H 2 SO4 , ac
Ni ,t 0
Tn ca X l
A. pentanal B. 2 metylbutanal
C. 2,2 imetylpropanal.
D. 3 metylbutanal.
(Trch Cu 54- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Este c mi chui chn l CH3COOCH2-CH2-CH(CH3)2 : izoamyl axetat.
Mi phn ng ca hp cht hu c vi H2( Ni,t0) u lm mch C khng i.
Phn ng este ha tng qut ca ancol n chc v axit n chc l :
H 2 SO4 ,t 0
RCOO R / + H2O
RCOOH + HO R /
Trong vai tr ca H2SO4(dc) l xc tc v ht nc.

Khi gi tn an ehit phi nh s th t C tai C thuc CHO.
S chuyn ha gia anehit v ancol :
+ H 2 ( Ni ,t 0 )
RCH 2OH
RCHO
+ CuO / t 0
Bi gii
Theo s : X
Y
CH3COOCH2-CH2-CH(CH3)2
+ H2
Ni ,t 0
+ CH 3COOH
H 2 SO4 , ac
Th Y l HOCH2-CH2-CH(CH3)2 X :CHO--CH2-CH(CH3)2 :3-Metylbutanal Chn D

Bi 20. Cht X c cc c im sau: phn t c nhiu nhm OH, c v ngt, ha tan Cu(OH)2 nhit
thng, phn t c lin kt glicozit, lm mt mu nc brom. Cht X l
A. xenluloz
B. mantoz
C. glucoz
D. Saccaroz
(Trch Cu 60- M 174 H khi B 2010)
Cn bit
Lin kt glucozit l lin kt hay cu ni gia cc mt xch glucoz , fructoz trong i hoc poli
saccazit.
Trong cc hp cht cacbohirat ch c Glucoz v mantoz l c nhm CHO ( ring fructoz th

ch c trong mi trng OH- mi c nhm CHO v khi fructo z chuyn thnh glucoz )
Hp cht lm mt mu nc brom th phi c nhm CHO hoc lin kt bi C= C hoc C C hoc
vng khng bn hoc c vng bezen c gn nhm th OH- NH2... C th:
- Hp cht c lin kt bi C= C ( tr lin kt C= C trong vng benzen) hoc C C.
- Glucoz v matoz.
Nhng cht tc dng c vi Cu(OH)2 nhit thng
dd xanh lam hoc tm gm :
- cc hp cht hu c c t 2 nhm OH k nhau tr ln.
- Cc hp cht hu c c nhm chc axit COOH.
- Cc hp cht peptit( tr i peptit).
Ch
- Mu xanh lam s b mt i khi un nng do phc ng (II) b ph hy.
- Xenluloz ch tan trong nc Svayde tc Cu(OH)2/NH3.
Bi gii
A , B ,C , D
-X ha tan c Cu(OH)2 iu kin thng
A.
B ,C , D
- X c lin kt glucozit Loi C.
B ,D
- X lm mt mu nc Brom
loi D
Chn B.
Bi 21. Thu phn hon ton tinh bt trong dung dch axit v c long, thu c cht hu c X. Cho X
phn ng vi kh H2 (xc tc Ni, t0), thu c cht hu c Y. Cc cht X, Y ln lt l
B. glucoz, sobitol C. glucoz, fructoz
D.glucoz, etanol
A. glucoz, saccaroz
(Trch Cu 4- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Phn ng cng H2 ( Ni, t0) vo mi cht hu c u lm mch C khng i tc sn phm v cht ban
u c mch C ging nhau.
S chuyn ha qua li gia anehit v ancol:
Ni
Anehit + H2
ancol bc 1
Ni
RCHO + H2 R-CH2-OH
Vi trc nghim, cc phng n A,B,C,D l mt thng tin quan trng.
Bi gii
A , B ,C , D
A , B ,C , D
- T
X l glucoz: C6H12O6 Y cng c 6C
Loi A v D.
- glucoz + H2 Trong Y ch c chc ancol Loi C ( hp cht c chc xeton).
chn B.
Bi 22. Dung dch no sau y lm qu tm chuyn mu xanh ?
A. Glyxin
B. Etylamin
C. Anilin
D. Phenylamoni clorua
(Trch Cu 6- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Anilin C6H5-NH2 c tnh baz nhng tnh baz ca amin rt yu. Dn chng:
- Khng lm thay i mu ca cht ch thi.
- B baz mnh y khi mui.
C6H5-NH3Cl C6H5-NH2.HCl+ NaOH
C6H5-NH2 + NaCl + H2O
Mui to bi axit mnh v baz yu b thy phn cho mi trng axit.
Mi trng ca dung dch aminoaxit ph thuc vo tng quan gia s lng nhm NH2 v nhm
COOH quyt nh. C th:
n<m

Mi trng baz
R (COOH )n
n=m
!

Mi trng trung tnh
( NH 2 ) m
n>m
Mi trng axit

Mt vi quy lut v tnh baz .

- Cc amin no u c tnh baz mnh hn ammoniac v amin cng nhiu C tnh baz cng
mnh.
- Tnh baz Amin bc 1 v amin bc 3 < amin bc 2
- Tnh baz amin khng no v amin thm < amino.
Amin khng no, amin thm < NH3 < amin no < kim(NaOH,KOH,..) < CxHyO-( tn ti trong mui , x
cng ln tnh baz cng ln).
Bi gii
- Glyxin: NH2- CH2- COOH mi trng trung tnh khng lm thay i mu cht ch th
loi A.
- Anilin : C6H5-NH2 l baz rt yu khng lm thay i mu cht ch th loi C.
- Phenyl amonoclorua C6H5-NH3Cl l mui ca baz yu ( C6H5-NH2) v axit mnh (HCl) nn
trong dung dch b thy phn ra mi trng axit :
C6H5-NH3Cl C6H5-NH2.HCl+ HOH
C6H5-NH2 + H3O+ + Cl Lm qu ha loi D.
Chn B.
Bi 23. Polime no sau y c tng hp bng phn ng trng ngng ?
A. poliacrilonitrin
B. poli(metyl metacrylat)
C. polistiren
D. poli(etylen terephtalat)
(Trch Cu 9- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
C hai phng php iu ch polime : phn ng trng hp v phn ng trng ngng.
Cc polime c iu ch bng phng php trng hp thng c xt trong SGK gm:
0
t , xt , p
1- Poli Etilen hay P.E:
nCH2= CH2
(-CH2-CH2-)n
2- Caosu buNa hay poli(buta-1,3-ien):
t 0 , xt , p
nCH2= CH-CH=CH2
(-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 -)n
3- Poli Stiren hay P.S:
t , xt , p
nC6H5- CH= CH2
(-CH [C6 H 5 ] -CH2-)n
0
4-Cao su isopren hay poli(isopren):

t 0 , xt , p
nCH2= CH(CH3)-CH=CH2
[ CH 2 (CH 3 ) CH = CH CH 2 ]n
5- Poli(vinyl clorua) hay P.V.C:
t 0 , xt , p
nCH2=CHCl
(-CH2-CHCl-)n
6- poliacrilonitrin :
t , xt , p
nCH2= CH -CN
[ CH 2 CH (CN ) ]n
0
7- Cao su buna N ( phn ng ng trng hp)

t , xt , p
nCH2=CH-CH=CH2+nCH2=CHCN
[ CH 2 CH = CH CH 2 CH 2 CH (CN ) ]n
8- Cao su buna S ( phn ng ng trng hp):
nCH2=CH-CH=CH2
0
t , xt , p
+nC6H5-CH= CH2
[ CH 2 CH = CH CH 2 CH 2 CH (C6 H 5 ) ]n
0
9- Poli acrylat:
t , xt , p
nCH2=CH-COOH
[ CH 2 CH (COOH ) ]n
0
10- poli(mety metacrylat):

CH 2 CH (COOCH 3 )
!
nCH2=CH(CH3)-COOCH3
n
CH 3
11-Poli (metacry lat):
CH 2 CH (COOH )
t 0 , xt , p
nCH2=CH(CH3)-COOH
!
n
CH 3
t 0 , xt , p
12- Poli ( vinyl axetat):

CH CH 2
nCH3COO-CH=CH2 !
OCOCH 3 n
t 0 , xt , p
Bi gii
A , B ,C , D
Theo phn tch trn v t

