Tieng Viet La Ngon Ngu Thien Chu de Hay Thien Chu Ngu

TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG
Helge Julius Jakhelln Dyvik

Ngi dch : L TH PHC
Theo bn ting Anh Subject or topic in Vietnamese, University of Bergen, Department of Linguistics and
Phonetics, 1984 (bn in rono)
1. VN
Ch (hay ), ch ng, s thin ch v s thin ch ng l nhng khi
nim trung tm ca cc cuc tranh lun v loi hnh hc ngn ng trong nhng nm gn y.
C hai vn trong cuc tranh lun : vn th nht thuc v khi nim v vn th
hai thuc v thc nghim. Trc ht, ta cn phi tr li cu hi ch v ch ng khc
nhau nh th no v mt khi nim cung cp mt s phn loi cng hiu qu cng tt.
Tip n, ta phi tr li cu hi hai khi nim c phn b trong cc ngn ng trn
th gii nh th no v nhng c im ng php no c xu hng lin quan ti vic thin
v ci ny vi t cch i lp vi vic thin v ci kia. C hai vn c quan h ph thuc
vi nhau nhng li khc nhau. Vn th nht c lin quan n s gii thch chun mc i
vi cc thut ng ph qut ; vn th hai lin quan n vic kim tra cc gi thuyt thc
nghim v cc xu hng ph qut v vic gii thch chng.
Chuyn lun ny s m nhn vic nghin cu nhng c im trung tm ca kin
trc -thuyt trong ting Vit. S dng thut ng kin trc -thuyt l ti mun nu ln
mt vn trung tm ca chuyn lun ny, l ting Vit c th c hay khng th c phm
tr ch ng cn c vo mt s gii thch c l i vi khi nim ny. Nhng nh ngha
khi qut v ch v ch ng m cuc tranh lun ly lm cn c s c khai trin
trong mc tip theo l mc c im xut pht t cng trnh c uy tn ca Charles N. Li,
Sandra Thompson v Edward Keenan. Mc 3, mc chnh ca chuyn lun ny s phn tch
v ting Vit. Trc ht, chng ti s a ra s phn gii c th v ngn ng i vi phm
tr ang bn. Sau , phm tr ny s c kho st di nh sng ca nhng nh ngha
chung v ch v ch ng quyt nh n thuc loi no, hoc c th nm gia hai
loi . Mt s c im c lin quan n ch ng v ch ng cng s c kho st, mt
mt l soi sng hn na vn tnh ch ng, mt mt l kim tra nhng tha nhn

hin nay v c im ca cc ngn ng thin ch , v cui cng l vi hy vng cung cp
mt s hiu bit su sc v cc hin tng thin ch v thin ch ng trong ting Vit.
mc 4 l phn kt lun tm tt.
2. THIN CH NG V THIN CH
Charles N. Li v Sandra A. Thompson (1976) ngh mt loi hnh hc ngn ng
mi da trn s phn bit gia thin ch v thin ch ng. H bt u bng vic a
ra mt tp hp nhng c im cho vic phc tho s khc nhau gia ch ng v ch
(1976:461 ff.). Danh sch ny c th tm tt nh sau :
(1)
(a) Ch phi xc nh (v mt ng ngha) ; cn ch ng th khng cn.

(b) Ch khng cn phi c mi lin h chn la vi bt k ng t no trong cu ;
cn ch lun lun c mi lin h .

(c) ng t quy nh ch ng theo ngha n n nh cho ch ng mt vai tr ng
ngha (tc th, v.v.) ; cn ch th khng quy nh nh vy (y l h qu ca b).
(d) Ch c vai tr chc nng bn vng trong c cu ; c th l hn ch vic p
dng v ng chnh vo mt lnh vc hn hp no (1976:464 ; pht biu ca Chafe) v
chc nng ny c lin quan n cu trc ca din ngn. Cn vai tr chc nng ca ch ng
th c th ni l c xc nh trong cu.
(e) ng t t khi hp dng vi ch , trong khi s hp dng ng t vi ch ng
l bt buc trong nhiu ngn ng.
(f) Nt c trng ca ch l xut hin v tr u cu ; cn ch ng th khng b
hn ch v tr ny.
(g) Ch ng c vai tr ni bt trong cc qu trnh ng php nh s phn ch ho, b
ng ho, lc b danh ng ng s ch (equi-NP deletion), chui ho v mnh lnh ho
ng t ; cn ch khng ng vai tr ni bt nh vy.
Tip n, Li v Thompson a ra danh sch cc c trng in hnh ca ngn ng
thin ch (do ti tm tt) nh sau :
(2)
a. C s m ho b mt (surface coding) i vi ch , nhng khng nht thit i
vi ch ng.
b. Kin trc b ng th khng c hoc ch l hin tng bn l.

c. Khng c ch ng gi hay trng.
d. C kin trc ch ng kp (hay, ni ng hn, c kin trc ch + ch ng
hay ch kp), kin trc ny khng c trong cc ngn ng thin ch ng.
e. Ch , ch khng phi ch ng, kim sot vic lc b thnh t ng s ch.
f. Ngn ng thin ch c xu hng ng t tn cng (verb-final).
g. Khng c hn l g i vi loi thnh t c th c chc nng nh l ch .
h. Cu -thuyt l cu c s theo ngha n khng th phn tch nh l phi sinh t
cu trc khc.
Cng trong cun sch , Edward Keenan (1976) c gng tm kim mt nh ngha
ph qut v ch ng da trn cuc tho lun ca ng v vic nghin cu nhiu ngn ng
khc nhau. Kt qu ca nghin cu l mt danh sch di v cc c im ca ch ng.
Cn lu l c mt s c im ca ch ng trng vi nhng c im ca ch do Li v
Thompson a ra, do vy chng s khng c dng phn bit hai phm tr. Danh sch
ny qu di nn khng th tm tt y c ; sau y ch l mt s mc chn lc. Mt
ch ng c bn (theo Keenan) :
(3)
a. ch cho mt thc th tn ti c lp vi qu trnh (v.v.) c v ng biu th ;

b. thng l cn thit v mt c php ;
c. lun lun nm trong s nhng ci kim sot s ng quy chiu, v d nhng yu t
phn ch, lc b ng quy chiu v i t ho, (so snh (1g) nhng tng phn vi (2e)) ;
d. nm trong s nhng ng on danh t (NPs) kim sot vic hp dng ng t (c
th ni nh th) (so snh (1e) ;
e. thng c s ch tuyt i, ngha l c km theo tin gi nh tn ti ;
f. thng l ch ca cu, ci s ch ca n thng l ci bit, tc l thng tin
c (tng phn (1a) ;
g. l ci ch t nhin nht ca s thng cp (advancement) (nh trong trng hp
b ng) ;
h. c tm tc ng logic (logical scope) rng hn cc thnh t khc trong cu ;
i. thng l ng on danh t (NP) pha tri ngoi cng (leftmost) trong cc cu c
s (tng phn (1f) ;
j. khng c nh du v cch nu nh c NP khng c nh du v cch ;
k. vai ngha ca n c th bit trc c t hnh thc ca ng t chnh ;

