13. Bí Kíp Hóa Học - Kiến Thức Bị Lãng Quên

[text]
bi kip Chemistry focus
by Kaitorkid
Bi Kip
Chemistry
B kp ha hc
Kin thc b lng qun

B y
K a i t o r k i d
V e r s i o n 2.4
Last U p l o a d
08/05/2014
Page 1 of 87| Kin thc b lng qun
By Kaitorkid|Page 1
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by Kaitorkid
MC LC
Li ni u........................................................................................................................................ 4
S tng qut ................................................................................................................................ 5
Ha hc i cng & phn tch................................................................................................ 6
[Cc khi nim & nh l,] ............................................................................................................. 6
Part I. Nguyn t ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Part II. LKHH .............................................................................................................................................. 8
Part III. Tc P & cn bng hh .......................................................................................................... 11
[Nguyn t] ................................................................................................................................... 12
Part I: ................................................................................................................................................... 12
[cc vn v bng tun hon ].................................................................................................... 14
Part I: Bng tun hon ............................................................................................................................ 14
Part II: Quy lut tun hon tng qut ..................................................................................................... 14
Part III: Quy lut khc trong tng nhm ................................................................................................. 15
[So snh bn knh nguyn t, bn knh ion].................................................................................. 16
Part I: Method .......................................................................................................................................... 16
Part II: Ex ................................................................................................................................................. 16
[Lin kt ha hc] .......................................................................................................................... 17
Part I: Lin kt ......................................................................................................................................... 17
Part II: Lai ha ......................................................................................................................................... 17
Part III: Tinh th ...................................................................................................................................... 19
[So snh lk hidro, nhit si, tnh axit, bazo, tnh tan ] .......................................................... 21
Part I: 1 s yu t nh hng s so snh ............................................................................................... 21
Part II: so snh lin kt hidro .................................................................................................................. 22
Part III: so snh nhit si ................................................................................................................... 22
Ch [1]: [Cc nguyn tc so snh nhit si] ......................................................................... 23
Ch [2]: [Cc ch khi lm bi tp so snh nhit si] ......................................................... 24
Ch [3]: [Nhit si & nc 1 s cht](tham kho) .................................................................... 25
Part IV: so snh nhit nng chy ....................................................................................................... 25
Part V: so snh tnh axit, bazo ................................................................................................................. 25
Ha hc v c ........................................................................................................................ 27
[CC khi nim v c kh nh ] ..................................................................................................... 27
Part I ........................................................................................................................................................ 27
[CC tn gi v c kh nh ] ......................................................................................................... 29
Part I: Nhm Halogen .............................................................................................................................. 29
Part II: Nhm oxi ..................................................................................................................................... 29
Part III: Nit - Photpho ............................................................................................................................ 30
Part IV: Nhm cacbon .............................................................................................................................. 31
Part V: KL ................................................................................................................................................. 32
[PHN BN HH, CN SILICAT & GANG THP ] ................................................................................ 34
Part I: PHN BN HH............................................................................................................................... 34
By Kaitorkid|Page 2
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by Kaitorkid
Part II: CN SILICAT (nng cao) ............................................................................................................. 36

Part III: GANG THP ................................................................................................................................ 39
[i cng KL] ............................................................................................................................... 42
Part I: KL & Hp kim ................................................................................................................................ 42
Part II: Dy in ha KL & pin in ha .................................................................................................. 43
Part III: S in phn .............................................................................................................................. 44
Part IV: S n mn KL ............................................................................................................................. 45
Part V: iu ch KL .................................................................................................................................. 45
Ha hc hu c ...................................................................................................................... 46
[CC khi nim Hu c kh nh ] .................................................................................................. 46
Part I: ....................................................................................................................................................... 46
[CC tn gi hu c kh nh ] ....................................................................................................... 51
Part I: HCB, RX, ancol-phenol, andehit,axit HC & anhirit ...................................................................... 51
Part II: Este-lipit, cacbohidrat, amin axit-pr & polime ............................................................................. 53
Part III: B sung (lp y kin thc) ....................................................................................................... 57
[Ngun HCB thin nhin] (Nng cao) ............................................................................................ 59
Part I: DU M ........................................................................................................................................ 59
Part II: KH M DU & KH TN ................................................................................................................ 62
Part III: THAN M.................................................................................................................................... 63
[Danh php hu c] ....................................................................................................................... 64
Part I: iu cn bit ................................................................................................................................. 64
Part II: Danh php IUPAC & gc chc tng loi HCHC ........................................................................... 65
Part III: Tp chc (All) ............................................................................................................................. 67
[Cc loai ch s ca cht bo] (nng cao) ...................................................................................... 70
MORE ..................................................................................................................................... 71
[Quy lut tan ]................................................................................................................................ 71
[Quy lut phn tch\nhit phn ] ................................................................................................... 74
Part I: V c ............................................................................................................................................. 74
Phn [1]: P nhit phn ................................................................................................................... 74
Phn [2]: P t phn tch ................................................................................................................ 75
Part II: hu c ......................................................................................................................................... 76
[Lm kh kh m ] .......................................................................................................................... 76
[mu sc Kh Nh] ........................................................................................................................ 77
Part I: V c ............................................................................................................................................. 77
Part II: Hu c ......................................................................................................................................... 79
[Nhn bit & phn bit kh nh] ................................................................................................... 80
Part I: Phn bit & nhn bit v c ......................................................................................................... 80
Part II: Phn bit & nhn bit hu c .................................................................................................... 82
Kt ......................................................................................................................................... 86
By Kaitorkid|Page 3
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by Kaitorkid
Li ni u
Cc bn ang cm trong tay 1 cun b kp ha hc vit v phn l thuyt ca 3 quyn
SGK ha hc 10,11,12. Hu ht tt c nhng kin thc ny u c trong SGK, ngoi tr cc mo
gip i tm tr nh v cc chuyn nh So snh tnh axit, bazo, mnh tng hp t cc ti
liu khc. Mnh son ra cun b kp ny nhm gip cc bn d ghi nh nhng th ri rc nh l
trong sgk tr nn c h thng bng cch sp xp & tng hp li chng theo dng Mindmap (bn
t duy) hoc dng Table (bng). Bn cnh c nhng bi l thuyt ln & kh nh mnh
tch ring ra lm 1 ch . V mc ch mun n tr thnh 1 cun b kp l thuyt n tp
thay cho 3 quyn SGK nn mnh c gng tng hp sao cho y nht c th.
Cun b kp gm 4 phn chnh:
ha hc i cng & ha hc phn tch
ha hc v c
ha hc hu c
chuyn b sung (More)
Tuy nhin v bn n thi nn mnh khng thi gian vit tt c cc ch c.
ha hc i cng & phn tch : tng i y
ha hc v c & ha hc hu c: cha c phn tnh cht vt l , tnh cht ha hc,
iu ch ng dng cc cht. My ci ny chc cng d nh ^^
ha hc KT, XH, MT: mnh ko vit c chng ny lun ( ^^).
Nhng phn thiu ny s c vit cun b kp ha hc th 2 hoc bn Full update.
Nhng nhiu y chc cng gip phn no cho cc bn n tp trong nhng ngy cui
cng , c bit l 10 ngy trc khi thi H.
Mnh dng phn mm imindmap v cc s t duy , cc bn Google search s c ^^.
Cc bn in ra s d c hn .Mc ch ch yu ca b kp ny l tm li kin thc ca cc
bn, hu ch khi cc bn dng n n tp,ngha l cc bn phi xem qua sgk ri mi c n.
Mnh c gng nhng chc chn vn cn nhiu sai st , nu cc bn pht hin ra li sai
hoc thiu g th cc bn pm cho mnh nha.^^ Mi kin thc mc xin gi v
kaitorkid@yahoo.com.vn hoc spykaitorkid@gmail.com hoc www.facebook.com/kaitorkid .
Mnh l Kaitorkid (Mr.K) hi vng cun b kp ny s gip ch cho cc bn ^^.
By Kaitorkid|Page 4
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by Kaitorkid
S tng qut
Mnh tm thi tp trung nhiu vo nhng th kh nh (v thi gian ko cho php

lm tt c)
C 1 s phn thuc chng trnh gim ti 2012-2013, tt nhin ch p dng cho
phn t chn c bn, cn nu bn chn phn t chn nng cao th ko c gim ti g
nha.
Ci ny cc bn google search s c, mnh ko ghp vo y na
Nhng phn ny mnh s ghi r l thuc chng trnh nng cao (NC)
By Kaitorkid|Page 5
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Ha hc i cng & phn tch
[bi kip chemistry]
[Cc khi nim & nh l,

ngun tng hp & tham kho : SGK
Part I. Nguyn t
phn ny tng i l chn nhng li nguy him :D v cc bn thng c cm gic s ko thi vo\
..vv.. v ko n nhng cu ch s l qu la p cho cc bn
nn lt qua 1 ln phng chng may c phn no cha n \ n ri m ko nh ^^
STT
Tn
Ni dung
Lch s tm ra hn ngt, p, n, e (cha thy thi bao gi^^)
S tm
ra e
S tm
ra ht
nhn ng
t
1987, Tm-xn nh bc hc ngi Anh pht hin ra tia m cc, bn cht : dng e
nh hin tng phng in trong chn khng: ng cho phng in vi V=15 000 V qua
2 in cc gn vo u 1 ng kn rut gn ht kk thy mn hunh quang trong ng
thy tinh pht sng
1911, R--pho & cc cng s cho cc ht bn ph 1 l vng mng & dng mn

hunh quang t sau l vng theo di ng i ca 1 ht
kt qu: hu kt cc ht
pha sau khi gp l vng
u xuyn qua l vng, 1 s t lch hng, 1 s t bt li
By Kaitorkid|Page 6
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by Kaitorkid
S tm
ra p
1918, R pho bn ph hn ng t N bng ht

1,
.10
& q=1+ proton
thy 1 hn O & 1 ht c khi lng
S tm
ra n
1932, Chat-uch (cng tc vin ca R pho): dng ht

hin 1 loi ht mi c khi lng ~mp & q=0 ntron
bn ph hn Be thy xut
Cu to ngt, ng v, AO
1
Ht
nhn
Nguyn t c cu to rng, cc e chuyn ng xung quanh 1 ht mang in tch dng

c kch thc rt nh so vi nhuyn t, nm tm nguyn t. l hn nguyn t.
e ha tr
L nhng e c kh nng tham gia hnh thnh kin kt ha hc. Chng thng nm lp
ngoi cng \ c phn lp st lp ngoi cng nu phn lp cha bo ha
ng v
ng v ca cng 1 nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng s p nhng khc

nhau v s n
Hidro c 3 ng v: H,D,T
AO
Obitan nguyn t l khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m ti xc sut c mt

(xc sut tm thy ) e khong 90%
Trong nguyn t , cc e chuyn ng rt nhanh quanh hn ko theo 1 qu o x no
Lp & phn lp e (d die ^^)
Lp
Cc e trn cng 1 lp c nng lng gn bng nhau
Phn lp
Cc e trn cng 1 phn lp c nng lng bng nhau

Cu hnh e (d die ^^)
Nguyn
l Pau-li
Trn 1 AO ch c th c nhiu nht l 2 e & 2 e ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu

nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi e
Nguyn
l vng
bn
trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc e chim ln lt nhng AO c mc nng lng

t thp n cao
Quy tc
Hun
Trong cng 1 phn lp, cc e s phn b trn cc AO: s e c thn l max & cc e ny
phi c chiu t quay ging nhau
Bng tun hon
By Kaitorkid|Page 7
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by Kaitorkid
Chu k
L dy cc ng t m ng t ca chng c cng s lp e c xp theo chiu Z tng dn
10
Nhm
nguyn
t
L tp hp cc ng t m ng t c cu hnh e tng t nhau, do c tnh cht ha hc

gn ging nhau & c xp thnh 1 ct
11
Nguyn
t s,p,d,f
12
I1
13
e cui cng xp vo phn lp s,p,d,f
(ko phi e phn lp ngoi cng nh, nhm l die ^^)

L nl min cn tch e th 1 ra khi ng t trng thi c bn
m in c trng cho kh nng ht e ca ng t khi to thnh lk hh
14
Tnh KL
L tc ca 1 ng t m ng t ca n d nhng e tr thnh ion (+)
15
Tnh PK
L tc ca 1 ng t m ng t ca n d nhn e tr thnh ion (-)
16
nh
lut
tun
hon
Tnh cht ca cc ng t & n cht cng nhe thnh phn & tc ca hp cht to nn t
cc ng t o bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca Z
Part II. LKHH

STT
Tn
Ni dung
LKHH
LKHH
L s kt hp gia cc ng t to pt \ tinh th bn vng hn
Quy tc
bt t
Ion
LK ion
L LK c to thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion kang in tch tri du. c hnh

thnh gia KL in hnh & PK in hnh
LK CHT
L LK hnh thnh gia 2 ng t = 1 \ nhiu cp e chung
LK cho
nhn
Trong 1 s trng hp, cp e chung ch do 1 cp ng t ng gp lk gia 2 ng t l lk

cho-nhn. V d : O=SO
Cc ng t c khuynh hng lk vi cc ng t khc t uc cu hnh e vng bn ca

kh him v 8 e (hoc i 2 e vi He) lp ngoi cng
Ng t \ nhm ng t mang in
Lai ha
7
Thuyt
lai ha
S xen
ph trc
Trc cc AO tham gia lin kt trng ng ni tm 2 ng t lk .
S xem
ph bn
Trc cc AO tham gia lin kt song song vi nhau & vung gc vi ng ni tm 2 ng t

lk
S lai ha AO l s t hp (trn ln) mt s AO trong 1 ng t uc tng y AO lai

ha ging nhau nhng nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian
Ha tr & s oxi ha
11
Ha tr
trong hc ion: l in ha tr & bng in tch ca ion

trong hc CHT: gi l CHT & bng s lk CHT m ngt ng t to ra uc vi cc ng t
By Kaitorkid|Page 8
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by Kaitorkid
khc trong pt
12
S OXH
L in tch ca ng t ng t nu gi nh LK gia cc ng t trong pt l lk ion

LK kim loi
13
LK KL
L lk c hnh thnh gia cc ng t & ion KL trong mng tt do s tham gia ca cc e t

do
Part III. PHH

STT
Tn
Ni dung
P OXH kh (ci ny d ri^^)
Easy. (L PHH trong c s chuyn e gia cc cht P , hay c s thay i s OXH 1

s ng t )
Cht kh
Khu quyt: Kh cho o nhn
Cht OXH
(kh: cht kh, o: cht OXH)

cht kh l cht nhng e hay l cht c s OXH tng sau P
cht OXH l cht nhn e hay l cht c s OXH gim sau P
S kh
(qu trnh kh) xy ra vi cht OXH , lm cht nhng e\ lm tng s OXH cht
S OXH
(qu trnh OXH) xy ra vi cht kh , lm cht nhn e hay lm gim s OXH cht
ngha
P OXH
kh
(ko cn :D )
Phn loi P trong hh v c

P c s thay i s OXH v P ko c s thay i s OXH
c im PTP (i khi)
P ha
hp
P phn
hy
S thay i s OXH cc ng t
c hoc ko c s thay i s OXH
H
H O (c)
CaO
CO
CaCO (ko)
c hoc ko c s thay i s OXH

KClO
KCl
Cu(OH)
CuO
H O (ko)
L p OXH kh ?
Yes \ No
Yes\ No
(c)
P th
Lun c s thay i s OXH
Yes
P trao
i
Lun ko c s thay i s OXH
No
By Kaitorkid|Page 9
[text]
by Kaitorkid
P TA NHIT & P THU NHIT

P ta nhit
N
Nhit
P
P thu nhit
L PHH gii phng nl di dng nhit
L PHH hp th nl di dng nhit
p t chy xng du,
p phn hy CaCO3,
H: ch lng nhit km theo mi PHH

H
c
im
PT
nhit
ha
hc
L P c ghi thm gi tr H & trng thi cc cht
( )
( )
( )
Phn loi P trong hh hu c
By Kaitorkid|Page 10
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Part IV. Tc P & cn bng hh

STT
Tn
Ni dung
Tc P & Cn bng hh
Tc
p
l bin thin nng 1 trong cc cht p \ sp trong 1 n v time

nh hng bi 5 yu t chnh: C cht p, p sut (vi P c cht kh),
b mt & cht xc tc
,din tch
ngoi ra, mi trng xy ra P, tc khut trn, tc dng ca cc tia bc x, cng

c nh hng
2
CBHH
L tt ca p thun nghch khi tc p thun = p nghch

Ch ph thuc nhit
vi P :
[ ] .[ ]
[ ] .[ ]
ch : nu P c cht rn\dung mi th vt i ^^ (ko c mt trong cng thc trn)

Chng hn:
th
[
[
][
].[
H ng
th
L h ko c b mt phn chia trong h. V d : h gm cc cht kh,
H d th
l h c b mt phn chia trong h , qua b mt ny c s thay i t ngt tnh cht.

