Lý Thuyết Hóa 12 - Full

Tng n l thuyt 12 Ti Yu Ha Hc
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
Chng 1: ESTE - LIPT

A-ESTE.
I KHI NIM, DANH PHP
C2H5OH + CH3COOH
H2SO4 a
c, t0
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
etyl aetat
H2SO4 a
c, t0
CH3COOH + HO [CH2]2 CH CH3

CH3
CH3COO [CH3]2 CH CH3 + H2O
CH3
iamyl aetat
Tng qut:
RCOOH + R'OH
H2SO4 a
c, t0
RCOOR' + H2O
Khi thay th nhm OH nhm cacboxyl ca axit cacboxylic bng nhm OR th c este.
CTCT ca este n chc: RCOOR
R: gc hirocacbon ca axit hoc H.
R: gc hirocacbon ca ancol (R # H)
CTCT chung ca este no n chc:
- CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1 (n 0, m 1)
- CxH2xO2 (x 2)
Tn gi: Tn gc hirocacbon ca ancol + tn gc axit.
- Tn gc axit: Xut pht t tn ca axit tng ng, thay ui icat.
Th d:
CH3COOCH2CH2CH3: propyl axetat
HCOOCH3: metyl fomat
II TNH CHT VT L
- Cc este l cht lng hoc cht rn trong iu kin thng, hu nh khng tan trong nc.
- C nhit si thp hn hn so vi cc axit ng phn hoc cc ancol c cng khi lng mol phn t
hoc c cng s nguyn t cacbon.
Th d:
CH3CH2CH2COOH CH3[CH2]3CH2OH CH3COOC2H5
(M = 88)
(M = 88), t s0 =
(M = 88), t s0 =
0
t s0 =163,5 C
1320C
770C
Tan nhiu trong
Tan t trong nc
Khng tan
nc
trong nc
Nguyn nhn: Do gia cc phn t este khng to c lin kt hiro vi nhau v lin kt hiro gia
cc phn t este vi nc rt km.
- Cc este thng c mi c trng: isoamyl axetat c mi chui chn, etyl butirat v etyl propionat c
mi da; geranyl axetat c mi hoa hng
III. TNH CHT HO HC
1. Thu phn trong mi trng axit
Trang 1
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
H2SO4 a
c, t0
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
C2H5OH + CH3COOH
* c im ca phn ng: Thun nghch v xy ra chm.

2. Thu phn trong mi trng baz (Phn ng x phng ho)
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH
t0
CH3COONa + C2H5OH
c im ca phn ng: Phn ng ch xy ra 1 chiu.

IV. IU CH
1. Phng php chung: Bng phn ng este ho gia axit cacboxylic v ancol.
RCOOH + R'OH
H2SO4 a
c, t0
RCOOR' + H2O
2. Phng php ring: iu ch este ca anol khng bn bng phn ng gia axit cacboxylic v ancol
tng ng.
CH3COOH + CH CH
t0, t
CH3COOCH=CH2
V. NG DNG
- Dng lm dung mi tch, chit cht hu c (etyl axetat), pha sn (butyl axetat),...
- Mt s polime ca este c dng sn xut cht do nh poli(vinyl axetat), poli (metyl
metacrylat),.. hoc dng lm keo dn.
- Mt s este c mi thm, khng c, c dng lm cht to hng trong cng nghip thc phm
(benzyl fomat, etyl fomat,..), m phm (linalyl axetat, geranyl axetat,),
B-LIPIT.
I KHI NIM
Lipit l nhng hp cht hu c c trong t bo sng, khng ho tan trong nc nhng tan nhiu trong
cc dung mi hu c khng cc.
Cu to: Phn ln lipit l cc este phc tp, bao gm cht bo (triglixerit), sp, steroit v
photpholipit,
II CHT BO
1. Khi nim
Cht bo l trieste ca glixerol vi axit bo, gi chung l triglixerit hay l triaxylglixerol.
Cc axit bo hay gp:
C17H35COOH hay CH3[CH2]16COOH: axit stearic
C17H33COOH hay cis-CH3[CH2]7CH=CH[CH2]7COOH: axit oleic
C15H31COOH hay CH3[CH2]14COOH: axit panmitic
Axit bo l nhng axit n chc c mch cacbon di, khng phn nhnh, c th no hoc khng no.
CTCT chung ca cht bo:
R1COO CH2
R2COO CH
R3COO CH2
R1, R2, R3 l gc hirocacbon ca axit bo, c th ging hoc khc nhau.

Th d:
(C17H35COO)3C3H5: tristearoylglixerol (tristearin)
(C17H33COO)3C3H5: trioleoylglixerol (triolein)
Trang 2
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
(C15H31COO)3C3H5: tripanmitoylglixerol (tripanmitin)

2. Tnh cht vt l
iu kin thng: L cht lng hoc cht rn.
- R1, R2, R3: Ch yu l gc hirocacbon no th cht bo l cht rn.
- R1, R2, R3: Ch yu l gc hirocacbon khng no th cht bo l cht lng.
Khng tan trong nc nhng tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c khng cc: benzen, clorofom,
Nh hn nc, khng tan trong nc.
3. Tnh cht ho hc
a. Phn ng thu phn
(CH3[CH2]16COO)3C3H5 + 3H2O
tritearin
H+, t0
3CH3[CH2]16COOH + C3H5(OH)3
ait tearic
lierl
b. Phn ng x phng ho
(CH3[CH2]16COO)3C3H5 + 3NaOH
tritearin
t0
3CH3[CH2]16COONa + C3H5(OH)3
natri tearat
lierl
c. Phn ng cng hiro ca cht bo lng

(C17H33COO)3C3H5 + 3H2
(ln)
Ni
(C17H35COO)3C3H5
(ran)
175 - 1900C
4. ng dng
- Thc n cho ngi, l ngun dinh dng quan trng v cung cp phn ln nng lng cho c th hot
ng.
- L nguyn liu tng hp mt s cht khc cn thit cho c th. Bo m s vn chuyn v hp th
c cc cht ho tan c trong cht bo.
- Trong cng nghip, mt lng ln cht bo dng sn xut x phng v glixerol. Sn xut mt s
thc phm khc nh m si, hp,
C-KHI NIM V X PHNG V CHT GIT RA TNG HP
I X PHNG
1. Khi nim
X phng thng dng l hn hp mui natri hoc mui kali ca axit bo, c thm mt s cht ph gia.
Thnh phn ch yu ca x phng thng: L mui natri ca axit panmitic hoc axit stearic. Ngoi ra
trong x phng cn c cht n (lm tng cng c bnh), cht ty mu, cht dit khun v cht
to hng,
2. Phng php sn xut
(RCOO)3C3H5 + 3NaOH
cat be
t0
3RCOONa + C3H5(OH)3
a~p~
n
X phng cn c sn xut theo s sau:

Anan
ait cacbylic
mi natri ca ait cacbylic
Th d:
O2, t0, t
2CH3[CH2]14CH2CH2[CH2]14CH3
4CH3[CH2]14COOH
2CH3[CH2]14COOH + Na2CO3
2CH3[CH2]14COONa + CO2 + H2O
II CHT GIT RA TNG HP

Trang 3
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
1. Khi nim
Nhng hp cht khng phi l mui natri ca axit cacboxylic nhng c tnh nng git ra nh x phng
c gi l cht git ra tng hp.
2. Phng php sn xut
c tng hp t cc cht ly t du m.
Daf m
ait eylbenennfnic
natri eylbenennfnat
Na2CO3
C12H25-C6H4SO3H
C12H25-C6H4SO3Na
ait eylbenennfnic natri eylbenennfnat
3. TC DNG TY RA CA X PHNG V CHT GIT RA TNG HP

- Mui natri trong x phng hay trong cht git ra tng hp c kh nng lm gim sc cng b mt ca
cc cht bn bm trn vi, da, do v bn c phn tn thnh nhiu phn nh hn v c phn
tn vo nc.
- Cc mui panmitat hay stearat ca cc kim loi ho tr II thng kh tan trong nc, do khng nn
dng x phng git ra trong nc cng (nc c cha nhiu ion Ca2+, Mg2+). Cc mui ca axit
oexylbenzensunfonic li tan c trong nc cng, do cht git ra c u im hn x phng l
c th git ra c trong nc cng.
BI TP
001: Cng thc chung ca este to bi mt axit cacboxylic no, n chc v mt ancol no, n chc (c axit
v ancol u mch h) l
A. CnH2n+2O2.
B. CnH2n-2)O2.
C. CnH2nO3.
D.
CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1.
002: Metyl propionat l tn gi ca hp cht c cng thc cu to :
A. HCOOC3H7.
B. C2H5COOCH3.
C. C3H7COOH.
D. C2H5COOH.
003: Dy cc cht no sau y c sp xp theo chiu nhit si tng dn ?
A. CH3COOH, CH3COOC2H5, CH3CH2CH2OH
B. CH3COOH, CH3CH2CH2OH, CH3COOC2H5
C. CH3CH2CH2OH, CH3COOH, CH3COOC2H5
D. CH3COOC2H5, CH3CH2CH2OH, CH3COOH
004: Khi thy phn vinyl axetat trong mi trng axit thu c
A. axit axetic v ancol vinylic
B. axit axetic v anehit axetic
C. axit axetic v ancol etylic
D. axit axetic v axetilen
005: Cho este X (C8H8O2) tc dng vi lng d dung dch KOH thu c 2 mui hu c v H2O. X c tn
gi l
A. metyl benzoat
B. Benzyl fomat
C. phenyl fomat
D. phenyl axetat
006: Cht X c cng thc phn t C4H8O2. Khi cho X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH sinh ra cht Y c cng
thc C2H3O2Na . Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. HCOOC3H7.
B. C2H5COOCH3.
C. CH3COOC2H5.
D. HCOOC3H5.
007: Cho axit cacboxylic tc dng vi ancol c xc tc H2SO4 c, un nng to ra este c cng thc phn
t C4H6O2. Tn gi ca ete l
A. metyl acrylat
B. metyl metacrylat
C. metyl propiolat
D. vinyl axetat
008: Mt este X c cng thc phn t l C4H6O2, khi thy phn trong mi trng axit thu c imetyl
xeton. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l
A. HCOO CH = CH CH3.
B. CH3COO CH = CH2.
C. HCOO C(CH3) = CH2.
D. CH = CH2 COOCH3.
009: Thy phn vinyl axetat trong dung dch NaOH thu c
A. axit axetic v ancol vinylic
B. natri axetat v ancol vinylic
C. natri axetat v anehit axetic
D. axit axetic v anehit axetic
Trang 4
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
010: Hn hp X gm 2 este mch h E (C5H6O4) v F (C4H6O2). un nng hn hp X vi dung dch NaOH

d, sau c cn dung dch, thu c cht rn Y. Nung Y vi NaOH (c mt CaO) th thu c mt cht
kh l CH4. Vy cng thc cu to ca E v F l
A. HOOC CH = CH COO CH3 v CH3 OOC CH = CH2
B. HOOC COO CH2 CH = CH2 v H COO CH2 CH = CH2
C. HOOC CH = CH COO CH3 v CH2 = CH COO CH3
D. HOOC CH2 COO CH = CH2 v CH3 COO CH = CH2
011: Thy phn este E c CTPT C4H8O2 vi xc tc axit v c long, thu c 2 sn phm v c X, Y
(cha cc nguyn t C, H, O). T X ta c th iu ch trc tip ra Y bng mt phn ng duy nht. Cht E l
A. etyl axetat
B. propyl fomat
C. isopropyl fomat
D. metyl propiolat
012: c im ca phn ng thy phn lipit trong mi trng axit l
A. phn ng thun nghch
B. phn ng x phng ha
C. phn ng khng thun nghch
D. phn ng cho nhn electron
013: bin mt s loi du thnh m rn, hoc b nhn to ngi ta thc hin qu trnh
A. hiro ha (c xuc tc Ni).
B. c cn nhit cao.
C. lm lnh.
D. x phng ha .
014: Phn ng este ha gia ancol etylic v axit axetic to thnh
A. metyl axetat
B. axyl etylat
C. etyl axetat
D. axetyl etylat
015: Mt ete c cng thc phn t l C4H8O2, khi thy phn trong mi trng axit thu c ancol etylic .
Cng thc cu to ca C4H8O2 l
A. C3H7COOH.
B. CH3COOC2H5.
C. HCOOC3H7.
D. C2H5COOCH3.
016: S ng phn este ng vi CTCT C4H8O2 l
A. 3
B. 4
C. 2
D. 5
017: Tn gi ca cht c CTCT CH3OCOCH=CH2 l
A. metyl acrylat.
B. vinyl axetat
C. vinyl fomat.
D. etyl acrylat
018: Sp xp theo chiu tng dn v nhit si ca cc cht (1) C3H7COOH, (2) CH3COOC2H5 v (3)
C3H7CH2OH, ta c th t :
A. (1), (2), (3).
B. (2), (3), (1).
C. (1), (3), (2).
D. (3), (2), (1).
019: Phn ng tng tc ca ancol to thnh este c gi l:
A. phn ng trung ha
B. phn ng ngng t
C. phn ng este ha
D. phn ng kt
hp
020: Thy phn este trong mi trng kim, khi un nng gi l:
A. x phng ha
B. hirat ho
C. krackinh
D. s ln men
021: Phenyl axetat c iu ch trc tip t:
A. axit axetic v phenol.
B. anhirit axetic v phenol.
C. axit axetic v ancol benzylic .
D. anhirit axetic v ancol benzylic .
022: Chn p n ng nht :
A. Cht bo l trieste ca glixerol vi axit.
B. Cht bo l trieste ca ancol vi axxit bo.
C. Cht bo l trieste ca glixerol vi axit v c.
D. Cht bo l trieste ca glixerol vi axit bo.
023: Tnh cht c trng ca lipit l:
1. cht lng
2. cht rn
3. nh hn nc
4. khng tan trong nc
5. tan trong xng
6. d b thy phn
7. Tc dng vi kim loi kim.
8. cng H2 vo gc ancol.
Cc tnh cht khng ng l:
A. 1, 6, 8.
B. 2, 5, 7.
C. 1, 2, 7, 8.
D. 3, 6, 8.
024: Khi thy phn cht no sau y s thu c glyxerol
A. Mui
B. Este n chc
C. Cht bo
D. Etylaxetat
Trang 5
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
Chng 2 : CACBONHIRAT
A. KHI NIM V CACBONHIRAT
Cacbonhirat l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc, c cha nhiu nhm hyroxyl (-OH) v c
nhm cacbonyl ( -CO- ) trong phn t, thng c cng thc chung l Cn(H2O)m.
B. MONOSACCARIT
Monosaccarit l nhng cacbonhirat n gin nht khng b thu phn.
V d : Glucoz v fructoz c cng thc phn t C6H12O6.
* GLUCOZ.
I. Tnh cht vt l v trng thi thin nhin:
Cht rn kt tinh, khng mu, nng chy nhit 146oC v c ngt km ng ma, c
nhiu trong cc b phn ca cy v nht l trong qu chn. Glucoz c trong c th ngi v ng vt
(chim 0,1% trong mu ngi).
II. Cu trc phn t.
Glucoz c cng thc phn t l C6H12O6, tn ti dng mch h v mch vng.
1. Dng mch h.
Glucoz c cu to ca anehit n chc v ancol 5 chc, c cng thc cu to thu gn l
CH2OH-CHOH-CHOH-CHOH-CHOH-CH=O Hoc vit gn: CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO
2. Dng mch vng.
-Nhm-OH C5 cng vo nhm C=O to ra 2 dng vng 6 cnh v .
-Trong dung dch, hai dng ny chim u th hn v lun chuyn ho ln nhau theo mt cn
bng qua dng mch h.
6
CH 2OH
H
4
HO
OH
3
OH
OH
CH 2OH
CH 2OH
H
4
HO
OH
3
H C
1
OH
H
4
HO
OH
3
OH
OH
-Glucoz
Glucoz
-Glucoz
- Nhm OH v tr s 1 c gi l OH hemiaxetal
III. Tnh cht ho hc.
Glucoz c cc tnh cht ca nhm anehit v ancol a chc.
1. Tnh cht ca ancol a chc (poliancol)
a. Tc dng vi Cu(OH)2:
dd glucozo ho tan Cu(OH)2 t0 thng to dd phc c mu xanh
2C6H12O6 + Cu(OH)2(C6H11O6)2Cu + 2H2O
b. Phn ng to este
Khi Glucoz tc dng vi anhidrit axetic c th to ra este cha 5 gc axit :C6H7O(OCOCH3)5
2. Tnh cht ca nhm anehit
a. Tnh kh.
- Oxi ha Glucoz bng phc bc amoniac (AgNO3 trong dung dch NH3)
AgNO3+ 3NH3+H2O[Ag(NH3)2]OH+ NH4NO3
CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO+2[Ag(NH3)2]OHCH2OH[CHOH]4COONH4+ 2Ag+3NH3+ H2O.
Trang 6
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
Hoc :
CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO+2AgNO3+3NH3+H2OCH2OH[CHOH]4COONH4+ 2Ag+2NH4NO3.
- Oxi ho Glucoz bng Cu(OH)2/NaOH khi un nng
0
t
CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO+2Cu(OH)2+NaOH
CH2OH[CHOH]4COONa+Cu2O+3H2O.
natri gluconat
- Glucozo lm mt mu dd nc brom:
CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + Br2 +H2O CH2OH[CHOH]4COOH + HBr
b. Tnh oxiho
0
Ni ,t
CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO+H2
CH2OH[CHOH]4CH2OH ( Sobitol )
3. Tnh cht ring ca dng mch vng
6
CH 2OH
CH 2O H
H
H
OH
HO
H
2
+ HOCH 3
HCl
OH
OH
HO
OH
H
H
OH
+ H2 O
OCH 3
OH
Metyl -glucozit
Khi nhm -OH C1 chuyn thnh nhm -OCH3, th dng vng khng th chuyn sang dng
mch h c na.
4. Phn ng ln men
2C2H5OH + 2CO2
C6H12O6 enzim
0
0
30 35 C
5. iu ch v ng dng
a. iu ch
0
HCl 40 0
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O
nC6H12O6
* FRUCTZ (ng phn ca GLUCZ).
- Cng thc phn t C6H12O6
- Cng thc cu to :
CH2OH-CHOH-CHOH-CHOH-C-CH2OH
||
O
Hoc vit gn: CH2OH[CHOH]3COCH2OH
-Trong dd fructoz c th tn ti dng mch vng 5 cnh hoc 6 cnh.
- dng tinh th: Fructozo dng vng 5 cnh