Chn D.
Bi 24. ng vi cng thc phn t C2H7O2N c bao nhiu cht va phn ng c vi dung dch NaOH
va phn ng c vi dung dch HCl ?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 1
D. 4
(Trch Cu 10- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
ng vi CTPT kiu CxHyNO2 c th c nhng loi hp cht sau:
- Hp cht nitro: R-NO2( cht lng hoc kh, khng tc dng vi axit, baz)
- Mui amoni ca axit hu c : R-COONH4( Cht rn, tc dng c vi axit v baz. Khi tc dng vi
baz sinh kh ).
RCOONH4 + HCl
RCOOH + NH4Cl
RCOONH4 + NaOH
RCOONa + NH3 + H2O
- Aminoaxit: H2N- R- COOH( cht rn, tinh th, tc dng c vi axit v baz, tham gia phn ng trng
ngng).
H2N-R-COOH + HCl
Cl-H3N+-R-COOH
H2N-R-COOH + NaOH
H2N-R-COONa + H2O
-Mui to bi amin v axit hu c: R-COONH3 R / ( Cht rn, tc dng c vi axit v baz. Khi tc dng
vi baz to kh).
RCOONH3 R / + HCl
RCOOH + NH3 R / Cl
RCOONH3 R / + NaOH
RCOONa + NH2 R / + H2O
- Este to bi aminoaxit v ancol: H2N-RCOO R / ( Cht kh hoc lng, tc dng c vi axit v baz).
Vi hp cht CxHyOzNtXv th s lin kt pi v mch vng ca phn t c tnh nh sau:
2C + 2 H X + N 2 x + 2 y v + t
=
2
2
Nhng cng thc ny s khng cn ng khi hp cht hu c l mui ( hp cht ion).
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn ta c, C2H7O2N c th l:
- mui amoni : CH3COONH4.
- Amonoaxit : NH2-CH2-COOH loi v CTPT khng ph hp.
- Mui ca amin: HCOONH3CH3 .
- Este to bi aminoaxit: khng tha mn v khng tn ti hai gc
(R + R / )=1C
Chn A.
Bi 25. Pht biu ng l
A. Phenol phn ng c vi dung dch NaHCO3
B. Phenol phn ng c vi nc brom
C. Vinyl axetat phn ng vi dung dch NaOH sinh ra ancol etylic
D. Thu phn benzyl clorua thu c phenol
(Trch Cu 15- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Hp cht lm mt mu nc brom th phi c nhm CHO hoc lin kt bi C= C hoc C C hoc
vng khng bn hoc c vng bezen c gn nhm th OH- NH2...
C th:
- Hp cht c lin kt bi C= C ( tr lin kt C= C trong vng benzen) hoc C C.
- Glucoz v matoz.
Ancol c -OH gn vo C khng no ( C tham gia lin kt i hoc lin kt ba) th khng bn nn b
chuyn v.
Mt cht hu c l phenol khi c OH gn trc tip vo vng benzen.
Cng thc ca vinylaxetat; CH3COOCH=CH2.
Cng thc ca benzyl clorua: C6H5-CH2-Cl.
Bi gii
Theo s phn tch trn nhn thy p n ng l B.
Ngoi ra, ta c th gii bng phng php loi tr nh sau:
- phn ng : C6H5-OH + NaHCO3
khng xy ra A sai.
- CH3COOCH=CH2 + NaOH
a + v =
CH3COONa + CH2=CH OH
CH3CHO
C sai.
H 2O
- C6H5- CH2-Cl + NaOH
C6H5-CH2-OH + NaCl D sai.
- Vy chn B
Bi 26. Thu phn cht hu c X trong dung dch NaOH (d), un nng, thu c sn phm gm 2 mui
v ancol etylic. Cht X l
A. CH3COOCH2CH3
B. CH3COOCH2CH2Cl
C. ClCH2COOC2H5
D. CH3COOCH(Cl)CH3
(Trch Cu 16- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Hai loi hp cht ph bin b thy phn trong mi trng kim gm este v dn xut halogen:
sn phm ca phn ng ca dn xut halogen vi baz ph thuc vo mi trng:
H 2O , t

Cn H 2 n +1OH + NaX
CnH2n+1X + NaOH( hoc KOH)
ancol ,t 0
Cn H 2 n + NaX + H 2O
Bn cht ca phn ng thy phn este l ct t lin kt C- -O- ca chc este
COOt0
RCOO R / + NaOH
RCOONa + R / OH
Khi gp mt cu no m cha tm c cch gii nhanh th thay v ngi suy ngh hy thc hin cc
php th : th tng p n A,B,C,D . th n p n no tha mn yu cu ca th dng.
Bi gii
Theo s phn tch trn ta c:
t0
CH3COOCH2CH3 + NaOH
CH3COONa + HO-CH2CH3 loi A.
t0
CH3COOCH2CH2Cl + NaOH
CH3COONa + HOCH2CH2OH + NaCl Loi B.
ClCH2COOC2H5 + NaOH
HOCH2COONa + HOC2H5 + NaCl
Chn C.
Bi 27. ng vi cng thc phn t C3H6O c bao nhiu hp cht mch h bn khi tc dng vi kh H2
(xc tc Ni, t0) sinh ra ancol ?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 2
D. 1
(Trch Cu 28- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Hp cht mch h cha CnH2nO tc dng vi H2 sinh ra ancol gm:
- ancol khng no tng ng.
- Anehit no, n chc.
- Xeton no, n chc
Cch vit ng phn ca ancol CxHyOz
- Bc 1: xc nh ancol bi cho l no hay khng no, mch h hay mch vng bng cch s
dng cng thc:
2C + 2 H
+v =
2
- Bc 2: Vit mch gm x nguyn t C c th c ( mch thng, mch nhnh, mch vng).
- Bc 3: in lin kt bi( nu c) vo cc mch C va vit c bc 2.
- Bc 4: in OH vo mch C va vit c bc 3 theo 3 nguyn tc:
+Khng in OH vo Ckhng no.
+ Mi Cno ch c in ti a mt nhm OH.
+ Nu cc C c v tr ging nhau th ch in OH vo mt v tr.
hp c ng
+ Nu c lin kt i v yu cu vit ng phn th phi xt cc trng
phn hnh hc.
Cch vit ng phn ca anehit , n chc CxHyO
- Bc 1: xc nh anehit bi cho l no hay khng no, mch h hay mch vng bng cch s
dng cng thc:
2C + 2 H
+v =
2
Nu = 1 th l anehit no, n chc, mch h.
- Bc 2: Vit mch gm (x-1) nguyn t C c th c ( mch thng, mch nhnh, mch vng).
- Bc 3: in lin kt bi ( nu c) vo cc mch C va vit c bc 2.
- Bc 4: Gn nhm CHO vo mch C va vit c bc 3 ( cn trnh cc v tr trng
lp v v tr vi phm ha tr IV ca cacbon)
- Bc 5: Nu c lin kt i v yu cu vit ng phn th phi xt cc trng hp c
ng phn hnh hc.
0
Cch vit ng phn ca xeton , n chc CxHyO