V d: h gm cht rn & cht kh, h gm cht rn & cht tan trong dd
Nguyn l
LSatli
Mt p thun nghch ang tranh thi CB khi chu 1 tc ng t bn ngoi nh bin i

C, p, , th CB s chuyn dch theo chiu l gim tc ng bn ngoi
Cht xc
tc
ko lm bin i K hay nng cc cht trong CB ko lm CB chuyn dch

ch lm tng tc P thun & tc P nghch vi s ln bng nhau lm P
nhanh t trng thi CB hn
[text]
by Kaitorkid
[bi kip chemistry]
[Nguyn t
Part I:
1. Cu to ng t
mi ht nhn nguyn t ca mi nguyn t u c p & n ?
Sai. Ring hidro (ko tnh ng v D & T) ht nhn ch c 1 p & ko c n
Mi ngt u c s p
s n?
Sai . Ngoi tr H
in tch, khi lng

e
1, 0 .10
,10
n
1
.10
1,
.10
1,
.10
khi lng ko cn nh v trong my tnh c sn ri

Nguyn t c cu to rng cc e chuyn ng xung quanh 1 ht mang in tch ng c kch thc rt
nh so vi kch thc ca ngt, nm trung tm ngt-ht nhn nt. (trch sgk10-tr.5)
s p
s n < 1,52 s p (tr H)
2. Lp & phn lp
Lp e
Lp (n)
Tn lp
S phn lp
S AO
Phn lp
S AO
3. Th t vit cu hnh e
Cch nh
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Cch 1
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
3d
4s
4p
4d
4f
5s
5p
5d
5f
5g
6s
6p
6d
6f
6g
6h
7s
7p
7d
7f
7g
7h
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s
Cch 2:
1s
(2s 2p)
(3s 3p)
(4s
4p)
3d
(5s
5p)
(6s
4d
6p)
(7s
4f 5d
7p)
5f 6d
Cch 3
ss
ps
ps
dps
dps
fdps
fdps
son son
phn son
phn son
nh phn son
nh phn son
fi nh phn son
fi nh phn son
im c bit vi Cu,Cr,
t cu hnh bn th nhng ng t c cu hnh e: (
(
(
C ? ngt c e ngoi cng l

3. l: {
...(
(
1)
1)
1)
1)
s t bin i :
1)
1)
:[ ]
:[ ]
:[ ]
C ? ngt c e ngoi cng l
[text]
by Kaitorkid
[bi kip chemistry]
Cc vn v bng tun hon

ngun tng hp & tham kho : SGK, Lamsao.vn,go.vn
Part I: Bng tun hon

1. Cch nh bng tun hon
Mt trc
IA
IIA
IIIB IIB
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
VIIA
1 H
VIIIA
Hng(He)
2 Lnh(Li)
B(Be)
B (B)
C(C)
Nh(N)
ng(O) Fi(F)
3 No(Na)
Mang(Mg)
n (Al)
Sinh(Si)
Pn(P)
Say(S)
Chng(Cl) n(Ar)
4 Khng(K)
C(Ca)
G (Ga)
G(Ge)
t(As)
S(Se)
B(Br)
Khc(Kr)
5 Ru(Rb) Sang(Sr)
Trong(In)
Sang(Sn) S(Sb)
T(Te)
Iu(I)
Xng(Xe)
6 C(Cs)
B(Ba)
Tlnh(Tl) Ph(Pb)
Anh(At)
Rng(Rn)
7 F(Fr)
Rn(Ra)
Pun(Pb) P(Po)
Nga(Ne)
Dy in ha cu KL
Li2+
K+
Ba2+
Ca2+
Na+
Mg2+
Al3+
Mn2+
Zn2+
Cr3+
Fe2+
Ni2+
Sn2+
Pb2+
Fe3+
2H+
Cu2+
Fe3+
Hg+
Ag+
Pt2+
Au3+
Li
Ba
Ca
Na
Mg
Al
Mn
Zn
Cr
Fe
Ni
Sn
Pb
Fe
H2
Cu
Fe2+
Hg
Ag
Pt
Au
Khi
Bn
Cn
Nh
May
Mng
Zp
St
Nn
Sang
Ph
St
Hi
Gi
Hng
Bc
Pha
Vng
Cr
Tnh kh gim, tnh OXH tng
Part II: Quy lut tun hon tng qut
[text]
by Kaitorkid
R (*)
I1 (nl ion ha th nht) (**)

m in (***)
tnh KL
tnh phi kim
tnh baz ca oxit & hidroxit
tnh axit ca oxit & hidroxit
ha tr cao nht vi H (ch tnh chiu ngang)
ha tr cao nht vi O (ch tnh chiu ngang)
(*) ngoi l: H l nguyn t c bn knh nh nht (~0,053 nm) ch ko phi He

(**) NHM IVA: th t BTH (t trn xung): C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb nhng th t I1: C>Si>Ge>Pb>Sn
(***) NHM IVA: th t BTH (t trn xung): C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb nhng th t : C>Si>Ge>Pb>Sn
(ging quy lut I1)
CHU K 6: th t BTH (tri phi): Cs, Ba, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, At nhng th t
:Cs<Ba<Tl<Po<Bi<At<Pb
Part III: Quy lut khc trong tng nhm

Nhm Halogen
Elk X-X
(kc)
(kJ/mol)
Trng
thi X2
Mu sc
159
243
192
151
Kh
Kh
Lng
Rn
Lc nht
Vng lc
Nu
en tm
Tng dn
F
Cl
Br
I
Mu AgX
Tng dn
AgCl Trng
AgBr Vng nht
AgI vng
Axit
HX
Tnh
OXH
X2
mnh
tng
dn
Gim
dn
Tnh
kh
XTng
dn
KLK
(
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
KLKT
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Gim dn
(
1330
892
760
688
690
1280
650
838
768
714
2770
1110
1440
1380
1640
0,53
0,97
0,86
1,53
1,90
D (g/cm3)
D (g/cm3)
1,85
1,74
1,55
2,6
3,5
cng
0,6
0,4
0,5
0,3
0,2
cng
2,0
1,5
1,8
[text]
by Kaitorkid
[bi kip chemistry]
[So snh bn knh nguyn t,bn knh ion]

ngun tng hp & tham kho :
Part I: Method
Th t so snh:
s lp e
s lp cng ln bn knh cng ln

cng s e, Z cng ln bn knh cng nh
Part II: Ex
EX1: Sp xp bn kinh gim dn:
A.
B.
C.
D.
S lp
10
11
12
[text]
by Kaitorkid
[bi kip chemistry]
Lin kt ha hc
Part I: Lin kt
Lin kt
CHT
Ion
CHT ko cc
0,
CHT c cc
1,
Bn cht lk
S dng chung cc e
Lc ht tnh in gia cc ion

mang in tch tri du
k lk
Gia cc ng t ging nhau \ gn ging nhau v bn

cht hh ( thng vi ng t PK nhm IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA)
Xy ra gia nhng ng t khc

hn nhau v bn cht hh (
thng vi Kl in hnh & PK
in hnh)
Ngoi l:
HF c
=1,78 nhng lk CHT c cc
(ang cp nht)
Part II: Lai ha

1. Cch xc nh lai ha:
Lai ha
a+b+c+d = s LK + s cp e khng lin kt
max
max
vi {
max
max
Th t: ly gi tr ln nht ca a ri mi n bck
V d:
c 2 Lk + 1 cp e ko lk
2. Bng lai ha
[text]
Lai
ha
sp
Phn loi
LK
by Kaitorkid
Hnh v
Dng hnh
hc
Gc
Thng
1 0
V d
,
sp2
Tam gic u
1 0
,
,
,
,
,
2
Gp khc
Gn 1 0
,
,
sp3
T din u
10
Chp y
,
sp3d1
sp3d2
Gp khc
Thng
Gn 10
Lng chp
Bt din u
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Part III: Tinh th

Ch : Tinh th ion, tinh th nguyn t, phn t thuc chng trnh nng cao
1 Cc loi tt
TT ion
TT NGUYN T
TT PHN T
TT KL
Khai nim
c hnh thnh
t nhng ion mang
in tch tri du
c hnh thnh t cc
ng t
Hnh thnh t cc
phn t
Hnh thnh t
nhng ion , ng t
KL & e t do
Lin kt
Bn cht tnh in
Cc ng t nm nt
mng, lk vi nhau bng
lk CHT
Lc tng tc phn t
(yu)
Bn cht tnh in
Tnh cht
chung
Bn
cng ln
t bn, mm
nh kim, do
V d
NaCl
Kh nc, kh bay
hi
cao
thp, d bay hi
Phn t iot:
Kim cng:
3
to bi C lai ha sp lk
CHT 4 nguyn t C gn
nht nm 4 nh 1 t
din
ng 4 cp e
chung
cng nht
Dn din, nhit
good
KL
L phn t 2
nguyn t , cc phn
t iot nm trn cc
nh & tm cc mt
ca hlp (tt lp
phng tm din)
Ko bn, c s thng
hoa
phn t nc
Mi phn t H2O lk
4 phn t gn n nht
nm trn 4 nh 1 t
din u thuc cu
trc t din
so vi nc lng: D
nh hn, V ln hn
2. Chi tit Tinh th KL

Lp phng tm khi
Lp phng tm din
Lc phng
Hnh v
S n v
cu trc
[text]
Lin h R &
a,h
p
Gm
by Kaitorkid
68%
&
74%
74%
KLK (thuc IA)
Ca, Sr (thuc IIA)
Be,Mg (thuc IIA)
Ba, Ra (thuc IIA)
Ni,Pd,Pt (thuc VIIIB)
Zn,Cd (thuc IIB)
Cr,Mo,W (thuc VIB)
Cu, Ag, Au (thuc IB)
Fe (thuc VIIIB)
Al (thuc IIIA)
Pb (thuc IVA)
V,Nb,Ta (thuc VB)
Rh, Ir
Sc,Y,La
Eu
Ce,Yb
Ti,Zr,
Th
[text]
by Kaitorkid
[bi kip chemistry]
[So snh
hidro, nhit si, tnh axit,
bazo, tnh tan ]
ngun tng hp & tham kho : Trithucbonphuong.com, violet, http://www.aotrangtb.com,
ti liu ca ThS. Nguyn i Nhn, ca thy V Khc Ngc
Part I: 1 s yu t nh hng s so snh

1.Nhm ht e & y e
nhm ht e :
gm {
mnh gc ht e:
-NO2 > -COOH > -CHO > -C R> -C6H5 (trong vai tr nhm ht e) > -C=R
-F> -Cl > -Br > -I
lm tng mnh lk H, tng nhit si, tng tnh axit, gim tnh bazo
cng 1 gc th cng gn nguyn t H linh ng, s lng cng nhiu th cng c tc dng mnh
Nhm y e:
lm gim lk hidro, gim nhit si, gim tnh axit, tng tnh bazo
gc HCB cng phn nhnh, cng di y e cng mnh
cng 1 gc th cng gn nguyn t H linh ng, s lng cng nhiu th cng c tc dng mnh
y e:
-OH > -NH2 > -R (no)
(CH3)3C- > (CH3)2CH- > CH3CH2CH2- > C2H5 - > CH3- > H im c bit ca gc phenyl C6H5-: s l gc y e nu n lk vi 1 gc ht e & s l gc ht e nu
n lk vi 1 gc y e
2. phn cc
Th t phn cc ca cc chc\cht khng c lk hidro (cng M):
-COO- >-CO- > -CHO > R-X > -0- > R-H
3.Cis & trans
cis
0
trans
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Part II: so snh lin kt hidro

1.Lin kt hidro l g?
L lk tng tc tnh in yu gia phn t hidro mang in tch dng vi phn t mang in m
2. iu kin c lk hidro l g?
Trong hp cht phi cha H
H phi lk trc tip vi nguyn t: c m in ln & c cp e t do
V d: F,Cl,N,O,
3. C nhng loi lk H no & tc dng ca n?
Lk H ni phn t:
l lk hidro ngay trong pt
k: k cn: hp cht c 2 nhm chc tr ln
k : khi to lk hidro phi to c vng 5\6 cnh
V d 1 :
V d 2 : Cht no c lk H ni phn t?
Ch c (2) tha mn k:
Tc dng: gim nhit si

Lk H ngoi pt
l lk H gia cc pt cng loi\khc loi vi nhau
tc dng: tng nhit si, tng tan/H2O (nu c lk H vi H2O)
4. So snh mnh lk H
theo nhm chc: -COOH > phenol > -OH> -NH2
theo gc ht e & y e :(xem part I)
Part III: so snh nhit si

Tng qut Quy lut chung ph bin:
t0s HCB <R-X, andehit, xeton < amin <ancol < axit cacboxylic < aminoaxit < mui ancolat , muicacboxylat
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Ch [1]: [Cc nguyn tc so snh nhit si]