l. thng ch cho tc th ca hnh ng, nu nh ch c mt ch ng ;
m. b chi phi trc tip bi nt gc S.
Cng trnh nghin cu ca Li, Thompson v Keenan cung cp mt thng tin thc
tin v c gi tr, ng thi, kch thch cho nhng nghin cu xa hn. Tuy vy, vn cn ny
sinh mt s vn v phng php lun. Li v Thompson khi cp cc tiu ch ch ng v
ch ca mnh cho rng h khng c nh hnh thnh mt nh ngha cho c hai khi
nim m tht ra l ch dng lm cm nang gip phn bit ch vi ch ng (1976:466).
Nhng nu cc gi thuyt v nhng c im c lin quan n hin tng thin ch v
thin ch ng c ni dung thc nghim kh r rng v do , c th kim tra c, th ci
chng ta cn thc s l nhng nh ngha nhm ch ra mt b c im cn v m
bo rng ch ng v ch c th nhn ra c mt cch tng i r rng trong nhiu
ngn ng, v nhng thut ng ch ng v ch vn duy tr ngha ca chng khi p
dng vo nhng ngn ng khc nhau. (Hin nhin l nhng nh ngha nh vy s khng
trnh khi vic tip tc xem xt li). Ni cch khc, chng ta cn phi phn bit mt bn l
nhng c im m nh ngha gn cho ch v ch ng vi mt bn l nhng c im
em gn cho chng nh l mt b phn ca gi thuyt c th kim tra c. Keenan nhn
mnh cng mt quan im nh vy : Nu chng ti s dng cc tiu ch khc nhau nhn
ra ngn ng no l ngn ng thin ch ng trong s cc ngn ng th ch ng khng n
gin l mt phm tr ph qut, v nhng khi qut ho c v nh ph qut c pht biu
bng khi nim hon ton khng phi l nhng iu khi qut (1976:305). D vy, do
nhn thy rng khng c mt c im ring l no hay mt tp hp c im no c mt
trong ton b nhng ch ng (c c nhn din theo kiu tin l thuyt ho) ca mnh,
m Keenan kt lun bng cch gii thiu ton b danh sch cc c im nh l mt
nh ngha (vi ngha m nht hn) v pht biu rng khng c c im no c xem
nh l c im cn v . Mt thnh t l ch ng mc cao hay thp tu thuc vo
s lng cc c im ch ng m n c c (1976:307, 312). Nhng thc ra, l tnh
hung m Keenan mun trnh. N cho php m rng ci kh nng l hai phm tr khng c
g chung u c gi bng thut ng ch ng. Tuy nhin, gii php cn thit l phi
hng s ph phn vo ci khi nim trc gic tin l thuyt to nn c s cho s nhn
din ca Keenan v ch ng thng qua cc ngn ng v mi sc n bng cch quy nh mt
s c im ch ng l cn thit, c nh vy mi loi ra khi phm tr mt s ch ng

c nhn din theo kiu tin l thuyt. Ngha l, khi chng ta xc nh (gii thch) mt khi
nim v mc ch khoa hc, chng ta khng nn kt thc bng mt khi nim cng ngoi
din vi khi nim tin l thuyt. Nh Keenan ch ra, ng l chng ta khng c t
nh ngha khi nim ch ng (hay ch ) mt cch v on, v l nhng thut ng
c cch dng n nh. Nhng mt nh ngha gii thch l tng l phi lm cho khi nim
cng chnh xc cng tt, v do , loi b c nhng p dng mu thun vi nhau. V c
bn y l nhim v c tnh chun mc, b iu khin bi vic xem xt v mc ch v s ch
li hn l v chn l. Chng ta cn trnh nhng gi nh kiu Plato 1 cho rng ta c gng
khm ph ra nhng c im chn l ca ci ch ng l tng thay v ch n gin xy
dng mt h thut ng ng php c ch v c kt qu h thut ng ny n lt chng d
nhin s c dng lp thc nhng gi thuyt ng hay sai.
Vic dng t ch (topic) cng vi mi lin h cht ch ca n vi t (theme)
(c nhiu tc gi i x nh l nhng t ng ngha) th c tnh cht khng nht qun hn
l vic dng t ch ng. Trng phi Prague, nh J. Firbas trnh by, nh ngha
nh l mt khi nim thuc v din ngn thun tu : n l mt (nhng) thnh t c t tnh
ng lc giao tip nht trong cu, v tnh ng lc giao tip n lt n ch c th quyt
nh nh l s quy chiu ng cnh ca pht ngn. Nhng nh ngha tng t l ca cc tc
gi quan tm n ngn ng hc vn bn. Ci nh ngha hm rng hai pht ngn ca
cng mt cu h thng tc l hai hin dng ca cng mt kiu ng php c th c /ch
khc nhau vi t cch l chc nng ca nhng ng cnh din ngn khc nhau. R rng,
mt khi nim nh vy l c ch cho vic nghin cu loi hnh hc ngn ng. Loi hnh hc
ngn ng c lin quan n nhng c im ca h thng ngn ng (theo mt vi ngha no
), do , chng ta quan tm ch v ch ng nh l nhng thc th ng php c th
nh v trong cc cu h thng. chnh l bc th nht trong vic gii thch cc khi nim.
Mt thc th thuc v h thng ngn ng (v do , c tnh cht ng php hay t
vng) nu nh n c th nhn din v mt hnh thc, ngha l ni dung hay chc nng ca
n c lin quan ti mt biu t c th tch ring ra c. Ni cch khc, mt s m ha
hon ho nhng khng thc t
b mt l c tnh cht bt buc. Khng nn hiu iu ny theo ngha c th ; tt nhin, ti

khng c nh cho rng cc phm tr ng php phi c thit lp bng cch quy np. Do
, nhng c im hnh thc c th c mt bn cht tim tng, nh kh nng kt hp vi
cc phm tr khc, ngha l, kh nng ng xut hin vi chng. i hi ny loi b ci ng
php da trn ng ngha theo ngha Ng ngha hc to sinh. bin minh cho iu ny,
ngi ta cho rng ch c s i hi nh th mi bo m cho vic p dng nht qun cc
thut ng ng php v do , m bo cho nhng gi thuyt c ni dung thc nghim.
Khng c s i hi ny th s khng c g ngn chng ta t cc c im bnh thng
trong th tng quan vi kiu Prague vo trong cu trc c s (do , cng tn thnh
vic gn cho n ci cng v ng php) v loi b nhng c im hnh thc bng thao tc
ng php tip theo sau (ss. cch i x trc y nh l ci nhn qudo nh hng Ng
ngha hc to sinh). iu ny lm cho ci gi thuyt cho rng tt c ngn ng c vi t
cch l mt phm tr ng php, tr nn c cn c, ngha l khng theo li kinh nghim ch
ngha na.
Nh vy, chng ta cn phi phn bit nhng nh ngha khi qut vi nhng nh
ngha c th trong mt ngn ng v phm tr ng php. Vic phn nh chnh xc mt phm
tr ng php trong mt ngn ng no cn phi c c s v mt hnh thc, ngha l n
phi da trn nhng s m ho c im bt buc. Khng cn i hi nhng c im ny
phi nm trong cng nhng ngn ng ging nhau c mt phm tr ng php no . S
phn bit hai loi nh ngha m ra ci kh nng l chng c th khng ch ra chnh xc c
cng mt tp hp trong mt ngn ng nht nh. Ni cch khc, n ch n ci kh nng
ca nhng trng hp bn l : mt s thnh phn no ca mt phm tr ng php
c phn gii trong mt ngn ng ring bit, c th khng tho mn ci nh ngha khi
qut ca phm tr. Tuy nhin, chng ta cn i hi nhng trng hp trung tm phi tho
mn nh ngha c th nhn din phm tr nh l mt hin dng ca kiu phm tr ng
php chung.
Mt vi c im ch v ch ng m Li, Thompson v Keenan lit k, r rng
l c tnh t nhin nh nhng gi thuyt thc nghim v ch v ch ng hn l nhng
tiu ch nhn din chng. Cn c bit ch n nhng c im c cho l thuc v ch
hay ch ng mt cch in hnh, thng l hay mt cch thng dng. Tht vy,
iu ny khng nht thit phi lm cho nhng c im khng t cch l nhng tiu
ch, v y c mt s m h tu theo mc tru tng ho ci m cc trng ng c