- Bc 1: xc nh xeton bi cho l no hay khng no, mch h hay mch vng bng cch s
dng cng thc:
2C + 2 H
+v =
2
Nu = 1 th l xeton, n chc, mch h.
- Bc 2: T cng thc cu to ca xeton c dng RCO R / Tng s C trong hai gc R v
R / l (x-1) xc nh hai gc c th c ng vi (x-1) nguyn t C.
- Bc 3: in lin kt bi ( nu c) vo cc mch C va vit c bc 2.
- Bc 4: Nu c lin kt i v yu cu vit ng phn th phi xt cc trng hp c
ng phn hnh hc.
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn ta c,ng vi C3H6O c:
- Mt ng phn ancol khng no, n chc :CH2= CH- CH2- OH.
- Mt ng phn anehit no, n chc CH3-CH2-CHO.
- Mt ng phn xeton no, n chc: CH3-CO-CH3.
Chn A.
Ghi ch: v nguyn tc, vi cch hi ca bi ny ta phi xt c ng phn hnh hc.Tuy nhin, cc CTCT
va vit c u khng c ng phn hnh hc.
Bi 28. Hai cht X v Y c cng cng thc phn t C2H4O2. Cht X phn ng c vi kim loi Na v
tham gia phn ng trng bc. Cht Y phn ng c vi kim loi Na v ho tan c CaCO3. Cng thc
ca X, Y ln lt l
A. HOCH2CHO, CH3COOH
B. HCOOCH3, HOCH2CHO
C. CH3COOH, HOCH2CHO
D. HCOOCH3, CH3COOH
(Trch Cu 33- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Vi cht hu c CnH2nO2 c th c nhng hp cht hu c sau:
Axit no,n chc, mch h : RCOOH( tc dng vi kim loi, Baz v mui cacbonat)
Este n chc, mch h: RCOO R / (ch tc dng vi axit v baz: phn ng thy phn).
Ancol khng no ( 1 lin kt i C=C), hai chc : CnH2n-2(OH)2 . Ch tc dng vi kim loi Na.K
khng tc dng vi baz NaOH,KOH v mui.
Tp chc ancol an ehit: HO-CxH2x-CHO.Tc dng c vi kim loi Na,K v tham gia cc phn
ng ca chc CHO ( trng gng, mt mu nc Br2, phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 nhit cao to kt ta
Cu2O mu gch).
Tp chc ancol xeton: HO- RCO R / . Ch tc dng vi kim loi Na,K
Bi gii
- Loi B,D v HCOOCH3 ch tham gia phn ng trng gng, khng tc dng vi Na.
- Loi C v CH3COOH v ch tc dng vi Na, khng tham gia phn ng trng gng.
- Chn A.
Bi 29 . Anehit no mch h X c cng thc n gin nht C2H3O. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C8H12O4
B. C6H9O3
C. C2H3O
D. C4H6O2
(Trch Cu 34- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit: Cch lp CTPT ca mt cht khi bit CTG nht:
-Bc 1: thc hin qu trnh chuyn i sau:
CTGN
dng ca CTPT= (CTGN)n
Dng ca CTCT = CTPT- Chc (Chc)z
- Bc 2: S dng cng thc :
Htrong gc = 2C(trong gc) +2 -2 s lin kt trong gc s chc.
Bi gii
V CTGN ca anehit no, mch h l C2H3O CTPT c dng ( C2H3O)n hay C2nH3nOn CTCT ca
anehit cn tm c dng : CnH2n(CHO)n
( Mt chc CHO c 1 oxi c n oxi th hi c n chc CHO).
p dng cng thc nu trn ta c : 2n = 2.n+ 2- 2 0- n n = 2 CTPT l C4H6O2 Chn D.
2C + 2 H
Ghi ch : c th gii bi trn bng cch s dng cng thc tnh + v =
ca ton phn t ???
2
Bi 30. Oxi ho khng hon ton ancol isopropylic bng CuO nung nng, thu c cht hu c X. Tn
gi ca X l
A. metyl phenyl xeton B. propanal C. metyl vinyl xeton D. imetyl xeton
(Trch Cu 43- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Bc ca ancol l bc ca C c OH( s nguyn t C lien kt vi C c OH)
ancol isopropylic l CH3-CH(OH)-CH3: ancol bc 2
+ CuO
anehit
Ancol bc 1
+ H2
+ CuO ,t 0
Xeton
Ancol bc 2
+ H2
Cch gi tn ca xeton RCO R / = Tn ca hai gc R v R / ) + xeton
Ghi ch: cc gc R v R / c gi theo trnh t ch ci .
Bi gii
Phn ng oxi ha ancol isopropylic bng CuO:
0
t
CH3-CH(OH)-CH3 + CuO
CH3-CO-CH3 ( imetyl xeton) + Cu + H2O
Chn D.
Bi 31 . Thuc th dng phn bit dung dch NH4NO3 vi dung dch (NH4)2SO4 l
A. dung dch NaOH v dung dch HCl
B. ng(II) oxit v dung dch HCl
C. ng(II) oxit v dung dch NaOH
D. kim loi Cu v dung dch HCl
(Trch Cu 44- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Nguyn tc ca s nhn bit l da vo im khc nhau v thnh phn , cu to v tnh cht ca cc
cht.
Cch nhn bit ion SO42- trong dung dch l dng dung dch cha Ba2+ ( trong mui hoc Ba(OH)2 ).
Ba2+ + SO42-
BaSO4 (trng)
Cch nhn bit ion NO3- trong dung dch l dng Cu v H+ ( t cc axit):
Cu + H+ + NO3-
Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O
NO + O2
NO2 ( mu nu)
Bi gii
im khc nhau gia NH4NO3 v (NH4)2SO4 l mt mui cha NO3- v mt cha SO42- Theo phn
A , B ,C , D
tch trn c th dng mt trong hai cch trn phn bit hai dung dch ny
Chn D.
Bi 32. iu kin thch hp: cht X phn ng vi cht Y to ra anehit axetic; cht X phn ng vi cht
Z to ra ancol etylic. Cc cht X,Y,Z ln lt l:
A.C2H4, O2, H2O B. C2H2, H2O, H2 C. C2H4, H2O, CO D. C2H2, O2, H2O
(Trch Cu 58- M 516 C khi A 2010)
Cn bit
Phn ng iu ch anehit axetic trong cng nghip:
NH 4Cl ,CuCl2
2CH2=CH2 + O2
2CH3CHO
Phn ng iu ch ancol etylic trong phng th nghim:

+
H
CH2=CH2 + H2O
CH3-CH2-OH.
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn chn A.

Bi 33. S ng phn cu to ca amin bc mt c cng cng thc phn t C4H11N l
A. 4.
B. 2.
C. 5.
D. 3.
(Trch Cu 6- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
Bc ca amin l s gc hi rocacbon lin kt vi nguyn t nit .
Cch vit ng phn ca amin CxHyN
- Bc 1 : Xc nh amin bi cho l no hay khng no bng cch dng cng thc :
2C + 2 H + N 2 x + 2 y + 1 2 x y + 3
+v =
=
=
2
2
2
- Bc 2 : Vit mch C ( mch h , mch nhnh, rt t khi cho amin mch vng)
- Bc 3 : in lin kt bi vo cc mch C vit c bc 2.
- Bc 4 : Vit ng phn amin bc mt bng cch in nhm NH2 vo cc mch C trn
( khi in cn trnh cc trng hp trng lp hoc vi phm ha tr ca C).
- Bc 5 : Vit ng phn amin bc hai bng cch chn nhm NH- vo lin kt n C-C.
- Bc 6 : Vit ng phn ca amin bc ba bng cch ly tng C ca phn t chia cho 3 gc
hirocacbon t ta s xc nh c 3 gc hirocacbon.
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn C4H11N c 4 ng phn amin bc mt Chn A.
Bi 34. Cho cc cht HCl (X); C2H5OH (Y); CH3COOH (Z); C6H5OH (phenol) (T). Dy gm cc cht
c sp xp theo tnh axit tng dn (t tri sang phi) l:
A. (T), (Y), (X), (Z).
B. (X), (Z), (T), (Y)
C. (Y), (T), (Z), (X).
D. (Y), (T), (X), (Z).
(Trch Cu 23- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
Tnh axit ca cc cht c xp theo th t:
Ancol < H2O < phenol < Axit no < axit khng no < axit cha halogen < axit v c mnh.
Khi gp dng cu hi sp xp theo chiu tng dn hoc gim dn th lm chnh xc v nhanh cn
ch
- Sp xp theo chiu tng dn ngha l cht nh nht, yu nht ng u.
- Sp xp theo chiu gim dn ngha l cht ln nht, mnh nht ng u.
Vi th loi cu hi ny, c rt nhiu hc sinh lm c nhng sai v hiu nhm yu cu ca

bi.Do , khng nhm th nht thit phi nm c hai lu trn ( tt nht l nu gp cu hi kiu
ny th nn phc ha yu cu ca bng mt trong hai mi tn trn).
Bi gii
- bi Y l cht c tnh axit yu nht .
- V yu cu ca l sp xp theo chiu tng dn nn ta tm phng n m cht c tnh axit
A , B ,C , D
yu nht ng u Phng n ng l phng n c Y ng u
loi A,B.
- T C,D nhn thy s khc nhau gia hai phng n ny nm X v Z ch quan tm phn
tch X v Z, khng cn quan tm ti T. C th: tnh axit ca Z< X( iu ny c c nh da
vo ni dung ca cn bit nu trn) Z phi ng sau X( v bi yu cu sp xp theo
C ,D
chiu tng dn nn ci nh phi ng trc)
Chn C.
Bi 35. S hp cht l ng phn cu to, c cng cng thc phn t C4H8O2, tc dng c vi dung
dch NaOH nhng khng tc dng c vi Na l
A. 3.
B. 2.
C. 4.
D. 1.
(Trch Cu 30- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
Loi cht
Axit
no,n
chc,
mch h : RCOOH
Este n chc,
mch
RCOO R
h:
/
Ancol khng no (
Tp chc
Tp chc
1 lin kt i
ancol anehit:
ancol xeton:
C=C), hai chc
HO-CxH2x-CHO.
HO- RCO R
Tc dng c vi
kim loi Na,K v
tham gia cc phn
ng ca chc CHO
( trng gng, mt
mu nc Br2, phn
ng vi Cu(OH)2
nhit cao to kt
ta Cu2O mu
gch).
Ch tc dng vi
CnH2n-2(OH)2
Tnh cht
Quan trng
( tc dng vi kim
loi, Baz v mui
cacbonat)
ch tc dng
vi axit v
baz:phn ng
thy phn).
c tnh ca loi
hp cht ny l
ch tc dng vi
kim loi Na.K
khng tc dng
vi
baz
NaOH,KOH v
kim loi Na,K
mui.
Cng thc
Tnh s
2n-3
2n-2
ng phn
Nhn xt: da vo yu cu ca m ta s vit mt s hay tt c cc loi ng phn ca CnH2nO2.