1
6
H O CH 2
5
H
4
CH 2 O H
OH
3
OH
OH H
-Fructoz
H O CH 2
2
OH 3
OH
OH
OH 5
4
CH 2 O H
6
-Fructoz
OH
Fructoz
Trong mi trng kim c s chuyn ho: Glucoz
* Tnh cht:
- Tng t glucozo, fructozo tc dng Cu(OH)2 cho dd phc mu xanh, tc dng H2 cho
poliancol, tham gia p/ trng bc, p/ kh Cu(OH)2 cho kt ta gch
Trang 7
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
- Khc vi glucozo, fructozo khng lm mt mu dd nc brom

Dng phn ng ny
phn bit Glucozo vi Fructozo
C ISACCARIT
isaccarit l nhng cacbonhirat khi b thu phn sinh ra 2 phn t monosaccarit.
V d : Saccaroz cng thc phn t C12H22O11
I. Tnh cht vt l, trng thi thin nhin:
Cht rn kt tinh, khng mu, tan tt trong nc, nng chy nhit 185oC, c nhiu trong
ma, c ci ng.
II. Cu trc phn t.
6
C H 2O H
OH
HO
OH
HOCH2
CH2OH
OH
OH
OH
6
Saccaroz hp bi - Glucoz v - Fructz.

III. Tnh cht ho hc.
Saccaroz khng cn tnh kh v khng cn -OH hemixetal t do nn khng th chuyn sang
dng mch h. V vy saccaroz ch cn tnh cht ca ancol a chc v c bit c phn ng thu phn
ca isaccarit.
1. Phn ng ca ancol a chc
a. Phn ng vi Cu(OH)2
2C12H22O11+ Cu(OH)2 (C12H21O11)2Cu+ 2H2O
b. Phn ng thu phn
H ,t
C12H22O11+ H2O
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Glucoz Fructoz
c. Phn ng vi sa vi Ca(OH)2 cho dung dch trong sut (canxi saccarat).
C12H22O11+ Ca(OH)2 + H2O C12H22O11.CaO.2H2O
IV. ng dng v sn xut ng saccaroz
1. ng dng .
2. Sn xut ng saccaroz.
V. ng phn ca saccaroz: mantoz
1. Cu to.
- Phn t mantoz do 2 gc Glucoz lin kt vi nhau C1 gc - glucozo ny vi C4 ca gc
- glucozo kia qua nguyn t oxi. Lin kt -C1-O-C4 gi l l/k -1,4-glicozit
6
C H 2O H
C H 2O H
H
4
HO
H
H
OH
H
2
OH
H
H
OH
H
2
OH
OH
- Nhm -OH hemiaxetal gc Glucoz th hai cn t do nn trong dung dch gc ny c th m

vng to ra nhm -CHO.
2. Tnh cht.
Trang 8
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
a. Th hin tnh cht ca poliol ging saccaroz, tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 cho phc ng mantoz.
b. C tnh kh tng t Glucoz.
c. B thu phn sinh ra 2 phn t Glucoz.
D. POLISACCARIT
L nhng cacbonhirat phc tp khi bih thy phn sinh ra nhiu phn t monosaccarit.
V d: Tinh bt v xenluloz u c cng thc phn t (C6H10O5)n
I - TINH BT
1- Tnh cht vt l, trng thi thin nhin.
Tinh bt l cht rn v nh hnh, mu trng, khng tan trong nc lnh, tan trong nc nng to
dung dch keo (h tinh bt), l hp cht cao phn t c trong cc loi ng cc, cc loi qu c...
2. Cu trc phn t
+ Tinh bt l hn hp ca 2 loi polisaccarit l amiloz v amilopectin. C 2 u c cng thc
(C6H10O5)n l nhng gc -glucoz.
- Cu trc phn t Amiloz: gc -glucoz lin kt vi nhau bi lin kt -1,4-glucozit to
thnh chui di khng phn nhnh, xon li thnh hnh l xo.
6
....
OH
H
H
CH 2OH
CH 2OH
CH 2OH
OH
OH
H
H
OH
OH
....
OH
- Cu trc phn t Amilopectin: gc -glucoz lin kt vi nhau bi lin kt -1,4-glucozit to

v lin kt -1,6-glucozit to thnh chui phn nhnh.
6
H
....
H H
OH
3
H OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
5
H H
OH
H H
OH
H OH
CH2OH
5
H H
OH
H OH
....
H H
OH
3
H OH
H OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
5
H H
OH
3
....
H OH
3. Tnh cht ho hc
L mt polisaccarit c cu trc vng xon, tinh bt biu hiu rt yu tnh cht ca mt poliancol,
ch biu hin r tnh cht thu phn v phn ng mu vi iot.
a. Phn ng thu phn
+ Thu phn nh xc tc axit
H ,t
n C6H12O6
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O
+ Thu phn nh enzim
H2O
H2O
H2O
Tinh bt
extrin
Mantozo
glucozo
-amilaza
-amilaza
mantaza
b. Phn ng mu vi dung dch iot:
Trang 9
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
Nh dung dch iot vo ng nghim ng dung dch h tinh bt hoc vo mt ct ca c khoai

lang.
+ Hin tng : Dung dch h tinh bt trong ng nghim cng nh mt ct ca c khoai lang u
nhum mu xanh tm. Khi un nng, mu xanh tm bin mt, khi ngui mu xanh tm li xut hin.
+ Gii thch: Nh lin kt hiro phn t amiloz to thnh cc vng xon bao bc cc phn t iot
to ra hp cht mu xanh tm c trng. Khi un nng cc phn t amiloz dui ra, iot b gii phng ra
khi phn t tinh bt lm mt mu xanh tm . Khi ngui, iot b hp ph tr li lm dung dch c
mu xanh tm. Phn ng ny c dng nhn ra tinh bt bng iot v ngc li.
4. S chuyn ha tinh bt trong c th
H 2O
H 2O
H 2O
Tinh bt
extrin
Mantozo
glucozo
-amilaza
-amilaza
CO
Glucozo
enzim
mantaza
[O]
enzim
H 2O
enzim
glicogen
5. S to thnh tinh bt trong cy xanh

nh sng mt tri
6nCO2 + 5n H2O (C6H10O5)n + 6nCO2
clorophin
II. XENLULOZ
1. Tnh cht vt l. Trng thi t nhin.
Xenluloz l cht rn, dng si, mu trng, khng tan trong nc, tan c trong dung dch
svayde ( dugn dch Cu(OH)2 trong NH3 ), c trong g , bng...
2. Cu trc phn t
Xenluloz l mt polime hp thnh t cc mt xch -glucozo ni vi nhau bi cc lin kt 1,4-glicozit c cng thc (C6H10O5)n, phn t xenlulozo khng phn nhnh, vng xon
C H 2O H
H
H
OH
OH
n
Mi mt xch C6H10O5 c 3 nhm -OH t do, nn c th vit cng thc ca xenluloz l
[C6H7O2(OH)3]n
3. Tnh cht ho hc
Xenluloz l polisaccarit v mi mt xch c 3 nhm -OH t do nn xenluloz c phn ng thu phn
v phn ng ca ancol a chc.
a. Phn ng ca polisaccarit
o
H 2 SO4 , t
(C6H10O5)n+ nH2O
nC6H12O6
b. Phn ng ca ancol a chc
+Xenluloz phn ng vi HNO3 c H2SO4 c xc tc
o
H 2 SO4 , t
[C6H7O2(OH)3]n+3nHNO3
[C6H7O2(ONO2)3]n+ 3nH2O.
(Xenlulozo trinitrat)
+ Xenluloz phn ng vi anhidrit axetic
[C6H7O2(OH)3]n+2n(CH3CO)2O [C6H7O2(OCOCH3)2(OH)]n+ 2n CH3COOH
Trang 10
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
[C6H7O2(OH)3]n+3n(CH3CO)2O [C6H7O2(OCOCH3)3]n+ 3n CH3COOH

+Phn ng vi nc Svayde: [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2
Xenluloz phn ng vi nc Svayde cho dung dch phc ng- xenluloz dng sn xut t
ng-amoniac
Bng tm tt tnh cht ca cacbonhirat.
Glucoz
Fructoz
+[Ag(NH3)2]OH
Ag
Saccaroz
Mantoz
Tinh
bt
Ag
Metyl
glicozit
Dd xanh
lam
Dd xanh
lam
Dd xanh
lam
Metyl
glicozit
Dd xanh
lam
(CH3CO)2O
HNO3/H2SO4
glucoz
glucoz
+ CH3OH/HCl
+ Cu(OH)2
H2O/H+
glucoz +
fructoz
(+) c phn ng ; (-) khng c phn ng
-
Xenluloz
Xenluloz
triaxetat
Xenluloz
triaxetat
glucoz
BI TP
1: Cacbohirat (gluxit, saccarit) l:
A. hp cht a chc, c cng thc chung l Cn(H2O)m.
B. hp cht tp chc, a s c cng thc chung l Cn(H2O)m.
C. hp cht cha nhiu nhm hidroxyl v nhm cacboxyl.
D. hp cht ch c ngun gc t thc vt.
2: C my loi cacbohirat quan trng?
A. 1 loi.
B. 2 loi.
C. 3 loi.
D. 4 loi.
2: Nhng th nghim no chng minh c cu to phn t ca glucoz?
A. phn ng vi Na v vi dung dch AgNO3 trong amoniac .
B. phn ng vi NaOH v vi dung dch AgNO3 trong amoniac .
C. phn ng vi CuO v vi dung dch AgNO3 trong amoniac .
D. phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 v vi dung dch AgNO3 trong amoniac .
4: Cc cht Glucoz (C6H12O6), fomandehit (HCHO), axetandehit CH3CHO, metyl fomat (H-COOCH3), phn
t u c nhm CHO nhng trong thc t trng gng ngi ta ch dng:
A. CH3CHO
B. HCOOCH3
C. C6H12O6
D. HCHO
5: D kin thc nghim no sau y khng dng chng minh c cu to ca glucoz dng mch h:
A. Kh hon ton glucoz cho n - hexan.
B. Glucoz c phn ng trng bc .
C. Glucoz to este cha 5 gc axit CH3COOD. Khi c xc tc enzim, dung dch glucoz ln men to ancol etylic
Trang 11
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
6: ng phn ca glucoz l
A. saccaroz
B. mantoz
C. xenluloz
D. Fructoz
7: M t no di y khng ng vi glucoz?
A. Cht rn, mu trng, tan trong nc v c v ngt.
B. C mt trong hu ht cc b phn ca cy, nht l trong qu chn.
C. Cn c tn gi l ng nho.
D. C 0,1% trong mu ngi.
8: Khi no bnh nhn c truyn trc tip dung dch glucoz (cn c gi vi bit danh huyt thanh
ngt).
A. Khi bnh nhn c lng glucoz trong mu > 0,1%.
B. Khi bnh nhn c lng glucoz trong mu < 0,1%.
C. Khi bnh nhn c lng glucoz trong mu = 0,1%.
D. Khi bnh nhn c lng glucoz trong mu t 0,1% 0,2%.
9: xc nh glucoz trong nc tiu ca ngi b bnh i tho ng ngi ta dng
A. axit axetic
B. ng (II) oxit
C. natri hiroxit
D. ng (II)
hiroxit
10: Glucoz tc dng c vi tt c cht trong nhm cht no sau y?
A. H2/Ni , nhit ; Cu(OH)2; [Ag(NH3)2]OH; H2O/H+, nhit .
B. [Ag(NH3)2]OH; Cu(OH)2; H2/Ni, un nng; CH3COOH/H2SO4 c, un nng.
C. H2/Ni , nhit ; [Ag(NH3)2]OH; NaOH; Cu(OH)2.
D. H2/Ni , nhit ; [Ag(NH3)2]OH; Na2CO3; Cu(OH)2.
11: Phn ng kh glucoz l phn ng no sau y ?
A. Glucoz + H2/Ni , to.
B. Glucoz + Cu(OH)2.
men
C. Glucoz + [Ag(NH3)2]OH.
D. Glucoz
etanol.
12: Phn ng chuyn glucoz, fructoz thnh nhng sn phm ging nhau l
A. phn ng vi Cu(OH)2.
B. phn ng trng gng .
o
C. phn ng vi H2/Ni. t .
D. phn ng vi kim loi Na .
13: Thuc th phn bit glucoz vi fructoz l
A. [Ag(NH3)2]OH.
B. Cu(OH)2.
C. dung dch Br2.
D. H2.
14: Sobit (sobitol) l sn phm ca phn ng
A. kh glucoz bng H2/Ni, to.
B. oxi ha glucoz bng [Ag(NH3)2]OH.
C. ln men ancol etylic.
D. glucoz tc dng vi Cu(OH)2.
15: Fructoz khng phn ng vi cht no sau y?
A. H2/Ni, to.
B. Cu(OH)2.
C. dung dch brom.
D. AgNO3/NH3.
16: Glucoz khng c c tnh cht no di y?
A. Tnh cht ca nhm andehit
B. Tnh cht poliol
C. Tham gia phn ng thy phn
D. Ln men to ancol etylic
17: chng minh glucoz c nhm chc andehit, c th dng mt trong ba phn ng ho hc. Trong cc
phn ng sau, phn ng no khng chng minh c nhm chc andehit ca glucoz?
A. Oxi ho glucoz bng AgNO3/NH3.
B. Oxi ho glucoz bng Cu(OH)2 un nng.
C. Ln men glucoz bng xc tc enzim.
D. Kh glucoz bng H2/Ni, t0.
18: C bn l mt nhn cha: Glixerol, ancol etylic, glucoz v axit axetic. Thuc th no sau y c th
dng phn bit cc dung dch trong tng l trn ?
A. [Ag(NH3)2]OH.
B. Na kim loi.
C. Cu(OH)2 trong mi trng kim.
D. Nc brom.
19: ng dng no di y khng phi l ng dng ca glucoz?
A. Lm thc phm dinh dng v thuc tng lc
B. Trng gng, trng phch
C. Nguyn liu sn xut ancol etylic
D. Nguyn liu sn xut PVC
Trang 12
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
20: c im ging nhau gia glucoz v saccaroz l