m ch n. Ni rng ch ng thng l ci ng on danh t (NP) xut hin pha cc t
chng hn, khng c ngha iu l trng hp bnh thng trong cc ngn ng c ch
hay l hu ht cc ngn ng c ch u c c im ny. Theo cch hiu th nht, iu
ny c th c s dng nh l mt c im xc nh, cho d khng c c im ng
mong mun no trong trng hp ny, v n l mt m ho c im, v do , c mt ci g
c php bin i qua cc ngn ng mc bin i nh vy vn cn l mt vn
thc nghim. Ni chung, cc m ho c im nh v tr, s hp dng, s nh du cch, v.v.
tt hn ht l phi b loi ra khi nhng nh ngha chung. Bn thn cc nh ngha c th
gii hn vic ch ra mt s loi m ho b mt (c tnh cht v on) ca cc c im do
s gii thch chc nng hay ni dung ca ch v ch ng m c.
Sau nhng nhn xt ban u ni trn, chng ta c th tin hnh xut mt b nhng
c im nh th.
I. Ch
Ngi ta thng cho rng ch l thnh t nhn din iu m cu ni n. Chafe
pht biu rt c ch nh sau : Ci m dng nh ch thc hin l gii hn kh nng
vn dng ca v ng chnh vo mt lnh vc hn ch no (Chafe 1976:50). Chc nng
ny c hai loi c im : cc c im lin quan ti ng cnh v cc c im quy chiu
ni b cu.
Mt c im c lin quan ti ng cnh c gn cho ch l tnh bit
(givenness). Li v Thompson thm ch yu cu ch phi xc nh v mt ng ngha ; ss.
(1a) trn. Tnh xc nh c ngha l s quy chiu duy nht, ngha l tin gi nh rng
ngi nghe c th nhn ra mt ci s ch duy nht. Li v Thompson cn a s quy chiu
chng loi vo trong phm tr tnh xc nh, nhng i hi ny dng nh c v nh sai quy
tc. y l mt v d, hy xt nhng cu c gch di (4) v (5), l nhng cu r rng
c ci m chng ti mun gi l c im ch :
(4)
A : Do you sell spirits and tobacco here ? ( y ng c bn ru mnh v
thuc l khng ?)
B : Spirits we are not allowed to sell here, unfortunately. As for tobacco, we only
stock cigars. (Tic qu, ru mnh th y chng ti khng c php bn. Cn thuc l
th chng ti c sn x g trong kho).
(5)
A : How about a swim and a game of tennis ? (i bi hay chi tennis i !)
B : A game of tennis I might consider ; but as for a swim, I dont fell quite up to it
this morning. (Chi tennis th ti cn xem li ci ; nhng m i bi th sng nay ti thy
ti hon ton sc chi).
Nhng ng on c gch chn chc chc c cha ng thng tin bit, nhng
chng vn cha c xc nh d theo ngha no ca t ny. iu ch ra rng chng ta
cn phn bit nhng loi tnh bit khc nhau. Loi th ba c th c nhn din bng ci
gi l thng tin c, theo ngha hp c th chp nhn c ca t ny. Chafe 1976:30
ch ra rng tnh xc nh c th tng thch vi thng tin mi trong v d nh Ti gp b
anh hm qua, y ngi ni khng chc lm khi cho rng ngi nhn khng bit trc
v ngi b ca anh ta, cho d theo ngha cu c cha thng tin mi. Chafe gi rng
thng tin mi l vn hiu bit ngi nghe c va mi c kch hot hay khng, va
mi c kch hot tng hp vi bit trc. iu ny khng chnh xc lm v ci
c hiu l va mi trong s lin kt ny l g ? Ti ngh chng ta c th i mt bc xa
hn trong vic lm cho khi nim thm chnh xc bng cch tp trung khng phi vo tnh
bit ca ci s ch m vo tnh bit ca mi lin h gia ci s ch vi trng thi hay
qu trnh m ng t biu th. (Nu mi lin h l bit th tt nhin mt s ni dung ng
t cng cn phi c bit trc). Chng hn, xt cu Con ch cn ngi a th. Nu
y l cu tr li cho cu hi Ai cn ngi a th ? th ngi a th v mi lin h
ca anh ta vi hnh ng cn l thng tin c, v ng on con ch s truyn t thng tin
mi cho d tnh xc nh ca n nh th no i na. Ngc li, nu cu hi l Con ch lm
g ? th ngi a th s l thng tin mi v ci s ch khng c bit trc trong mi
lin h vi hnh ng m ng t biu th, trong khi con ch l thng tin c v ci s
ch c bit trc trong mi lin h vi hnh ng (cha c ch ra) m ng t s ch
ra sau ny.
Ni tm li, khi ni n thng tin bit, chng ta cn phn bit hai ngha m
nhiu ngi bit n v t bit, c th l bit1 == wissen 2 trong ting c, vite trong
wissen : know, have knowledge of, remember, recall to the mind. (ci bit ri v c lu gi trong k c, tm
hiu l ci bit ri LTP)
ting Na Uy v bit2 = kennen 3 trong ting c, kjenne trong ting Na Uy. Thng tin
c c lin quan n s hiu bit c tnh cht gi tc l bit1. Nh vy, ngi hi Con
ch lm g ? bit1 rng con ch c bao hm trong hnh ng c ch ra trong cu tr li,
v do iu ny l thng tin c i vi anh ta. Mt khc, anh khng bit1 b ca anh, anh
ch bit2 m thi.
Tm li, chng ta phn lp ba loi tnh bit :
(a) Tnh bit quy chiu, khi c tin gi nh v s quy chiu duy nht.
(b) Tnh bit-ni dung : khi, nh trong trng hp (4) v (5), ni dung hay ngha
ca cc tn hiu ngn ng l bit nh vo ng cnh m khng cn bt c s quy chiu
tin gi nh no c. Lu rng (a) khng bao hm (b) : Anh gp John cha ? Khng,
ti cha gp thng cht tit . Tnh bit-ni dung tng ng vi tnh bit-i ng
(proform-givenness) ca Allerton (1978).
(c) Tnh bit quan h l tnh cht b sung cho (a) v/hoc (b) mt yu t bit
trc trong mi lin h vi mt tnh hung (c ch ra kh chnh xc) c biu th bi
mt tn hiu ng xut hin, thng l mt ng t. Tnh bit quan h tng ng vi
tnh bit-c gi tr-thng tin (news-value-givenness) ca Allerton v thng tin c
ca Kuno (1972).
Tnh bit quan h l quan yu cho vic gii thch khi nim tiu im, khi
nim ny vn loi tr ci tnh bit . Mt khc, n cng khng c a vo tiu ch
ch (chng ta s c dp tr li iu ny khi tho lun v ting Vit). Loi tnh bit c
quan yu vi vic gii thch ch li khng c pht biu r rng gia loi (a) hay (b)
(v c (c) na).
Hnh thi ni ti cu ca chc nng dng cnh (scene-setting) chung ca ch
c th c miu t nh l ci u th quy chiu trong mi lin h vi cc thnh t khc trong
cu. (So snh vi cc c im ch ng ca Keenan 3a, c, e, h). Ngha l nu s quy chiu
ca mt s thnh t tu thuc vo s quy chiu ca nhng thnh t khc th s quy chiu ca
nhng thnh t khc s tu thuc vo s quy chiu ca ch , nhng khng c trng hp
kennen : know, have knowledge of, be aware of, distinguishadmit (ci bit c nh s phn bit LTP)
10
ngc li. Nu chp nhn rng v tr trc ca cc thnh t l mt loi ch ho trong

ting Anh, chng ta c th nhn thy c im ny (6) :
(6)
(a) Every day five thousand people pass through that door. (Mi ngy c nm
ngn ngi i qua cnh ca ).