Bi gii
V C4H8O2 tc dng c vi dung dch NaOH nhng khng tc dng c vi Na nn C4H8O2 ch c
th l este s ng phn l 24-2 = 4 Chn C.
Bi 36. Cho cc cht: xiclobutan, 2-metylpropen, but-1-en, cis-but-2-en, 2-metylbut-2-en. Dy gm cc
cht sau khi phn ng vi H2 (d, xc tc Ni, to), cho cng mt sn phm l:
A. xiclobutan, cis-but-2-en v but-1-en.
B. but-1-en, 2-metylpropen v cis-but-2-en.
C. xiclobutan, 2-metylbut-2-en v but-1-en.
D. 2-metylpropen, cis-but-2-en v xiclobutan.
(Trch Cu 31- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
Cc cht hu c tc dng c vi H2(xt,t0) bao gm:
- Xicloankan vng 3 cnh hoc 4 cnh.
- Cc hp cht c lin kt bi C =C hoc C C.
- Cc hp cht cha CHO hoc chc xeton RCO- R /
c im ca phn ng cng H2
- bn cht l ph v lin kt pi ti cc lin kt bi hoc ph lin kt C-C ti vng khng bn .
- Mch C khng b bin dng sau phn ng( tr trng hp mch vng). iu ny c ngha l
sn phm v cht ban u c mch C ging nhau nu bit sn phm s suy ra ngay cht
ban u.
Bi gii
T s phn tch trn ta thy:
-Loi B v but-1-en v 2-metylpropen c mch C khc nhau.
- loi C v 2-metylbut-2-en v but-1-en c mch C khc nhau.
- Loi D v 2-metylpropen c mch C khc cis-but-2-en.
chn A.
Bi 37. Trong thc t, phenol c dng sn xut
A. nha poli(vinyl clorua), nha novolac v cht dit c 2,4-D.
B. nha rezol, nha rezit v thuc tr su 666.
C. poli(phenol-fomanehit), cht dit c 2,4-D v axit picric.
D. nha rezit, cht dit c 2,4-D v thuc n TNT.
(Trch Cu 34- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
t 0 , xt , p
Cch iu ch poli(vinyl clorua): nCH2=CHCl
(-CH2-CHCl-)n
Cch iu ch thuc tr su 666:
as
C6H6 + 3Cl2
C6H6Cl6 (hexaclo xiclohexan hay 6.6.6)
iu ch axit picric tc 2,4,6-Trinitro
phenol:
+NaOH /t0
+ HNO3 / H 2 SO4
+ Cl2
+ CO2 + H 2O
C6H5ONa
C6H6
C6H5Cl
C6H5OH
C6H2(NO2)3OH
2,4,6-tri nitrophenol
Thuc n TNT ( 2,4,6-tri nitroToluen):
H 2 SO4
C6H5-CH3 + 3HNO3
C6H2(NO2)3-CH3 + H2O
Bi gii
- nha poli(vinyl clorua) c iu ch t vinyl clorua loi A.
- Thuc tr su 666 c iu ch t bezen loi B.
- Thuc n TNT c iu ch t Toluen loi D
Chn C.
Bi 38. Qu trnh no sau y khng to ra anehit axetic?
A. CH2=CH2 + H2O (to, xc tc HgSO4).
B. CH2=CH2 + O2 (to, xc tc).
o
C. CH3COOCH=CH2 + dung dch NaOH (t ). D. CH3CH2OH + CuO (to).
(Trch Cu 49- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
Phn ng oxi ha khng hon ton etilen:
CuCl , NH 4 Cl
2CH2 = CH2 +O2
2CH3CHO
t0
t0
ancol bc 1 +CuO
anehit + Cu + H2O
t0
RCH2OH + CuO
RCHO + Cu + H2O
ancol c OH lin kt vi C khng no th khng bn v b chuyn v thnh cht khc :
V d: RCH=CH-OH
RCH2-OH.
Bn cht ca phn ng thy phn este l t lin kt -C- -O- ca chc COO-:
t0
RCO- -O R / + NaOH
RCOONa + R / OH
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn ta c A,B,C u to ra CH3CHO Chn A( to ancol).
Bi 39. Dy gm cc cht u tc dng vi ancol etylic l:

A. HBr (to), Na, CuO (to), CH3COOH (xc tc).
B. Ca, CuO (to), C6H5OH (phenol), HOCH2CH2OH.
C. NaOH, K, MgO, HCOOH (xc tc).
D. Na2CO3, CuO (to), CH3COOH (xc tc), (CH3CO)2O.
(Trch Cu 53- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
Theo SGK 11 th ancol no, n chc tham gia cc phn ng sau:
Tc dng vi kim loi mnh (Na,K)
H2
CnH2n+1OH + Na
CnH2n+1ONa + H2
Tc dng vi axit v c
dn xut halogen + H2O
Tc dng vi axit hu c hoc anhiriccacboxylic.
este
1400 C
Tch nc
ete + H2O
1700 C
Tch nc
anken
+ H2O.
t0
ancol bc 1 +CuO
anehit + Cu + H2O
t0
RCH2OH + CuO
RCHO + Cu + H2O
t0
ancol bc 2 +CuO
xeton + Cu + H2O
t0
/
RCO R / + Cu + H2O
RCH( OH) R + CuO
t0
ancol bc 3 +CuO
phn ng khng xy ra.
Bi gii
- Loi B v C2H5OH khng tc dng vi phenol.
- Loi C v C2H5OH khng tc dng vi MgO.
- Loi D v C2H5OH khng tc dng vi Na2CO3.
Chn A.
Bi 40. Cho cc cht: CH2=CHCH=CH2; CH3CH2CH=C(CH3)2; CH3CH=CHCH=CH2;
CH3CH=CH2; CH3CH=CHCOOH.
S cht c ng phn hnh hc l
A. 4.
B. 3.
C. 2.
D. 1.
(Trch Cu 54- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
Mun bit mt cht c ng phn hnh hc hay khng ta lm 5 vic:
1- Ch la chn nhng cht c lin kt i C=C xt.
2- Vi nhng cht c lin kt i C=C, mun bit cht c ng phn hnh hc hay khng ta v
mt vung bao chm lin kt C= C, cc b phn khc lin kt vi cc nguyn t C ti lin
kt i ta tch ra hai phia( trn v di) :
a
c
C=C
3- So a vi b.
4- So c vi d.
5- Kt lun : cng thc cu to no c a b ng thi c d th c ng phn hnh hc.
Bi gii
Theo s phn tch trn ta thy , trong s nhng cht bi cho, ch c CH3CH=CHCH=CH2;
CH3CH=CHCOOH. ng phn hnh hc Chn C.
Bi 41. Hai hp cht hu c X, Y c cng cng thc phn t C3H6O2. C X v Y u tc dng vi Na;
X tc dng c vi NaHCO3 cn Y c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng bc. Cng thc cu to ca
X v Y ln lt l
A. C2H5COOH v HCOOC2H5.
B. HCOOC2H5 v HOCH2COCH3.
C. HCOOC2H5 v HOCH2CH2CHO.
D. C2H5COOH v CH3CH(OH)CHO.
(Trch Cu 56- M 182 C khi A 2009)
Cn bit
Axit no,n chc, mch h : RCOOH( tc dng vi kim loi, Baz v mui cacbonat)
Este n chc, mch h: RCOO R / (ch tc dng vi axit v baz: phn ng thy phn).
Ancol khng no ( 1 lin kt i C=C), hai chc : CnH2n-2(OH)2 . Ch tc dng vi kim loi Na.K
khng tc dng vi baz NaOH,KOH v mui.
Tp chc ancol an ehit: HO-CxH2x-CHO.Tc dng c vi kim loi Na,K v tham gia cc
phn ng ca chc CHO ( trng gng, mt mu nc Br2, phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 nhit cao
to kt ta Cu2O mu gch).
Tp chc ancol xeton: HO- RCO R / . Ch tc dng vi kim loi Na,K
Bi gii
Thng qua s phn tch trn nhn thy:C X v Y u tc dng vi Na X,Y phi c nhm OH
A , B ,C , D
loi A,B,C v trong c ba phng n ny c cht khng cha nhm OH l HCOOC2H5

chn D.
Bi 43. Dy gm cc cht u c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng hp l:
A. 1,1,2,2-tetrafloeten; propilen; stiren; vinyl clorua.
B. buta-1,3-ien; cumen; etilen; trans-but-2-en.
C. stiren; clobenzen; isopren; but-1-en.
D. 1,2-iclopropan; vinylaxetilen; vinylbenzen; toluen.
( Trch cu 2 M 637 HKB 2009)
Cn bit
i iu kin mt cht tham gia c phn ng trng hp l:
-Hoc c lin kt i C = C (khng tnh lin kt C=C trong vng bezen).
- Hoc c vng km bn (thng l vng 3 cnh ) hoc vng ca caprolactan
CH2 - CH2 - C = O
n H2C
CH2 - CH2 - NH
caprolactam
xt,t
( NH[CO2] 5CO )
n
capron
i Cng thc v tn ca mt s hi rocacbon quan trng ( nhng kh nh ):