A. u c trong c ci ng
B. u tham gia phn ng trng gng
C. u ho tan Cu(OH)2 nhit thng cho dung dch mu xanh
D. u c s dng trong y hc lm huyt thanh ngt
21: Da vo tnh cht no sau y, ta c th kt lun tinh bt v xenluloz l nhng polime thin nhin c
cng thc (C6H10O5)n.
CO2 6
A. Tinh bt v xen luloz khi b t chy u cho t l mol

H 2O 5
B. Tinh bt v xen luloz u c th lm thc n cho ngi v gia sc.
C. Tinh bt v xen luloz u khng tan trong nc.
D. Thu phn tinh bt v xen luloz n tn cng trong mi trng axit u thu c glucoz C6H12O6.
22: Qua nghin cu phn ng este ho xenluloz ngi ta thy mi gc glucoz (C6H10O5) c
A. 5 nhm hiroxyl
B. 3 nhm hiroxyl
C. 4 nhm hiroxyl
D. 2 nhm hiroxyl
23: Cu no ng trong cc cu sau: Tinh bt v xenluloz khc nhau v
A. Cng thc phn t
B. tnh tan trong nc lnh
C. Cu trc phn t
D. phn ng thu phn
24: Khi thu phn tinh bt ta thu c sn phm cui cng l
A. fructoz
B. glucoz
C. saccaroz
D. Mantoz
25: Cht no sau y c phn ng trng gng?
A. Saccaroz
B. Tinh bt
C. Glucoz
D. Xenluloz
26: Saccaroz c th tc dng vi cc cht
A. H2/Ni, t0 ; Cu(OH)2, un nng .
B. Cu(OH)2, un nng ; CH3COOH /H2SO4 c, t0.
C. Cu(OH)2, un nng ; dung dch AgNO3/NH3.
D. H2/Ni, t0 ; CH3COOH /H2SO4 c, t0.
27: Fructoz khng phn ng vi cht no sau y?
A. H2/Ni, to.
B. Cu(OH)2.
C. dung dch brom.
D. AgNO3/NH3.
28: Saccaroz c gi l isaccarit v l do no sau y?
A. Khi thy phn saccaroz thu c 2 n v monosaccarit
B. Saccaroz c tng hp t hai n v monosaccarit
C. Phn t khi ca saccaroz gp 2 ln phn t khi ca monosaccarit
D. Kch thc phn t saccaroz ln gp 2 ln kch thc phn t ca monosaccarit
29: Qu trnh thy phn tinh bt bng enzim khng xut hin cht no di y?
A. Dextrin
B. Saccaroz
C. Mantoz
D. Glucoz
30: Cacbohidrat Z tham gia chuyn ha:
t
2 / OH
Z Cu
kt ta gch.
( OH
)
dung dch xanh lam

Vy Z khng th l cht no trong cc cht cho di y?
A. Glucoz
B. Fructoz
C. Saccaroz
D. Mantoz
Trang 13
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
Chng 3: AMIN, AMINOAXIT V PROTEIN

A. AMIN.
I Khi nim, phn loi, danh php.
1. Khi nim, phn loi
a. Khi nim: Khi thay th nguyn t H trong phn t NH3 bng gc hirocacbon ta thu c hp cht
amin.
Th d
NH 3
CH 3 NH 2
C 6 H 5 -NH
a m o nia c m e ty la m in
CH 3 -NH-CH
p he ny la m in
im e ty la m in
B I
B I
NH 2
x ic lo h e x y la m in
B II
B I
- Bc ca amin: Bng s nguyn t hiro trong phn t NH3 b thay th bi gc hirocacbon.

b. Cu to :
- Nhm nh chc : Nguyn t N cn mt cp electron cha lin kt nn c kh nng nhn proton (tnh
baz) v c th to lin kt hir.
- ng phn : Amin thng c ng phn v mch cacbon, v v tr nhm chc v v bc ca amin.
Th d:
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH 3
CH 3
CH
CH
CH
NH
NH
fn p a n v e fm a c c a c b n
CH 2 CH 2
CH CH 3
NH 2
NH
fn p a n v e fv tr n m c c
CH 3 CH 2 NH 2
fn pan vefbac ca am in
CH 3 NH CH 3
c. Phn loi
- Theo gc hirocacbon:
Amin bo nh CH3NH2, C2H5NH2,,

amin thm nh C6H5NH2, CH3C6H4NH2,
- Theo bc ca amin:
Amin bc I, amin bc II, amin bc
2. Danh php: Gi tn theo tn gc chc (tn gc hirocacbon + amin) v tn thay th.
Th d:
CTCT
Tn gc chc
Tn thay th
CH3NH2
Metylamin
Metanamin
CH3CH2 NH2
Etylamin
Etanamin
CH3CH2CH2 NH2
Propylamin
propan-1-amin
(CH3)3N
Trimetylamin
N,Nimetylmetanmin
CH3[CH2]3 NH2
Butylamin
butan-1-amin
C2H5NHC2H5
ietylamin
N-etyletanmin
C6H5NH2
Phenylamin
Benzenamin
Trang 14
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
H2N[CH2]6NH2
Hexametyleniamin
Hexan-1,6-iamin
II Tnh cht vt l.
- Metylamin, imetylamin, trimetylamin, etylamin l nhng cht kh, mi khai, kh chu, tan nhiu
trong nc. Cc amin c phn t khi cao hn l nhng cht lng hoc rn, tan trong nc gim dn
theo chiu tng ca phn t khi
- Nhit si : Hirocacbon < amin ancol. (c khi lng phn t tng ng ).
- Anilin l cht lng, khng mu, t tan trong nc v nng hn nc.
- Cc amin u rt c.
III Cu to phn t v tnh cht ho hc.
1. Cu to phn t
- Tu thuc vo s lin kt v nguyn t N to ra vi nguyn t cacbon m ta c amin bc I, bc II, bc
III.
R-NH
B a c I
NH
R1
B a c I I
N R1
R2
B a c I I I
- Phn t amin c nguyn t nit tng t trong phn t NH3 nn cc amin c tinh baz. Ngoi ra amin
cn c tnh cht ca gc hirocacbon.
2. Tnh cht ho hc
a. Tnh baz
- Tc dng vi nc: Dung dch cc amin mch h trong nc lm qu tm ho xanh, phenolphtalein
ho hng.
CH
3 NH 2
+H
2O
[C H 3N H 3]+ + O H -
Anilin v cc amin thm phn ng rt km vi nc.

- Tc dng vi axit
C6H5NH2 + HCl [C6H5NH3]+Cl

anilin
phenylamoni clorua
Nhn xt:
- Cc amin tan nhiu trong nc nh metylamin, etylamin,c kh nng lm xanh giy qu tm hoc
lm hng phenolphtalein, c tnh baz mnh hn amoniac nh nh hng ca nhm ankyl.
- Anilin c tnh baz, nhng dung dch ca n khng lm xanh giy qu tm, cng khng lm hng
phenolphtalein v tnh baz ca n rt yu v yu hn amoniac. l nh hng ca gc phenyl (tng
t phenol).
Tnh baz: CH3NH2 > NH3 > C6H5NH2
b. Phn ng vi axit nitr ( HNO2)
Amin bo to ancol v gii phng N2 ( phn ng trong mi trng axit )
HCl
C2H5NH2 + HO-N=O
C2H5OH + N2 + H2O
Amin thm to mui iazoi bn :
o
0 5 C
C6H5NH2 + HO-N=O + HCl
C6H5N2+Cl- + H2O.
c. Phn ng th nhn thm ca anilin
Vit gn : C6H5NH2 + 3Br2 C6H5Br3NH2 + 3HBr.
kt ta mu trng
Trang 15
Ad Thnh Chin pzai

Nhn bit anilin
:NH 2
NH 2
Br
+ 3 B r2
Br
H 2O
+ 3H B r
Br
(2,4,6-trib ro m an ilin)
IV. iu ch :
- T NH3 v ankyl halogenua.
CH I
CH I
CH I
NH3
CH3NH2
(CH3)2NH
(CH3)3N.
HI
HI
HI
3
- iu ch anilin t benzen.
C6H6 C6H5NO2 C6H5NH2
Fe HCl
Phng trnh : C6H5NO2 + 6H
C6H5NH2 + 2H2O.
to
B - AMINOAXIT
I Khi nim.
1. Khi nim
Th d:
CH 3 CH COOH
NH 2
alanin
H 2 N CH 2 [CH 2 ] 3 CH COOH
NH 2
lyin
Aminoaxit l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc, phn t cha ng thi nhm amino (NH2) v nhm
cacboxyl (COOH).
CTTQ: (H2N)xR(COOH)y (x 1, y 1)
2. Danh php
- Xut pht t tn axit tng ng (tn h thng, tn thng) c thm tip u ng amino v s hoc ch
ci Hi Lp (, ) ch v tr ca nhm NH2 trong mch l tn thay th, tn bn h thng
- Cc -amino axit c trong thin nhin thng c gi bng tn ring.
Tn gi ca mt s amino axit.
Cng thc
Tn thay th
Tn bn h thng
Tn
K
thng
hiu
H2N-CH2-COOH
Axit
Axit aminoaxetic
Glyxin
Gly
aminoetanoic
CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH
Axit 2Axit
Alanin
Ala
aminopropanoic
aminopropionic
(CH3)2CH-CH(NH2)-COOH
Axit 2-amino-3Axit
Valin
Val
metylbutanoic
aminoisovaleric
H2N- (CH2)4-CH(NH2)-COOH
Axit 2,6Axit ,
Lysin
Lys
iaminohexanoic iaminocaproic
HOOC-CH(NH2)-CH2-CH2-COOH
Axit 2Axit Axit
Glu
aminopentanioic
aminoglutaric
glutamic
( cc amino axit c trong c th sinh vt l amino axit ).
Trang 16
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
II Cu to phn t v tnh cht ho hc.

1. Cu to phn t: Tn ti di hai dng: Phn t v ion lng cc.
+
H3N-CH2-COOin l n c c
H2N-CH2-COOH
dan pan t
Cc amino axit l nhng hp cht ion nn iu kin thng l cht rn kt tinh, tng i d tan
trong nc v c nhit nng chy cao (phn hu khi un nng).
2. Tnh cht ho hc
Cc amino axit l nhng hp cht lng tnh, tnh cht ring ca mi nhm chc v c phn ng trng
ngng.
a. Tnh cht lng tnh
+
HOOC-CH2-NH3Cl-
HOOC-CH2-NH2 + HCl
H2N-CH 2-COOH + NaOH
H2N-CH 2-COONa + H 2O
b. Tnh axit baz ca dung dch amino axit

- Dung dch glyxin khng lm i mu qu tm.
H2N CH2 COOH
H3N-CH2-COO-
- Dung dch axit glutamic lm qu tm ho hng

-
OOC-CH2CH2CHCOO+
NH3
HOOC-CH2CH2CHCOOH
NH2
- Dung dch lysin lm qu tm ho xanh.
H3N[CH2]4 CH COO- + OH
+NH
3
H2N[CH2]4CH COOH + H2O

NH2
c. Phn ng ring ca nhm COOH: phn ng este ho
H2N-CH2-COOH + C2H5OH
HCl
H2N-CH2-COOC2H5 + H2O
Thc ra este hnh thnh di dng mui.
H2N-CH2-COOC2H5 + HCl Cl H 3 N CH 2 COOC 2 H 5
d. Phn ng trng ngng

...+ H NH [CH 2]5 CO OH + H NH [CH 2]5 CO OH + H NH [CH 2]5 CO OH + ...
t0
... NH [CH2]5 CO NH [CH2]5 CO NH [CH2]5 CO ... + nH2O

ay nH2N-[CH 2]5COOH
axit -aminocaproic
t0
(NH
[CH2]5 CO )n + nH2O
policaproamit
III ng dng
- Cc amino axit thin nhin (hu ht l cc -amino axit) l nhng hp cht c s kin to nn cc
loi protein ca c th sng.
- Mui mononatri ca axit glutamic dng lm gia v thc n (m chnh hay bt ngt), axit glutamic l
thuc h tr thn kinh, methionin l thuc b gan.
Trang 17
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
- Cc axit 6-aminohexanoic (-aminocaproic) v 7-aminoheptanoic (-aminoenantoic) l nguyn liu

sn xut t nilon nh nilon-6, nilon-7,
C - PEPTIT V PROTEIN
I Peptit
1. Khi nim
* Peptit l hp cht cha t 2 n 50 gc -amino axit lin kt vi nhau bi cc lin kt peptit.
* Lien et peptit la~lien et -CO-NH- i a ai n v
-aminait. Nm C NH i a ai n v
O
-aminait
c i la~nm peptit
lien et peptit
... NH CH C N CH C ...
R1 O H R2 O
* Phn t peptit hp thnh t cc gc -amino axit bng lin kt peptit theo mt trt t nht nh.
Amino axit u N cn nhm NH2, amino axit u C cn nhm COOH.
Th du: H2N CH2CO NH CH COOH
CH3
af N
af C
* Nhng phn t peptit cha 2, 3, 4,gc -amino axit c gi l i, tri, tetrapeptit. Nhng phn t
peptit cha nhiu gc -amino axit (trn 10) hp thnh c gi l polipeptit.
* CTCT ca cc peptit c th biu din bng cch ghp t tn vit tt ca cc gc -amino axit theo trt
t ca chng.
Th d: Hai ipeptit t alanin v glyxin l: Ala-Gly v Gly-Ala.
2. Tnh cht ho hc
a. Phn ng thu phn
...H2N CH CO NH CH CO NH CH CO ...NH CHCOOH + (n - 1)H2O
R1
R2
R3
Rn
H+ ac OH-
H2NCHCOOH + H2NCHCOOH+ H2NCHCOOH + ... + H2NCHCOOH

R1
R2
R3
Rn
b. Phn ng mu biure
Trong mi trng kim, Cu(OH)2 tc dng vi peptit cho mu tm (mu ca hp cht phc ng vi
peptit c t 2 lin kt peptit tr ln). ipeptit khng c phn ng ny do ch c 1 lin kt peptit.
II Prtein.
1. Khi nim: Protein l nhng polipeptit cao phn t c khi lng phn t t vi chc nghn n vi
triu.
Phn loi:
* Protein n gin: L loi protein m khi thy phn ch cho hn hp cc -amino axit.
Th d: anbumin ca lng trng trng, fibroin ca t tm,
* Protein phc tp: c to thnh t protein n gin cng vi thnh phn phi protein.
Th d: nucleoprotein cha axit nucleic, lipoprotein cha cht bo,
2. Cu to phn t : c to nn bi nhiu gc -amino axit ni vi nhau bng lin kt peptit.
Trang 18
... NH
CH
R1
C
O
N
H
CH
R2
C
O
Ad Thnh Chin pzai