(b) Five thousand people pass through that door every day. (Nm ngn ngi
i qua cnh ca mi ngy).
(6a) ch ch ra s lng ngi i qua cnh ca mi ngy m khng c hm bao gm
c tp hp ngi , trong khi , c th c t nht mt cch gii thch ca (6b) l c cng
nm ngn ngi ging nhau i qua cnh ca mi ngy. Ni cch khc, trong (6a) s quy
chiu ca nm ngn ngi b hn nh bi s quy chiu ca ci thnh t ch ho l mi
ngy. (Mt khc, thnh t ch ho khng h gi ra tnh bit (6a).
Trong nhng miu t php tnh v t chun ca (6), s phn bit quan yu s xut
hin nh l s khc bit tm tc ng ca lng t. Chng ta c th s dng khi nim
tm tc ng khi qut ho c im ca ci u th quy chiu hi vt ra s quy
chiu theo ngha hp. Khng ch lng t m cc tc t cu cng c th c tm tc ng
chng cho vi nhau. S quy chiu thc v thi ca cu c th hin mt cch t nhin
nh l nhng tc t ca cu ; chng lm thay i vic gii thch cc mnh theo mt cch
thc tng t vi ci cch m cc lng t lm thay i vic gii thch cc ng on danh t.
Nh vy, s khi qut ho l khi ch c hnh thi cu th tm tc ng i vi cc tc t
cu ca chng s rng hn tm tc ng i vi cc tc t khc trong kin trc.
kt lun, chng ta c th tp hp cc c im ch trong mt nh ngha khi
qut v phm tr nh sau :
Mt phm tr thnh t c th phn lp v mt ng php trong mt ngn ng s c
gi l ch nu tp hp cc trng hp ct li u biu t tnh bit v tm tc ng
rng theo ngha ang bn v bng cch , mi trng hp ct li s biu t hoc tnh
bit, hoc tm tc ng rng, hoc c hai (trong chng hn no , cn c c nhng tm tc
ng chng cho vi nhau).
Cn lu , mc d c t hochoc (s la chn mt trong hai), nhng khng
phi l kiu nh ngha ri rc ca Keenan, v n i hi c hai c im u c biu l
bi ci phm tr c t cch l ci ton th trong mi ngn ng. L do cho s ri rc bn
trong ngn ng l nhng trng hp nh (6a), trong , tnh bit khng c biu t,
11
cng nh nhng v d tng t trong cc ngn ng khc, trong , c th l trng hp

mt thnh t ch ho c gii thch hoc bng tm tc ng rng, hoc bng tnh
bit, m mt trong hai ci u c tnh cht bt buc. l trng hp cu bng ting Na
Uy (7), trong vic gii thch tm tc ng rng hp ca hai k thi ch c th c c
bng s gi r rng rng khi nim hai k thi l ci bit-ni dung :
(7)
To eksamener tar alle studenter i frste semester.

Two exams take all students in the-first term.
II. Ch ng
Cc khi nim ch ng v ch c lin quan cht ch vi nhau ; l nhng
thc th thng c ch ra bng nhng thut ng c chung mt s c im. Ni chung,
chng ta c th miu t s khc bit gia hai khi nim l ch ng c tch hp trong cu
trc cu nhiu hn l ch . Ch ng biu hin mt phng thc ring nhm ng php ho
mt s c im ca ch . iu ny c th gii thch chnh xc hn nh sau :
Cc c im ch c lin quan ng cnh khng nm trong nh ngha chung v
ch ng ; phm tr ch ng bn thn n khng biu t tnh bit *ss. (1q), m biu t
s tng phn (3f). So snh ch ng trong (8a) vi ng on ging nh l ch trong (8b) :
(8)
(a) An elephant is walking down the main street. (Mt con voi ang i xung
ng ph chnh)
(b) As for elephants, there is one walking down the main street. (Cn v voi th
c mt con ang i xung ng ph chnh)
Khng c mt s gi no v tnh bit (8a), trong khi (8b) gi nh mt ng
cnh trong c cp n nhng con voi. iu ny ng nhin khng loi tr kh nng
c th c s u th v mt thng k ca cc yu t danh tnh xc nh (definite nominals)
hnh chc nh l ch ng trong nhiu ngn ng khc nhau, ngha l, nhng yu t danh tnh
t n biu t tnh bit. iu vn cn l mt vn thc nghim.
Mt khc, ci c im tm tc ng rng ni ti ca cu va thuc ch ng va
thuc ch nh c minh ho rt nhiu trong vn chng ; ss. chng hn, tnh cht
khng ng ngha ca (9a) v (9b) :
(9)
a con gi)
(a) Every boy loves at least one girl. (a con trai no cng yu t nht mt
12
(b) At least one girl is loved by every boy. (Mt a con gi c yu bi t

nht tng a con trai)
Khi mt ngn ng cho php s ch ho ty (nh (6a) th ch ng c th b
bao ph bng mt phng tin biu t tm tc ng rng trc tip hn, v do , c
im ch ng c th b v hiu ho trong nhng trng hp nh vy. S ch ho l trc
tip hn theo ngha n c tnh cht ty v do , ph thuc vo s la chn ca ngi ni
mc cao hn ci ch ng c tch hp su trong c php thm ch c tnh cht bt
buc trong cu ting Anh.
By gi, nu quay li nhng c im lm cho ch ng tch ra khi ch , chng
ta c th bt u bng vic t iu kin l ch ng phi l mt thnh t danh t. Thnh t
danh t l thnh t m bn thn n khng biu t vai tr ng ngha bn ngoi n (nh tc
th, ngi hng li, v tr, v.v.) ; ngha l khng c cch no suy din vai tr ng
ngha ca n t cc c im hnh thc. Trng t, cc ng on gii t, cc mnh thi
gian, v.v. thng khng phi l danh tnh, chng l nhng ph ng; mc d chng c th l
danh tnh trong mt vi ng cnh c php l iu m nh ngha khng loi tr. (V d :
mnh trong I remember when we are in Italy ). Mt cch chuyn bit, ch ng c vai
tr ng ngha ca n, hoc c s la chn hn ch cc vai tr ng ngha c v ng trung
tm (thng l ng t) gn cho n (so snh (1c), (3k). Mt v d cho thy vic gn p ca
s la chn vai tr ng ngha, l (10b, c), trong v ng b ng trung tm m rng
s la chn gia ch ng i th v ch ng hng li (trong khi v ng ch ng trung
tm trong (10a) yu cu phi c ch ng tc th) :
(10)
(a) Eve gave Adam an apple.