-Stiren ( Cn gi l vinyl bezen) : C6H5 CH = CH2
- Cumen: C 6 H5CH(CH3 )2
- Vinyl axetilen: CH2 = CH C CH.
Bi gii
T s phn tch trn nhn thy :
- Loi B v c cumen .
- Loi C v c clobenzen.
- loi D v c 1,2-iclopropan v toluen.
p n A.( Cc em nn vit phn ng nh li kin thc).
Bi 44. Pht biu no sau y l ng?
A. Trng hp stiren thu c poli(phenol-fomanehit).

B. Trng ngng buta-1,3-ien vi acrilonitrin c xc tc Na c cao su buna-N.
C. Poli(etylen terephtalat) c iu ch bng phn ng trng ngng cc monome tng ng.
D. T visco l t tng hp.
( Trch cu 6 M 637 HKB 2009)
- Phn ng trng hp Stiren
Poli stiren.
- Phn ng gia buta-1,3-ien vi acrilonitrin l phn ng ng trng hp.
- T visco l t bn tng hp
( cc em nn xem li cc phn ng ny chng 4-SGK 12).
Chn D.
Bi 45. Cho cc hp cht sau:
(a) HOCH2-CH2OH. (b) HOCH2-CH2-CH2OH.(c) HOCH2-CH(OH)-CH2OH.
(d) CH3-CH(OH)-CH2OH. (e) CH3-CH2OH. (f) CH3-O-CH2CH3.
Cc cht u tc dng c vi Na, Cu(OH)2 l:
A. (c), (d), (f).
B. (a), (b), (c).
C. (a), (c), (d).
D. (c), (d), (e).
( Trch cu21 M 637 HKB 2009)
Cn bit
i Hp cht hu c ( cha C,H,O) tc dng vi Na, K th phn t phi :
- Hoc nhm OH
- Hoc nhm COOH
i Hp cht hu c ( C,H,O) tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 th phn t phi :
- Hoc c t 2 nhm OH k nhau tr ln.
- Hoc c nhm COOH.
i Khi bi cho cu hi kiu nhiu pht biu th tm nhanh p n ng nn tm ra im ging
khc nhau gia cc p n A,B,C,D ri ch tp trung phn tch nhng im khc nhau gia cc p n.
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn , xt cc p n cho:
Suy ra:
- Khng cn phn tch (c).
- Nn phn tch (d) trc v nu (d) sai th ln tin.Xt (d) thy tha mn yu cu ca loi
B.Nh vy cn li:
A.
(f).
C. (a) .
D.
(e).
- Nhn thy (a) tha mn p n C.
Bi 46. S ipeptit ti a c th to ra t mt hn hp gm alanin v glyxin l
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 1.
( Trch cu22 M 637 HKB 2009)
Cn bit.
i T n aminoaxit s to ra c
aminoaxit ban u.
n!
phn t (nPeptit) m trn cc phn t(nPeptit) u cha cc

k
i T n aminoaxit s to ra c ti a n phn t (kPeptit) .

Khi lm bi tp cn xc nh r yu cu theo kiu 1 hay kiu 2.
Bi gii
Theo phn tch trn thy bi ton thuc tnh hung 2 : n = 2, k = 2 s i peptit = 22 = 4 p n C.
Bi 47. Cho hai hp cht hu c X, Y c cng cng thc phn t l C3H7NO2. Khi phn ng vi dung
dch NaOH, X to ra H2NCH2COONa v cht hu c Z; cn Y to ra CH2=CHCOONa v kh T. Cc
cht Z v T ln lt l
A. CH3OH v CH3NH2.
B. C2H5OH v N2. C. CH3OH v NH3. D. CH3NH2 v NH3.
Cn bit
Quy trnh vit ng phn ca cht hu c CxHyOzNt :
i Nhn nh : Hp cht CxHyO2N th trong chng trnh gm c :
Hp cht cng ha tr
Hp cht ion
(1).Hp cht Nitro: R-NO2
(4) Mui amoni RCOONH4
(2) Amino axit.NH2 R-COOH
(3) Este ca aminoaxit vi ancol: H2N-R-COOR/
(5) Mui ca amin vi axit cha

oxi(RCOOH,HNO2,HNO3, H2CO3)
Tc : Amin.Axit = Mui
Lu : amin li c 3 loi : bc
1,2,3.
(6) Mui ca aminoaxit vi axit:
Aminoaxit.Axit = mui.
Trong :
(1) : khng tc dng vi axit,baz.
(2) ,(3) ,(4) tc dng vi c axit v baz.
(5),(6) lun tc dng vi baz mnh ( NaOH, KOH) v ch tc dng vi axit mnh ( HCl,HNO3)
khi axit to mui l axit yu.
i Xc nh cht ph hp vi bi
Da vo cc tnh cht v LK pi ca phn t.C th:
2C + 2 H + N
- Tnh lk trong ton phn t (1),(2) ; (3): =
2
2C + 2 H + N
- Tnh lk * trong ton phn t (4) ; (5),(6): * = + 1 =
+1
2
V (1),(2),(3) lun c nn nu tnh c = 0 th ch cn xt (4) v (5). Cn nu tnh c >0 th
phi xt t (1) ti (6) v khi phi da vo tnh cht ca bi cho khoanh vng.
Bi gii
i Theo phn tch trn d thy C3H7O2N c 7 cht sau:
- 2 hp cht Nitro : C3H7-NO2 ( gc C3H7- c 2 kiu; CH3-CH2-CH2- v CH3-CH(CH3)-).
- 2 amino axit : H2N-C2H4 COOH ( gc C2H4- c 2 kiu: -CH2-CH2- v CH(CH3)-)
-1 este ca amino axit : H2N-CH2 COOCH3.
-1 mui amoni : CH2= CH COONH4
-1 mui amin: HCOOH.H2N-CH=CH2 tc HCOO-H3N+CH=CH2.
i Theo X: H2N-CH2 COOCH3. Z: CH3OH
Y: CH2= CH COONH4 . T: NH3
p n C.
Cc phn ng minh ha:
CH2=CHCOONH4 + NaOH CH2= CH COONa + NH3 + H2O.
H2N CH2-COO-CH3 + NaOH H2N-CH2-COONa + CH3OH.
Bi 48. Cho cc hp cht hu c:
(1) ankan;
(2) ancol no, n chc, mch h;
(3) xicloankan;
(4) ete no, n chc, mch h;
(5) anken;
(6) ancol khng no (c mt lin kt i C=C), mch h;
(7) ankin;
(8) anehit no, n chc, mch h;
(9) axit no, n chc, mch h; (10) axit khng no (c mt lin kt i C=C), n chc.
Dy gm cc cht khi t chy hon ton u cho s mol CO2 bng s mol H2O l:
A. (3), (5), (6), (8), (9).
B. (3), (4), (6), (7), (10). C. (2), (3), (5), (7), (9). D. (1), (3), (5), (6), (8).
(Trch cu 31 M 637 HKB 2009)
Cn bit
i Quan h gia sn phm chy v cu to ca hp cht hu c:
Sn phm chy
a = lk ( + v)
nCO2 < nH 2O
a=0
nCO2 = nH 2O
a=1
nCO2 > nH 2O
a >1
i Khi gp cu hi gm nhiu mnh th nn s dng phng php loi suy.:

- khng phn tch im ging nhau gia cc p n.
- Chn mnh c mt nhiu p n nht phn tch.
Bi gii
- C A,B,C,D u c (3) khng quan tm ti (3).
- A,B,D u c (6) Phn tch (6) v theo cn bit trn th (6) tha Loi C.
- A,D c (5) phn tch (5) v (5) tha mn loi B.
- im khc bit gia A, D l (1) v (9).Phn tch (1) v thy (1) khng tha mn loi D.
p n A.
Nhn xt: vi cch lm trn ta ch cn phn tch 3 mnh m khng phi phn tch c 10 mnh .
Bi 49. Th nghim no sau y chng t trong phn t glucoz c 5 nhm hiroxyl?