(u tin) lk ion
lk H
khi lng
phn cc
mch cacbon
cis & trans
Nguyn tc 1: nu c lk ion
hp cht lin kt ion s c nhit si cao hn.
V d :
So snh nhit si ca CH3COONa v CH3COOH.
-CH3COONa khng c lin kt hiro nhng c lin kt ion gia Na-O; CH3COOH c lin kt hiro. Nhng
nhit si ca CH3COONa cao hn.
Nguyn tc 2: lk hidro
Hai hp cht c cng khi lng hoc khi lng xp x nhau th hp cht no c lin kt hiro bn hn s
c nhit si cao hn.
V d 1:
So snh nhit si ca CH3COOH v C3H7OH.
- C hai u c khi lng phn t bng 60. Nhng CH3COOH c lin kt hiro bn hn lin kt hiro trong
C3H7OH. Nn nhit si ca CH3COOH cao hn nhit si ca C3H7OH.
V d 2 :
So snh nhit si ca CH3OH v CH3CHO.
- CH3OH c M=32. CH3CHO c M=44.
CH3OH c lin kt hiro, CH3CHO khng c lin kt hiro, nn CH3OH c nhit si cao hn CH3CHO.
Nguyn tc 3: khi lng
Hai hp cht cng kiu lin kt hiro hoc l ng ng, hp cht no c khi lng ln hn s c nhit
si cao hn.
V d 1:
So snh nhit si ca CH3OH v C2H5OH.
- C hai u c cng kiu lin kt hidro, nhng m C2H5OH=46> m CH3OH=32 C2H5OH c nhit si
cao hn CH3OH.
V d 2:
So snh nhit si ca C2H6 v C3H8.
- C hai u khng c lin kt hiro, khi lng ca C3H8 ln hn khi lng ca C2H6 nn C3H8 c nhit
si ln hn.
Nguyn tc 4: phn cc
Hai hp cht hu c u khng c lin kt hiro, c khi lng xp x nhau th hp cht no c tnh phn
cc hn s c nhit si cao hn
Ch : th t phn cc ca cc chc\cht khng c lk hidro (cng M):
[text]
by Kaitorkid
-COO- >-CO- > -CHO > R-X > -0- > R-H
V d:
So snh nhit si ca HCHO v C2H6.
- Hai hp cht trn u khng c lin kt hiddro v khi lng bng nhau, nhng HCHO c tnh phn cc hn
nn c nhit si cao hn.
Nguyn tc 5: din tch tip xc (mch cacbon)
Hai hp cht l ng phn ca nhau th hp cht no c din tch tip xc phn t ln hn s c nhit
cao hn hn bc cng cao, cng nhiu nhnh, nhnh cng gn nhm chc nhit si cng
thp
V d: So snh nhit si:
- C hai u c khi lng bng nhau, u khng c lin kt hiro. B c din tch tip xc ln hn nn c
nhit si cao hn A.
6 Nguyn tc 6: cis > trans
Hai ng phn hnh hc, nhit si cis>trans (do momen lng cc cis>trans)
V d:
So snh nhit si ca cis but-2-en v trans but-2-en: cis>trans
Ch [2]: [Cc ch khi lm bi tp so snh nhit si]

Bi tp thng gp: sp xp nhit si theo chiu tng dn \ gim dn,
Vi hidrocacbon
i theo chiu tng dn ca dy ng ng ( ankan ,anken ,ankin , aren ...) th nhit si tng dn v
khi lng phn t tng .
Cng khi lng phn t nhng: ankan < anken < ankin < aren do tng v s lin kt pi mt thm
nng lng ph v lin kt pi nhit si cao hn.
ng phn no c mnh di hn th c nhit si cao hn
Vi cc dn xut R-X ( R: hidrocabon nh anken ,ankan X : thng l halogen)
Dn xut halogen ca anken si v nng chy nhit si thp hn dn xut ca ankan tng ng .
Dn xut ca benzen : a 1 nhm th n gin vo vng benzen s lm tng nhit si .
Vi hp cht cha nhm chc
2 cht cng dy ng ng cht no c khi lng phn t ln hn th nhit si ln hn
Xt vi cc hp cht c nhm chc khc nhau, nhit si :
axit >ancol >amin > -COO- >-CO- > -CHO > R-X > -0- > R-H
Ch vi Ancol v Axit :
-Cc gc dy e (khng c lk pi: CH3,C2H5.) s lm tng nhit si do lin kt H bn hn
-Cc gc ht e (c lin kt pi: Phenyl,; halogenua: F-,Cl-,Br-,I-) s lm gim nhit si do lin kt H
km bn hn, gc ht cng mnh cng lm gim nhit si v cng xa nhm chc th lc tng tc li
cng yu i .
-Vi ancol: ng phn tert<sec<iso<n-ancol
[text]
by Kaitorkid
nu c H2O: t0s ancol c 4 C tr ln > H2O (1000C) > ancol c 3 C

Ch vi cc hp cht thm c cha nhm chc OH ,-COOH ,-NH2
- Nhm th loi 1 ( khng cha lk pi :CH3 , C3H7 ) c tc dng y e vo nhn thm lm lin kt H
trong nhm chc km bn hn nn lm tng nhit si .
- Nhm th loi 2 ( cha lin kt pi : NO2 ,C2H4 ) c tc dng ht e ca nhn thm lm lin kt H
trong chc km bn i nn lm gim nhit si .
- Nhm th loi 3 ( cc halogen : -F ,-Cl ,-Br ,-I ) c tc dng y e tng t nh nhm th loi 1.
* Vi phenol: t0s phenol > ancol c 7 C tr xung & axit c 4 C tr xung
Ch [3]: [Nhit si & nc 1 s cht](tham kho)

Cht
Cht
Ka
CH3OH
- 97
64,5
HCOOH
8,4
101
3,77
C2H5OH
- 115
78,3
CH3COOH
17
118
4,76
C3H7OH
- 126
97
C2H5COOH
- 22
141
4,88
C4H9OH
- 90
118
n - C3H7COOH
-5
163
4,82
C5H11OH
- 78,5
138
i C3H7COOH
- 47
154
4,85
C6H13OH
- 52
156,5
n C4H9COOH
- 35
187
4,86
C7H15OH
- 34,6
176
n- C5H11COOH
-2
205
4,85
H2O
100
CH2=CH- COOH
13
141
4,26
C6H5OH
43
182
(COOH)2
180
1,27
C6H5NH2
-6
184
C6H5COOH
122
249
4,2
CH3Cl
-97
-24
CH3OCH3
-24
C2H5Cl
-139
12
CH3OC2H5
11
C3H7Cl
-123
47
C2H5OC2H5
35
C4H9Cl
-123
78
CH3OC4H9
71
CH3Br
-93
HCHO
-92
-21
C2H5Br
-119
38
CH3CHO
-123,5
21
C3H7Br
-110
70,9
C2H5CHO
-31
48,8
CH3COC3H7
-77,8
101,7
CH3COCH3
-95
56,5
C2H5COC2H5
-42
102,7
CH3COC2H5
-86,4
79,6
Part IV: so snh nhit nng chy

cis
0
trans
Part V: so snh tnh axit, bazo

1 Cng loi nhm chc:
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Theo gc ht e, y e (xem part I)

2 So snh cc chc khc nhau
tnh axit:
mnh ca cc axit :
AXIT mnh
AXIT trung bnh
AXIT yu
AXIT rt yu
,
,
,
(
)(
(bng ny mnh tham kho trn mng v ko chc chn chnh xc ^^ )

Ci ny chc chn ng:
Ancol < H2O < phenol <H2SiO3<H2CO3< RCOOH< axit v c mnh hn H2CO3
tnh bazo
amin bc I < amin bc II v III
amin thm < NH3 < amin khng thm
Ch : bazo cng mnh axit lin hp cng yu & ngc li
so snh cc bazo\axit m khng c quy lut trn th ta so snh axit lin hp\bazo
lin hp ca chng ri suy ra th t cn tm
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Ha hc v c
[bi kip chemistry]
[CC
khi nim v c kh nh ]
ngun tng hp & tham kho:

ghi ch: phn ny, nhng khi nim v CN Silicat, Phn bn, gang thp c vit chi tit phn PHn
bn HH, CN SILICAT & GANG THP
Part I
Ch : phn ny nhng khi nim cn nh ch c phn i cng KL, v vy mnh tch
ring ra ch i cng KL. Cc bn c ch s y hn (mnh vn gi li
phn ny m ko xa i cc bn chc chn l ko cn khi nim no na. Th 2 l cch
k bng ngn gn hn , bn no ph hp cch hc no th xem phn ^^ )
Khi nim
Tn
Nhm halogen
Nhm oxi
Nhm Cacbon
i cng KL
KL &
hp
kim
Hp kim
L vt liu kim loi c cha 1 kim li c bn & 1 s KL\PK khc
1 kl c
bn
Hp kim: l
vt liu KL
cha
1 s
kl\pk
#
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Tc hp kim:
ng dng hk: (ko c g cn nh)

Dy
in
ha
Cp oxi ha
kh
dng oxi ha & dng kh ca cng 1 ng t kl to nn cp oxi ha kh
Pin &
in
phn
Cu mui
trong cu mui, cc cation (+) di chuyn sang cc (+), cc anion (-) di chuyn
sang cc (-)
Anot,catot
anot: ni xy ra s oxi ha
catot: ni xy ra s kh
trong pin : anot: (-), catot : (+)
trong f : anot: (+), catot: (-)
Th in cc
chun
L Epin to bi in cc hidro chun & tm KL nhng vo dd mui ca n vi

[ion KL]=1M
Chiu P
OXHK (quy
tc )
Kl ca cp OXH-K c E0 nh hn kh c cation KL ca cp OXH-K c E0 ln

hn
S f
L qu trnh OXH-K xy ra b mt cc in cc khi c dng in 1 chiu i

qua cht in li nc \ dd cht in li
Hin tng
dng cc
tan
Xy ra khi anot (cc m) lm bng kim loi trong dd f

V d: f dd CuSO4 vi anot Cu
[ion kl] ko i trong qt f
Th t f
vi ion KL: t phi tri dy in ha
vi anion:
)
(anion tnh kh mnh hn b f trc) (

n mn
KL
n mn Kl
L s ph hy KL\Hp kim do tc dng ca cc cht trong mi trng
n mn hh
L qt OXH-K , trong o cc e ca KL uc chuyn trc tip n cc cht trong

mi trng
n mn in
ha
L qt OXH-K, trong o KL b n mn do tc dng ca dd cht in li & to

nn dng e chuyn t cc (-) cc (+)
1. cc in cc khc nhau v bn cht

k xy ra :{ . cc in cc phi tip xc trc tip gin tip qua dy dn
. cc in cc cng tip xc vi dd cht in li
[text]
by Kaitorkid
[bi kip chemistry]
[CC
tn gi v c kh nh ]
ngun tng hp & tham kho: SGK
Part I: Nhm Halogen

Qung cha clo: Cacnalit: KCl.MgCl2.6H2O
Xinvinit:KCl.NaCl
Axit c oxi ca clo:
Axit hipocloro (HClO)
Axit cloro (HClO2)
Axit cloric (HClO3)
Axit pecloric (HClO4)
Qung cha flo:
- Florit (CaF2)
- Criolit (Na3AlF6)
Khc:
Nc Javen (NaCl + NaClO)
Clorua Vi (CaOCl2)
Kali Clorat (KClO3)
Part II: Nhm oxi

Natri thriosunfat:
Cc dng th hnh ca lu hunh
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Lu hunh t phng (
Lu hunh n t (
Cu to tinh th
2,07 g/cm3
1,96 g/cm3
1130C
1100C
<95,50C
T 95,51190C
Part III: Nit - Photpho

Phn bn (xem chi tit box phn bn):
Phn m: Ure: (NH2)2CO
Phn Supephotphat n (14 20% P2O5): Ca(H2PO4)2+ CaSO4
Phn Supephotphat kp (40 50% P2O5): Ca(H2PO4)2
Phn ln nng chy (12 14% P2O5): Hn hp photphat, silicat vi Ca, Mg
Phn kali:
Phn hn hp Nitrophotka: (
Phn phc hp Amophot: (
)
)
Phn vi lng: B, Mn, Mo, Cu, Zn

Qung cha photpho:
Apatit:
Photphorit:
) .
(
Qung cha Nito

Natri Nitrat (Dim tiu) (NaNO3)
Cc th hnh ca P (chng trnh nng cao)
P trng
Mng tt phn t : cc nt mng l cc phn t

hnh t din P4. Cc P4 lk vi nhau bng lc tng
tc yu
Mm, d nc
Cu trc polime
Ko tan trong nc, d tan trong 1 s dung mi HC

c: gy bng nng khi ri vo da
, pht quang mu lc trong bng ti
Bc chy trong kk
0 bo qun: ngm
trong nc
Ko tan trong dung mi HC, d ht m & chy ra
Bn trong kk
Ko pht quang
Bc chy
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Part IV: Nhm cacbon

Qung\khong vt
Cacbon
Hc khc
- Canxit : CaCO3
Nc kh:
- Magiezit : MgCO3
Soa:
- Dolomit : CaCO3.MgCO3
Photgen:
(
Silic
rn
- Ct (SiO2)
- Cao lanh (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O)
- Xecpentin (3MgO.2SiO2.2H2O)
- Fenspat (Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2)
Cc dng th hnh ca cacbon:

Kim cng
Than ch
Cacbon v nh hnh
Tinh th nguyn t khng Tinh th cu trc lp mu

mu, trong sut, khng xm en, nh kim, dn
dn in, dn nhit km, in km kim loi, mm
cng nht
Fuleren (nng cao)
Bao gm than g, than Cu trc hnh cu rng,

xng, than mui cu gm C70, C60
to xp, c kh nng
hp ph kh & cht tan
Kh than kh & kh tan t

Kh than t
Kh than kh\kh l gas
Hn hp kh t P c CO khi cho hi nc i qua

than nung nng:
Hn hp kh thu c khi sx CO trong l gas:
Dng lm nhin liu kh
Cng nghip Silicat (xem chi tit box CN SILICAT)
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Part V: KL
1. Cc qung\hp cht kim loi
Qung\khong vt
KLK
,KLKT
B sung
Cacnalit: KCl.MgCl2.6H20
Thch cao khan: CaSO
Xinvinit: NaCl.KCl
Thch cao sng:CaSO . H O

Thch cao nung: CaSO . H O or CaSO . 0, H O
Nhm
Anotit: CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2
Boxit : l O . H O
Berin : l O . BeO. SiO
Mika: K O. l O . SiO . H O
Cao lanh: l O . SiO . H O
Fenspat: Na O. l O . SiO
Emeri: nhm oxit trong t nhin dng khan, c

cng cao, lm mi
Corinon tinh khit: l O khan, l ngc thch rt
cng, cu to tinh th trong sut, khng mu
Corinon ln
: ngc rubi (mu )
Corinon ln
&
: ngc saphia (mu xanh)
Rubi & saphia nhn to c ch to bng cch

nung nng hn hp
&
Phn chua: K SO . l (SO ) . H O hay
K l(SO ) . 1 H O
phn nhm: nu thay K
Li , Na hay NH
c mui kp khc c tn chung l phn nhm
Tecmit : hh bt Al & Fe2O3 hn gn ng ray
Crom
Cromit: eO. Cr O
(thng ln l O &
O )
Phn crom-kali :
K SO . Cr (SO ) .
H O hay KCr(SO ) . 1 H O
C mu xanh tm, dng thuc da, lm cht cm

mu trong nhum vi ( D tng t phn chua)
St
Pirit :FeS2 (pirit st)
St t oxit: e O
Xementit: Fe3C
Xiderit : FeCO3
Hematit : Fe2O3
Hematit nu: e2O3.nH2O
Manhetit: Fe3O4
ng
Cancopirit (Pirit ng) : CuFeS2

(hay CuS.FeS)
Cacbonat bazo ca ng: CuCO . Cu(OH)
Cancozin : Cu2S
Cuprit: Cu2O
Km
Thuc th Lucas: HCl/ZnCl2 (dng phn bit cc

ancol bc khc nhau)
[text]
by Kaitorkid
2. Hp kim
phn bit theo tnh cht
Fe-Cr-Mn (inox), ng bch (Cu-Ni)
Hp kim khng b n mn:
HK ng bch c tnh bn v g cao, khng b n mn d trong

mi trng nc bin , dng ch to chn vt tu bin, tuabin cho
ng c my bay phn lc
Hp kim siu cng:
W-Co,Co-Cr-W-Fe,
Hp kim c nhit nng chy thp:
Sn-Pb (thic hn nng chy 2100C), Bi-Pb-Sn (nc 650C)