(b) An apple was given Adam by Eva.
(c) Adam was given an apple by Eva.
Chng ta cng c th nhn thy rng vic la chn vai tr ca ch ng trong mi

trng hp l mt tiu tp hp ca ci tp hp cc vai ngha m ng t vi t cch l mt
t v c th gn cho cc thnh t danh tnh khi ng t l ni ng. V th, give c th gn
ba vai ngha, tc th, ngi hng li v i th, nhng khng c hnh thi ring l no
ca ng t c th gn cho s la chn tt c ba vai ngha trn cho ch ng. Chng ta c th
a ra mt tiu ch sau : ch ng ca mt ng t ni ng c th c gn ton b phm vi
13
vai ngha ch bng cch bin i hnh thi ca v ng, ngha l ch bng s lun phin b
ng/ch ng (trong chng mc ngn ng ch c mt loi th tiu ch ny khng yu cu).
Tiu ch gn vai ngha i hi s la chn vai ngha phi gn cho ch ng ci t cch
l mt phm tr, ngha l gn cho ch ng vi ci t cch l ch ng. Do , tiu ch ny
khng loi tr kh nng ch trong nhng trng hp c bit c th l thnh t danh tnh
c cc trung tm v ng gn cho vai tr ng ngha : ch khng b loi ra khi b khung
vai ngha ca ng t; nhng n khng bao gi c gn vai ngha vi t cch l ch . V
th, v d nh (11) cho thy c th xp cc thnh t ng trc trong ting Anh vo loi ch
, cho d his partner c ng t gn cho vai tr ngi hng li, l b ng gin tip
ng u cu :
(11) His partner John had paid years ago. (V ngi cng s th John thanh ton
tin lng t nhiu nm trc ri)
Tm li, chng ta nh ngha ch ng nh sau :
Mt phm tr thnh t c th phn lp v mt ng php trong mt ngn ng c gi
l ch ng nu n l yu t danh tnh, c s la chn hn ch cc vai ngha m mi trung
tm v ng gn cho n bng phng thc nh bn, v biu t tm tc ng rng vi
nhng gii hn nh ni.
3. NGHIN CU V TING VIT
Ting Vit l ngn ng khng bin hnh c dng SVO (hoc TVO) vi cc hnh v
hon ton n tit tnh, c cu trc m tit l (C)V(C) vi 6 thanh iu. V mt loi hnh hc,
ngn ng ny c h hng vi ting Trung Quc (c bit l nhng bin th pha Nam ca
ngn ng ny) v vi nhm ting Thi. Tuy nhin, mi quan h h hng ny vn cn ang
tranh lun. ( c ci nhn vn tt, xin xem Vng Lc 1980). Mt quan im c nhiu uy
tn l quan im ca H. Maspro (1912), ngi mun gn ghp ting Vit vo nhm ting
Thi. Quan im ch yu ngy nay l ca A.-G. Haudrricourt (1952, 1953, 1954a, 1954b) l
ngi xp ting Vit vo ngn ng Mon-Khmer thuc nhm Nam (cf. Egerod 1977).
Tuy vy, c mt b phn ln t vng, c bit l trong hc thut, c ngun gc t ting
Trung Quc.
14
Cc d liu ngn ng c trnh by trong chuyn lun ny c la chn t 400 cu,

phn ln nhng cu ny c xy dng c mc ch v c hai nghim vin ngi Nam
Vit Nam trnh by di dng ch vit. Cc nghim vin c yu cu nh gi tnh kh
chp chung, tnh ph hp vi cc ng cnh ngn ng v phi ngn ng nht nh, vi cc c
im ng ngha cng nh tnh a ngha v cc quan h ng ngha. Nhng phn on c
nu ra y l s gii thch cc phn ng ca h.
3.1. Th vi t cch l ci nh du Thuyt/V ng
Ci phm tr thnh t m ti s xem xt th tng ng cht ch vi b ng tiu
im c L.C. Thompson 1965:239 ff. bn n. Mt s nh ng php (nh Emeneau
1951, Than 1969, Binh 1971, Phong 1976) u c xu hng phn bit ch ng vi cc
loi ng on m u khc (c gi mt cch khc nhau nh thnh phn ph ca cu,
b ng ca cu, trng ng ng trc). Ti s tr li s phn bit mc 3.5 ; cn
by gi, ti mun ch ra mt phm tr thnh t gi l Ch /Ch ng (t nay v sau vit
tt l TS). Phn cn li 4 ca cu s c gi l Thuyt/V ng (vit tt l CP).
S phn gii v mt ngn ng i vi phm tr TS s da trn c s ca hai c
im :
(a) TS ca mt cu l mt IC (thnh t trc tip LTP) ca cu xut hin bn tri
ca CP 5 .
(b) C th lun lun xen vo hnh thi th trc tip sau TS m khng lm bin i ni
dung chc nng-thc ca cu.
Sau y l cc v d vi CP c t trong du ngoc n :
(12)
(a) Ti (i Sign)
I
go Saigon
I am going to Saigon
(b) Ngy mai (ti i Sign)
Tomorrow I go Saigon
Tomorrow I will go to Saigon
(c) Sign
4
5
(c nhiu tim n)
C th ngoi tr mt s tiu t no .
C hai TS v CP c th l cu, do , c th cha nhng TS nh hn.
be-in Saigon
15
exist many restaurant
In Saigon there are many restaurants

(d) Th
ny lm khng c
Manner this do not
obtain
In this manner it cannot be done

(13)
(a) Ti, th (i Sign).

As for me, I am going/went to Saigon
(b) Ngy mai, th (ti (i Sign).
Tomorrow, then, I will go to Saigon.
(c) Sagn, th (c nhiu tim n).
In Saigon, on the other hand, there are many restaurants
(d) Th ny, th (lm khng c)
In this manner, on the other hand, it cannot be done
(e) Anh (i Sign), th (ti (i vi anh))
you go Saigon then I go join you
If you go to Saigon, then I will go with you
Nh nhng ch thch th thin ch ra, hnh thi th (nguyn l danh t c ngha thi
gian) c mt nh hng ng ngha 6 i vi cu. N c dng nhn mnh TS vi t
cch ng cnh-quan h trong mt trng hp c th. Tuy nhin, y khng ch n gin l
vn tnh bit. Tri li, th s t thch hp nu nh TS l ci bit v mt quy chiu v
v mt quan h ; xt (14) :
(14)
(a) ng Hai
u ?
Mr. Hai be-in where

Where is Mr. Hai ?
(b) Trong my ngi y, ai
Saigon ?
Ti hiu phn bit ng ngha l bt c s phn bit no trong nhng iu kin quy c thng dng, c quan h vi
s phn bit hnh thc. Ni cch khc, khng ch c ni dung chc nng-thc mi l ni dung ng ngha m cn, v d,
ni dung ch xut c quan h vi tnh hung ca pht ngn, trong chng mc n c cung cp mt biu thc hnh thc.
Nh vy, ng dng hc c lin quan n nhng quy c cp cao hn (chng hn, vic dng cu hi nh du
mnh lnh v mt phong cch, v.v.)
16
inside several person that who be-in Saigon

Among those people, who is in Saigon ?
(c) ng Hai
Sign
Mr. Hai be-in Saigon

Mr. Hai is in Saigon
(d) ng Hai, th Sign
As for Mr. Hai, he is in Saigon
(14c) khng c th nhng l cu tr li thch hp cho c hai cu (14a) v (14b), tuy
nhin cu (14d) c th nhng li l cu tr li t nhin cho cu (14b) ( y ng Hai khng
phi l ci bit) hn l cho (14a). Ci m th biu t khng phi l tnh bit m l s
tng phn 7 vi ci bit no . Trong (14d), ng Hai tng phn vi phn cn li ca
nhm ngi c ch ra trong (14b). Chc nng tng phn l hin nhin v d (15), trong
th thch hp hn cho vic tr li :
(15)
(a) Anh mua c v tht b khng ?