A.Tin hnh phn ng to este ca glucoz
B. Thc hin phn ng trng bc
vi anhirit axetic
C. Kh hon ton glucoz thnh hexan
D. Cho glucoz tc dng vi Cu(OH)2
Phn tch
Cc th nghim dng nhn ra cu to ca glucoz
(1) Glucoz + AgNO3/NH3; +ddBr2 Axit gluconic
Phn t glucoz c nhm CHO
(2) Glucoz + Cu(OH)2 nhit thng dung dch mu xanh lam
Phn t glucoz c nhm nhiu OH v tr k nhau
(3) Glucoz + Anhidrit axetic este 5 chc
Phn t glucoz c 5 nhm OH
(4) Kh hon ton glucoz Hexan
Phn t glucoz c 6 nguyn t C,mch h, khng phn nhnh.
HNG DN GII
T s phn tch trn p n l : Tin hnh phn ng to este ca glucoz vi anhirit axetic
Bi 50. Thy phn este X mch h c cng thc phn t C4H6O2, sn phm thu c c kh nng
trng bc. S este X tha mn tnh cht trn l
A. 5
B. 6
C. 4
D. 3
Phn tch
i Cng thc phn t tng qut ca mi este l : CnH2n+2-2a-zO2z ( cc bn c hiu v sao li xy
dng c CTPT ny khng?Este l ng phn ca axit nh !!!)
Hay gp trng hp :
(1). Este no, n chc, mch h : CnH2nO2 ( n 2, ti sao bn c?)
(2).Este khng no, mt kt i C=C, n chc hoc no, mt vng, n chc.
CnH2n-2O2 ( n 3, ti sao bn c ???)
i Khi gp bi cho CTPT ( trc tip hoc gin tip) , yu cu xc nh s cht ( hoc s ng
phn) th cn ch :
(1) Nu trn khng c cm t cu to th ta phi xt thm cc trng hp c ng phn hnh
hc (mt cht c ng phn hnh hc khi phn t c dng aCb=xCy trong ng thi phi c
a b v x y).
(2) Nu trn c cm t cu to th b qua vic xt ng phn hnh hc.
Bn c thn mn ,cc cu hi kiu ny khin nhiu th sinh m hn: ri y, cn ch nh.
i Mt cht mun tham gia phn ng trng gng th trong phn t phi cso nhm andehit -CHO
hoc nhm fomat HCOO- v vy este khi thy phn mun to ra sn phm c kh nng tham gia
phn ng trng gng th este phi l:
(1) este ca axit fomic: HCOOR/ v :
H+
HCOOR/ + H2O
HCOOH + R/OH
Sau sn phm HCOOH s tham gia phn ng trng gng:
0
t
HCOOH + 2AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2O
NH4HCO3 + 2NH4NO3 + 2Ag
(2) Este c gc ancol khng no kiu : RCOOCH=CR1/R2// ( R1/ v R2// c th l H hoc gc
hirocacbon).V :
H+
Chuyen vi
RCOOCH=CR1/R2// +H2O
RCOOH+HOCH=CR1/R2//
CHO-CHR1/R2//
Sau sn phm CHO-CR1/R2// tham gia phn ng trng gng :

0
t
R1/R2//CH-COONH4 +2NH4NO3+ 2Ag
CHO-HCR1/R2//+2AgNO3 +3NH3+H2O
( Cch vit sn phm v cn bng phn ng trng gng cng l mt ngh thut y, bn c
bit cha? Nu cha bit th hy alo hay cmt vo FC HA HC VNG CAO cho tc gi nh!!!)
HNG DN GII
Cht C4H6O2 c 5 ng phn tha mn yu cu ca :
HCOOCH=CH-CH3 (c 2phh); HCOOC(CH3)=CH2; HCOOCH2-CH=CH2
V CH3COOCH=CH2 p n l 5 cht.
Bn c c th tip tc ng k cc phn 2, phn 3 v phn 4 nu cm thy cc chuyn ny thc s
hiu qu i vi vic tng n tp kin thc l thuyt trc ma thi cn k.Chc cc bn hc gii v
n thi hiu qu thc hin c c m ca mnh trong ma phng n sp ti.Cho thn i./.
Ad FC- HO HC VNG CAO

--- DongHuuLee---
Bi 51.Cho dy chuyn ha sau:

CaC2
+ H 2O
Y
Z
H SO ,t 0
Tn gi ca X v Z ln lt l
A.axetilen v ancol etylic.
B. axetilen v etylen glicol.
C. etan v etanal
D. etilen v ancol etylic.
Phn tch :
i Khi gp mt s phn ng , xc nh nhanh cc phn ng ca s th cn nh :
(1) V mi phn ng thng c mt xc tc thng hiu da vo xc tc ghi trn s l
mt cha kha vng gip ta ha gii s .

(2) Trong s m hnh A B th nu cho cht ban u (A) th cn h thng nhanh trong
u cc phn ng quan trng thuc tnh cht ha hc ca cht .Nu cho cht sn phm
(B) th li h thng nhanh cc phn ng iu ch cht (B) t chn lc phn ng ph hp
vi .
(3) Xc tc Pd/PbCO3 l thng hiu ca phn ng chuyn lin kt ba v lin kt i, cn
HgSO4/800C l thng hiu ca phn ng sau :
HgSO4
CH CH + H 2O
CH 3CHO
800 C
i Hai phn ng iu ch axetilen quen thuc :
(1).Nhit phn metan 15000C , phn ng thu nhit mnh :
15000 C
2CH4
C2H2 +3H2
lam lanh nhanh
Nhit si ca axetilen l -750C nn d c tch ra khi hn hp vi hiro.y l phng php

chnh iu ch axetilen trong cng nghip hin nay.
(2)Thy phn canxi cacbua ( t n) :
CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2
Phng php ny c p dng trong cng nghip cho nhng ni m cng nghip du kh cha
pht trin( du kh l nguyn liu to ra CH4), iu ch mt lng nh trong phng th nghim
hoc trong hn x.
Canxi cac bua sn xut trong cng nghip( t vi sng v than ) l cht rn mu en xm
(ging t), trc kia c dng to ra C2H2 thp sng nn CaC2 cn c gi l t
en .Axetilen iu chees t t n thng c tp cht (H2S,NH3,PH3..) c mi kh chu gi l mi
t n.
HNG DN GII
+ 2H O
+H
+H O
CaC2
C2 H 2
C2 H 4
CH 3 -CH 2 -OH
Ca(OH)
Pd/PbCO , t
H SO , t
2
X l C2H2 axetilen; Z l CH3-CH2-OH ancol etylic

Bi 52 .S trieste khi thy phn u thu c sn phm gm glixerol, axit CH3COOH v axit
C2H5COOH l
A. 9
B. 4
C. 6
D. 2
Phn tch
n 2 (n + 1)
i T n loi axit n chc + glixerol
loi trieste trong c n tri este thun khit tc
2
cc gc R1,R2,R3 hon ton ging nhau S tri este khi thy phn thu c ng thi n loi axit
n 2 (n + 1)
ban u s l
n .( v sao li n bn c c bit khng? Ti tin l bn bit y, v bn
2
l dn khi A,B c m).