NH
CH
R3
C
O
... a y
NH
CH
Ri
C
O
(n 50)
3. Tnh cht
a. Tnh cht vt l:
- Nhiu protein hnh cu tan c trong nc to thnh dung dch keo v ng t li khi un nng.
Th d: Ho tan lng trng trng vo nc, sau un si, lng trng trng s ng t li.
- S ng t v kt ta protein cng xy ra khi cho axit, baz v mt s mui vo dung dch protein.
b. Tnh cht ho hc
- B thu phn nh xt axit, baz hoc enzim : Protein chui polipeptit -amino axit
- C phn ng mu:
Protein + dd CuSO4/OH- dung dch c mu xanh tm.
Protein + HNO3 hp cht mu vng.
III Khi nim v enzim v axit nucleic.
1. Enzim
a. Khi nim: L nhng cht hu ht c bn cht protein, c kh nng xc tc cho cc qu trnh ho
hc, c bit trong c th sinh vt.
* Tn ca enzim: Xut pht t tn ca phn ng hay cht phn ng thm ui aza.
Th d: enzim amilazt cho qu trnh thu phn tinh bt (amylum) thnh matoz.
b. c im ca enzim
- Hot ng xt ca enzim c tnh chn lc rt cao: mi enzim ch xuc tc cho mt s chuyn ho nht
nh.
- Tc phn ng nh xc tc enzim rt ln, thng ln gp t 109 n 1011 ln tc ca cng phn
ng nh xc tc ho hc.
2. Axit nucleic
a. Khi nim: Axit nucleic l polieste ca axit photphoric v pentoz (monosaccarit c 5C); mi
pentoz li lin kt vi mt baz nit ( l cc hp cht d vng cha nit c k hiu l A, C, G, T,
U).
* Axit nucleic thng tng ti di dng kt hp vi protein gi l nucleoprotein. Axit nucleic c hai
loi c k hiu l AND v ARN.
b. Vai tr
- Axit nucleic c vai tr quan trng bc nht trong cc hot ng ca c th, nh s tng hp protein,
s chuyn cc thng tin di truyn.
- AND cha cc thng tinh di truyn. N l vt liu di truyn cp phn t mang thng tinh di
truyn m ho cho hot ng sinh trng v pht trin ca cc c th sng.
- ARN ch yu nm trong t bo cht, n tham gia vo qu trnh gii m thng tinh di truyn.
Trang 19
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
Bng tm tt tnh cht :

Cht
Vn
Cng
thc
RNH2
chung
+ HCl
X
+ NaOH
+
ROH/kh
HCl
+Br2(dd)/H2O
Trng ngng
Phn ng biure
+ Cu(OH)2
Amin bc 1
Amino axit
NH2
R CH COOH
NH2
Tnh cht ho hc
X
X
Protein
... HN CH CO NH CH CO ...
R1
R2
X
X
X
X
BI TP
1: S lng ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t C3H9N l

A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 5.
2: S lng ng phn amin bc 2 ng vi cng thc phn t C4H11N l
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 5.
3: S lng ng phn amin c cha vng benzen ng vi cng thc phn t C7H9N l
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 5.
4: Cho amin c cu to: CH3- CH(CH3)- NH2. Tn ng ca amin l trng hp no sau y:
A. Propylamin
B. imetylamin
C. etylamin
D. Propan-2-amin
5: C bao nhiu ng phn amin ng vi cng thc phn t C3H7N :
A. 1 ng phn
B. 5 ng phn
C. 4 ng phn
D. 3 ng phn
6: Tn gi ca C6H5NH2 l:
A. Benzil amoni
B. Benzyl amoni
C. Hexyl amoni
D. Anilin
7: Pht biu no sau y khng ng?
A. Amin c cu thnh bng cch thay th H ca amoniac bng mt hay nhiu gc hidrocacbon.
B. Bc ca amin l bc ca nguyn t cacbon lin kt vi nhm amin.
C. Ty thuc cu trc ca gc hidrocacbon c th phn bit amin thnh amin no, cha no v thm.
D. Amin c t hai nguyn t cacbon trong phn t bt u xut hin hin tng ng phn.
8: Cng thc no di y l cng thc cho dy ng ng amin thm (cha mt vng benzen), n chc,
bc nht?
A. CnH2n-7NH2
B. CnH2n+1NH2
C. C6H5NHCnH2n+1 D. CnH2n-3NHCnH2n-4
9: Amin no di y c bn ng phn cu to?
A. C2H7N
B. C3H9N
C. C4H11N
D. C5H13N
10: Cc gii thch quan h cu trc - tnh cht no sau khng hp l?
A. Do c cp electron t do trn nguyn t N m amin c tnh baz.
B. Do -NH2 y electron nn anilin d tham gia phn ng th vo nhn thm hn v u tin v tr o-, p-.
Trang 20
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
C. Tnh baz ca amin cng mnh khi mt electron trn nguyn t N cng ln.
D. Vi amin RNH2, gc R- ht electron lm tng mnh tnh baz v ngc li.
11: Hp cht no di y c tnh baz yu nht ?
A. Anilin
B. Metylamin
C. Amoniac
D. Dimetylamin
12: Cht no sau y c tnh baz mnh nht:
A. NH3
B. CH3CONH2
C. CH3CH2CH2OH
D. CH3CH2NH2
13: Tnh baz ca cc cht tng dn theo th t:
A. C6H5NH2; NH3; CH3NH2; (CH3)2NH
B. NH3; CH3NH2; (CH3)2NH; C6H5NH2
C. (CH3)2NH; CH3NH2; NH3; C6H5NH2
D. NH3; C6H5NH2; (CH3)2NH; CH3NH2
14: Cch thun li nht nhn bit l ng dung dch CH3NH2 l
A. nhn bit bng mi
B. thm vi git dung dch H2SO4
C. thm vi git dung dch Na2CO3
D. a u a thy tinh nhng vo dung
dch HCl m c ln pha trn ming l ng dung dch CH3NH2.
15: Cht no sau y khng c phn ng vi dung dch C2H5NH2 trong H2O?
A. HCl.
B. H2SO4.
C. NaOH.
D. qu tm.
16: Cho dung dch metylamin n d vo cc dung dch sau: FeCl3, CuSO4, Zn(NO3)2, CH3COOK th s
lng kt ta thu c l
A. 0.
B. 1.
C. 2.
D. 3.
17: Cho dung dch metylamin n d vo cc dung dch sau: (CH3COO)2Cu, (CH3COO)2Pb,
(CH3COO)2Mg, CH3COOAg, th s lng kt ta thu c l
A. 0.
B. 1.
C. 2.
D. 3.
18: Dung dch etylamin tc dng c vi dung dch nc ca cht no sau y:
A. NaOH
B. NH3
C. NaCl
D. FeCl3 v H2SO4
19: Phn ng no di y khng th hin tnh baz ca amin?
A. CH3NH2 + H2O CH3NH3+ + OHB. C6H5NH2 + HCl C6H5NH3Cl
C. Fe3+ + 3CH3NH3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3CH3NH3+ D. CH3NH2 + HNO2 CH3OH + N2 + H2O
20: Dung dch cht no di y khng lm i mu qu tm?
A. C6H5NH2
B. NH3
C. CH3CH2NH2
D. CH3NHCH2CH3
21: Phng trnh ha hc no di y vit ng?
A. C2H5NH2 + HNO2 + HCl C2H5N2+Cl- + 2H2O
o
5 C
B. C6H5NH2 + HNO2 + HCl 0
C6H5N2+Cl- + 2H2O
C. C6H5NH2 + HNO3 + HCl C6H5N2+Cl- + 2H2O
5 o C
D. C6H5NH2 + HNO2 0
C6H5OH + N2 + H2O
22: t chy hon ton mt amin cha no, n chc cha mt lin kt C=C thu c CO2 v H2O theo t l
CO2 8
th cng thc phn t ca amin l:
mol
H 2O 9
A. C3H6N
B. C4H8N
C. C4H9N
D. C3H7N
23: iu ch anilin bng cch kh nitrobenzen th dng cht kh no sau y ?
A. NH3.
B. kh H2.
C. cacbon.
D. Fe + dung dch HCl.
24: tinh ch anilin t hn hp phenol, anilin, benzen, cch thc hin no di y l hp l?
A. Ha tan trong dung dch HCl d, chit ly phn tan. Thm NaOH d v chit ly anilin tinh khit.
B. Ha tan trong dung dch brom d, lc kt ta, tch dehalogen ha thu c anilin.
C. Ha tan trong dung dch NaOH d, chit phn tan v thi CO2 vo n d thu c anilin tinh
khit.
D. Dng dung dch NaOH tch phenol, sau dng brom tch anilin ra khi benzen.
25: S amin bc mt c cng cng thc phn t C4H11N l
A. 5
B. 7
C. 6
D. 4
Trang 21
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
26: Pht biu no di y v amino axit l khng ng?

A. Amino axit l hp cht hu c tp chc, phn t cha ng thi nhm amino v cacboxyl.
B. Hp cht H2N-COOH l amino axit n gin nht
C. Amino axit ngoi dng phn t (H2NRCOOH) cn c dng ion lng cc (H3N+RCOO-).
D. Thng thng dng ion lng cc l dng tn ti chnh ca amino axit.
27: Cng thc tng qut ca cc Aminoaxit l :
A. R(NH2) (COOH) B. (NH2)x(COOH)y
C. R(NH2)x(COOH)y D. H2N-CxHy-COOH
28: - Aminoaxit l Aminoaxit m nhm amino gn cacbon th
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
29: Cho cc cht :
X : H2N - CH2 - COOH
T : CH3 - CH2 - COOH
Y : H3C - NH - CH2 - CH3
Z : C6H5 -CH(NH2)-COOH
G : HOOC - CH2 CH(NH2 )COOH
P : H2N - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH(NH2 )COOH
Aminoaxit l :
A. X , Z , T , P
B. X, Y, Z, T
C. X, Z, G, P.
D. X, Y, G, P
30: C4H9O2N c s ng phn aminoaxit (vi nhm amin bc nht) l :
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
31: Tn gi ca hp cht C6H5-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH l :
A. Axit - Amino - phenylpropionic
B. Axit 2 - Amino-3-phenylpropionic
C. phenylAlanin
D. Axit 2 - Amino-3-phenylpropanoic
32: C 3 cht hu c gm NH2CH2COOH, CH3CH2COOH v CH3[CH2]3NH2. nhn ra dung dch ca
cc hp cht trn, ch cn dng thuc th no sau y?
A. NaOH.
B. HCl.
C. CH3OH/HCl.
D. qu tm.
33: Khng nh v tnh cht vt l no ca amino axit di y khng ng?
A. Tt c u l cht rn
B. Tt c u l tinh th, mu trng
C. Tt c u tan trong nc
D. Tt c u c nhit nng chy cao
34: Amino axit khng th phn ng vi loi cht no di y?
A. Ancol
B. Dung dch brom
+
C. Axit (H ) v axit nitr
D. Kim loi, oxit baz, baz v mui
35: Dung dch no lm qu tm ho :
(1) H NCH COOH ;
(2) ClNH +-CH COOH ;
(3) H NCH COO
2
(4) H2N(CH2)2CH(NH2)COOH ;
(5) HOOC(CH2)2CH(NH2)COOH
A. (3)
B. (2)
C. (2), (5)
D. (1), (4)
36: Trong cc cht sau: Cu, HCl, C2H5OH, HNO2, KOH, Na2SO3, CH3OH/ kh HCl. Axit aminoaxetic tc
dng c vi:
A. Tt c cc cht
B. HCl, HNO2, KOH, Na2SO3, CH3OH/ kh HCl
C. C2H5OH, HNO2, KOH, Na2SO3, CH3OH/ kh HCl, Cu
D. Cu, KOH, Na2SO3, HCl, HNO2, CH3OH/ kh HCl
37: Hp cht C3H7O2N tc dng c vi NaOH, H2SO4 v lm mt mu dung dch Br2 c CTCT:
A. CH3CH(NH2)COOH
B. H2NCH2CH2COOH
C. CH2=CHCOONH4
D. CH2=CH-CH2-COONH4
38: Cho dung dch qu tm vo 2 dung dch sau :
X : H2N-CH2-COOH
Y : HOOC-CH(NH2)-CH2-COOH
A. X v Y u khng i mu qu tm.
B. X lm qu chuyn mu xanh, Y lm qu chuyn mu .
C. X khng i mu qu tm, Y lm qu chuyn mu .
Trang 22
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
D. c hai u lm qu chuyn sang mu .