You buy fish and meat ox not
Are you buying fish and beef ?
(b) Ti mua
I buy
tht b. C, th ti khng mua.

meat ox fish then I
not
buy
I am buying beef. As for fish, I am not buying any.

Tng t, ta xt cu (16) (17) :
(16)
(a) ng Hai v C
Ba lm g ?
Mr. Hai and Miss Ba
do what
What are Mr. Hai and Miss Ba doing ?

(b) Ti khng bit, ng Hai lm g. C
Ba th
sa son tt.
I not know Mr Hai do what. Miss Ba then prepare festival
Tng phn khc vi i lp. i lp l h qu c th c ca vic lit k trit , khi n hm rng thc th l ci
duy nht c tnh cht v ng, i lp vi mt nhm no (v d, ng Hai (ch c ng ta l ngi c ni n y

m thi) i Sign (It was Mr. Hai went to Saigon). Cn tng phn ch c ngha l nhng thc th khc c gn
cho nhng c im tng phn nhng khng loi tr nhau, y khng c hm lit k trit (v d, John chi
tennis cn Bill chi bng ; ng Hai th ng i Sign, cn ngi khc th ti khng chc).
17
I dont know what Mr. Hai is doing. As for Miss Ba, she is preparing the festival
(17)
(a) Ai
ng
sa son tt ?
who engaged-in prepare festival

Who is preparing the festival ?
(b) C Ba ng
sa son tt
Miss Ba engaged-in prepare festival

Miss Ba is preparing the festival
(c) ? C Ba th ng sa son tt.
As for Miss Ba, she is preparing the festival
(16b) vi t cch l cu tr li ca (16a), th l bt buc. Tuy nhin, vi t cch l
cu tr li ca (17a), th trong (17c) li khng thch hp ; y ch c cu (17b) l thch hp
hn. iu ny xc nhn ci gi nh cho rng th nh du TS nh l ci tng phn trong
nhng trng hp nh vy.
Mt khc, trong nhng trng hp nh (13e), trong TS c hnh thc cu, th ta
khng th thy r c ni dung tng phn no. Dng nh trong nhng kin trc phc
tp, th t ra thch hp hn v n c dng nh du s m u ca CP, chng hn n
loi tr cch gii thch phi hp (Anh i, cn ti i) l cch gii thch khc c th c.
Thay vo l cch gii thch iu kin, n c th c xem l mt trng hp c bit ca
cch gii thch tm tc ng rng ca mt TS (xem cc mc 3.2 v 3.3. di y).
Ni tm li, chng ta phn lp hai chc nng ca hnh thi th. Trc ht, th c
th c chc nng ch xut dng nh du TS nh l ci tng phn trong mi quan h vi
mt hay nhiu thc th bit. Ni cch khc, n din t mt loi tnh bit gin tip.
K n, th c chc nng cu trc dng nh du s m u ca mt CP. Do , kh nng
ca th c th dng lm tiu ch cho kin trc TS-CP, nh ni trang 14. Chng ta c th
xp th vo loi ci nh du CP.
3.2. Tnh bit
Sau khi phn lp TS trong ting Vit, by gi chng ta c th tr li vic nghin
cu cc c im c ch ra trong cc nh ngha khi qut v ch v ch ng
xc nh TS thuc v phm tr khi qut no. Chng ta thy rng tnh bit, hay t nht
l tnh quan h-ng cnh c biu t trong mt s kin trc TS-CP c th. Hn na, cc
18
v d (15b) chng t tnh bit c biu t khng hn ch tnh bit quy chiu v
c trong v d ch l ci bit ni dung.
Vic minh ho r hn v mi lin h gia TS vi tnh bit s c cung cp bi
cc kin trc c ng t tn ti c (c ngha l tn ti v c th dch sang ting Anh bng
t have). C cng c mt trong nhng ng on nh v v thng xut hin cng vi ng
on nh v c t cch l TS, nh trong v d (12c), (13c) trn y. Tuy nhin, iu ny
khng bt buc : c th la chn ng on i th ch mt thc th c nh v vi t
cch l mt TS ; cf. (18) (CL = loi t).
(18)
(a) Trn
bn c
cun sch ca
ti
topside table exist CL book possession I

On the table is a book of mine
(b) Cun sch
ca
ti c
trn
bn
CL book possession I exist topside table

A book of mine is on the table
(c) Trn
bn
tin
topside table exist money

On the table there is money
(d) Tin
trn
bn
money exist topside table

There is money on the table
(18b,d) c TS i th nhng vn c tnh cht ph thuc ng cnh (contextdependent) : c hai cu u biu t ci tin gi nh cho rng nhng cun sch ca ti v
tin ln lt l ci bit-ni dung. Chng hn, (18d) s l cu tr li thch hp cho cu
hi Ti c th tm thy tin u ?, mt khc, n li khng biu t ci tin gi nh ca
tnh bit. Nhng trong nhng tnh hung m ci bn l v tr bit th chng l nhng
cu tr li thch hp cho cu hi C ci g trn bn khng ?.
Lu rng (18b, d) ch biu t tnh bit-ni dung : nhng kin trc c c khng
biu t, thm ch khng cho php tnh bit quy chiu trong ci TS i th. Cun sch
ca ti nu tch ring ra c th dch l my book cng nh a book of mine, v tin c th
dch l the money cng nh some money. Ni cch khc, l nhng ng on c th
dng vi mt quy chiu duy nht ; nhng khng phi vi t cch l nhng TS ca ng t
19
c. Nhng cu tr li sau y cho cu hi quy thnh tnh bit quy chiu, chng hn nh
Sch, tin ca anh u ? l khng thch hp :
(19)
(a) Cun sch ca
ti ()
trn
bn
CL book possession I (be-in) topside table

My book is on the table
(b) Tin
()
trn
bn
money (be-in) topside table

The money is on the table
Chc nng ca TS (vi nhng ng t khc c) r rng l cho php tnh bit quy
chiu ; nhng n c c biu t nh l mt tin gi nh hay khng th li l chuyn khc.
Phong 1976:70 a ra v d (20) :
(20) Chim ht
bird sing
Cu ny c ng dch l loiseau chante, les oiseaux chantent, v pht biu mt
cch hin ngn rng chim l xc nh nu n xut hin v tr (khc vi v tr b ng :
ti nui chim, lit. I breed bird, cu ny c ng ta dch l jlve des oiseaux). Tuy nhin,
nhn nh ny khng c cc nghim vin chng thc, h c gii thch cu (20) l bt nh
(ngha l khng c ci bit v mt quy chiu). Ti cho rng y l mt vn nhm ln.
Nhng kin trc TS-CP khc biu t tnh bit-ni dung l nhng kin trc c ng
on ng t l TS, kiu nh (21) :
(21)
(a) Mua mt ci nh,
th
ti rt
mun
buy one CL house then I very want

As for buying a house, I should very much like to do it
(b) i Sign, th ti i mi tun ba
ln
go Saigon then I go each week three time