Al-Si, Al-Cu-Mn-Mg
Hp kim nh, cng & bn:

Hp kim khng gin n theo nhit
Inva (Ni-Fe)
Dng trong k thut v tuyn
phn bit theo tn

Tn
Thnh phn ct, tc, ng dng
Inox
Fe-Cr-Mn
Thic hn
Sn-Pb
c
Inva
Ghi ch
thp (2100C)
Ni-Fe
dng trong k thut v tuyn
ng thau
Cu-Zn (45%Zn)
cng & bn hn ng
ch to cc chi tit my , thit b dng trong cn ng tu
bin
ng bch
Phn ny c th b gim
ti, mnh ko r nn cc bn
ng c phn ny vi ^^
Cu-Ni (25%Ni)
bn p, ko b n mn trong nc bin
dng trong cn tu thy (ch to chn vt tu bin,),
tuabin cho ng c my bay phn lc, c tin,
ng thanh
Cu-Sn
ch to my mc, thit b
Vng 9 cara
Cu-Au (2/3: Cu, 1/3: Au)

dng c tin vng, vt trang tr
B sung nh: Pb c dng ch to cc hp kim khng mi mn cc trc quay c

dng lm trc.
3 Gang thp
(xem box gang thp)
[text]
by Kaitorkid
[bi kip chemistry]
[PHN
BN HH, CN SILICAT & GANG

THP ]
ngun tng hp & tham kho: sgk
Part I: PHN BN HH
Phn bn ha hc l g?
Phn bn ha hc l nhng ha cht c cha cc nguyn t dinh dng, c bn cho cy nhm nng cao
nng sut cy trng
Ti sao phi bn phn bn hh cho cy?
Cy ng ha c C,O,H t kk & nc, cn i vi cc nguyn t khc (N,P,K,), cy hp th t t. t
trng trt b ngho dn cc nguyn t dd cn bn phn! ^^
S lc phn bn hh
[text]
by Kaitorkid
1. Ch v Phn m
Thnh phn
ha hc chnh
m amoni
m nitrat
Ur
NH Cl
NaNO3 16%N
Ur
(NH4)2SO4 21%N
Ca(NO3)2 17%N
(NH2)2CO 46%N
NH4NO3 35%N
iu ch
Axit + NH3
180 200 C
CO2 2 NH 3
200 atm
0
Mui cacbonat + HNO3
( NH 2 )2 CO H 2O
NH4+
Dng ion \
hp cht cy
ng ho
NO3-
NH4+
trong t, di td
ca VSV, b phn hy
NH3 or td H2O:
(NH2)2CO+2H2O(N
H4)2CO3
c im
khi tan trong nc,

thy phn mt axit
bn cho cc loi t t
chua\t c kh
chua trc bng CaO (vi)
D ht m. Khng bn
cng tro hoc vi.
d ht nc trong kk
& chy ra
tan nhiu trong nc
tc dng nhanh vi
cy nhng d b nc
ma ra tri
mu trng
tan good trong nc
Hm lng m cao, bn
cho mi loi t.
trng thi rn k la.

Bn c cho mi loi
t.
2. Ch v phn ln
Supephotphat n
Thnh phn ha
hc chnh v
hm lng
%P2O5
Phng php
iu ch
Ca(H2PO4)2 v CaSO4
14 20%
Supephotphat kp
Phn ln nung chy
Ca(H2PO4)2
40 50%
Hn hp photphat v
silicat ca Ca v Mg
12 14%
Ca3 ( PO4 ) 2 3H 2 SO4( dac )
Nung qung
apatit\photphorit + x
vn (magie silicat) + than
cc trn 10000C trong
l ng v lm ngui
nhanh sp bng nc
Ca3 ( PO4 )2 2 H 2 SO4( dac ) H 3 PO4 3CaSO4

Ca( H 2 PO4 )2 2CaSO4
Ca3 ( PO4 ) 2 H 3 PO4

3Ca( H 2 PO4 ) 2
Dng ion m cy
ng ho
H PO
c im
CaSO4 khng tan trong

nc, lm rn t
H PO
Ion photphat
Khng tan trong nc
thch hp cho t chua
3. Phn hn hp & phc hp

L lai phn bn cha ng thi 2\3 nguyn t dinh dng c bn
Phn hn hp cha c 3 ng t N,P,K phn NPK, l sp khi c trn t cc phn n cha N, P,
K theo t l N:P:K khc nhau tu theo loi t v cy trng . V d : Nitrophotka l hn hp
(NH4)2HPO4 v KNO3.
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Phn phc hp l hn hp cc cht c to ra ng thi bng tng tc ho hc ca cc cht. V

d: NH3 + H3PO4 hn hp NH4H2PO4 v (NH4)2HPO4 (amophot )
4. Phn vi lng
Cung cp cho cy cc ng t nh B, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mo, dng n cht
cy trng ch cn 1 lng rt nh tng kh nng kt qt st & TC, tng hiu lc quang hp,
a vo t cng phn bn v c\hu c & ch c hiu qu cho tng loi cy & tng loi t
dng qu nhiu c hi cho cy
Part II: CN SILICAT (nng cao)

thy
tinh
gm
CN
Silicat
xi mng
1.THY TINH
Thnh phn hh & tc
Thy tinh thng c dng lm ca knh, chai l,: l hn hp
ng :
.
.
sx: nu chy 1 hh ct trng, vi & soa (1 00
&
, vit gn
):
khng c cu trc tinh th, l cht v nh hnh khng c nhit nc xc nh.

1 s loi khc
Thy tinh lng
c
im
Sx
Dd m c ca
&
Thy tinh kali
K2O.CaO.6SiO2
Thy tinh
pha l
Cha
Thy tinh thch

anh
Silic tinh khit
t nc & t ha mm Nhiu PbO
t ha mm cao,
cao hn
h s n nhit rt
nh khng b
nt khi nng lnh
t ngt
khi nu thy tinh,

thay
Na CO =K CO
d nng chy
& trong sut
Khc
Nu chy SiO tinh

khit
Cho thm oxit

1 ca s kl
c TT c
mu khc
nhau
Vd:
thy tinh
mu lc,
[text]
Dng
lm
Ch to keo dn
thy tinh & s, sx xi
mng chu axit, cht
kt dnh trong xy
dng
by Kaitorkid
Dng c th
nghim, lng knh,
thu knh
TT
xanh nc
bin
2. gm
l vt liu c ch to ch yu t t st & cao lanh.
Phn loi theo cng dng
dng mindmap
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Dng table
Phi liu sx
Gch & ngi
Gch Gch
inat
chu
la
Gch
samt
t st loi thng &

1 t ct
93-96% SiO
4-7% CaO & t st
Bt samt trn t st
&H O
Bt samt l t st
c nung nhit
rt cao ri
nghin nh
Snh
S
t st
Snh
Men
Cao lanh
Fanspat
1 s oxit KL
Men
Tp chnh ging s
Sx
nho vi nc
khi do, to hnh
sy kh & nung
00 1000 C
gch & ngi
Nung 1 00
1 00 C
c im
ng dng
thuc loi gm
xy dng
sau khi nung,
gch & ngi
thng c mu
do oxit trong
t st
lt l cao, l
luyn thp, l nu
thy tinh
Chu c nhit
1 0 1 0 C
Sau khi ng khun

& sy kh, nung
1 00 1 00 C
t st nung
t cao
1 00 1 00 C
Cng, g ku,
mu nu or xm
nung ln 1:
1000 C, ri trng
men & trang tr
Cng
nung ln 2:
t cao hn (14001450 C)
Men ph ln b
mt sp
c bng &
lp bo v ko thm
nc, to 1lp
men mng mt
ngoi ca snh
s k thut
ch to: vt liu
cch in, t in,
buzi nh la,
dng c TN
Xp
Mu trng
G ku
gm s dn dng
& s k thut
d nc hn s
Men ph ln b
mt sp, sau
nung ln t thch
hp men bin
thnh lp thy tinh
che kn b mt sp
3. Xi mng
l loi vt liu kt dnh dng trong xy dng
quan trong nht: xi mng Pooclng
.c im & tphh xi mng Pooclng
cht bt min. mu lc xm
[text]
by Kaitorkid
(
tp chnh : canxi silicat & canxi aluminat:
(
(
)(
.
)
.
.
Sn xut
nghin nh
vi
nung hn
hp trong l
quay\l
ng
(1 00
1 00 )
trn vi t
st nhiu
& t
qung st=
pp kh\t
clanhke
ngui,
nghin
clanhke vi
1 s cht
ph gia ->
bt min
XI MNG
Qu trnh ng cng ximng

Trong xy dng, xi mng c trn vi nc thnh khi nho, sau vi gi s bt u ng cng li.
Qu trnh ng cng ca xi mng ch yu l s kt hp ca cc hp cht c trong xi mng vi nc, to
nn nhng tinh th hirat an xen vo nhau thnh khi cng v bn:
3CaO.SiO2+5H2OCa2SiO4.4H2O+Ca(OH)2
2CaO.SiO2+4H2OCa2SiO4.4H2O
3CaO.Al2O3+6H2OCa3(AlO3)2.6H2O
Hin nay, ngi ta cn sn xut cc loi xi mng c nhng tnh nng khc nhau: xi mng chu axit, xi
mng chu nc bin,...
nc ta c nhiu nh my xi mng ln nh nh my xi mng: Hi Phng, Hong Thch, Bm Sn...
Part III: GANG THP

1 So snh Gang & thp
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Gang
Tp
Thp
L hp kim ca Fe vi C
l hp kim ca Fe vi C
c 2-5% khi lng C
khi lng C
ngoi ra c 1 t Si,Mn,S,
ngoi ra c Si,Mn,Cr,Ni
Gang trng
Thp thng(thp
cacbon)
Thp c bit
L thp c thm cc ng t
khc (Si, Mn, Cr, Ni, W, V,)
Gang xm
t C
Nhiu C
t C
Rt t Si
Nhiu Si
t Si, Mn
Nhiu xementit
Rt cng & gin
TC
Rt t S,P
Km cng & km
gin hn
cng ph thuc
%C
khi nc cht lng

linh ng (t nht)
thp cng
C
khi ha rn tng V thp mm
Luyn thp
2%
0,9%
0,1%C
c cc b phn ca Xy dng nh ca,

ch to cc vt dng
my, ng dn nc,
cnh ca,
trong s
C nhng tc c hc rt qu:
thp Cr-Ni rt cng ch
to vng bi, v xe bc
thp,
thp ko g (74% Fe, 18%
Cr, 8% Ni) ch to dng
c y t, nh bp
thp W-Mo-Cr rt cng d
rt cao ch to li
dao ct gt kim loi cho my
tin, my phay
thp silic tnh n hi tt
ch to l xo, nhp oto
thp mangan rt bn, chu

va p mnh ch to
ung ray xe la, my
nghin
2. Sx
Sx gang
Nguyn
liu
Sx thp
qung st sx gang c 30-95% oxit st, ko
gang trng\xm
cha\rt t P,S
st thp ph liu
than cc (ko c sn trong tn, phi c t than

m), vai tr cung cp nhit khi chy, to CO & to thnh
gang
cht chy : CaO

nhin liu: du ma zt \ kh t
oxi
cht chy
CaO ha hp
l cht
kh nc trong qung st x silicat d nc, c

(
,
) ni ln trn gang (
,
)
[text]
P xy
ra
Ming l
by Kaitorkid
C ca thot ra kh l cao
00
P CO kh oxit st
C+O2CO2
4000C
Thn l
S+O2SO2
500-6000C
700-8000C
&
kh bay hi, ha hp
vi cht chy CaO x ni trn b mt
thp lng:
P to x
Bng l
O2 oxi ha phi kim trong gang oxit
10000C
13000C
15000C
P to CO
S to
thnh
gang
Phu l
1800 C
Ni l
Cha x
Kk nng c thi vo
Ca tho
x
Tho x ra khi l
Ca tho
gang
Tho gang ra khi l
bng l (phn 15000C) Fe nc ha tan 1 phn C & 1

lng nh Mn,Si, gang.
Gang nc tch t ni l
Sau 1 thi gian nht nh, ngta tho gang & x ra khi
l.
3 l luyn thp ny thuc chng trnh nng cao
Cc pp
luyn
thp
pp Bet x me (l thi
oxi)
pp Mac tanh (l bng)
pp l in (l h quang
in)
Oxi nn di p sut
10atm c thi trn b
mt & trong lng gang nc
Kh t\du+kk +O2 phun

vo l oxi ha cc tp
cht trong gang
Trong l in, thanh than

ch & gang l cc in cc
u
im
P trong khi gang to

nhiu nhit, short time
Kim sot c cc t l
cc ng t & b sung ngt
khc thp cht lng cao
Luyn thp c bit c KL

kh nc: W, Cr, & loi hu
ht cc ngt c hi cho thp
N.sut
Max=300 tn thp/45min
1 m 300 tn/5-8h
Ko ln (do dung tch nh)
Thng
k
80% thp sx theo pp ny
12-15%
Hnh
v
Nhin
liu or
pp
[text]
by Kaitorkid
[bi kip chemistry]
[i
cng KL
Part I: KL & Hp kim

I Tnh cht vt l ca KL
Tnh cht
chung
tnh do: KL c tnh do cao: Au, Ag, Al, Cu, Sn,...

tnh dn din: Ag>Cu>Au>Al>Fe .Tng nhit -> tnh dn in gim (do s
dao ng cc ion KL tng ln -> cn tr s chuyn ng ca e t do).
Tnh dn nhit: Ag>Cu>Al>Fe. Kl no dn in tt -> dn nhit tt
nh kim
KL ring: max: Os, min: Li. Kl nh: D < 5 g/cm3, Kl nng: D > 5 g/cm3
Nhit nc: max: W, min: Hg (cht lng kt)
Tnh cht ring tnh cng: Cr > W > Fe > Cu & Al
Tnh cht chung: do e t do

tnh cht ring: ph thuc bn lk Kl, M, kiu mng tinh th, ca KL
II Hp kim:
nh ngha: l vt liu kim loi c cha 1 kl c bn & 1 s kl \ pk khc
1 kl c
bn
Hp kim: l
vt liu KL
cha
1 s
kl\pk
#
Tnh cht
[text]
by Kaitorkid
ng dng
(ko c g cn nh)
Cc hp kim:
phn bit theo tnh cht
Fe-Cr-Mn (inox), ng bch (Cu-Ni)
Hp kim khng b n mn:
HK ng bch c tnh bn vng cao, khng b n mn d trong

mi trng nc bin , dng ch to chn vt tu bin, tuabin cho
ng c my bay phn lc
Hp kim siu cng:
W-Co,Co-Cr-W-Fe,
Hp kim c nhit nng chy thp:
Sn-Pb (thic hn nng chy 2100C), Bi-Pb-Sn (nc 650C)

Al-Si, Al-Cu-Mn-Mg
Hp kim nh, cng & bn:
Inva (Ni-Fe)
Hp kim khng gin n theo nhit
Dng trong k thut v tuyn
phn bit theo tn