bn c cng c th lm theo cch sau : xut pht t m hnh trieste ca glixerol:
CH 2 O CO R1
/
CH O CO R 2
/
CH 2 O CO R 3
Sau xt ln lt cc trng hp:
(1) R1= R2 = R3 ( tc R1,R2 v R3 hon ton ging nhau.)
(2) R1 = R2 R3
(3) R1 R2 = R3
(4) R1 R2 R3 ( tc R1,R2 v R3 hon ton khc nhau.)
C hai cch nu trn u hay phi khng bn.Tuy nhin ,trong phng thi, nu bn bit cch 1 cn
i th ca bn lm theo cch 2 th ti tin chc bn hiu v hnh dung c iu g ang xy

ra trong suy ngh ca i th ng thng kia.
HNG DN GII
Cch 1. S dng cng thc tnh nhanh
2 2 (2 + 1)
S tri este khi thy phn thu c ng thi 2 loi axit ban u s l
2 = 4 Xong.( v
2
1 2
sao li 2 bn c c bit khng? V y l 2 trieste m cc gc R ,R hon ton ging nhau nn
khi thy phn ch cho mt loi axit tri vi phi loi, phi tr i 2.OK nh ).
Cch 2.S dng m hnh ri xt
Trieste
R1= R2 = R3
R1 = R2 R3
R1 R2 = R3
CH 2 O CO R1
B
A
CH O CO R 2
/
CH 2 O CO R 3
Khng ph hp vi
C 4 ng phn l :
CH 2 O CO A
CH 2 O CO B
CH 2 O CO A
CH 2 O CO B
CH O CO A
CH O CO B
CH O CO B
CH O CO A
CH 2 O CO B
CH 2 O CO A
CH 2 O CO A CH 2 O CO B
(A,B ln lt l cc gc hirocacbon ca axit cho bn c nh).
Hay qu phi khng !!! Nu bn c c cch khc hay hn hy alo hoc cmt cho tc gi nh .
Bi 53 . Cc polime thuc loi t nhn to l
A. t visco v t xenluloz axetat.
B. t visco v t nilon-6,6
C. t tm v t vinilon.
D. t nilon-6,6 v t capron
Phn tch
i Mt s tng kt v polime
(1).POLIME THIN NHIN ( C sn trong thin nhin )
- Cao su thin nhin
- Xenluloz ( bng, len,ay,gai, tre, na ..)
- Tinh bt ( amiloz v amilopectin) - Polipeptit .

- Protein.
- Enzim
-Axit nucleic
- T t m
(2)..POLIME TNG HP (do con ngi TRNG HP v TRNG NGNG m thnh )
TRNG HP
TRNG NGNG
- poliamit (policaproamit, nilon -6,
Nh bng phng php loi tr
nilon-7, Nilon - 6,6)
( l tt c polime polime thin nhin
- Nha phenol fomanehit: nha
,polime nhn to v polime trng ngng) novolac, nha rezol , nha rezit(bakeli)
===> qu nh nhng.
- Poli(etylen-terephtalat) tc t Lapsan.
- Keo dn Ure- fomanehit).
(3).POLIME BN TNG HP TC POLIME NHN TO ( con ngi dng nguyn liu t thin
nhin ch ha ).
C 3 cht: Xenluloz trinitrat, t visco,xenluloz axetat.
(4). POLIME MCH NHNH
C 2 cht : -Amilopectin -Glicogen
-Cao su lu ha.
(5). POLIME MNG LI KHNG GIAN: - Bakelit
===> Bng phng php loi tr d bit cc polime mch thng.
Vi th loi cu hi v polime th cc th sinh thng rt ke v l thuyt th rng v phn tn
nhiu ni, cn bi tp th qu xa l .Tuy nhin, nu chu kh tip xc vi cu hi v polime cng
vi mt s k thut tng hp, loi tr, b qua h s n khi tnh ton ....th cu hi v polime li tr
thnh m im ta c khot y nh !!!
i Trong qu trnh gii cc cu hi trc nghim nn thng xuyn khai thc p n v s dng
phng php loi tr s gip tng tc tm ra p n ng
HNG DN GII
T s phn tch trn p n l : t visco v t xenluloz axetat.
Bn c cng c th s dng phng php loi tr nh sau :
- Nilon - 6,6 l t tng hp t hexametilen iamin vi axit aipic :
nH2N[CH2]6NH2 + nHOOC[CH2]4COOH
NH[CH2]6NH - CO [CH2]4CO
t0 cao
+ 2nH2O
Loi c 2 p n
- T tm l t thin nhin loi c 1 p n na Xong: t visco v t xenluloz axetat.
Bi 54. Cho cc cht : caprolactam (1), isopropylbenzen (2), acrilonitrin (3), glyxin (4), vinyl axetat
(5). Cc cht c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng hp to polime l
A. (1), (2) v (5)
B. (3), (4) v (5)
C. (1), (2) v (3)
D. (1), (3) v (5)
Phn tch
i iu kin mt cht tham gia phn ng trng hp l :
(1) Hoc c lin kt i C = C ( tr lin kt i trong vng benzen).
(2) C vng km bn.
i Trong thi i hc Cao ng, rt nhiu cu hu c thi cho cht dng tn gi rt nhiu
th sinh ca nhiu th h dng cuc chi ngay t vng gi xe v khng bit tn cho c cng
thc nh th no khng i theo vt xe ca cc th h trc th trong qu trnh hc tp v
luyn thi cc em lun ch tm ti vic nh tn gi ca cc hp cht hu c(nhng phi c phng
php th mi nh nhng c, rt tic l vi nhng cc bn xa tc gi khng th hng dn trc
tip c c .V vy em no c khc mc g hy alo hoc cmt cho tc gi trn a ch facebook
FC HA HC VNG CAO nh !!!).
i Trong qu trnh lm cc cu trc nghim ni ring v c bit l nhng cu m p n cha ng

nhiu thng tin nu bn c thng xuyn khai thc p n A,B,C,D v dng k thut loi tr
mt chch kho lo (rt tic khong gp trc tip bn hng dn c th c) th tc lm bi
ca bn s vt xa i th ging nh bn l ngi i my bay cn i th ca bn l vn ng
vin para games.Nu bn cha tin hy th i !!!
i Trong trc nghim, thng tin no xut hin nhiu p n th thng l thng tin ng y
cng l mt k thut tuyt vi gp bn rt ngn thi gian lm bi v ta sng vi xc sut rt
cao khi thi gian lm bi ch cn c tnh bng giy !!!
Tin rng bn c hiu c tt c cc iu phn tch trn.Trong trng hp bn cha
thc s hiu ht c cc phn tch trn th hy xem k cch gii ca bi ny nh.
HNG DN GII
Cch 1. Phng php suy lun
i Nhn cc p n A,B,C,D nhn thy (1),(3) v (5) c mt trong 3/4 p n d kin (1),(3) v (5)
ng rt cao khng cn xt (1),(3) v (5) tit kim c thi gian v tng tc lm bi ln
rt nhiu.( thao tc t duy ny s tht l tuyt vi i vi cc th sinh khng nh cng thc cu to
ca (1),(3) v (5) .Tc gi tin l bn thuc top th sinh ny).
i Nhn vo A,B,C,D ch c mt p n cha c (1),(3) v (5) Xong.
Nhn xt: Vi cch lm trn ta khng ng chm ti kin thc ha hc m ch suy lun thng minh
vi cch ny hc sinh cha c hc ha vn c th lm tt cu ny.Ti bit bn ang ng g sau
khi c ti y !!!
Cch 2. Phng php da vo kin thc Ha hc kt hp vi loi tr
Ta c :
- Caprolactam( v cc hp cht vng 3 cnh c 1 nh l Oxi) l hp cht vng khng bn nn tham
gia trng hp.
CH2 - CH2 - C = O
n H2C
CH2 - CH2 - NH
xt,t
( NH[CO2] 5CO )
n
caprolactam
capron
Loi c mt p n ( p n no bn c ?).
- isopropyl bezen ( cn gi l Cumen h h h) l C6H5-CH(CH3)2 khng tham gia phn ng
trng hp loi c ti 2 p n na Xong.
Cch 3. Phng php c in.( Bn t lm nh ti khng lm u > V sao bn bit khng?).
i Nh li ( hoc dng SGK 11,12) cng thc ca cc cht trn.
i Xt t (1) ti (5) xem cht no tha iu kin ri chn.
Nhn xt. Nu bn lm theo cch ny th bn ang tm cho mnh mt con ng thun li nht ,
nhanh nht tr v thi k ri y.
Bi 55. Thy phn este X mch h c cng thc phn t C4H6O2, sn phm thu c c kh nng
trng bc. S este X tha mn tnh cht trn l
A. 5
B. 6
C. 4
D. 3
Phn tch
i Cng thc phn t tng qut ca mi este l : CnH2n+2-2a-zO2z ( cc bn c hiu v sao li xy
dng c CTPT ny khng?Este l ng phn ca axit nh !!!)
Hay gp trng hp :
(1). Este no, n chc, mch h : CnH2nO2 ( n 2, ti sao bn c?)
(2).Este khng no, mt kt i C=C, n chc hoc no, mt vng, n chc.
CnH2n-2O2 ( n 3, ti sao bn c ???)
i Khi gp bi cho CTPT ( trc tip hoc gin tip) , yu cu xc nh s cht ( hoc s ng
phn) th cn ch :
(3) Nu trn khng c cm t cu to th ta phi xt thm cc trng hp c ng phn hnh

hc (mt cht c ng phn hnh hc khi phn t c dng aCb=xCy trong ng thi phi c
a b v x y).
(4) Nu trn c cm t cu to th b qua vic xt ng phn hnh hc.
Bn c thn mn ,cc cu hi kiu ny khin nhiu th sinh m hn: ri y, cn ch nh.
i Mt cht mun tham gia phn ng trng gng th trong phn t phi cso nhm andehit -CHO
hoc nhm fomat HCOO- v vy este khi thy phn mun to ra sn phm c kh nng tham gia
phn ng trng gng th este phi l:
(3) este ca axit fomic: HCOOR/ v :
H+
HCOOR/ + H2O
HCOOH + R/OH
Sau sn phm HCOOH s tham gia phn ng trng gng:
0
t
HCOOH + 2AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2O
NH4HCO3 + 2NH4NO3 + 2Ag
(4) Este c gc ancol khng no kiu : RCOOCH=CR1/R2// ( R1/ v R2// c th l H hoc gc
hirocacbon).V :
H+
Chuyen vi
RCOOCH=CR1/R2// +H2O
RCOOH+HOCH=CR1/R2//
CHO-CHR1/R2//
Sau sn phm CHO-CR1/R2// tham gia phn ng trng gng :