As for going to Saigon, I go three times a week
(21a), chng hn, tin gi nh mt tnh hung trong khi nim mua nh l ci
bit ; n c th tr li cho cu hi : Anh c bao gi ngh n vic mua nh cha ?. Nh
vy, ng on ng t lm TS c th biu t tnh bit ln tm tc ng rng, nu nh
cch gii thch iu kin (nh trong 13e ni trn) c xem nh l mt trng hp ca tm
tc ng rng cf. mc tip theo. iu ny tng ng hon ton vi ci nh ngha khi
20
qut v ch xut. Cc thnh t quy chiu cao cng tim tng c tm tc ng

rng (do , tnh bit quy chiu trn thc t cung cp cu ni gia hai c im ch
ltnh bit v tm tc ng rng) v loi thay th tnh bit-ni dung/tnh c th
quy chiu thng l d nhn ra (so snh (7) trang 7 trn y). Ci TS l ci c tnh quy
chiu t cao, cn ci quy chiu mnh hn th c i cht tnh bit-ni dung c quy
thnh. Ngc li, nhng ng on quy chiu cao th thch hp vi cc TS, thm ch chng
khng phi l ci bit da vo ng cnh (ss. (22) :
(22)
(a) Ci bnh ca
ti
u ?
CL cake possession I be-in where

Where is my cake ?
(b) Con ch ca
anh n ci bnh y ht
ri
CL dog possession you eat CL cake that finish already

Your dog has eaten up the cake
(c) Ci bnh y, th con ch ca
anh n ht
ri.
CL cake that then CL dog possession you eat finish ready

As for that cake, your dog has eaten it up
Cch dng v tr ca TS biu t tnh bit v/hoc tnh quy chiu lm ny
sinh vn l ngn ng c th biu t ni dung bng phng tin no khc hay khng.
Chng hn, mo t trong ting Vit ?
Mt s nh ngn ng hc tranh lun v vic c hay khng mi lin quan h gia
thin ch v mo t (xem, Vennemann 1975, Li v Thompson 1975, Blazer 1980). Mt
s cho rng cc ngn ng thin ch c xu hng thiu vng mo t. V vic ny, Blazer
bn v mt tng ca S. Thompson (c trnh by trong mt cuc ni chuyn) cho
rng y l vn ng theo ui. Thompson cho rng n xut hin trong cc ngn ng
thin ch c dng SOV hay SVO, tc l khi n c trt t t c nh hn. Trt t t c
nh trong ng cnh ny phi c hiu l ci trt t t phn nh cu trc tham t
(argument structure) ca cu hn l cu trc thng tin ca n, cu trc thng tin ny cn
c gi l trt t t t do. (Tt nhin, v mt no , c hai trng hp, trt t t u
c c nh va bi cu trc tham t va bi cu trc thng tin). iu ny xy ra bi v
vic bin i sang trt t t c nh da trn cu trc tham t, s lm cho ngn ng mt i
ci cch biu t tnh bit, tc l s ch ho. S l gii ny lm ta lin tng n s
21
loi b cc h thng cch trong lch s vi s xut hin mo t mt hin tng cng xy ra
trong nhiu ngn ng Chu u. Ngha l, vic loi b nhng phn bit v cch s dn n
mt trt t t c nh hn v phn ui ca cch khng cn c th ch ra cu trc tham t
trong cu (tc l, khng cn c th phn bit ch ng v i tng), nhng iu ny li cn
thit phi khai trin mt phng tin mi biu t nhng phn bit v tnh bit : l
mo t. Cch gii thch ny ph hp vi s pht trin ca mt s ngn ng, chng hn nh
ting Php c (Blazer 1980), ting Bungari (th t c nhn t Alf Grannes), v ting Na Uy
c. Theo nhng bn chp tay xa nht, ting Na Uy c r rng l thin ch hn l ting
ni hu du ca n, nhng cng v sau th chng ta nhn thy mo t pht trin cn nhng
phn bit v cch th bin mt.
Tuy nhin, cn nhn mnh rng v tr ch v mo t khng hon ton tng ng
v mt chc nng. V tr ch thng biu t loi tnh bit rng hn l mo t xc nh
vn ch biu t tnh bit quy chiu m thi. Mo t bt nh cung cp cch biu t quy
chiu ring bit, c tnh c lp hn v tr ch . iu ny cng ng vi TS trong ting
Vit tr phi Phong c l khi ng ch trng nhng cu kiu nh (2) ni trn, v.v., ngha l
ng cho rng mt danh t s n v tr TS c hiu nh l ci bit v mt quy chiu.
Tuy nhin, iu ny cha chc l ng i vi ting Vit. Dng nh n ch ng vi ting
Hn nh Li v Thompson 1975 chng minh. Trong ting Hn, chng ta c cc cp nh
sau (ss. Li v Thompson 1975:166) :
(23)
(a) Zi
thief
po le
run ASPECT
The thief has run away (Tn trm tu thot)

(b) Po
run
le
zi
ASPECT thief
There escaped a thief

Nh chng ta s thy mc 3.15, ting Vit c nhng kin trc ging nh th ;
nhng kh nng t cc ng on ch tc th sau ng t th dng nh b hn ch rt
nhiu hn c trong ting Hn v ch ting Hn th xc nh r rng hn. Chng ta c th
22
cho rng ting Vit c kh nng pht trin mo t xc nh hn l ting Hn ph hp vi

nhng gi nh phc tho trn kia 8 . Cn ting Hn th khng c cc mo t xc nh (Li
v Thompson 1975:171) hnh thi zhi- y v ni- ch c chc nng ch th
m thi. Ni chung, chng ta c th xc nh c trng ca mi lin h gia chc nng ch
th v chc nng xc nh nh sau. C hai phm tr u biu t tnh bit quy chiu,
tc l biu t ci tin gi nh rng ngi nghe c th nhn ra ci s ch duy nht. Nhng
chc nng ch th cn biu t tin gi nh cho rng c s cho s ng nht ho duy nht
ny c th tm thy trong ng cnh trc tip ngn ng hc hay phi ngn ng hc (di hnh
thc mt tn hiu ngn ng hay bn thn ci s ch), trong khi mo t xc nh khng c
tin gi nh no nh th c.
Trong ting Vit, dng nh t ch th y that c th dng vi chc nng mt mo
t xc nh. V d, (24) l mt cu c th chp nhn c trong tnh hung m ngi ni
khng ni v con voi ang bn my ngy trc v con voi th ang vng mt :
(24) Hm nay ti thy voi
today
ri
elephant that already
Today I have seen the elephant.