Tn
Thnh phn ct, tc, ng dng
Inox
Fe-Cr-Mn
Thic hn
Sn-Pb
c
Inva
Ghi ch
thp (2100C)
Ni-Fe
dng trong k thut v tuyn
ng thau
Cu-Zn (45%Zn)
Phn ny c
th b gim
ti, cc bn ch
ng c
phn ny vi
^^
cng & bn hn ng
ch to cc chi tit my , thit b dng trong cn ng tu bin
ng bch
Cu-Ni (25%Ni)
bn p, ko b n mn trong nc bin
dng trong cn tu thy (ch to chn vt tu bin,), tuabin cho ng
c my bay phn lc, c tin,
ng thanh
Cu-Sn
ch to my mc, thit b
Vng 9 cara
Cu-Au (2/3: Cu, 1/3: Au)

dng c tin vng, vt trang tr
Part II: Dy in ha KL & pin in ha

I Cp OXH-K
dng OXH & dng kh ca cng 1 ng t kl to nn cp OXH-K
[text]
by Kaitorkid
II Pin in ha
trong cu mui, cc cation (+) di chuyn sang cc (+), cc anion (-) di chuyn sang cc (-)
Anot, catot:
anot: ni xy ra s oxi ha
catot: ni xy ra s kh
trong pin : anot: (-), catot : (+)
trong f : anot: (+), catot: (-)
III Th in cc chun & dy in ha ca KL
L Epin to bi in cc hidro chun & tm KL nhng vo dd mui ca n vi [ion KL]=1M
Quy tc : Kl ca cp OXH-K c E0 nh hn kh c cation KL ca cp OXH-K c E0 ln hn
Part III: S in phn

KN
L qu trnh OXH-K xy ra b mt cc in cc khi c dng in 1 chiu i qua cht
in li nc \ dd cht in li
Hin tng dng cc tan
Xy ra khi anot (cc m) lm bng kim loi trong dd f
V d: f dd CuSO4 vi anot Cu
[ion kl] ko i trong qt f
Th t f
vi ion KL: t phi tri dy in ha
vi anion:
(anion tnh kh mnh hn b f trc) (
ng dng ca f
ng dng f
c KL, 1 s PK,1 s HC
H2,O2,F2,Cl2,KMnO4,NaOH,H2O2, Giaven,...
anot tan: vng th
tinh ch 1 s kl
m in
tinh ch Au
catot thu c vng

rng 99,99%
anot: vt m:
Cu,Ag,..
catot: vt cn m
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Part IV: S n mn KL
I KN
L s ph hy KL\Hp kim do tc dng ca cc cht trong mi trng
II n mn ha hc & n mn in ha
n mn ha hc
n mn in ha
L qt OXH-K , trong o cc e
ca KL uc chuyn trc tip
n cc cht trong mi trng
L qt OXH-K, trong o KL b n mn do tc dng ca dd cht

in li & to nn dng e chuyn t cc (-) cc (+)
k xy ra:
1. cc in cc khc nhau v bn cht

{ . cc in cc phi tip xc trc tip gin tip qua dy dn
. cc in cc cng tip xc vi dd cht in li
Bn cht: s OXH-K
Ging
Khc
Khng hnh thnh dng in
C dng e t cc (-) (+) to pin in ha
III Chng n mn KL
PP bo v b mt
PP in ha
Part V: iu ch KL
pp
Pp thy
luyn\pp t
Dng dd thch hp (H2SO4, NaOH, NaCN,) ho tan KL\hc KL &

tch ra khi phn ko tan trong qung
KL yu: Cu, Ag, Hg, Au
Pp nhit
luyn
Dng cht kh mnh (CO, CO, H2, Al, KLK, KLKT, ) kh ion KL
trong cc HC
KL trung bnh:
Zn,Fe,Sn,Pb
Pp in phn
Dng dng in 1 chiu kh cc ion KL
Hu ht cc KL
Ch : /c Ag bng pp thy luyn:
Nghin nh qung Ag2S x l bng dd NaCN dd mui phc bc Ag
) ]
) ]
(
[
) ]
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Ha hc hu c
[bi kip chemistry]
[CC
khi nim Hu c
kh nh ]
Mc ch: tr li nhng cu hi khi nim
Part I:
Khi nim
Tn
I CNG
P HC
HCHC
L HC ca C (tr CO,CO2, mui cacbonat, xianua, cacbua,)
Ha hc HC
L ngnh hh chuyn nghin cu cc HCHC
HCB
L nhng hch c to thnh t 2 nguyn t C & H
Dn xut
L nhng HC m trong phn t ngoi C,H cn c nguyn t nguyn t khc
Nhm chc
L nhm nguyn t \ nguyn t gy ra nhng PHH c trng ca phn t

HCHC
ng ng
Nhng HC c thnh phn phn t hn km nhau 1\nhiu nhm CH2 nwhng cso
tc HH tng t nhau
ng phn
Hp cht khc nhau nhng cng CT phn t
Cng thc
phi cnh
L mt loi CT lp th
Phn ct
ng li
trong phn ct ng li, i e dng chung c chia u cho 2 nguyn t lk

to ra cc tiu phn mang e c thn gi l gc t do
gc t do m e c thn nguyn t C : gc cacbo t do
gc t do thng c hnh thnh nh as\nhit & l nhng tiu phn c kh

nng p cao
Phn ct d li
trong phn ct d li, nguyn t c ln hn chim c cp e dng chung

anion, nguyn t c nh hn b mt 1 e cation
Cation m in tch (+) C cacbocation
[text]
by Kaitorkid
cacbocation thng c hnh thnh do tc dng ca dung mi phn cc

1 s
quy tc
p
Quy tc th
vng benzen
Khi vng benzen c sn nhm ankyl (hay -OH, -NH2, -OCH3,) P th

vo vng d dng hn & u tin xy ra v tr ortho & para
khi vng benzen c sn nhm -NO2 (hay -COOH, -SO3H,) P th vo vng
kh hn & u tin xy ra v tr meta
Quy tc cng
Macopnhicop
Quy tc
Zaixep
Khi tch HX ra khi dx halogen, X u tin tch ra cng H nguyn t C bc cao

hn bn cnh
HCB
HCB
L nhng hch c to thnh t 2 nguyn t C & H
HCB
thm
Tnh thm
Tnh d th, kh cng ca cc HCB thm
Ngun
HCB
thin
nhin
Bi ngun HCB thin nhin c tch ring ra thnh 1 ch . Xem chi tit .
Rifominh
L qu trnh dng xc tc & nhit bin i cu trc ca HCB t ko phn nhnh

phn nhnh, t ko thm thm
Trong qt rifominh xy ra 3 loi p ch yu sau:
chuyn ankan mch thng nhnh & xicloankan:
Tch hidro chuyn xicloankan aren:
Tch hidro chuyn ankan aren:
Crackinh
L qu trnh b gy phn t HCB mch di cc phn t HCB mch ngn nh

td ca nhit (crackinh nhit) \ ca xc tc & nhit (crackinh xc tc)
DN XUT HALOGEN, ALCOL, PHENOL
Dn xut
halogen
Khi thay th 1\nhiu ngt H trong pt HCB

dx halogen
ng 1\nhiu nguyn t halogen
Ancol
L nhng HCHC m phn t c nhm hidroxyl (OH) lk trc tip vi nguyn t C

no
ANDEHIT-XETON-AXIT HC
Andehit
L nhng hchc m pt c nhm CH=O lk trc tip vi ngt C \ H
Xeton
L nhng HCHC m pt c nhm C=O lk trc tip vi 2 ng t C
[text]
by Kaitorkid
ESTE-LIPT
Este
Khi thay nhm cacboxyl ca axit cacboxylic bng nhm OR th c este
Lipit
L hchc trong tb sng, ko ha tan trong nc nhng tan trong cc dung mi hu

c ko phn cc: ete, clorofom, xng du,
Phn loi lipit

Cht bo
L trieste ca glixerol vi cc axit bo
Sp
L este ca monoancol cao (

bo (
)
Steorit
Gm
Tn chung: triglixerit \
triaxylglixerol
) vi axit
sterol: Monoancol c gc HCB gm 4

vng chung cnh (vng gip nhau)
este ca sterol vi axit bo
Sterol c trong c th ngi &
v. ng: mu, m, no,

n chuyn ha thnh: homon
gii tnh, vitamin D hay tham gia
cu to mng TB
Vd: cholesterol
Photpholipit
Axit bo
L este ca glixerol cha 2 gc axit bo & 1

gc photphat hu c
L tp quan trng ca mng TB.

Nh cu to u phn cc
ghp ui ko phn cc, n gip
kim sot s TC qua mng TB
- L axit monocacboxylic
- c s chn ng t C (12-24C)
- ko phn nhnh
X phng
Mui Na\K ca cc axit bo

CACBOHIDRAT
Cacbohidrat
L nhng hp cht hu c to chc thng c cng thc chung l Cn(H2O)m
Phn thnh 3
nhm chnh
monosacarit
isaccarit
polisacarit
ng phn
L ng ma kt tinh nhit thng (300C) ui dng tinh th ln
ng ct
L ng ma kt tinh c ln tp cht mu vng
ng phn
L ng ma c p thnh phn, cn cha nhiu tp cht, mu nu sm
ng knh
L sacarozo dng tinh th nh

AMIN-AMINO AXIT-PR
Amino
axit
Amino axit
L loi hchc tp chc m phn t cha ng thi nhm amino (NH2) & nhm
cacboxyl (COOH)
Peptit
LK peptit
LK gia nhm CO vi nhm NH gia 2 n v

peptit
Peptit
L nhng hp cht cha t 2 50 gc

peptit
c gi l LK
lk vi nhau bng cc lk
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Peptit c vai tr quan trng trong s: mt s peptit l homon iu ha ni

tit, 1 s l khng sinh ca VSV. Vy polipeptit l c s to nn protein
Protein
Peptit phn
thnh 2 loi:
oligopeptit: cc peptit c t 210 gc
Protein
L nhng polipeptit cao phn t c M = vi chc nghn vi triu
Chia 2 loi
Pr n gin: nhng Pr c to thnh ch t cc gc
polipeptit: cc peptit c t 1150 gc

Protein
. L c s to nn
Pr phc tp: nhng Pr uc to thnh t pr n gin cng vi thnh phn

phi protein, nh axit nucleic, lipit, cacbohidrat
C 4 bc cu trc pt Pr
Enzim
Bc I
l trnh t sp xp cc n v
trong mch Pr
Gi vng ch yu nh lk peptit.
Bc II
l hnh dng cc chui polipeptit.
LK CO-NH. 2 dng chnh: gp

& xon
bc III
L hnh dng thc ca i phn t Pr trong

ko gian 3 chiu. Do bc II cun xp thnh
nhng khi cu
Lk isunfua, s to mui gia

COOH & NH2, lk hidro cng
lc ht Van e Van
bc IV
Gm 2\nhiu polipeptit hnh cu (bc III)

kt hp vi nhau
Bng nhiu lk & lc tng tc
Enzim
L nhng cht hu ht c bn cht Pr, c kh nng xc tc cho cc qt hh, c

bit trong c th sv.
c trong mi t bo sng
C 2 c
im
tnh chn lc cao

Tc P vi xc tc enzim rt ln, gp 10
vi xc tc hh.
10
ln tc ca cng p
POLIME
i
cng
Polime
L nhng hp cht c M rt ln do nhiu n v nh (mt xch) lk vi nhau to

nn
Monome
Pt to nn tng mt xch
H s polime
ha \
polime ha
Phn loi
theo ngun gc
theo cch tng hp
polime thin nhin
Trng hp
polime tng hp
polime trng hp
polime nhn to\bn tng hp
polime trng ngung
L qu trnh kt ni nhiu phn t nh

(monome), ging nhau , tng t nhau
K: c lk bi\vng km bn
pt rt ln
Trng ngng
L qt kt hp nhiu phn t nh
(monome), ging nhau , tng t nhau
K: c t nht 2 nhm chc c kh

nng p to lk vi nhau
[text]
by Kaitorkid
pt rt ln , ng thi gii phng nhng pt

nh khc (H2O,)
Vt liu
polime
Cht do &
tnh do
L vt liu polime c tnh do
Vt lu
compozit
L vt liu gm polime lm nha nn t hp vi cc vt liu v c & hu khc
Tnh do l tnh b bin dng khi chu tc dng ca nhit, p lc bn goi & vn
gi nguyn s bin dng khi vt thi tc dng
Thnh phn: gm cht nn l polime & cht n, ngoi ra, c cht ph gia khc.
Cht n phn tn vo cht nn nhng ko ha tan vo nhau.
Cc cht nn: nha nhit do\nha nhit rn
Cc cht n: cht si (bng, ay,)\cht bt (silicat, bt nh(CaCO3), bt
tan(3MgO.4SiO2.2H2O)
L vt liu polime hnh si di & mnh vi bn nht nh

Phn 2 loi : t thin nhin & t ha hc (gm t tng hp & bn tng
hp\nhn to)
Cao su & tnh

n hi
L vt liu polime c tnh n hi

Gm cao su thin nhin & cao su tng hp
tnh n hi l tnh bin dng khi chu lc tc dng bn ngoi & tr li dng
ban u khi lc thi td
Keo dn
L loi vt liu c kh nng kt dnh 2 mnh vt liu ging nhau \ khc nhau m
ko lm bin i bn cht cc vt liu uc kt dnh
Bn cht l c th to ra 2 mng ht sc mng , bn vng (kt dnh ni) & bm
chc vo 2 mnh vt liu uc dn (kt dnh ngoi)
Phn loi keo dn

theo bn
cht ha hc
theo dng
keo
Keo dn hu c
H tinh bt, keo epoxi
Keo dn v c
Thy tinh lng, matit v c (hn hp
Keo lng
Dd h tinh bt trong nc nng, dd

cao su trong xng
Keo nha do
Matit v c, matit hu c, bitum
do ca thy tinh lng vi cc oxit

kim loi ZnO, MnO, Sb2O3,)
Keo dng bt\bn mng (chy ra
nhit thch hp & gn kt 2

mnh vt liu khi ngui)
[text]
by Kaitorkid
[bi kip chemistry]
[CC
tn gi hu c kh nh ]
Part I: HCB, RX, ancol-phenol, andehit,axit HC & anhirit

Loi
CTCT
Tn gi
HCB
Etilen
Axetilen
Butadien
(mch vng
Etilen oxit (
Propylen oxit
(2 ci cht ny d P trng hp ny^^)
Stiren
(2 vng benzen lin cnh)
Naphtalen (chng trnh nng cao)
(1 vng bezen lin cnh 1 vng no)
Tetralin
(2 vng no lin cnh)
ecalin
Xilen
Toluen
Cumen
Ankadien
anlen
Dn xut
halogen
Clorofom
,
Ch yu l
Ancol-phenol
Freon
Crezol
o-
Catechol (benzen-1,2-iol)
[text]

(
p-
by Kaitorkid
Hidroquinone (bezen-1,4-iol)
(2 cht ny nu c cho th chc s cho di
dng IUPAC ^^)
Axit picric (2,4,6 trinitrophenol)
Andehit
HCHO
Fomandehit
Dung dch 37-40% HCHO/H2O: fomalin
(hay fomon) ngm xc v, thuc da,
ty u, tit trng
Polioximetylen\Parafom
cc l ng 40% HCHO, sau 1 thi gian
bo qun thng thy xut hin 1 lp
bt mu trng lng xung y bnh.
l sn phm t trng hp ca HCHO
Axetanehit\anehit axetic
Propenal\Acrolein
Proponanehit \anehit propionic
Crotonanehit\anehit crotonic
)
Isovaleranehit\anehit isovaleric
Axit
cacboxylic
Axit fomic hay Axit metanoic