39: Axit - Aminopropionic tc dng c vi tt c cc cht trong dy no sau y :
A. HCl, NaOH, C2H5OH c mt HCl, K2SO4, H2N-CH2-COOH
B. HCl, NaOH, CH3OH c mt HCl ,, H2N-CH2-COOH , Cu
C. HCl , NaOH, CH3OH c mt HCl , H2N-CH2-COOH
D. HCl, NaOH, CH3OH c mt HCl ,, H2N-CH2-COOH , NaCl
40: Pht biu no sau y ng :
(1) Protein l hp cht cao phn t thin nhin c cu trc phc tp :
(2) Protein ch c trong c th ngi v ng vt .
(3) C th ngi v ng vt khng th tng hp c protit t nhng cht v c m ch tng hp c
t cc aminoaxit
(4) Protein bn i vi nhit , i vi axit v kim .
A. (1),(2)
B. (2), (3)
C. (1) , (3)
D. (3) , (4)
41: Pht biu no sau y khng ng?
A. Nhng hp cht hnh thnh bng cch ngng t hai hay nhiu -amino axit c gi l peptit.
B. Phn t c hai nhm -CO-NH- c gi l dipeptit, ba nhm th c gi l tripeptit.
C. Cc peptit c t 10 n 50 n v amino axit cu thnh c gi l polipeptit.
D. Trong mi phn t peptit, cc amino axit c sp xp theo mt th t xc nh.
42: Pht biu no di y v protein l khng ng?
A. Protein l nhng polipeptit cao phn t (phn t khi t vi chc ngn n vi triu vC).
B. Protein c vai tr l nn tng v cu trc v chc nng ca mi s sng.
C. Protein n gin l nhng protein c to thnh ch t cc gc - v -amino axit.
D. Protein phc tp l nhng protein c to thnh t protein n gin v lipit, gluxit, axit nucleic,...
43: Tn gi no sau y cho peptit sau:
H2NCH 2CONHCHCONHCH 2COOH
CH3
A. Glixinalaninglyxin
B. Glixylalanylglyxin
C. Alanylglyxylalanin
D.
Alanylglyxylglyxyl
44: Cht no sau y thuc loi peptit?
A. H2NCH2COOCH2COONH4
B. CH3CONHCH2COOCH2CONH2
C. H2NCH(CH3)CONHCH2CH2COOH
D. O3NH3NCH2COCH2COOH
45: S kt ta protein bng nhit c gi l protein
A. s trng ngng .
B. s ngng t
C. s phn hu .
D. s ng t
46: Khi nh axit HNO3 m c vo dung dch lng trng trng , un nng hn hp thy xut hin
, cho ng (II) hyroxit vo dung dch lng trng trng thy mu .. xut
hin .
A. kt ta mu trng ; tm xanh .
B. kt ta mu vng ; tm xanh .
C. kt ta mu xanh; vng
D. kt ta mu vng ; xanh .
47: Thu phn n cng protein ta thu c .
A. cc amin oaxit
B. cc amin oaxit
C. cc chui polypeptit
D. hn hp cc
amin oaxit
48: T mt phn t glyxin, mt phn t alanin, mt phn t valin c th to c ti a bao nhiu tripeptit
m phn t cha 3 gc amino axit khc nhau?
A. 9
B. 7
C. 8
D. 6
49: chng minh amino axit l hp cht lng tnh , c th dng phn ng ca cht ny ln lt vi
A. dung dch KOH v dung dch HCl
B. dung dch KOH v CuO
C. dung dch NaOH v dung dch NH3
D. dung dch HCl v dung dch Na2SO4
Trang 23
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
50: Trong dung dch c pH nm trong khong no th glyxin ch yu tn ti dng H2N CH2 COO- ?
A. pH < 7
B. pH = 1
C. pH = 7
D. pH > 7
51: Khi thy phn Tripeptit H2N CH(CH3)CO-NH-CH2-CO-NH-CH2-COOH s to ra cc Aminoaxit
A. H2NCH2COOH v CH3CH(NH2)COOH
B. H2NCH2CH(CH3)COOH v H2NCH2COOH
C. H2NCH(CH3)COOH v H2NCH(NH2)COOH
D. CH3CH(NH2)CH2COOH v H2NCH2COOH
52: T glyxin v alanin c th to ra my ipeptit ?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
53: Polipeptit ( NH CH2 CO )n l sn phm ca phn ng trng ngng:
A. axit glutamic
B. glyxin
C. axit -amino propionic
D. alanin
NaOH
HCl
54: Cho s bin ha sau: Alanin
X
Y Cht Y l cht no sau y:
A. CH3-CH(NH2)-COONa
B. H2N-CH2-CH2-COOH
C. CH3-CH(NH3Cl)COOH
D. CH3-H(NH3Cl)COONa
55: Thuc th dng nhn bit cc dung dch trong dy sau: Lng trng trng, glucoz, Glixerol v h
tinh bt l
A. Cu(OH)2/OH- un nng
B. Dung dch AgNO3/NH3
C. dung dch HNO3 c
D. dung dch Iot
56: Khi b dy axit HNO3 ln da th ch da mu vng: iu gii thch no sau y ng.
A. L do protein vng da c phn ng mu biur to mu vng
B. L do phn ng ca protein vng da c cha gc hidrocacbon thm vi axit to ra sn phm th
mu vng
C. L do protein ti vng da b ng t mu vng di tc dng ca axit HNO3
D. L do s ta nhit ca axit, nhit ta ra lm ng t protein ti vng da
57: Aminoaxit c cng thc cu to sau y, tn gi no khng ng :
CH 3 CH CH COOH
CH3 NH 2
A. Valin
C. Axit amino Glutaric
58: Cho phn ng:
C4H11O2N + NaOH A
Vy cng thc cu to ca C4H11O2N l :
A. C2H5COOCH2 NH2
B. C2H5COONH3CH3
C2H5COOCH2CH2NH2
59: Axit amino axetic khng tc dng vi cht :
A. CaCO3
B. H2SO4 long
60: C 4 dung dch sau : dung dch CH3COOH, glixerin ,
HNO3 c nh vo cc dung dch trn, nhn ra c:
A. glixerin
B. h tinh bt
B. axit 2amino3metyl butanoic

D. Axit amino isovaleric
+ CH3NH2 + H2O
C. CH3COOCH2CH2NH2
D.
C. CH3OH
D. KCl
h tinh bt , lng trng trng. Dng dung dch
C. Lng trng trng
D. CH3COOH
Trang 24
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
Chng 3: POLIME V VT LIU POLIME

A-POLIME
I KHI NIM: Polime l nhng hp cht c phn t khi ln do nhiu n v c s gi l mt xch
lin kt vi nhau to nn.
Th du: plietilen ( CH2 CH2 )n, niln-6 ( NH [CH2]5 CO )n
-
n: H s polime ho hay polime ho.

Cc phn t nh CH2=CH2, H2N[CH2]5COOH: monome
* Tn gi:
Ghp t poli trc tn monome.
Nu tn ca monome gm hai cm t tr ln th c t trong du ngoc n.
Th d:
plietilen ( CH2 CH2 )n ; pli(vinyl clra) ( CH2 CHCl )n
* Mt s polime c tn ring:
Th d:
Tefln:
Niln-6:
CF2 CF2 n
NH [CH2]5 CO n
Xenluloz: (C6H10O5)n
II C IM CU TRC
Mch khng phn nhnh: amiloz, tinh bt,
Mch phn nhnh: amilopectin, glicogen,
Mng khng gian: cao su lu ho, nha bakelit,
b)

c)
a)
a) ma
n
n pa
n nan
b) ma
n pa
n nan
c) ma
n
n ian
III TNH CHT VT L

Cc polime hu ht l nhng cht rn, khng bay hi, khng c nhit nng chy xc nh. Polime
khi nng chy cho cht lng nht, ngui rn li gi l cht nhit do. Polime khng nng chy, khi
un b phn hu gi l cht nhit rn.
IV TNH CHT HO HC
1. Phn ng phn ct mch cacbon
Polime c nhm chc trong mch d b thu phn
Th du: (C6H10O5)n + nH2O
Tin bt
H+, t0
nC6H12O6
Glc
Polime trng hp b nhit phn nhit thch hp to thnh cc on ngn, cui cng thnh
monome ban u (phn ng gii trng hp hay phn ng epolime ho)
T d:
CH CH2
C6H5
n
plitiren
3000C
nCH CH2
C6H5
tiren
Trang 25
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
2. Phn ng gi nguyn mch cacbon

Cl
CH2 CH2 C CH2
CH3 n
pliipren ircl a
CH2 CH C CH2 +nHCl

CH3
n
pliipren
3. Phn ng tng mch polime ( khu mch )

Phn ng lu ho chuyn cao su thnh cao su lu ho.
Phn ng chuyn nha rezol thnh nha rezit.
OH
OH
CH2
CH2
n
CH2OH
+
CH2
t0
CH2
CH2
OH
OH
+ nH2O
V PHNG PHP IU CH
1. Phn ng trng hp: Trng hp l qu trnh kt hp nhiu phn t nh (monome) ging nhau hay
tng t nhau thnh phn t ln (polime).
iu kin cn v cu to ca monome tham gia phn ng trng hp l trong phn t phi c lin kt
bi (CH2=CH2, CH2=CH-Cl, CH2=CH-CH-CH2,) hoc l vng km bn c th m ra nh:
CH2 CH2 C O
CH2 CH2, H2C
O
CH2 CH2 NH,...
Th d:
nCH2 CH
Cl
t, t0, p
vinyl clra
CH2 CH
Cl n
pli(vinyl clra)
CH2 CH2 C O
H2C
CH2 CH2 NH
caprlactam
t0, t
NH[CH2]5CO n
caprn
2. Phn ng trng ngng

nHOOC-C6H4-COOH + nHOCH2-CH2OH
t0
CO C6H4-CO OC2H4 O n + 2nH2O
poli(etylen-terephtalat )
nH2N CH2]6 NH2 + nHOOC-[CH2]4-COOH
t0
NH [CH2]6 NHCO [CH2]4 CO n + 2nH2O

poli(hexametylen aipamit) hay nilon-6,6
Trng ngng l qu trnh kt hp nhiu phn t nh (monome) thnh phn t ln (polime) ng thi
gii phng nhng phn t nh khc (th d H2O).
iu kin cn v cu to ca monome tham gia phn ng trng ngng l trong phn t phi c t
nht hai nhm chc c kh nng phn ng.
Trang 26
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
VI NG DNG: Vt liu polime phc v cho sn xut v i sng: Cht do, t,cao su, keo.
B- VT LIU POLIME
I CHT DO
1. Khi nim v cht do v vt liu compozit
- Cht do l vt liu polime c tnh do.
- Vt liu compozit l vt liu hn hp gm t nht hai thnh phn phn tn vo nhau v khng tan vo
nhau.
Thnh phn ca vt liu compozit gm cht nn (polime) v cc cht ph gia khc. Cc cht nn c th
l nha nhit do hay nha nhit rn. Cht n c th l si (bng, ay, poliamit, aming,) hoc bt
(silicat, bt nh (CaCO3), bt tan (3MgO.4SiO2.2H2O),
2. Mt s polime dng lm cht do
CH2 CH2 n
a) Polietilen (PE):
PE l cht do mm, nng chy nhit trn 1100C, c tnh tr tng i ca ankan mch khng
phn nhnh, c dng lm mng mng, vt liu in, bnh cha,
b) Poli (vinyl clorua) (PVC):
CH2 CH
Cl n
PVC l cht rn v nh hnh, cch in tt, bn vi axit, c dng lm vt liu cch in, ng dn
nc, vi che ma.
CH2
c) Poli (metyl metacylat) :
CH3
C
COOCH3 n
L cht rn trong sut cho nh sng truyn qua tt (gn 90%) nn c dng ch to thu tinh hu c
plexiglat.
d) Poli (phenol fomanehit) (PPF)
C 3 dng: Nha novolac, nha rezol v nha rezit

- S iu ch nha novolac:
OH
OH
n
+nCH2O
OH
+
0
CH2OH H , 75 C
CH2
-nH2O
ancol o-hiroxibenzylic
nha novolac
- iu ch nha rezol: un nng hn hp phenol v fomanehit theo t l mol 1:1,2 (xt kim), thu c
nha rezol.
- iu ch nha rezit:
N a rel
OH
0
> 140 C
eni
OH
CH2
N a reit
OH
CH2
CH2
CH2OH
Mot oan mach phan t nha rezol
Trang 27
OH
Ad Thnh Chin pzai

OH
CH2
OH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
Mot oan mach phan t nha rezit
II T
1. Khi nim
- T l nhng polime hnh si di v mnh vi bn nht nh.
- Trong t, nhng phn t polime c mch khng phn nhnh, sp xp song song vi nhau.
2. Phn loi
a. T thin nhin (sn c trong thin nhin) nh bng, len, t tm.
b. T ho hc (ch to bng phng php ho hc)
- T tng hp (ch to t polime tng hp): t poliamit (nilon, capron), t vinylic th (vinilon,
nitron,)
- T bn tng hp hay t nhn to (xut pht t polime thin nhin nhng c ch bin thm bng
con ng ho hc): t visco, t xenluloz axetat,
3. Mt s loi t tng hp thng gp
a. T nilon-6,6
nH2N CH2]6 NH2 + nHOOC-[CH2]4-COOH
t0
NH [CH2]6 NHCO [CH2]4 CO n + 2nH2O

poli(hexametylen aipamit) hay nilon-6,6
- Tnh cht: T nilon-6,6 dai, bn, mm mi, ng mt, t thm nc, git mau kh nhng km bn vi
nhit, vi axit v kim.
- ng dng: Dt vi may mc, vi lt sm lp xe, dt bt tt, bn lm dy cp, dy d, an li,
b. T nitron (hay olon)
nCH2 CH
CN
acrilonitrin
RCOOR', t0
CH2 CH
CN n
poliacrilonitrin
- Tnh cht: Dai, bn vi nhit v gi nhit tt.

- ng dng: Dt vi, may qun o m, bn len an o rt.
c. T enang.
xt
[ -NH-(CH2)6-CO- ]n
nH2N-(CH2)6-COOH
III CAO SU
1. Khi nim: Cao su l vt liu c tnh n hi.
2. Phn loi: C hai loi cao su: Cao su thin nhin v cao su tng hp.
a. Cao su thin nhin
Cu to:
0
Ca tien nien 250-300 C
ipren
Trang 28
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
Cao su thin nhin l polime ca isopren:

CH2 C CH CH2
n
CH3
n~
~ 1.500 - 15.000
Tnh cht v ng dng

- Cao su thin nhin c tnh n hi, khng dn in v nhit, khng thm kh v nc, khng tan trong
nc, etanol, axeton,nhng tan trong xng, benzen.
- Cao su thin nhin tham gia c phn ng cng (H2, HCl, Cl2,) do trong phn t c cha lin kt
i. Tc dng c vi lu hunh cho cao su lu ho c tnh n hi, chu nhit, lu mn, kh ho tan
trong cc dung mi hn so vi cao su thng.
- Bn cht ca qu trnh lu ho cao su (un nng 1500C hn hp cao su v lu hunh vi t l
khong 97:3 v khi lng) l to cu ni SS gia cc mch cao su to thnh mng li.
S
S
0
nS ,t
b. Cao su tng hp: L loi vt liu polime tng t cao su thin nhin, thng c iu ch t cc
ankaien bng phn ng trng hp.
Cao su buna
nCH2 CH CH CH2
Na
CH2 CH CH CH2 n
t , t
buta-1,3-ien
polibuta-1,3-ien
Cao su buna c tnh n hi v bn km cao su thin nhin.

Cao su buna-S v buna-N
t0
nCH2 CH CH CH2 + nCH CH2

t
C6H5
buta-1,3-ien
stiren
t0,p
nCH2 CH CH CH2 + nCH2 CH

t
CN
buta-1,3-ien
acrilonitrin
CH2 CH CH CH2 CH CH2

n
C6H5
cao su buna-S
CH2 CH CH CH2 CH CH2
n
CN
cao su buna-N
IV KEO DN TNG HP
1.Khi nim: Keo dn l vt liu c kh nng kt dnh hai mnh vt liu rn ging hoc khc nhau m
khng lm bin i bn cht ca cc vt liu c kt dnh.
2. Mt s loi keo dn tng hp thng dng
a. Nha v sm: L dung dch c ca cao su trong dung mi hu c.
b. Keo dn epoxi: Lm t polime c cha nhm epoxi
CH2 CH
O
c. Keo dn ure-fomanehit
nH2N-CO-NH2 + nCH2=O
t0, t
HN CO NH CH2 n + nH2O
poli ( ure-fomanehit )
Trang 29
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
BI TP
1: in t thch hp vo cc ch trng trong nh ngha v polime: "Polime l nhng hp cht c phn t
khi ...(1)... , do nhiu n v nh gi l ...( 2)... lin kt vi nhau to nn.
A. (1) trung bnh v (2) monome
B. (1) rt ln v (2) mt xch
C. (1) rt ln v (2) monome
D. (1) trung bnh v (2) mt xch
2: Cho cng thc:
NH[CH2]6CO
Gi tr n trong cng thc ny khng th gi l:

A. h s polime ha
B. polime ha
C. h s trng hp
D. h s trng
ngng
3: Trong bn polime cho di y, polime no cng loi polime vi t lapsan?
A. T tm
B. T nilon-6,6
C. Xenluloz trinitrat
D. Cao su thin
nhin
4: Trong bn polime cho di y, polime no cng loi polime vi cao su buna?
A. Poli (vinyl clorua)
B. Nha phenolfomandehit.
C. Poli (vinyl axetat).
D. T lapsan
5: Polime no di y c cng cu trc mch polime vi nha bakelit?
A. amiloz
B. glicogen
C. cao su lu ha
D. xenluloz
6: Khng nn i (l) qu nng qun o bng nilon; len; t tm, v:
A. Len, t tm, t nilon km bn vi nhit.
B. Len, t tm, t nilon c cc nhm (- CO - NH -) trong phn t km bn vi nhit.
C. Len, t tm, t nilon mm mi.
D. Len, t tm, t nilon d chy.
7: Thy tinh plexiglas l polime no sau y?
A. Polimetyl metacrylat (PMM).
B. Polivinyl axetat (PVA).
C. Polimetyl acrylat (PMA).
D. Tt c u sai.
8: Tn ca polime c cng thc sau l
OH
CH2
A. nha phenolfomandehit.
B. nha bakelit.
C. nha do.
D. polistiren.
9: T enang thuc loi
A. t axetat.
B. t poliamit.
C. t polieste.
D. t tm.
10: Mt polime Y c cu to mch nh sau:
- CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 -
Cng thc mt mc xch ca polime Y l
A. - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 -.
B. - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 -.
C. - CH2 -.
D. - CH2 - CH2 -.
11: Cu no khng ng trong cc cu sau:
A. Polime l hp cht c khi lng phn t rt cao v kch thc phn t rt ln
B. Polime l hp cht m phn t gm nhiu mt xch lin kt vi nhau
C. Protit khng thuc loi hp cht polime
D. Cc polime u kh b ho tan trong cc cht hu c
12: Nhn xt v tnh cht vt l chung ca polime no di y khng ng?
A. Hu ht l nhng cht rn, khng bay hi.
B. a s nng chy mt khong nhit rng, hoc khng nng chy m b phn hy khi un nng.
Trang 30
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
C. a s khng tan trong cc dung mi thng thng, mt s tan trong dung mi thch hp to dung dch
nht.
D. Hu ht polime u ng thi c tnh do, tnh n hi v c th ko thnh si dai, bn.
13: Trong cc phn ng gia cc cp cht di y, phn ng no lm gim mch polime?
t
A. poli (vinyl clorua) + Cl2
B. cao su thin nhin + HCl
OH , t
H ,t
C. poli (vinyl axetat) + H2O

D. amiloz + H2O
14: Trong phn ng vi cc cht hoc cp cht di y, phn ng no gi nguyn mch polime?
t
A. nilon-6 + H2O
t
B. cao su buna + HCl
150o C
300 C
C. poli stiren
D. resol
15: Khi clo ha PVC ta thu c mt loi t clorin cha 66,18% clo. Hi trung bnh 1 phn t clo tc dng
vi bao nhiu mt xch PVC?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
16: Nhng phn t no sau y c th tham gia phn ng trng hp ?
CH2=CH2(1); CH CH(2); CH2=CHCl(3); CH3CH3(4)
A. (1), (3).
B. (3), (2).
C. (1), (2), (3), (4).
D. (1), (2), (3).
17: Khi H2SO4 m c ri vo qun o bng vi si bng, ch vi b en li do c sn phm to thnh l
A. cacbon.
B. S.
C. PbS.
D. H2S.
18: Hp cht no dui y khng th tham gia phn ng trng hp?
A. Axit -amino enantoic
B. Capro lactam
C. Metyl metacrilat
D. Buta-1,3-dien
19: Hp cht hoc cp hp cht no di y khng th tham gia phn ng trng ngng?
A. Phenol v fomandehit
B. Buta-1,3-dien v stiren
C. Axit adipic v hexametilen diamin
D. Axit -amino caproic
20: Loi cao su no dui y l kt qu ca phn ng ng trng hp?
A. Cao su buna
B. Cao su buna-N
C. Cao su isopren.
D. Cao su clopren
21: Tnh cht no di y khng phi l tnh cht ca cao su t nhin?
A. Tnh n hi
B. Khng dn in v nhit
C. Khng thm kh v nc
D. Khng tan trong xng v benzen
22: Trong cc cp cht sau, cp cht no tham gia phn ng trng ngng
A. CH2=CH-Cl v CH2=CH-OCO-CH3
B. CH2=CHCH=CH2 v C6H5-CH=CH2
C. CH2=CHCH=CH2 v CH2=CH-CN
D. H2N-CH2-NH2 v HOOC-CH2-COOH
23: Gii trng hp polime ( CH2 CH(CH3) CH(C6H5) - CH2 ) n ta s c monome:
A. 2 - metyl - 3 - phenyl butan
B. 2 - metyl - 3 - phenyl buten - 2
C. propylen v stiren
D. isopren v toluen
24: Cao su buna - S c iu ch bng :
A. Phn ng trng hp.
B. Phn ng ng trng hp.
C. Phn ng trng ngng.
D. Phn ng ng trng ngng.
25: iu ch nilon - 6,6 ngi ta dng axit no trng ngng vi hexametylen iamin ?
A. axit axetic .
B. axit oxalic .
C. axit stearic .
D. axit aipic .
26: Tn ca monome to ra polime c cng thc
CH3
C
CH2
COOH
A. axit acrylic .
metacrylat.
l
B. metyl acrylat.
C. axit metacrylic .
D. metyl
Trang 31
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
27: Sn phm ca phn ng trng hp metyl metacrylat c gi l

A. nha bakelit.
B. nha PVC .
C. cht do.
D. thu tinh hu
c.
28: T capron c iu ch t monome no sau y ?
A. axit metacrylic .
B. caprolactam.
C. phenol.
D. axit caproic .
29: T enang c iu ch bng cch
A. trng hp axit acrylic.
B. trng ngng alanin.
C. trng ngng H2N-(CH2)6-COOH.
D. trng ngng HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH.
30: Nha PS c iu ch t monome no sau y?
A. axit metacrylic.
B. caprolactam.
C. phenol.
D. stiren.
31: T poliamit l nhng polime tng hp c cha nhiu nhm
A. CO NH trong phn t.
B. CO trong phn t.
C. NH trong phn t.
D. CH(CN) trong phn t.
32: Qu trnh iu ch t no di y l qu trnh trng hp?
A. t nitron (t olon) t acrilo nitrin
B. t capron t axit -amino caproic
C. t nilon-6,6 t hexametilen diamin v axit adipic
D. t lapsan t etilen glicol v axit terephtalic
33: Poli (vinylancol) l :
A. Sn phm ca phn ng trng hp CH2=CH(OH)
B. Sn phm ca phn ng thu phn poli(vinyl axetat ) trong mi trng kim
C. Sn phm ca phn ng cng nc vo axetilen
D. Sn phm ca phn ng gia axit axetic vi axetilen
34: T nilon-6.6 l sn phm ca phn ng trng ngng gia
A. HOOC - (CH2 )4 - COOH v H2N - (CH2)4 - NH2 B. HOOC - (CH2 )4 - COOH v H2N - (CH2)6 - NH2
C. HOOC - (CH2 )6 - COOH v H2N - (CH2)6 - NH2 D. HOOC - (CH2 )4 - NH2 v H2N - (CH2)6 COOH
35: Dng polivinyl axetat c th lm c vt liu no sau y
A. Cht do
B. Cao su
C. T
D. Keo dn
36: Sn phm trng hp ca butadien - 1,3 vi CN-CH=CH2 c tn gi thng thng
A. cao su buna
B. cao su buna - S
C. cao su buna - N
D. cao su
37: Ch r monome ca sn phm trng hp c tn gi poli propilen (P.P):
A. ( CH2 - CH2 ) n
B. ( CH2 CH(CH3) ) n
C. CH2 = CH2
D. CH2 = CH - CH3
Chng 4: I CNG KIM LOI

A- Gii thiu chung.
I V TR CA KIM LOI TRONG BNG TUN HON
- Nhm IA (tr H), nhm IIA (tr B) v mt phn ca cc nhm IVA, VA, VIA.
- Cc nhm B (t IB n VIIIB).
- H lantan v actini.
II CU TO CA KIM LOI
1. Cu to nguyn t
- Nguyn t ca hu ht cc nguyn t kim loi u c t electron lp ngoi cng (1, 2 hoc 3e).
Th d:
Na: [Ne]3s1 Mg: [Ne]3s2 Al: [Ne]3s23p1
Trang 32
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
- Trong chu k, nguyn t ca nguyn t kim loi c bn knh nguyn t ln hn v in tch ht nhn
nh hn so vi cc nguyn t ca nguyn t phi kim.
Th d:
11Na
12Mg
13Al
14Si
15P
16S
17Cl
0,157 0,136 0,125 0,117 0,110 0,104 0,099
2. Cu to tinh th
- nhit thng, tr Hg th lng, cn cc kim loi khc th rn v c cu to tinh th.
- Trong tinh th kim loi, nguyn t v ion kim loi nm nhng nt ca mng tinh th. Cc electron
ho tr lin kt yu vi ht nhn nn d tch khi nguyn t v chuyn ng t do trong mng tinh th.
a. Mng tinh th lc phng
- Cc nguyn t, ion kim loi nm trn cc nh v tm cc mt ca hnh lc gic ng v ba nguyn
t, ion nm pha trong ca hnh lc gic.
- Trong tinh th, th tch ca cc nguyn t v ion kim loi chim 74%, cn li 26% l khng gian
trng.
V d: Be, Mg, Zn.
b. Mng tinh th lp phng tm din
- Cc nguyn t, ion kim loi nm trn cc nh v tm cc mt ca hnh lp phng.
trng.
V d: Cu, Ag, Au, Al,
c. Mng tinh th lp phng tm khi
- Cc nguyn t,ion kim loi nm trn cc nh v tm ca hnh lp phng.
trng.
V d: Li, Na, K, V, Mo,
3. Lin kt kim loi
Lin kt kim loi l lin kt c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t v ion kim loi trong mng tinh th do
c s tham gia ca cc electron t do.
B Tnh cht vt l ca kim loi.
1. Tnh cht chung: iu kin thng, cc kim loi u trng thi rn (tr Hg), c tnh do, dn
in, dn nhit v c nh kim.
2. Gii thch
a. Tnh do
Kim loi c tnh do l v cc ion dng trong mng tinh th kim loi c th trt ln nhau d dng m
khng tch ri nhau nh nhng electron t do chuyn ng dnh kt chng vi nhau.
b. Tnh dn in
Trang 33
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
- Khi t mt hiu in th vo hai u dy kim loi, nhng electron chuyn ng t do trong kim loi
s chuyn ng thnh dng c hng t cc m n cc dng, to thnh dng in.
- nhit cng cao th tnh dn in ca kim loi cng gim do nhit cao, cc ion dng dao
ng mnh cn tr dng electron chuyn ng.
c. Tnh dn nhit
- Cc electron trong vng nhit cao c ng nng ln, chuyn ng hn lon v nhanh chng sang
vng c nhit thp hn, truyn nng lng cho cc ion dng vng ny nn nhit lan truyn
c t vng ny n vng khc trong khi kim loi.
- Thng cc kim loi dn in tt cng dn nhit tt.
d. nh kim
Cc electron t do trong tinh th kim loi phn x hu ht nhng tia sng nhn thy c, do kim loi
c v sng lp lnh gi l nh kim.
Kt lun: Tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi gy nn bi s c mt ca cc electron t do trong mng
tinh th kim loi.
Khng nhng cc electron t do trong tinh th kim loi, m c im cu trc mng tinh th kim loi,
bn knh nguyn t,cng nh hng n tnh cht vt l ca kim loi.
Ngoi mt s tnh cht vt l chung ca cc kim loi, kim loi cn c mt s tnh cht vt l khng
ging nhau.
- Khi lng ring: Nh nht: Li (0,5g/cm3); ln nht Os (22,6g/cm3).
- Nhit nng chy: Thp nht: Hg (390C); cao nht W (34100C).
- Tnh cng: Kim loi mm nht l K, Rb, Cs (dng dao ct c) v cng nht l Cr (c th ct c
knh).
C. Tnh cht ho hc chung ca kim loi
- Trong mt chu k: Bn knh nguyn t ca nguyn t kim loi < bn knh nguyn t ca nguyn t phi
kim.
- S electron ho tr t, lc lin kt vi ht nhn tng i yu nn chng d tch khi nguyn t.
Tnh cht ho hc chung ca kim loi l tnh kh.
M Mn+ + ne
1. Tc dng vi phi kim
a. Tc dng vi clo
0
2Fe +
3Cl2
t0
+3 -1
2FeCl3
b. Tc dng vi oxi
0
t0
t0
2Al + 3O2
3Fe + 2O2
+3 -2
2Al2O3
+8/3 -2
Fe3O4
c. Tc dng vi lu hunh
Vi Hg xy ra nhit thng, cc kim loi cn un nng.
0
Fe + S
H + S
t0
+2 -2
FeS
+2 -2
HS
2. Tc dng vi dung dch axit

Trang 34
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
a. Dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long

0
Fe +
+1
+2
2HCl
FeCl2 + H2
b. Dung dch HNO3, H2SO4 c: Phn ng vi hu ht cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt)
0
+5
+2
3C + 8HNO3 (lan)
0
+2
3C(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
+6
+2
C + 2H2SO4 (ac)
+4
CSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
3. Tc dng vi nc
- Cc kim loi c tnh kh mnh: kim loi nhm IA v IIA (tr Be, Mg) kh H2O d dng nhit
thng.
- Cc kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh ch kh nc nhit cao (Fe, Zn,). Cc kim loi cn li
khng kh c H2O.
0
+1
+1
2Na + 2H2O
2NaOH + H2
4. Tc dng vi dung dch mui: Kim loi mnh hn c th kh c ion ca kim loi yu hn trong
dung dch mui thnh kim loi t do.
0
+2
+2
Fe + CSO4
FeSO4 + C
D Dy in ho ca kim loi
1. Cp oxi ho kh ca kim loi
A+ + 1e
C2+ + 2e
Fe2+ + 2e
A
C
Fe
[O]
[K]
Dng oxi ho v dng kh ca cng mt nguyn t kim loi to nn cp oxi ho kh ca kim loi.
Th d: Cp oxi ho kh Ag+/Ag; Cu2+/Cu; Fe2+/Fe
2. So snh tnh cht ca cc cp oxi ho kh
Th d: So snh tnh cht ca hai cp oxi ho kh Cu2+/Cu v Ag+/Ag.
Cu + 2Ag+ Cu2+ + 2Ag
Kt lun:
Tnh kh: Cu > Ag
Tnh oxi ho: Ag+ > Cu2+
3. Dy in ho ca kim loi
K+ Na+ M2+ Al3+
Zn2+
Fe2+
Ni2+
Sn2+
Pb2+
H+ C2+
A+ A3+
H2
Tnh oxi hoa cua ion kim loai tang
Na
Al
Zn
Fe
Ni
Sn
Pb
Tnh kh cua kim loai giam
4. ngha dy in ho ca kim loi

D on chiu ca phn ng oxi ho kh theo quy tc : Phn ng gia hai cp oxi ho kh s xy
ra theo chiu cht oxi ho mnh hn s oxi ho cht kh mnh hn, sinh ra cht oxi ho yu hn v
cht kh yu hn.
Th d: Phn ng gia hai cp Fe2+/Fe v Cu2+/Cu xy ra theo chiu ion Cu2+ oxi ho Fe to ra ion Fe2+
v Cu.
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Ad Thnh Chin pzai

Fe2+
C2+
Fe
Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu
Tng qut: Gi s c 2 cp oxi ho kh Xx+/X v Yy+/Y (cp Xx+/X ng trc cp Yy+/Y).
Xx+
Yy+
Phng trnh phn ng:

Yy+ + X Xx+ + Y
5. Pin in ho
a. Cu to.
+M t cu to ca pin in ha:
L 1 thit b gm: 2 l kim loi, mi l c nhng vo 1 dd mui c cha cation ca kim loi ; 2 dd
ny c ni vi nhau bng 1 cu mui (dd in li tr: NH4NO3, KNO3)
+ Sut in ng ca pin in ho (vd: Zn- Cu)
Epin = 1,10 V
/v pin in ha Zn-Cu hnh 5.3 ta c :
E o pin E o (Cu 2 / Cu ) E o ( Zn 2 / Zn )
2. Gii thch
* in cc Zn (cc m) l ngun cung cp e, Zn b oxi ho thnh Zn2+ tan vo dung dch:
Zn Zn2+ + 2e
* in cc Cu (cc dng) cc e n cc Cu, y cc ion Cu2+ b kh thnh kim loi Cu bm trn b
mt l ng.
Cu2+ + 2e Cu
* Vai tr ca cu mui : Trung ha in tch ca 2 dd
- Cation NH4+ ( hoc K+) v Zn2+ di chuyn sang cc ng dung dch CuSO4
- Ngc li : cc anion NO3 v SO42-di chuyn sang cc ng dung dch ZnSO4.
S di chuyn ca cc ion ny lm cho cc dung dch mui lun trung ho in.
* Phng trnh ion rt gn biu din qu trnh oxi ho-kh xy ra trn b mt cc in cc ca pin in
ho:
Cu2+ + Zn Cu + Zn2+
Oxh
Kh
Kh. yu Oxh yu
2+
Zn
Zn
Cu
Cu
2+
Cht oxi ho yu
Cht oxi ho mnh
to thnh
Cht kh mnh
Cht kh yu
3. Nhn xt
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Ad Thnh Chin pzai
C s bin i nng cc ion Cu2+ v Zn2+ trong qu trnh hot ng ca pin. Cu2+ gim, Zn2+ tng
Nng lng ca phn ng oxi ha kh trong pin in ha sinh ra dng in mt chiu.
Nhng yu t nh hng n sut in ng ca pin in ha nh:
* Nhit .
* Nng ca ion kim loi.
* bn cht ca kim loi lm in cc.
- Trong pin in ha:
* Cc m ( anot) : xy ra qt oxi ha
* Cc dng( catot) : xy ra qt kh
4. Cu to ca in cc hiro chun.
- in cc platin.
- in cc nhng vo dd axit H+ 1 M.
- Cho dng kh H2 c p =1 atm lin tc i qua dd axit b mt Pt hp ph kh H2.
Trn b mt ca in cc hidro xy ra cn bng oxi hakh ca cp oxi ho - kh H+/H2
H2
2H+ + 2e
- Ngi ta chp nhn mt cch quy c rng th in cc ca in cc hidro chun bng 0,00V mi
nhit : E o 2 H / H 2 0,00V
5. Th in cc chun ca kim loi
- Thit lp pin in ho gm: in cc chun ca kim loi bn phi, in cc ca hiro chun bn
tri vn k hiu in th ln nht gia hai in cc chun: Sut in ng ca pin
- Th in cc chun ca kim loi cn o c chp nhn bng sut in ng ca pin to bi in
cc hidro chun v in cc chun ca kim loi cn o.
Trong pin in ha: Nu in cc kim loi l cc m th th in cc chun ca kim loi c gi
tr m, nu in cc kim loi l cc dng th th in cc chun ca kim loi c gi tr dng
* Xc nh th in cc chun ca cp Ag+/Ag :
Cc phn ng xy ra:
Ag l cc dng (catot): Ag+ + e Ag
Hidro l cc m (anot) : H2 2H+ + 2e
Phn ng xy ra trong pin: 2Ag+ + H2 2Ag + 2H+
-Dy th in cc chun ca kim loi l dy c sp xp theo chiu tng dn th in cc chun ca
kim loi.
6. ngha th in cc chun ca kim loi
- Trong dung mi nc, th in cc chun ca kim loi
E 0 M n / M cng ln th tnh oxi ha ca cation Mn+ cng mnh v tnh kh ca kim loi M cng yu.
Ngc li th in cc chun ca kim loi cng nh th tnh oxi ha ca cation cng yu v tnh kh ca
kim loi cng mnh.
Hc sinh phn tch phn ng gia 2 cp oxi hakh :
Cu2+/Cu (E0 = +0,34V) v Ag+/Ag ( E0 = +0,80V) thy:
ion Cu2+ c tnh oxi ha yu hn ion Ag+.
kim loi Cu c tnh kh mnh hn Ag.
Cp oxi hakh Cu2+/Cu c th in cc chun nh hn ca cp oxi ha kh Ag+/Ag.
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Ad Thnh Chin pzai
7. Kt lun:
+ kim loi ca cp oxi hakh c th in cc chun nh hn c kh c cation kim loi ca cp oxi
hakh c th in cc chun ln hn.
( Hoc : Cation kim loi trong cp oxi hakh c th in cc chun ln hn c th oxi ha c kim
loi trong cp c th in cc chun nh hn.)
Hoc theo quy tc : Cht oxi ha mnh mnh hn s oxi ha cht kh mnh hn , sinh ra cht oxi ha
yu hn v cht kh yu hn
2Ag+ + Cu Cu2+ + 2Ag
Mg + 2H+ Mg2+ + H2
+ Kim loi trong cp oxi hakh c th in cc chun nh hn 0,00 V y c hidro ra khi dd axit
HCl, H2SO4 long. (Hoc : cation H+ trong cp 2H+/H2 oxi ha c kim loi trong cp oxi ha kh
c th in cc chun nh hn ( th in cc chun m)
- Sut in ng chun ca pin in ha (E0pin) bng th in cc chun ca cc dng tr i th in
cc chun ca cc m. Sut in ng ca pin in ha lun l s dng.
Ta c th xc nh c th in cc chun ca cp oxi hakh khi bit sut in ng chun ca pin
i ha (E0pin) v th in cc chun ca cp oxi hakh cn li . Th d: vi pin (Ni-Cu) ta c:
0
0
E Ni
ECu
E 0pin
2
2
/ Ni
/ Cu
E- Hp kim
I KHI NIM: Hp kim l vt liu kim loi c cha mt s kim loi c bn v mt s kim loi hoc
phi kim khc.
Th d:
- Thp l hp kim ca Fe vi C v mt s nguyn t khac.
- uyra l hp kim ca nhm vi ng, mangan, magie, silic.
II TNH CHT
Tnh cht ca hp kim ph thuc vo thnh phn cc n cht tham gia cu to mng tinh th hp kim.
Tnh cht ho hc: Tng t tnh cht ca cc n cht tham gia vo hp kim.
Th d: Hp kim Cu-Zn
- Tc dng vi dung dch NaOH: Ch c Zn phn ng
Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2
- Tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c, nng: C 2 u phn ng
Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
Zn + 2H2SO4 ZnSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
Tnh cht vt l, tnh cht c hc: Khc nhiu so vi tnh cht ca cc n cht.
Th d:
- Hp kim khng b n mn: Fe-Cr-Ni (thp inoc),
- Hp kim siu cng: W-Co, Co-Cr-W-Fe,
- Hp kim c nhit nng chy thp: Sn-Pb (thic hn, tnc = 2100C,
- Hp kim nh, cng v bn: Al-Si, Al-Cu-Mn-Mg.
III NG DNG
- Nhng hp kim nh,bn chu c nhit cao v p sut cao dng ch to tn la, tu v tr,
my bay, t,
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Ad Thnh Chin pzai
- Nhng hp kim c tnh bn ho hc v c hc cao dng ch to cc thit b trong ngnh du m

v cng nghip ho cht.
- Nhng hp kim khng g dng ch to cc dng c y t, dng c lm bp,
- Hp kim ca vng vi Ag, Cu (vng ty) p v cng dng ch to trang sc v trc y
mt s nc cn dng c tin.
F- S n mn kim loi.
I KHI NIM: S n mn kim loi l s ph hu kim loi hoc hp kim do tc dng ca cc cht
trong mi trng xung quanh.
H qu: Kim loi b oxi ho thnh ion dng
M Mn+ + ne
II CC DNG N MN
1. n mn ho hc:
Th d:
- Thanh st trong nh my sn xut kh Cl2
0
+3 -1
2Fe + 3Cl2
2FeCl3
- Cc thit b ca l t, cc chi tit ca ng c t trong

0
3Fe + 2O2
0
+1
3Fe + 2H2O
t0
+8/3 -2
Fe3O4
t0
+8/3
Fe3O4 + H2
n mn ho hc l qu trnh oxi ho kh, trong cc electron ca kim loi c chuyn trc tip
n cc cht trong mi trng.
2. n mn in ho
a. Khi nim
Th nghim: (SGK)
Hin tng:
- Kim in k quay chng t c dng in chy qua.
- Thanh Zn b mn dn.
- Bt kh H2 thot ra c thanh Cu.
Gii thch:
- in cc m (anot); Zn b n mn theo phn ng:
Zn Zn2+ + 2e
Ion Zn2+ i vo dung dch, cc electron theo dy dn sang in cc Cu.
- in cc dng (catot): ion H+ ca dung dch H2SO4 nhn electron bin thnh nguyn t H ri thnh
phn t H2 thot ra.
2H+ + 2e H2
n mn in ho l qu trnh oxi ho kh, trong kim loi b n mn do tc dng ca dung dch
cht in li v to nn dng electron chuyn di t cc m n cc dng.
b. n mn in ho hc hp kim st trong khng kh m
Th d: S n mn gang trong khng kh m.
- Trong khng kh m, trn b mt ca gang lun c mt lp nc rt mng ho tan O2 v kh CO2,
to thnh dung dch cht in li.
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Ad Thnh Chin pzai
- Gang c thnh phn chnh l Fe v C cng tip xc vi dung dch to nn v s cc pin nh m st

l anot v cacbon l catot.
Ti anot: Fe Fe2+ + 2e
Cc electron c gii phng chuyn dch n catot.
Ti catot: O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH
Ion Fe2+ tan vo dung dch cht in li c ho tan kh O2, Ti y, ion Fe2+ tip tc b oxi ho, di tc
dng ca ion OH to ra g st c thnh phn ch yu l Fe2O3.nH2O.
c. iu kin xy ra s m mn in ho hc
Cc in cc phi khc nhau v bn cht.
Cp KL KL; KL PK; KL Hp cht ho hc
Cc in cc phi tip xc trc tip hoc gin tip qu dy dn.
Cc in cc cng tip xc vi mt dung dch cht in li.
III CHNG N MN KIM LOI
1. Phng php bo v b mt
Dng nhng cht bn vng vi mi trng ph mt ngoi nhng vt bng kim loi nh bi du
m, sn, m, trng men,
Th d: St ty l st c trng thic, tn l st c trng km. Cc vt lm bng st c m
niken hay crom.
2. Phng php in ho
Ni kim loi cn bo v vi mt kim loi hot ng hn to thnh pin in ho v kim loi hot ng
hn s b n mn, kim loi kia c bo v.
Th d: Bo v v tu bin lm bng thp bng cch gn vo mt ngoi ca v tu (phn chm di
nc) nhng khi Zn, kt qu l Zn b nc bin n mn thay cho thp.
G- iu ch kim loi.
I NGUYN TC IU CH KIM LOI
Kh ion kim loi thnh nguyn t.
Mn+ + ne M
II PHNG PHP
1. Phng php nhit luyn
Nguyn tc: Kh ion kim loi trong hp cht nhit cao bng cc cht kh nh C, CO, H2 hoc
cc kim loi hot ng.
Phm vi p dng: Sn xut cc kim loi c tnh kht trung bnh (Zn, FE, Sn, Pb,) trong cng
nghip.
Th d:
PbO + H2
t0
Pb + H2O
t0
Fe3O4 + 4CO
3Fe + 4CO2
Fe2O3 + 2Al
2Fe + Al2O3
2. Phng php thu luyn
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Ad Thnh Chin pzai
Nguyn tc: Dng nhng dung dch thch hp nh: H2SO4, NaOH, NaCN, ho tan kim loi
hoc cc hp cht ca kim loi v tch ra khi phn khng tan c trong qung. Sau kh nhng ion
kim loi ny trong dung dch bng nhng kim loi c tnh kh mnh nh Fe, Zn,
Th d:
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu
Phm vi p dng: Thng s dng iu ch cc kim loi c tnh kh yu.
3. Phng php in phn
a. in phn hp cht nng chy
Nguyn tc: Kh cc ion kim loi bng dng in bng cch in phn nng chy hp cht ca kim
loi.
Phm vi p dng: iu ch cc kim loi hot ng ho hc mnh nh K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al.
Th d 1: in phn Al2O3 nng chy iu ch Al.
K (-)
Al3+
Al3+ + 3e
2Al2O3
pnc
Al2O3
Al
A (+)
O22O2O2 + 4e
4Al + 3O2
Th d 2: in phn MgCl2 nng chy iu ch Mg.

K (-)
M2+
M2+ + 2e
MCl2
pnc
MCl2
M
A (+)
Cl2ClCl2 + 2e
M + Cl2
b. in phn dung dch

Nguyn tc: in phn dung dch mui ca kim loi.
Phm vi p dng: iu ch cc kim loi c hot ng ho hc trung bnh hoc yu.
Th d: in phn dung dch CuCl2 iu ch kim loi Cu.
K (-)
CCl2
A (+)
2+
C , H2O
(H2O)
Cl-, H2O
C2+ + 2e
C
2ClCl2 + 2e
CCl2
pdd
C + Cl2
c. Tnh lng cht thu c cc in cc

Da vo cng thc Faray: m =
AIt
nF
, trong :
m: Khi lng cht thu c in cc (g).

A: Khi lng mol nguyn t ca cht thu c in cc.
n: S electron m nguyn t hoc ion cho hoc nhn.
I: Cng dng in (ampe)
t: Thi gian in phn (giy)
F: Hng s Faray (F = 96.500).
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Ad Thnh Chin pzai
BI TP
1: V tr ca nguyn t M (Z = 26) trong bng h thng tun hon l
A. 26, chu k 4, nhm VIIIB .
B. 26, chu k 4, nhm VIIIA .
C. 26, chu k 4, nhm IIB .
D. 26, chu k 4, nhm IIA .
2+
2 6
2: Ion M c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s 3p . V tr M trong bng h thng tun hon l
A. 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA .
B. 20, chu k 4, nhm IIB .
C. 18, chu k 3, nhm VIIIA .
D. 18, chu k 3, nhm VIIIB .
3: Trong mng tinh th kim loi c
A. cc nguyn t kim loi.
B. cc electron t do.
C. cc ion dng kim loi v cc electron t do.
D. ion m phi kim v ion dng kim loi.
2 2 6 2 6
4: Cho cu hnh electron: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p . Dy gm cc nguyn t v ion c cu hnh electron trn l
A. Ca2+, Cl-, Ar.
B. Ca2+, F-, Ar.
C. K+, Cl, Ar.
D. K+, Cl-, Ar.
5: Cation M+ c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 2p6. Nguyn t M l
A. K.
B. Cl.
C. F.
D. Na .
7: Lin kt kim loi l
A. lin kt sinh ra bi lc ht tnh in gia cc ion dng v cc electron t do.
B. lin kt sinh ra bi lc ht tnh in gia ion dng v cc ion m.
C. lin kt gia cc nguyn t bng cc cp electron dng chung.
D. lin kt sinh ra bi lc ht tnh in gia nguyn t H tch in dng v nguyn t O tch in m.
8: Tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi l
A. Tnh do, dn in, dn nhit, nh kim.
B. Tnh mm, dn in, dn nhit, nh kim.
C. Tnh cng, dn in, dn nhit, nh kim.
D. Nhit nng chy cao, dn in, dn nhit, nh kim.
9: Hp kim c
A. tnh cng hn kim loi nguyn cht.
B. tnh dn in, dn nhit cao hn kim loi nguyn cht.
C. tnh do hn kim loi nguyn cht.
D. nhit nng chy cao hn kim loi nguyn cht.
10: Tnh cht vt l no di y ca kim loi khng phi do cc electron t do gy ra?
A. nh kim.
B. Tnh do.
C. Tnh cng.
D. Tnh dn in v nhit.
11: Dy so snh tnh cht vt l ca kim loi no di y l khng ng?
A. Dn in v nhit Ag > Cu > Al > Fe
B. T khi Li < Fe < Os.
C. Nhit nng chy Hg < Al < W
D. Tnh cng Cs < Fe < Al Cu < Cr
12: Tnh cht c trng ca kim loi l tnh kh v:
A. Nguyn t kim loi thng c 5, 6, 7 electron lp ngoi cng.
B. Nguyn t kim loi c nng lng ion ha nh.
C. Kim loi c xu hng nhn thm electron t n cu trc bn.
D. Nguyn t kim loi c m in ln.
13: Mt phng php ho hc lm sch mt loi thu ngn c ln Zn, Sn, Pb l ngm hn hp trong dung
dch X d. X c th l
A. Zn(NO3)2.
B. Sn(NO3)2.
C. Pb(NO3)2.
D. Hg(NO3)2.
14: Khi nung Fe(OH)2 trong khng kh m n khi lng khng i, ta thu c cht rn l
A. FeO.
B. Fe2O3.
C. Fe3O4.
D. Fe(OH)3.
15: Th Na vo dung dch CuSO4 quan st thy hin tng
A. c kh thot ra, xut hin kt ta xanh, sau kt ta tan.
B. c kh thot ra, xut hin kt ta xanh, sau kt ta khng tan.
C. dung dch mt mu xanh, xut hin Cu mu .
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Ad Thnh Chin pzai
D. dung dch c mu xanh, xut hin Cu mu .