0
t
CHO-HCR1/R2//+2AgNO3 +3NH3+H2O
R1/R2//CH-COONH4 +2NH4NO3+ 2Ag
( Cch vit sn phm v cn bng phn ng trng gng cng l mt ngh thut y, bn c
bit cha? Nu cha bit th hy alo hay cmt vo FC HA HC VNG CAO cho tc gi nh!!!)
HNG DN GII
Cht C4H6O2 c 5 ng phn tha mn yu cu ca :
HCOOCH=CH-CH3 (c 2phh); HCOOC(CH3)=CH2; HCOOCH2-CH=CH2
V CH3COOCH=CH2 p n l 5 cht.
Bi 56. Th nghim no sau y chng t trong phn t glucoz c 5 nhm hiroxyl?
A.Tin hnh phn ng to este ca glucoz

B. Thc hin phn ng trng bc
vi anhirit axetic
C. Kh hon ton glucoz thnh hexan
D. Cho glucoz tc dng vi Cu(OH)2
Phn tch
Cc th nghim dng nhn ra cu to ca glucoz
(5) Glucoz + AgNO3/NH3; +ddBr2 Axit gluconic
Phn t glucoz c nhm CHO
(6) Glucoz + Cu(OH)2 nhit thng dung dch mu xanh lam
Phn t glucoz c nhm nhiu OH v tr k nhau
(7) Glucoz + Anhidrit axetic este 5 chc
Phn t glucoz c 5 nhm OH
(8) Kh hon ton glucoz Hexan
Phn t glucoz c 6 nguyn t C,mch h, khng phn nhnh.
HNG DN GII
T s phn tch trn p n l : Tin hnh phn ng to este ca glucoz vi anhirit axetic
FC HA HC VNG CAO
Trn trng giithiu ti qu thy c v cc em hc sinh THPT trn ton quc b sch luyn thi i hc
c sc ca thy DongHuuLee GV mn Ha Hc , trng THPT Cm Thy 1 Thanh Ha. SCH GM
3 TP.
TP 1 . PHNG PHP T DUY V CC K THUT N TNG LC TON TP L THUYT HA
HC . GI 250K.
TP 2.PHNG PHP T DUY & CC K THUT GII SIU TC BI TON HA HC TRONG
THI I HC CAO NG .GI 500K.
TP 3. H THNG 50 THI & P N THI TH I HC CA CC TRNG CHUYN
TRN TON QUC. GI 250K.
B sch c vit theo phng chm hc mt bit mi v l cun cm nang tra cu mi phng
php gii nhanh v thng minh nht hin nay, gip cc em hc sinh c bit l nhng em khng c iu
kin n cc trung tm luyn thi t n luyn v sc vt qua bt k hc sinh n t cc trung tm luyn
thi n ting no. C b sch trong tay, bn c s c tip xc vi nhiu iu mi l v ngc nhin v
phong cch vit v nhiu phng php cha c trong bt k ti liu no .
Tin chc b sch s em li cho bn c s t tin v mn Ha hc v ng thi b sch cng s mang
li cho bn nhiu nim vui khi dng.
Mi bn c c nhu cu v b sch lin hy lin h vi tc gi thng qua s in thoi : 01629159224
hoc nhn tin vo a ch facebook : https://www.facebook.com/groups/210136082530524/
hoc FC HA HC VNG CAO 2.0.
Hnh thc giao dch.
+ Qu bn ng nghip v cc em hc sinh nhn file sch thng qua ch Gmail, Email hoc
facebook ca mnh.
+ Ph mua sch c chuyn qua th ATM hoc gi qua ng bu in ( chi tit qu bn c lin h
theo s in thoi trn).
Chc qu v ng nghip &cc em hc sinh li chc sc khe, hnh phc , c nhiu nim vui trong ging
dy, hc tp v cuc sng.Cho thn i ./.
Ad FC HA HC VNG CAO 2.0

DongHuuLee
PH LC
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05. Phương Pháp Tư Duy Hóa Học

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05. Phương Pháp Tư Duy Hóa Học

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FC HO HC VNG CAO 2.

CC PHNG PHP T DUY& K THUT N TNG LC

TON TP L THUYT HA HC THI I HC

Bi 1. Trng hp no sau y khng xy ra phn ng ho hc?

Muoi moi + A.moi

Loi A v : Fe + H2SO4 (long, ngui)

Chn D v : H2S + FeCl2

i BaSO4 v PbSO4 l hai mui khng tan trong mi axit.

i Tng nhng (e), Gim thu(e).

Bi 6.Thc hin cc th nghim sau:

(Trch Cu 5- M 596 H khi A 2010)

Va c tnh kh va c tnh oxi ha

Cht oxi ha mnh

Ch c tnh oxi ha mnh

C tnh oxi ha mnh

(Trch Cu 6- M 596 H khi A 2010)

ln ( v mhh lun khng i do bo ton khi lng).

(Trch Cu 12- M 596 H khi A 2010)

(Trch Cu 14- M 596 H khi A 2010)

(Trch Cu 16- M 596 H khi A 2010)

C. bn knh nguyn t gim, m in tng.

(Trch Cu 30- M 596 H khi A 2010)

(Trch Cu 44- M 596 H khi A 2010)

MxOy +2y H+(ca HCl v H2SO4 long)

(Trch Cu 45- M 596 H khi A 2010)

Khi nim cht mi trng ch tn ti i vi cc phn ng xy ra trong dung dch.

(Trch Cu 56- M 596 H khi A 2010)

( Loi mui to ra ph thuc vo t l mol NaOH : H2S)

Mui axit + Axit mnh Mui mi + axit mi.

Mui axit + Baz tan

Mui axit + Mui khc

Phn ng ch xy ra khi sn phm c cht :

- Tt c cc mui cha SO42- u tan ( - BaSO4 v PbSO4)

B. Cl2, CO2, C2H2.

B. Nh dung dch NH3 t t ti d vo dung dch CuSO4, thu c kt ta xanh.

H+ cng b th pH cng ln.

Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl(to mi trng axit)

H2CO3 + NaOH(to ra mi trng baz)

Vy quy lut chung ca s thy phn mui l: ci g mnh th to ra mi trng .

- Vi CuSO4 v AgNO3 th Ni u phn ng c v to ra kim loi bm trn thanh Ni :

NO2 , NO, N 2O, N 2 , NH 4 NO3 .

Cng ha tr khng Lin kt cng ha tr Lin kt ion

- Sn phm ca s tng tc ca cc ion phi l cht

(Trch Cu 25- M 516 C khi A 2010)

A. Crom(VI) oxit l oxit baz

S chuyn ha gia CrO42- v Cr2O72-:

Cr2O72-( mu da cam) + H2O

m rn sau = mrn trc - mkh

Khng thy phn

c im ca s thy phn: s thy phn ca mui l mt qu trnh thun nghch.iu ny c ngha

Khi thay i p sut, nhm gm cc cn bng ho hc u khng b chuyn dch l

thay i p sut ( v s phn t kh hai v khng bng nhau) loi A,B.

- Cch 2: da vo tnh cht ca hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt. C th

loi hay ni gn l trong kim loi )l lin kt kim loi.

C. Zn, Cu, Mg.

D. Hg, Na, Ca.

A. Mg, Al2O3, Al. B. Mg, K, Na. C. Zn, Al2O3, Al.

D. Fe, Al2O3, Mg.

Bi 51. Phn bn nitrophotka (NPK) l hn hp ca

(Trch Cu 44- M 182 C khi A 2009)

Cht lng c nh gi qua

c nh gi thng qua % P2O5.

Cha 14- 20% P2O5.

Muoi moi + A.moi