Axit axetic
Axit propionic
[
(
Axit butyltric
)
[
Axit isobutylric
]
Axit valeric
Axit acrylic
Axit metacrylic
Axit oxalic (v chua me)
Axit malonic
Axit glutaric (ch ko phi axit glutamic)

[text]

[
by Kaitorkid
Axit aipic
Axit benzoic
1,
Axit terephtalic
AXIT BO:
(256)
Axit panmitic
(284)
Axit stearic
(282)
Axit oleic
(280)
Axit liloneic
Axit khc
Axit picric (2,4,6 trinitrophenol)
(
(
(
Axit nho\Axit tactric
Axit lactic (trong sa chua)

) (
Axit chanh\axit xictric
1,2
Axit salixylic
Anhidrit
Anhirit phtalic
Anhirit axetic
B sung Axit bo
-axit panmitic:
256
-axit stearic
284
-axit oleic
-axit liloneic
282
280
Part II: Este-lipit, cacbohidrat, amin amino axit-pr & polime

Este
etyl metanoat: HCOOC2H5
este mi chui chn: isoamyl axetat
[text]
by Kaitorkid
este mi da: etyl butirat

este mi to: etyl isovalerat
cacbohidrat
glucz\fructozo:
: 180
*glucozo
*frutozo:
sacarz\mantz : C H O
: 342
*saccarozo: c lk 1,2-glicozit
*mantozo
tinh bt\xenlulz : (C H O )
: 162n
[text]
by Kaitorkid
*tinh bt:
*xenlulozo:
Amin
Pirolidin:
Amino axit
[text]
by Kaitorkid
POLIME
CHT DO
Tn
CTCT
( CH
PE
CH
( CH
PVC
M
)
28n
CH(Cl) )
62,5n
PP (polipropylen)
PS (polistiren)
xt, to, p
nCH CH2
C6H5
CH CH2 n
C6H5
PVA
(polivinylaxetat)
nCH2
CH OCOCH3
Polivinylancol
( CH
CH(OH) )
PMM\Poli(metyl
metacrylat)
xt, to, p
CH CH2 n
OCOCH3
CH3
xt, to, p
nCH2 CH COOCH3
CH CH2 n
COOCH3
poli(metyl metacrylat) (PMM)
CH3
metyl metacrylat
Poli(phenolfomanehit) (P
C dng:
nha novolac: un nng hn hp fomanehit v phenol ly d vi
xc tc axit nha novolac (mch khng phn nhnh):
OH
OH
+
H ,t
+ nHCHO
CH2
+ nH2O
nha rezol: un nng hn hp phenol v fomanehit theo t l

1:1, (xt l kim) nha rezol (mch khng phn nhnh)
nha rezit: khi un nng na rezol (t0=1500C) nha
rezit\bakelit (c cu trc mng khng gian)
( C
Teflon:
T:
Tn
CTCT
Ghi ch
Nilon 6 (T Capron)
( NH[CH ] CO )
poliamit
Nilon 7 (t enang)
( NH[CH ] CO )
poliamit
( NH[CH ] NH
Nilon-6,6
T lapsan
( CO
C H
CO
CO[CH ] CO
O
C H
226n
poliamit
O )
192n
polieste
hay poli (etilen-terephtalat)

T nitron
(olon\poliacrlonitrin)
( CH
T clorin
CH(CN) ) hay (C H CN)
53n
To thnh khi clo ha PVC
B sung:
Caprolactam:
[text]
by Kaitorkid
T axetat: Xenlulozo triaxetat: [C H O (COCCH ) ] , l t bn tng hp l sn phm khi cho Xenlulozo tc

dng anhidrit axetic (CH CO) O
T visco: l t bn tng hp. Sn phm ca p gia Xenlulozo vi CS (cacbon isunfua) v NaOH l 1
dung dch rt nht gi l visco. Khi bm dung dch ny qua nhng l rt nh (ng knh 0,1mm) ngm trong
dung dch H SO long, xenlulozo c gii phng ra di dng nhng si di v mnh, ng mt nh t, gi
l t visco.
Cao su
Tn
CTCT
Cao su
buna
Na, t
nCH2=CHCH=CH2
CH2 CH CH CH2
Cao su
bunaS
nCH2
Cao su
bunaN
o
nCH2 CH CH CH2 + nCH CH2 t , p, xt
o
CH CH CH2 + nCH CH2 t , p, xt
54
CH2 CH CH CH2
C6H5
( CH
Cao su
clopren
nCH2
C(CH )
CH
CH
CH
to, p, xt
C CH2
Cl
C6H5
CN
cao su
isopren
CH CH2
CH2 CH CH CH2 CH CH2 n

CN
hay (C H )
CH2
CH
68
CH2 n
Cl
Keo dn
Keo dn epoxi:
ur fomanhit: (
= 72
CTGN
(
) (
= 54x + 104y
, (
: %Cl=
: %S=
: %Cl=
)
,
,
,
Part III: B sung (lp y kin thc)
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Thuc n TNT (2,3,5-trinitotoluen)
Xianuahidrin:
Vi dn xut khc ca axit cacboxylic
Anhirit axit:
Ngoi este, axitcacboxylic cn c cc dn

xut:
Halogenua axit:
Amit :
)
(
Nomex:
Koel:
2,4-D ( 2,4-iclophenolxiaxetic) :
2,4,5-T ( 2,4,5-triclophenolxiaxetic) :
ioxin:
(tt c cc cht ny u c trong SGK)
[text]
by Kaitorkid
[bi kip chemistry]
[Ngun
HCB thin nhin
ngun tng hp & tham kho: SGK, hoctainha.vn

thuc chng trnh NNG CAO
L do to ch : 1 bi nhiu l thuyt quan trng d tr thnh cu hi kh nu ko bit ^^
ch ny, chng ta cp nhng vn sau:
Part I: DU M
I . Trng thi t nhin , tc vl & tp hh ______________________________________________
* Tp ha hc
l 1 hh phc tp gm hng trm HCB thuc cc loi ankan, xicloankan, aren
ngoi ra c 1 lng nh CHC cha O, N, S & vt cc Cht v c
[text]
by Kaitorkid
hng trm
HCB: ankan,
xicloankan,
aren
1 t
CHC
cha
O, N, S
Du m: 1
hh phc tp
vt cc
cht
v c
Du cc m khc nhau
thng c tp cc loi HCB & tp cht rt khc nhau
nhng tp nguyn t thng nh nhau: ch yu : C (83-87%) H(11-14%) 1 lng nh S,O,N
kim loi nng (1 phn triu\ phn vn)
Lu hunh c trong nhin liu s gy hi cho ng c
* Ch bin du m bao gm chng ct du m & ch ha du m
II
CHNG CT DU M ________________________________________________________
(phn ny chc ko thi vo u ^^). Nhng cn nh cc chnh:

1. Chng ct di p thng
Chng ct phn on trong phng TN
phn tch cc cht c nhit si khc nhau khng
nhiu, ngi ta dng phng php chng ct phn on.

ct phn on, hn hp hi cng ln cao cng giu hp
phn c nhit si thp, v hp phn c nhit si cao b
ngng ng dn t di ln
Chng ct phn on du m
Du khai thc t m ln gi l du th.
Du th sau khi s ch loi b nc, mui, c chng ct
p sut thng trong cc thp chng ct phn on lin tc
cao vi chc mt. Nh vy, ngi ta tch c nhng phn on du c nhit si khc nhau. Cc
phn on c a i s dng hoc c ch bin tip
2. Chng ct di p cao
3. Chng ct di p thp
Phn cn li sau khi chng ct p sut thng (c th chim ti 40% du th) l mt hn hp nht
c, mu en, gi l cn mazut.
Khi chng ct cn mazut di p sut thp, ngoi phn on linh ng hn dng crackinh ngi ta
thu c du nhn ( bi trn my), vazlin v parafin (dng trong y dc, dng lm nn,...). Cn
en cn li c gi l atphan dng ri ng.
Tt c qu trnh chng ct du m tch ly cc sn phm nh trnh by trn c gi l tinh ct,
hoc thng thng cn gi l " lc du ".
[text]
III
by Kaitorkid
CH BIN DU M BNG PP HA HC _________________________________________
Ni gn l ch ha du m, l bin i cu to ha hc cc HCB ca du m. Nhm 2 mc ch:

p ng nhu cu v s lng , cht lng xng lm nhin liu. Cht lng xng o bng ch s octan
Ch s octan cng cao xng cng good
thc nghim: ch s octan gim theo th t:
Aren > anken c nhnh > ankan c nhnh > xicloankan c nhnh > anken ko nhnh > xicloankan ko
nhnh > ankan ko nhnh
isooctan (2,2,4-trimetylpentan
rt tt)
) c ch s octan = 10 (kh nng chng kch n
heptan c kh nng chng kch n km nht ch s octan=0

1 mu xng ch s octan=a% tc l c a%isooctan & (100-a)% heptan v V
p ng cho nhu cu v nguyn liu cho Cn ha cht
Cn ha cht cn nhiu anken, aren tng hp ra polime & cc ha phm khc m trong thnh phn
ca du m ko c anken, thng c rt t aren nh
2 pp ch yu : RIFOMINH & CRACKINH
1 Rifominh
Ti sao phi Rifominh?
V xng thu c t chng ct du m c ch s octan thp (v cha ch yu cc ankan ko phn nhnh)
Th no l Rifominh?
L qu trnh dng xc tc & nhit bin i cu trc ca HCB t ko phn nhnh phn nhnh , t ko thm
thm
Trong qt Rifominh xy ra 3 loi p ch yu sau:
chuyn ankan mch thng nhnh & xicloankan:
Tch hidro chuyn xicloankan aren:
Tch hidro chuyn ankan aren:
[text]
by Kaitorkid
2 Crackinh
L qt b gy phn t HCB mch di cc phn t HCB mch ngn hn nh td nhit (crackinh nhit) \
ca xc tc & nhit (crackinh xc tc)
Crackinh nhit
00
00
, ch yu nhm to ra eten, propen, buten & penten dng lm monome sx polime
Cracking xc tc
ch yu nhm chuyn HCB mch di ca cc phn t on c
xng nhin liu
Part II: KH M DU & KH TN

Kh m du cn gi l kh ng hnh, c trong cc m du
kh TN l cc kh cha trong cc m khi ring bit
I. Tp
Tp
%V
Khi m du
Kh TN
Metan
50-70
70-95
Etan
~20
2-8
Propan
~11
~2
Butan
~4
~1
Pentan (kh)
~2
~1
[text]
N2, H2, H2S, He, CO2
by Kaitorkid
~12
~4-20
II. CH BIN - NG DNG
Part III: THAN M

trong cc loi than m (than gy, than bo, than bn,) hin nay ch c than bo (than m) uc dng
ch than cc & cc 1 lng nh HCB
Chng kh than bo
Chng ct nha than

Nha than em chng ct s thu c cc hirocacbon thm, d vng thm v cc dn xut ca
chng. Th d, cc khong nhit tng dn s thu c cc phn on sau:
Phn on si 801700C, gi l du nh, cha benzen, toluen, xilen,...
Phn on si 1702300C, gi l du trung, cha naphtalen, phenol, piriin,...
Phn on si 2302700C, gi l du nng, cha crezol, xilenol, quiolin,...
Cn cn li gi l hc n dng ri ng
[text]
by Kaitorkid
[bi kip chemistry]
Danh phAp hUu cO

ngun tng hp & tham kho: SGK, moon.vn
Part I: iu cn bit
1. Tn cc nhm chc
STT
Tn gi
CT
Nhm Hidroxyl
-OH
Nhm Oxi
-O-
Nhm Fomyl
-CHO
Nhm cacbonyl
>C=O
Nhm Cacboxyl
-COOH
Nhm Oxi cacbonyl
-COO-
Amin bc I
-NH2
Amin bc II
-NH-
Amin bc III
-N
2 tn 1 s gc HCB
Loi
CT
Tn gi
Gc ha tr I
No ko nhnh
Ankyl
V d: metyl, etyl,
No c nhnh
Iso propyl \ 1-metyletyl
Iso butyl \ 2-metylpropyl

(
(
(
(
Sec butyl \...

Tert butyl \...
Iso pentyl \ Isoamyl \...
Neo pentyl \...

(
Tert pentyl \ tertamyl \...

sec: gc v tr C bc II
tert: gc v tr C bc III
[text]
by Kaitorkid
1 ni i
Vinyl \etenyl
Anlyl \propen-3-yl
(
Isopropenyl \1-metylvinyl
mch chnh l mch ko no nh s bt
u t nguyn t C c ha tr t do
Thm
Phenyl
Benzyl
3. Tn s m & tn mch cacbon chnh

S m
Mch C chnh
mono
met
et
tri
prop
tetra
but
penta
pent
hexa
hex
hepta
hept
octa
oct
nona
non
10
eca
ec
Khng xut
pht t s m
Xut pht
t s m
(Ghi ch: s m hay cn gi l tin t v bi)
Part II: Danh php IUPAC & gc chc tng loi HCHC
Loi
Quy tc
V d
HCB
Ankan
Ko phn nhnh:
Tn mch chnh
Metan,.
an
Phn nhnh:
s ch v tr-tn nhnh
tn mch chnh
an
Mch chnh : mch di nht, nhiu nhnh nht. nh s C b t

1
pha phn nhnh sm hn.khi c 2 nhnh v tr cn i th C
u gn nhnh n gin hn
gi tn mch nhnh theo th t ABC
Xicloankan
S ch v tr-tn nhnh
Xiclo+Tn mch chnh
an
mch chnh: mch vng
[text]
by Kaitorkid
nh s sao cho tng cc s ch v tr cc mch nhnh l min

Anken
S ch v tr-tn nhnh
Tn mch chnh
-v tr-en
mch chnh: mch cha nhiu lk i nht , di nht & nhiu

nhnh nht
nh C mch chnh: b t pha gn lk i hn
s ch v tr lk i : khi mch chnh ch c 2\3 C ko cn ghi
Ankin
(Tng t anken)
ch : u tin ni i hn ni ba
Dn xut halogen, ancol, phenol
Dx
Halogen
Tn gc chc=
: vinyl clorua
Tn gc HCB + halogenua
: 1,2-icloetan
Tn thay th:
Ancol
Tn thng thng
Ancol+tn gc HCB+ic
Tn thay th:
CH3OH: ancol metylic
Butan-2-ol;
Tn HCB tng ng theo mch chnh-s ch v tr-ol

mch chnh: mch C di nht c cha nhiu OH nht
2-metylpropan-1-ol;
3,7-imetyloct-6en-1-ol,
nh s b t pha gn OH hn
ANEHIT-XETON-AXIT CACBOXYLIC
Anehit
IUPAC:
Tn HCB theo mch chnh
al
Metanal, etanal,
mch chnh cha CH=O

nh s 1 t nhm
Xeton
IUPAC:
Tn HCB theo mch chnh
on
But-3-en-2-ol
mch chnh cha nhm C=O

nh s 1 t nhm
Gc chc: gm tn 2 gc HCB nh vi C=O & xeton
Metyl vinyl xeton
ESTE (RCOOR,)
Este
Tn gc HCB R + tn anion gc axit(ui at)
Metyl axetat,
AMIN, AMINO AXIT, PROTEIN

amin
Tn gi 1 s amin
[text]
Amino
axit
by Kaitorkid
Tn 1 s
Cch nh s Hi Lp ca v tr nhm NH2 :