16: C 2 ng nghim ng dung dch CuSO4. Cho vo ng nghim (1) mt ming nh Na, ng nghim (2)
mt inh Fe lm sch. Ion Cu2+ b kh thnh Cu trong th nghim
A. (1).
B. (2).
C. (1) v (2).
D. khng b kh.
17: C 5 mu kim loi: Mg, Ba, Al, Fe, Cu. Nu ch dng thm dung dch H2SO4 long th c th nhn bit
A. Mg, Ba, Cu.
B. Mg, Al, Ba .
C. Mg, Ba, Al, Fe.
D. Mg, Ba, Al, Fe, Cu.
18: Ngm mt l Ni ln lt trong nhng dung dch mui sau : MgSO4, NaCl, CuSO4, AlCl3, ZnCl2,
Pb(NO3)2, AgNO3. Ni kh c cc ion kim loi
A. Mg2+, Ag+, Cu2+.
B. Na+, Ag+, Cu2+.
C. Pb2+, Ag+, Cu2+.
D. Al3+, Ag+, Cu2+.
19: Cho bt Cu n d vo dung dch hn hp gm Fe(NO3)3 v AgNO3 thu c cht rn X v dung dch
Y. X, Y ln lt l
A. X ( Ag, Cu); Y ( Cu2+, Fe2+).
B. X ( Ag); Y ( Cu2+, Fe2+).
2+
C. X ( Ag); Y (Cu ).
D. X (Fe); Y (Cu2+).
20: Chn mt dy cht tnh oxi ho tng
A. Al3+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Ag+.
B. Ag+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Al3+.
3+
2+
2+
+
3+
C. Fe , Cu , Fe , Ag , Al .
D. Al3+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ag+.
21: Cho cc ion : Fe2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Ag+ v cc kim loi : Fe, Cu, Ag. Chn mt dy in ho gm cc cp
oxi ho- kh xp theo chiu tnh oxi ho ca ion kim loi tng, tnh kh ca kim loi gim
A. Fe2+/ Fe, Cu2+/Cu, Fe3+/ Fe2+, Ag+/Ag.
B. Fe2+/ Fe, Cu2+/Cu, Ag+/Ag, Fe3+/ Fe2+.
+
3+
2+
2+
2+
C. Ag /Ag, Fe / Fe , Cu / Cu, Fe / Fe.
D. Ag+/ Ag, Fe2+/ Fe, Fe3+/Fe2+, Cu2+/Cu.
22: Cho dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 tc dng vi kim loi Cu c FeSO4 v CuSO4. Cho dung dch CuSO4 tc
dng vi kim loi Fe c FeSO4 v Cu. Qua cc phn ng xy ra ta thy tnh oxi ho ca cc ion kim loi
gim dn theo dy sau
A. Cu2+ ; Fe3+ ; Fe2+. B. Fe3+ ; Cu2+ ; Fe2+.
C. Cu2+ ; Fe2+ ; Fe3+.
D. Fe2+ ; Cu2+ ; Fe3+.
3+
2+
2+
3+
2+
+
23: Cho cc cp oxi ho- kh : Al /Al, Fe / Fe, Cu / Cu, Fe / Fe , Ag /Ag. Kim loi kh c ion Fe3+
thnh Fe l
A. Fe.
B. Ag.
C. Cu.
D. Al.
3+
2+
2+
3+
2+
+
24: Cho cc cp oxi ho- kh : Al /Al, Fe / Fe, Cu / Cu, Fe / Fe , Ag /Ag. Kim loi Cu kh c cc
ion trong cc cp oxi ho trn l
A. Fe3+, Ag+.
B. Fe3+, Fe2+.
C. Fe2+, Ag+.
D. Al3+, Fe2+.
25: Tm cu sai :
A. Trong hai cp xi ha kh sau: Al3+/Al v Cu2+/Cu; Al3+ khng xi ha c Cu
B. iu ch Na ngi ta in phn dung dch NaCl bo ha trong nc
C. Hu ht cc kim loi kh c N+5.S+6 trong axit HNO3 , H2SO4 xung s xi ha thp hn.
D. Trong hai cp oxi ha kh sau : Al3+/Al v Cu2+/Cu ; Al kh c Cu2+
26: Cho cc cp oxi ho - kh sau: Zn2+/Zn ,Cu2+/Cu , Fe2+/Fe. Bit tnh oxi ho ca cc ion tng dn theo
th t: Zn2+ ,Fe2+ ,Cu2+, tnh kh gim dn theo th t: Zn, Fe, Cu. Trong cc phn ng ho hc sau, phn
ng khng xy ra l:
A. Cu + FeCl2
B. Fe + CuCl2
C. Zn + CuCl2
D. Zn + FeCl2
27: in phn NaCl nng chy vi in cc tr, c mng ngn 2 in cc, ngi ta thu c
A. Na catot, Cl2 anot.
B. Na anot, Cl2 catot.
C. NaOH, H2 catot, Cl2 anot.
D. NaClO.
29: in phn dung dch NaOH vi in cc tr, khng c mng ngn 2 in cc, ngi ta thu c sn
phm l
A. NaOH.
B. NaClO.
C. Cl2.
D. NaCl.
2+
30: Ion Mg b kh trong trng hp
A. in phn dung dch MgCl2.
B. in phn MgCl2 nng chy.
C. Th Na vo dung dch MgCl2.
D. Cho dd MgCl2 tc dng dd Na2CO3.
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Ad Thnh Chin pzai
31: Khi phn ng vi Fe2+ trong mi trng axit d, dung dch KMnO4 b mt mu l do
A. MnO4- b kh thnh Mn2+.
B. MnO4- to thnh phc vi Fe2+.
C. MnO4- b oxi ho .
D. MnO4- khng mu trong mi trng axit.
32: Cho s : CaCO3 CaO CaCl2 Ca.
iu kin phn ng v ho cht thch hp cho s trn ln lt l
A. 9000C, dung dch HCl, in phn dung dch CaCl2.
B. 9000C, dung dch H2SO4 long, in phn CaSO4 nng chy.
C. 9000C, dung dch HNO3, in phn Ca(NO3)2 nng chy.
D. 9000C, dung dch HCl, in phn CaCl2 nng chy.
33: T dung dch CuSO4 iu ch Cu, ngi ta dng
A. Na .
B. Ag.
C. Fe.
D. Hg.
34: Mt kim loi dng loi b tp cht Fe2(SO4)3 trong dung dch FeSO4 l
A. Fe.
B. Ag.
C. Cu.
D. Ba .
35: C mt hn hp gm: Fe, Ag, Cu. Tch Ag ra khi hn hp vi khi lng khng i ngi ta dng
dung dch
A. AgNO3.
B. Cu(NO3)2.
C. FeCl3..
D. FeCl2.
36: Phn ng iu ch kim loi no di y khng thuc phng php nhit luyn?
A. 3CO + Fe2O3 2Fe + 3CO2
B. 2Al + Cr2O3 2Cr + Al2O3
C. HgS + O2 Hg + SO2
D. Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
37: Phn ng iu ch kim loi no di y thuc phng php nhit luyn?
A. C + ZnO Zn + CO
B. Al2O3 2Al + 3/2O2
C. MgCl2 Mg + Cl2
D. Zn + 2Ag(CN)2- Zn(CN)42- + 2Ag
38: bo v v tu i bin phn ngm di nc ngi ta ni n vi
A. Zn.
B. Cu.
C. Ni.
D. Sn.
39: Cho l st vo dung dch HCl long c mt lng nh CuSO4 thy H2 thot ra cng lc cng nhanh do
A. L st b n mn kiu ho hc .
B. L st b n mn kiu in ho .
C. Fe kh Cu2+ thnh Cu.
D. Fe tan trong dung dch HCl to kh H2.
40: C cc kim loi Mg, Ni, Sn, Cu. Kim loi no c th dng bo v in ha v tu bin lm bng thp.
A. Ni
B. Mg
C. Sn
D. Cu
41: Cho cc trng hp sau, trng hp kim loi b n mn in ho l
A. Cho kim loi Zn vo dung dch HCl
B. Thp cc bon trong khng kh m
C. t dy Fe trong kh O2
D. Cho kim loi Cu vo dung dch HNO3 long
42: Mt si dy Cu ni vi mt si dy Fe ngoi khng kh m, sau mt thi gian c hin tng
A. Dy Fe v dy Cu b t
B. ch ni dy Fe b mn v t
C. ch ni dy Cu b mn v t
D. Khng c hin tng g
43: C nhng vt bng st c m bng nhng kim loi khc nhau di y. Nu cc vt ny u b sy st
su n lp st, th vt no b g st chm nht?
A. St trng km
B. St trng thic
C. St trng niken
D. St trng ng
44: Pht biu no sau y l khng ng?
A. n mn kim loi l s hu hoi kim loi v hp kim dui tc dng ca mi trng xung quanh.
B. n mn kim loi l mt qu trnh ho hc trong kim loi b n mn bi cc axt trong mi trng
khng kh.
C. Trong qu trnh n mn, kim loi b oxi ho thnh ion ca n .
D. n mn kim loi c chia lm hai dng: n mn ho hc v n mn in ho .
45: Pht biu no sau y l ng khi ni v n mn ho hc .
A. n mn ho hc khng lm pht sinh dng in .
B. n mn ho hc lm pht sinh dng in mt chiu.
C. Kim loi tinh khit s khng b n mn ho hc .
Trang 44
Ad Thnh Chin pzai
D. V bn cht, n mn ho hc cng l mt dng ca n mn in ho .

46: iu kin xy ra n mn in ho l:
A. Cc in cc phi tip xc vi nhau hoc c ni vi nhau bng mt dy dn.
B. Cc in cc phi c nhng trong dung dch in ly.
C. Cc in cc phi khc nhau v bn cht.
D. C ba iu kin trn.
47: Mt chic cha kho lm bng hp kim Cu-Fe b ri xung y ging. Sau mt thi gian chic cha kho
s:
A. B n mn ho hc
B. B n mn in ho
C. Khng b n mn
D. n mn in ho hoc ho hc tu theo lng Cu-Fe c trong cha kho
48: C mt thu th lm ri mt ng 50 xu lm bng Zn xung y tu v v tnh qun khng nht li
ng xu .
A. ng xu ri ch no vn cn nguyn ch .
B. ng xu bin mt.
C. y tu b thng dn lm con tu b m.
D. ng xu nng hn trc nhiu ln.
49: bo v ni hi (Supde) bng thp khi b n mn, ngi ta c th lt nhng kim loi no sau y vo
mt trong ca ni hi.
A. Zn hoc Mg.
B. Zn hoc Cr.
C. Ag hoc Mg.
D. Pb hoc Pt.
50: Trn ca cc p nc bng thp thng thy c gn nhng l Zn mng. Lm nh vy l chng n
mn cc ca p theo phng php no trong cc phng php sau y:
A. Dng hp kim chng g.
B. Phng php ph.
C. Phng php bin i ho hc lp b mt.
D. Phng php in ho .
51: inh st b g nhiu hn trong trng hp no sau y ?
A. ni c khng kh kh.
B. Qun vo mt si dy Zn trong khng kh m.
C. ngoi khng khi m.
D. Ngm trong du ha .
Trang 45

Lý Thuyết Hóa 12 - Full

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Lý Thuyết Hóa 12 - Full

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Tng n l thuyt 12 Ti Yu Ha Hc

Ad Thnh Chin pzai

Chng 1: ESTE - LIPT

CH3COOH + HO [CH2]2 CH CH3

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* c im ca phn ng: Thun nghch v xy ra chm.

c im ca phn ng: Phn ng ch xy ra 1 chiu.

R1, R2, R3 l gc hirocacbon ca axit bo, c th ging hoc khc nhau.

Ad Thnh Chin pzai

(C15H31COO)3C3H5: tripanmitoylglixerol (tripanmitin)

c. Phn ng cng hiro ca cht bo lng

X phng cn c sn xut theo s sau:

mi natri ca ait cacbylic

II CHT GIT RA TNG HP

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3. TC DNG TY RA CA X PHNG V CHT GIT RA TNG HP

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010: Hn hp X gm 2 este mch h E (C5H6O4) v F (C4H6O2). un nng hn hp X vi dung dch NaOH

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Ad Thnh Chin pzai

- dng tinh th: Fructozo dng vng 5 cnh

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- Khc vi glucozo, fructozo khng lm mt mu dd nc brom

Saccaroz hp bi - Glucoz v - Fructz.

- Nhm -OH hemiaxetal gc Glucoz th hai cn t do nn trong dung dch gc ny c th m

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- Cu trc phn t Amilopectin: gc -glucoz lin kt vi nhau bi lin kt -1,4-glucozit to

b. Phn ng mu vi dung dch iot:

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Nh dung dch iot vo ng nghim ng dung dch h tinh bt hoc vo mt ct ca c khoai

5. S to thnh tinh bt trong cy xanh

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[C6H7O2(OH)3]n+3n(CH3CO)2O [C6H7O2(OCOCH3)3]n+ 3n CH3COOH

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Ad Thnh Chin pzai

20: c im ging nhau gia glucoz v saccaroz l

A. Tinh bt v xen luloz khi b t chy u cho t l mol

dung dch xanh lam

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Chng 3: AMIN, AMINOAXIT V PROTEIN

- Bc ca amin: Bng s nguyn t hiro trong phn t NH3 b thay th bi gc hirocacbon.

Amin bo nh CH3NH2, C2H5NH2,,

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Anilin v cc amin thm phn ng rt km vi nc.

C6H5NH2 + HCl [C6H5NH3]+Cl

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Ad Thnh Chin pzai

II Cu to phn t v tnh cht ho hc.

H2N-CH 2-COOH + NaOH

b. Tnh axit baz ca dung dch amino axit

H2N CH2 COOH

- Dung dch axit glutamic lm qu tm ho hng

H2N[CH2]4CH COOH + H2O

c. Phn ng ring ca nhm COOH: phn ng este ho

Thc ra este hnh thnh di dng mui.

H2N-CH2-COOC2H5 + HCl Cl H 3 N CH 2 COOC 2 H 5

d. Phn ng trng ngng

... NH [CH2]5 CO NH [CH2]5 CO NH [CH2]5 CO ... + nH2O

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- Cc axit 6-aminohexanoic (-aminocaproic) v 7-aminoheptanoic (-aminoenantoic) l nguyn liu

H2NCHCOOH + H2NCHCOOH+ H2NCHCOOH + ... + H2NCHCOOH

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Ad Thnh Chin pzai

Bng tm tt tnh cht :