Mch
V tr
S Hi Lp
Part III: Tp chc (All)

Trnh t gi tn IUPAC:
Locant - nhm th \ nhm chc ko chnh
Mch chnh
dng tin t, th t ABC, c th c tin

t bi (ko nh hng th t ABC)
- Locant - cha bo ha
dng hu t en\in\an
- Locant - Nhm chc chnh
dng hu t, c th c
tin t s m
Locant: l ch s v v tr cc nhm th & nhm chc. l ch s Rp (1,2,3,) hoc ch ci Hi Lp

( , , ). c t ngay trc b phn lin quan
Du phy : phn cch cc locant vit cnh nhau
gch ni dng vo cc mc ch:
[text]
by Kaitorkid
phn cch locant vi phn cn li lin k

phn cch cc locant gn nhau m thuc v cc phn khc nhau ca tn gi (thng thm du () )
V d:
phn cch cc tin t cu to (sec-, tert-, cis-, trans-,) & cc tin t v tr (ortho-,) vi cc phn cn
li. Cc tin t ny ko c vit hoa d u cu.
V d: sec-butyl clorua
khong trng : dng phn cch cc t trong danh php gc chc)
mc () dng :
tch ring cho r mt gc phc tp m tip tc c nhnh ring
V d:
bao bc tn monome c nhnh + locant ca n, tn monome gm 2 thnh phn

V d: poli(vinyl clorua)
mc []: ch s lp li nhiu ln cc nhm ko di mch
Tin t & hu t
Loi
CT
Tin t
Ch c tin t
F-
Flo-
Cl-
Clo-
Br-
Brom-
I-
Iot-
-NO2
Nitro-
-OR
(R)oxi-
C c tin t &
hu t
-(C)OOH
Hu t
Axit
Axit
-oic
-COOH
Cacboxi-
-cacboxylic
-(C)HO
Oxo-
-al
-CHO
Fomyl-
-cacbanehit
>C=O
Oxo-
-on
-OH
Hiroxi-
-ol
-NH2
Amino-
-amin
(ch : C trong -(C)OOH & -(C)HO l C c tnh trong mch chnh, khng tnh trong nhm th)
Nhm chc chnh:
tp chc: th t u tin: axit (-COOH) anhidrit axit Este (-COO-)halogenua axitamitanehit
(CHO) xeton(>C=O)ancol (-OH) & phenol amin ete (-O-)
vi HCB: ni i ni 3
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Mch chnh:
C th l mch h \ vng.
Cch chn mch chnh nu ko c vng :
cha nhm chc chnh
di nht
max lk i, ba ( u tin lk i)
nhiu nhnh nht
Nu c vng:
khi mch thng c nhiu C hn mch vng th chn mch thng l mch chnh
khi mch thng c t C hn vng v ko cha nhm chc th chn mch vng lm mch chnh
mch thng m c nhm chc th u tin chn mch thng l mch chnh
nhiu vng ri rc chn mch thng l chnh
nh s:
B1: chn C1
u mch gn nhm chc chnh nht
B2: chn C2,C3,:
u tin: ni i --> ni ba --> nhm chc ko chnh--> nhnh HCB
Ch : nh sao cho tng v tr cc nhnh l min

vi HCB khi c 2 nhnh v tr cn i th C1 u gn nhnh n gin hn
V d:
cn 1 s quy tc khc trong chn mch chnh, nh s, nhng chc ko cn thit cho thi H nn thui
mnh ko a vo ^^
[text]
by Kaitorkid
[bi kip chemistry]
CC LOI CH S CA CHT BO
ngun tng hp & tham kho:
Ch : my ci ch s ny thuc chng trnh NC
Ch s axit: s mg KOH trung ha axit bo t do trong 1 g cht bo
Ch s este: s mg KOH td este trong 1 g cht bo
Ch s x phng = +
Ch s iot: s g I2 c th cng vo 100 g cht bo ko no
[text]
by Kaitorkid
MORE
[bi kip chemistry]
[Quy
lut tan ]
ngun tng hp & tham kho: SGK , ti liu ca Ths V Hng Thi
Part I: V c
Phn I. n cht
halogen: F2 ko tan trong nc v phn hy nc mnh.
Cl2,I2,Br2 tan tng i t trong nc & tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c (nht l hexan &
CCl4)
Phn II. Kh v c
NH3 tan rt nhiu trong nc. Th nghim nc chy ngc chng minh tnh tan
Tng t HCl cng vy, c bit:
dd HCl c: cht lng ko mu, mi xc, bc khi: trong kk m.
, dd HCl c nht : 37%, D>H2O. Khi un nng, u tin HCl bay ra cng vi lng nh hi
nc. n khi CddHCl=20,2 HCl & H2O to thnh 1 hh ng ph , si
CO2 tan nhiu trong nc (kt, 1 lt H2O ho tan 1 lt CO2)
Phn III. Axit v c & hc khc
H SiO ko tan /H2O
H2O2 : lng ko mu, nng hn nc, tan trong nc bt k t l no.
Phn III. Mui & M(OH)n
Phn ny cc bn c bng tnh tan ri suy ra cch nh cng c. ^^
Tt c cc mui nitrat (NO3-), ClO3-,
ngoi l:
u tan
hi t tan
Tt c cc mui Na+, K+, NH4+ tan

Mui halogen
[text]
vi Cl-,Br-,I-: tr
vi
by Kaitorkid
,
khng tan, cn li tan
: khc vi cc halogenua trn, AgF tan
Hu ht cc mui
tan, tr:
khng tan
t tan
Hu ht cc mui
khng tan, nhng :
mui sunfua ca KLK, KLKT tan

mui sunfua ca kim loi ha tr III nh
chng b thuy phn to hidroxit kt ta &
Hu ht cc mui Cacbonat(
nhng:
mui vi
), sunfit(
,
) , Silicat (
khng tn ti trong nc. Trong nc

), Photphat (
) khng tan ,
tan
t tan
(
) ,
(
) ,
(
) khng tn ti trong
cc mui cacbonat ca KL ha tr III nh
nc, Chng b thy phn hon ton trong nc to hidroxit kt ta & CO2
Hu ht cc hidroxit dng M(OH)n ca KL khng tan nhng:
(
vi KLK: MOH,
(
) ,
,
) ,
tan
) t tan
b phn tch trong nc to oxit KL & H2O
Part II: Hu c
y cp n tnh tan, nh \ nng hn nc, tnh tan trong dung mi HC & tnh ha tan ca cc
loi HCHC
1Sp xp theo loi:
Loi
Tnh tan, ha tan trong nc & dung mi HC, nh\nng hn nc

Khng tan\ rt t tan trong nc
HCB
khng tan hoc rt t tan /H2O, tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh benzen, ru, ete...
tt c cc akan u khng tan /H2O (chng th hin tnh k nc), khi trn vi nc tch
lp & ni ln trn
c bit Benzen c th ha tan brom, iot, lu hunh, cao su, cht bo,
striren nh hn nc
Nng cao:
Dx halogen
(Nng cao)
cng hu nh ko tan /H2O, tan good trong cc dung mi ko phn cc (HCB, ete,)
trch sgk: k thng, cc dx monohalogen c M nh nh
,
,
l nhng
cht kh. Cc dx halogen c M ln hn thng th lng & nng hn nc. V d:
,
,
.
,
,
,
[text]
Este
by Kaitorkid
nh hn nc, rt t tan trong nc

ha tan c nhiu CHC khc nhau
Lipit
nh hn nc, hon ton ko tan /H2O, tan tt trong dung mi HC
Polime
a s ko tan trong nc cng nh cc dung mi thng thng, mt s tan trong dung mi

thch hp to dung dch nht (v d cao su tan trong benzen, toluen,)
D tan trong nc
Ancol
cc ancol C1 C3 tan v hn trong nc

s C tng tan gim dn
Anehit &
xeton
HCHO & CH3CHO tan rt tt /H2O & trong cc dung mi HC
Axit
cacboxylic
d tan, quy lut c v ging ancol:
Axeton (
) tan v hn /H2O & ha tan nhiu CHC khc
Axit fomic, axit axetic, axit propionic (tc C1C3 no) tan v hn trong nc
s C tng tan gim dn
Amino axit
d tan /H2O v chng tn ti dng lng cc (mui ni phn t)
Va d tan, va kh tan trong nc

Phenol
tan t trong nc lnh nhng tan v hn

d tan trong etanol, ete, axeton
Cacbohidrat
Glucozo, frutozo , saccaroz mantoz d tan /H2O

Tinh bt ko tan trong nc ngui. Trong nc nng
h tinh bt
tr ln , tinh bt dd keo nht
Xenluloz ko tan trong nc c khi un nng, ko tan trong dung mi HC thng thng nh
ete, benzen,
Amin
Metyl-. imetyl-, trimetyl amin l nhng cht kh d tan /H2O

cc amin ng ng cao hn : M tng cht lng\rn tan /H2O gim dn
anilin : cht lng, t tan /H2O, tan trong ancol, benzen
Protein
Protein hnh si hon ton ko tan /H2O

Proetein hnh cu tan /H2O to dd keo nh abumin, hemoglobin (mu)
2 More
Tt c cc mui axetat(CH3COO-) tan.
Hu ht cc mui Oxalat (
) khng tan tr mui vi KLK, amoni
3. (ang b sung)
[text]
by Kaitorkid
[bi kip chemistry]
[Quy
lut phn tch\nhit phn ]
ngun tng hp & tham kho: ti liu ca Ths V Hng Thi
Part I: V c
Ch : y cp n P nhit phn v P t phn tch (khng cn k
cao)
s nhit phn cc mui khng xy ra ngay trong dung dch , ngha l khi un nng dung dch th cng
khng c s nhit phn . P ch xy ra khi c cn dd m vn tip tc un nng tip
Phn [1]: P nhit phn

1. Mui cacbonat trung ha
Mui cacbonat trung ha ca KLK
bn vi nhit
Mui cacbonat trung ha ca KL khc b nhit phn hy:
2. Mui hidrocacbonat: b nhit phn to mui trung ha, phn ng rt d xy ra, ngay c khi un nng
dung dch.
V d: NaHCO
Na CO
H O
CO
3. Mui nitrat:
Mui nitrat ca cc KL hot ng mnh (KL ng trc Mg) b nhit phn thnh mui nitrit & oxi:
V d:
Mui nitrat ca KL t Mg Cu b nhit phn thnh oxit KL +
V d:
Mui nitrat ca Ag, Au, Hg,(sau Cu) b phn hy thnh KL +
V d:
4. Cc mui\hp cht khc ca nit:
( )
( )
( )
[text]
by Kaitorkid
(P /c Nito trong phng TN)
6 Cc mui cha nhiu oxi trong phn t
Cn ch l KClO nu c xt l MnO th s nhit phn to ra KCl v O , cn khng th s p theo c 2

hng l :
KClO
KCl
KClO
KCl
O
KClO
7 Amoni icromat:
9 P nhit phn hidroxit nh
) ,
) ,
) ,
) ,
Phn [2]: P t phn tch

1.Cc cht d phn tch to kh + H2O (khng cn nhit cao):
,
cc cht ny ch tn ti trong cc dung dch rt long. Khng c dng nguyn cht

2.Mui amoni cacbonat & amoni hidrocacnonat b thy phn chm ngay nhit thng:
(
(
) ,
(
) ,
3.Cc mui cacbonat ca KL ha tr III nh
Chng b thy phn hon ton trong nc to hidroxit kt ta & CO2
) khng tn ti trong nc,
[text]
by Kaitorkid
4.mui sunfua ca kim loi ha tr III nh

b thuy phn to hidroxit kt ta &
5.
6.
khng tn ti trong nc. Trong nc chng
b phn tch trong nc to oxit KL + H2O
3HNO2 2NO + HNO3 + H2O
7. B sung
AgX b phn tch ngoi as (X: Cl, Br, I)
Vd:
Part II: hu c
[bi kip chemistry]
[Lm kh kh m ]
ngun tng hp & tham kho: ti liu ca tc gi TQS (khng r tn chnh xc)
[ bng tng hp ]
NaOH
H2SO4
CaO
CaCl2
[text]
by Kaitorkid
[bi kip chemistry]
[mu
sc Kh Nh
ngun tng hp & tham kho: SGK, hoahocngaynay.com
Part I: V c
I Mu sc hp cht\ion KL
Loi
Cht rn\ion KL\

n cht
Cht rn
Ion(dd)
Kt ta (cng l cht
rn)
Trng
bc
KMnO tm
K MnO lc thm
Natri
Trng
bc
NaCl khan : khng mu,

mui n thng c mu
trng do ln MgCl , CaCl
Canxi
Xm bc
CaC O
trng
CaCO3 trng
CaSO3 trng
Bari
Trng
bc
BaCrO vng ti
BaSO trng
BaSO trng
BaCO trng
Ba (PO ) trng
Ba(HPO ) trng
Mg
Trng
bc
Mg(OH)2 trng
Nhm
Trng
bc
Kali
Km
Xm
nht nh
AlCl3 khan mu trng

nCl khan mu trng
n P nu xm
dd AlCl3 ko mu
Al(OH)3 keo trng
dd nSO ko mu
Zn(OH)2 trng
[text]
by Kaitorkid
lam
Crom
St
Trng
bc
Trng
xm
ng
Bc
Bc
Vng
Vng
Niken
Trng
bc
Thic
Trng
bc
Ch
Hi xanh
Mangan
Cr2O3 lc
CrO3 thm
Phn crom-kali
(
) .
(
.
mu xanh tm
Cr(OH) vng
eO, e O en
e O
eSO . H O xanh lc
CuO en
Cu2O gch
CuCl khan mu trng
CuSO khan mu trng
CuSO4.5H2O xanh
CrCl2 lc sm
dd e(SCN) mu
dd eCl lc nht
dd eCl vng
FeS en
Fe(OH)2 trng xanh
(ha nu ngoi kk)
Fe(OH)3 nu
dd Cu(NO ) xanh
Cu(OH)2 xanh lam
dd CuCl xanh
CuS en
dd CuSO mu xanh lam
Phc Cu lun xanh lam
AgCl trng
gBr vng nht
gI vng m
g PO vng
Ag2CrO4 gch
Ag2S en
Hn hng (Hg-Au) trng

Phc [ (
xanh lc
Ni+ lc nht
) ]
Ni(OH) xanh lc
NiS en
PbI2 vng ti (tan nhiu

trong nc nng)
MnO2 en
MnCl2 khan nht
Dd
tm hng
xanh lc
Cd
MnS hng nht

CdS vng
Co
hng
Hg
HgS
HgI
ti sao mnh li tch cht rn & kt ta ring? V th l cht rn nhng cht rn vn c th tan trong
nc. V d CuCl2 khan & CuCl2 dung dch,
bng ny c th cn thiu\tha(v ko c trong sgk), nu pht hin sai st th cc bn t sa nha, c th pm
cho mnh th cng tt ^^
II Mu sc ngn la
Cht\Ion
Ni
Na
K
Ca
Ba
CO chy trong kk
Thao tc\P
t chy trn ngn la v sc
2CO+O22CO2
Mu ngn la
Ngn la mu thm
Ngn la mu vng ti
Ngn la mu tm hng
Ngn la mu da cam
Ngn la mu lc (hi vng)
Ngn la mu lam nht
[text]
by Kaitorkid
II Mu sc sp xp theo anion phi kim:

Ion
HC
CuS ,FeS ,Fe2S3 ,Ag2S ,PbS ,HgS, CdS
en
ZnS
Trng
CdS
Vng
Hu ht u mu trng (BaSO4, SrSO4, CaSO4, PbSO4,)
Mu
III Mu sc n cht\hp cht ton phi kim

Loi
n cht\hp cht
Kh Cl2
Nc Clo
Mu
Vng lc
Vng nht
Part II: Hu c
(phn ny ko cn thit lm v c bn cc cht ny u quen thuc ^^)
Mu sc
KT TA
trng
trng
vng
phenol
keo trng
R-C=C-Ag or Ag-C=C-Ag
vng
HCB
Tt c cc HCB u ko mu
[text]
by Kaitorkid
[bi kip chemistry]
[Nhn bit & phn bit kh nh

ngun tng hp & tham kho: SGK, NHN BIT CC CHT HU C (giaoan.violet.vn)
Mc ch :
gip to n tng tr nh
cc dng bt nh C th phn bit bng thuc th no sau y:, Nu hin tng,
P nhn bit\phn bit chng qua ch l TCHH,TCVL ca cc cht\ion, nu nm r cc TC nh
lng bn CHN th khi cn c phn ny na ^^
Vy y ch cp n nhng nhn bit kh nh. 1 s p quen thuc v d nh nhn bit
bng NaOH th c th s ko a vo y ri ^^
Hin tng nhn bit: l nhng g c th thy bng gic quan nh mu sc dd, mu , mu kh , bt
kh,
V vy nhng P m c sp c trng th u l P nhn bit
Part I: Phn bit & nhn bit v c

Nhn bit ion
I.
Ion
Li
Na
K
Ca
Ba
Thuc th
ION KL
t chy trn ngn
la v sc
CrO
Mg
l
n
Cr
e
Cu
g
Cr O
Dd Na HPO c NH3
NH3 d
Hin tng
Ngn la mu thm
Ngn la mu vng ti
Ngn la mu tm hng
Ngn la mu da cam
Ngn la mu lc (hi
vng)
vng ti
Ion thioxianat SCN
tinh th mu trng
trng nhng ko tan
trng tan
trng ko tan
Phc mu
HF
HCl
HBr
AgF tan ko c P
gCl trng
gBr vng nht
Ba
Ba
H
Mg
e
)
CrO
Cr O
HPO
nSCN
BaCrO
H O BaCrO
NH
e(SCN)
MgNH PO
(n: 1
[text]
Pb
Hg

HI
H S
H PO
Dd NH
Dd KI
Dd Na S, H S
Dd kim
Dd KI
Dd Na S, H S
by Kaitorkid
gI vng m
g S en
g PO vng
trng tan trong NH d
PbI vng
PbS en
trng tan trong kim d
HgI
HgS
gOH
[ g(NH ) ]OH
NH
Cd
ANION
OH
NO
SO
Cl
Br
I
S
PO
CO
SO
SiO
CrO
Cr O
Dd I2
HCl, CO2
H+
Dd mt mu
keo H2SiO3
Dd t mu vng cam
Dd t mu cam vng
II Phn bit cht

Cht
BaSO4
BaCO3,..
AgCl
AgBr
AgI
Thuc th
Cht rn
Axit
NH3
HIn tng
Ko tan
Kh
AgCl tan
AgBr ch tan trong NH3 d
AgI ko tan c trong NH3 c (ch tan trong KCN & Na2S2O3 v to
phc)
CO2 (ko
mu, ko
mi)
SO2 (ko
mu, mi
hc,c)
Cl2 (vng
lc, hc,
c)
NO2 (nu
, c)
H2S (mi
trng
thi)
NH3 (ko
mu,
Cht kh
Nc brom, KMnO4,
cnh hoa hng
Ko mt mu
Mt \nht mu thuc th
KI & h tinh bt
Lm xanh h tinh bt
Cl
Nc brom
Dd nht\mt mu
Tinh bt mu xanh
Cl
Br
H O 10HCl
Lm lnh
Kh mu nu nht dn
sang ko mu
SO2, H2SO4, .(Cht

OXH mnh)
,
KI
NO (nu)
KCl
I
HBrO
N O (ko mu)
[text]
khai)
NO (ko
mu)
CO(ko
mu)
H2
O2
HCl
eSO
by Kaitorkid
Phc thm
Dd PdCl2
eSO
, si bt kh
CO
CO
NO
PdCl
e(NO)SO
H O
Pd
HCl
Part II: Phn bit & nhn bit hu c

Cc cht th thng c s dng l dd Br2, Br2 khan, Br2/CCl4, Cu(OH)2, Cu(OH)2 & NaOH ( ), vi sa,
CuO, AgNO3/NH3, KMnO4, thuc t Lucas (ZnCl2/HCl), HNO2, dd iot, qu tm\phenolphtalein,
, CuCl trong NH3

Ch lk C C y l cc cht nh
.(ko phi lk C=C trong benzen)
1.Sp xp theo thuc th
Bng chi tit

Thuc th
Br2 khan xt
Fe
Nhn bit
c
Bezen
Hin tng
Bezen ch p
chm vi Br2
khan xt Fe
[text]

Toluen
Nc Br2
Phenol,
anilin
by Kaitorkid
p nhanh hn
to f o,p
trng
OH
OH
Br
+ 3Br2
Br
Br (ket tua trang)

NH2
NH2
Br
+ 3Br2
Br
+ 3HBr
Br
Dd phai\mt
mu
Br2//CCl4
HNO3 c
Dd phai mu
-CHO
Protein (vd:
abumin,..)
Ko p
vng
+ 3HBr
(ke t tu a tra ng)
RCHO + Br2 + H2O RCOOH + 2HBr
V ko c H2O
Nhm C H
OH ca 1 s gc amino axit trong pr
p vi HNO3 :
( vng)
Cu(OH)2
(c th c
thm
NaOH)
Cu(OH)2,
(c th c
thm
NaOH)
CuO
Tripeptit tr
ln
Cu(OH)2 y c c t p CuSO4+NaOH
ncol t nht
2 (-OH) k
nhau
(glixerol,
etilenglicol,
glucozo,)
Dd xanh l trong
sut
Tinh bt &
saccarozo
-CHO
Ko p
HO CH2
CH2 OH HO CH2
CH OH + Cu(OH)2 + HO CH CH O Cu O CH + 2H2O
HO CH2
CH2 OH HO CH2
C12H22O11 + Cu(OH)2 (C12H22O11)2Cu + 2H2O

glucozo, frutozo, mantozo p tng t
Cu2O gch
To Cu , sp cho
p trng gng
Ancol bc II
To Cu , sp ko
trng gng
Ko p
Ko hin tng
To sau
Amin bc I,
min thm
CH2 OH
CH2 OH
Ancol bc I
Ancol bc III
Thuc th
Ancol bc I
Lucas
Ancol bc II
(ZnCl2/HCl)
Ancol bc III
Axit nitro
HNO2
(=NaNO2+
Phc cht mu tm c trng (p mu biure)
V ko tan trong nc
R
CHO
Cu(OH)
CHO
H O
Cu(OH)
To mui iazoni
NaOH
Cu O
RCOONa
H O
Cu O
t
R CH = O + Cu + H2O
R CH2 OH + CuO
0
t
R CO R + Cu + H2O
R CH2OH R + CuO
CH (OH)
To ngay
Thot kh N2
RCOOH
C H NH
R C OH
HONO
C H NH
HONO
HCl
HCl
R C
C H OH N
HCl
CHCl
Cl
H O
H O
H O
C H N Cl
H O
[text]
HCl)
AgNO3/NH3

bc I,
(0
)
R-C H
-CHO
Dd KMnO4,
mt trung
tnh
by Kaitorkid
vng
HC CH + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH Ag C C Ag + 2H2O
+ 4NH3
RC CH + [Ag(NH3)2]OH RC CAg + H2O +
2NH3
trng
P ko cn
,
dd phai mu tm,
en
3CH2 = CH2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O 3HOCH2CH2OH +

2MnO2 + 2KOH
3CHCH+8KMnO4 3HOOCCOOH + MnO4+8KOH
CH = CH2
CHOH = CH2OH
+ 2MnO2 + 2H2O
+ 2KMnO4 4H2O
Toluen
Dd KMnO4,
mt
(thng
l H2SO4)
Dd NaHSO3
Dd iot
CuCl trong
NH3
(COOH)2,
(COOK)2,
stiren,
-CHO
Tinh bt
R-C C-H
P cn
( 0
100 ), dd phai
mu tm, en
en, c CO2
COOK
CH3
HO
2
+ 2KMnO4
0
80-100 C
+ 2MnO2 +KOH+H2O
C kt tinh
To dd xanh tm,
khi un nng,
mu xanh tm
bin mt,
ngui,mu li
xut hin
R CHO + NaHSO3 R CHOH NaSO3

Tinh bt c kh nng hp ph iot
Khi un nng, iot b gi phng ra kh phn t tinh bt l
mt mu tm
ngui, iot b hp ph tr li lm dd c mu xanh tm
CH CH + 2CuCl + 2NH3 Cu C C Cu + 2NH4Cl

R C C H + CuCl + NH3 R C C Cu + NH4Cl
Ch : Mui iot ko lm i mu tinh bt
Qu (ci ny (NH2)xR(COOH)y
d ri^^)
x>y
x<y xanh
x=y tm
-COOH

amin
xanh
RNH3Cl

Phenol &
Ko i mu qu
anilin
(cn
nhiu )
Vi sa
sacarozo
DD trong sut,
C12H22O11 + Ca(OH)2 C12H22O11.CaO.2H2O
khi thi CO2 vo
C12H22O11.CaO.2H2O +CO2 C12H22O11+CaCO3 +2H2O
th vn c
B sung:
Phn bit cc loi dn xut Halogen (thuc chng trnh NC):
Ankyl halogenua ko p H2O (c
) , b thy phn khi un nng vi dd kim:
Dx loi anlyl halogenua b thy phn ngay khi un si vi nc:
[text]
|
ko p dd kim
by Kaitorkid
(halogen nh trc tip vng benzen)
thng cng nh khi un si. Chng ch P dd kim
thp & p cao:
Phn bit Aren vi anken & xicloankan : c th dng
: aren tan c
Ngoi cch dng thuc th c th dng tnh cht vt l: v d: benzen to phn lp vi nc,
2.Sp xp theo cht nhn bit

(ci ny chnh l 1 phn ca tnh cht ha hc cc cht, nu m a vo y th s s b trng lp nhiu
qu, nn cc bn i tp 2 hoc bn full s c nh ^^)
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Kt
Kaitorkid ,cu thnh vin ca lp 12A1 THPT Lng Li 1- Bc Ninh,
Xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c v cc bn c cun b kp ny.

Xin gi li cm n ti ba m, gia nh sinh ra ti v nui nng ti nn ngi!
Xin cm n tt c nhng ngi cha m th hai - cc thy c gio cho ti kin thc
v cn nhiu hn th!
Xin cm n cc bn b ca ti khch l, ng vin ti hon thnh cun b kp ny.
Chc tt c cc bn, v c ti na, s vt qua cnh ca sp ti^^. Goodluck!
Bc Ninh, 18:43 5/6/2013
[text]
by Kaitorkid
Ks2N

13. Bí Kíp Hóa Học - Kiến Thức Bị Lãng Quên

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bi kip Chemistry focus

Kin thc b lng qun

Page 1 of 87| Kin thc b lng qun

bi kip Chemistry focus

Page 2 of 87| Kin thc b lng qun

bi kip Chemistry focus

Part II: CN SILICAT (nng cao) ............................................................................................................. 36

Page 3 of 87| Kin thc b lng qun

bi kip Chemistry focus

Page 4 of 87| Kin thc b lng qun

bi kip Chemistry focus

Mnh tm thi tp trung nhiu vo nhng th kh nh (v thi gian ko cho php

Page 5 of 87| Kin thc b lng qun

bi kip Chemistry focus

Ha hc i cng & phn tch

[bi kip chemistry]

[Cc khi nim & nh l,

1911, R--pho & cc cng s cho cc ht bn ph 1 l vng mng & dng mn

Page 6 of 87| Kin thc b lng qun

u xuyn qua l vng, 1 s t lch hng, 1 s t bt li

bi kip Chemistry focus

1918, R pho bn ph hn ng t N bng ht

thy 1 hn O & 1 ht c khi lng

1932, Chat-uch (cng tc vin ca R pho): dng ht

Nguyn t c cu to rng, cc e chuyn ng xung quanh 1 ht mang in tch dng

ng v ca cng 1 nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng s p nhng khc

Obitan nguyn t l khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m ti xc sut c mt

Cc e trn cng 1 lp c nng lng gn bng nhau

Cc e trn cng 1 phn lp c nng lng bng nhau

Trn 1 AO ch c th c nhiu nht l 2 e & 2 e ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu

trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc e chim ln lt nhng AO c mc nng lng

Page 7 of 87| Kin thc b lng qun

bi kip Chemistry focus

L dy cc ng t m ng t ca chng c cng s lp e c xp theo chiu Z tng dn

L tp hp cc ng t m ng t c cu hnh e tng t nhau, do c tnh cht ha hc

e cui cng xp vo phn lp s,p,d,f

(ko phi e phn lp ngoi cng nh, nhm l die ^^)

L tc ca 1 ng t m ng t ca n d nhng e tr thnh ion (+)

L tc ca 1 ng t m ng t ca n d nhn e tr thnh ion (-)

Part II. LKHH

L s kt hp gia cc ng t to pt \ tinh th bn vng hn

L LK c to thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion kang in tch tri du. c hnh

L LK hnh thnh gia 2 ng t = 1 \ nhiu cp e chung

Trong 1 s trng hp, cp e chung ch do 1 cp ng t ng gp lk gia 2 ng t l lk

Cc ng t c khuynh hng lk vi cc ng t khc t uc cu hnh e vng bn ca

Trc cc AO tham gia lin kt trng ng ni tm 2 ng t lk .

Trc cc AO tham gia lin kt song song vi nhau & vung gc vi ng ni tm 2 ng t

S lai ha AO l s t hp (trn ln) mt s AO trong 1 ng t uc tng y AO lai

trong hc ion: l in ha tr & bng in tch ca ion

Page 8 of 87| Kin thc b lng qun

bi kip Chemistry focus

L in tch ca ng t ng t nu gi nh LK gia cc ng t trong pt l lk ion

L lk c hnh thnh gia cc ng t & ion KL trong mng tt do s tham gia ca cc e t

Part III. PHH

Easy. (L PHH trong c s chuyn e gia cc cht P , hay c s thay i s OXH 1

Khu quyt: Kh cho o nhn

(kh: cht kh, o: cht OXH)

Phn loi P trong hh v c

c hoc ko c s thay i s OXH

Lun c s thay i s OXH

Lun ko c s thay i s OXH

Page 9 of 87| Kin thc b lng qun

bi kip Chemistry focus