Hn na, y c dng to ra ci tng ng vi i t ngi th ba : ng y lit.
gentleman that = he, c y, lit. young-lady that = she, v.v. (Ting min Nam Vit Nam
thng dng nhng phi sinh thanh iu thay cho nhng kin trc ny : ng, c, v.v.). iu
ny c tnh xc nh nhng khng c tnh ch th. Nh vy, s mong i ca chng ta v mi
lin h gia ting Hn v ting Vit c tho mn mt chng mc no : t ch th
trong ting Vit (ch khng phi trong ting Hn) c th c dng nh l mo t nhng
khng phi l mo t xc nh vi t cch l mt phm tr ng php ring bit.
Trc khi ri khi vn ny, chng ta nn ghi nhn mt ng vin cho ci cng v
ca mo t xc nh trong ting Vit : l loi t. Ngi ta thng cho rng ng on gm
loi t + danh t m khng c lng t ng trc hay t ch th ng sau, l ng on xc
Nhng ngn ng khng bin hnh nh ting Trung Quc v ting Vit tt nhin l thiu ci cn thit lin kt gia
vic nh du cch vi cu trc thng tin da trn trt t t.
23
nh s t : ci bn the table, ci nh the house, con ch the dog, chic xe hi the

motor-car, v.v. (Xem Phong 1976:70, Jones v Thng 1979:97 f.).
Mt ln na chng t khng th c ci cch gii thch m cc nghim vin xc
nhn l bt buc. (25) l nhng v d m Phong dn ra :
(25)
(a) Con chim ht

CL bird sing
(b) Ti nui
con chim
I breed CL bird
Phong dch (a) l loiseau (dont on vient de parler) chante, (b) l jlve loiseau .
Tuy nhin, cc nghim vin ch chp nhn nhng cu ny trong tnh hung khng c con
chim c th no c ngi nghe nhn ra, hoc thy c hoc nghe c t trc. Chng
hn, cu (21a) c th pht ngn bi mt ngi ni trong khi nghe mt on bng ghi m
ch ra cch dch l mt con chim ang ht.
S khng nht tr ny c th c gii thch l chng ang ng trc mt hm n
phng nhiu hn l song phng : tnh bit quy chiu (+ tnh s n) bao hm vic s
dng loi t (nu ngi ta khng chn s thay th ch nh), trong khi , vic s dng loi
t li khng bao hm tnh bit quy chiu. Nhung i vi ting Php hay ting Anh th
hm c tnh cht song phng (vi cng mt kiu ngoi l i vi s thay th ch nh).
Nh vy, trong tt c tnh hung m ting Php v ting Anh c th s dng mo t xc nh
s t, th vic dng kin trc loi t + danh t trong ting Vit s l thch hp : kin trc loi
t + danh t s dng dch cho nhng kin trc c mo t xc nh s t trong ngn ng
Chu u. iu ny d dn n vic tha nhn rng cc kin trc y tng ng vi nhau.
Nhng s tng ng trong dch thut khng phi bao gi cng hot ng nh nhau : trong
mt s trng hp, loi t + danh t khng th c dch bng nhng kin trc c mo t
xc nh. Nu qu nh vy th iu c ngha l kin trc ting Vit khng biu t tnh
bit quy chiu m l mt ci g rng hn, bao hm c tnh bit quy chiu, ging nh l
mt trng hp c bit c l l s quy chiu c th (specific reference). Ni cch khc,
loi t dng nh c nhiu im chung vi mo t bt nh hn l vi mo t xc nh. Tuy
nhin, vn ny cn phi c nghin cu su hn na.
Tt nhin, loi t khng th b nh ng vi mo t bt nh, v nh minh ho,
vic s dng n bao trm ln trn nhng trng hp ca tnh bit quy chiu. Mun ch ra
24
tnh cht bt nh mt cch r rng, ta c th dng s t mt one, t ny c chc nng nh

mo t bt nh trong nhng cu nh trong (26) :
(26)
(a) Ti tnh mua mt ci nh

I plan buy one CL house
I plan to buy a house
(b) Hm qua ti nhn
mt bc th
yesterday I receive one CL letter

Yesterday I got a letter
Mt c th dng vi s quy chiu khng c th trong ng cnh m nh (26a) cng
nh vi s quy chiu c th trong ng cnh nh trong (26b). iu c ngha l chc nng
mo t c minh ho th tng ng vi chc nng ca mo t bt nh trong cc ngn
ng Chu u hin i nh ting Anh, ting Php, ting Na Uy, v.v. nhng khng tng
ng vi chc nng ca mo t bt nh ca cc ngn ng giai on trc y, vn
dng chi s quy chiu c th i lp vi s quy chiu khng c th (ss. Dyvik 1979,
Blazer 1980). Ngoi ra, mt khng th c phn loi nh l mt mo t bt nh, bi v
chc nng ca mo t ny b hn ch mt s v tr c php. Ni chung, chng ta c th m
t mo t bt nh nh l ci i lp vi lng t hay s t v mo t bt nh to thnh mt
lp ( s t : lp mt) da trn ngha ca danh t cng xut hin nhng khng xc nh s
lng bn ngoi mt tp hp bit da trn ng cnh cng nh khng tiu im ho trn
s mt i lp vi cc s khc. Khi mt xut hin cng vi mt danh t v tr TS, dng
nh n khng th c chc nng nh l mt mo t bt nh m ch l lng t hay s t ; ss.
(27) :
(27) Mt chic xe hi
ti khng thch lm
One CL motor-car I
not like much
As for one of the cars, I dont like it much hay :

As for (having) only one car, I dont like it much
iu c ngha l (27) th thch hp trong tnh hung trong ngi ni c yu
cu a ra kin v nm chic xe ang trc mt anh ta chng hn ; hoc l kin ca
anh ta v tnh trng kh x khi ch c mt chic xe s dng m thi. Cch gii thch
khng c th v n thun c tnh cht bt nh xe th ti khng thch (chng hn, tr
25
li cho cu hi Anh khng thch ci g hay sao ?) b loi tr cng ging nh cch gii
thch c th, xc nh l chic xe ti khng thch.
Nu cch gii thch sau mun c biu t r rng trong ting Vit th phi s dng
ng t tn ti c:
(28)
(a) C
mt con chim ht
exist one CL bird sing

A bird is singing = Theres a bird singing
(b) C
mt chic xe hi
m ti khng thch lm
exist one CL motor-car REL I not
like much
Theres a car I dont like

(iu ny hon ton tng ng vi vic s dng t yu trong ting Hn, ss. Li v
Thompson 1975:177 f.). Hu qu ca vic xen t c vo ng on danh t cng vi mt l
khng cn ci TS na m l mt ng t
v tr hu ng t bnh thng. Nh vy, iu
ny ph hp vi iu m chng ta xc lp cho n nay : mt c chc nng ca mt mo

t bt nh ch khi no ng on danh t cha n l mt phn ca ci TS, tc l khng nm
trc tip v tr TS.
iu ny khng c ngha l TS trong (27) l xc nh : n c tnh cht bt nh nhng
v c b sung bng t mt c chc nng ch lng ( bn ngoi tp hp bit) v ch s,
cho nn n l mo t bt nh. Ngoi ra, tnh xc nh l ci m Li v Thompson (1975:175)
[] kin trc tng t trong ting Hn. Hoa a ra v d nh cu (29) :
(29) Y-ge nngfu shu, W xing-ch y-ge bnf le
one-CL peasant say
I think-out one-CL way ASPECT
One of the peasant said, Ive thought of a way

(Mt trong nhng ngi nng dn ni : Ti ngh ra c mt bin php)
Lin quan n cu (29), Li v Thompson (1975:175) pht biu nh sau :
Mt cu m ng on ng t bt u vi yi, c th xut hin vi ngha l mt
trong nhng Ns. Mt khc, chng ti cho rng ng on ny l mt kiu ng on danh t
xc nh : t hp ny ch ra mt thng tin bit cho d thnh vin c th ca n th khng
nh vy.
26
l mt phn chng c ca Li v Thompson dng chng minh t hp ni trn

trong ting Hn l xc nh ; nhng y hai ng qu cng iu trng hp ny. Ng
on danh t khng ch ra ci t hp bit ca n (mc d danh t nu tch ring ra c th
c cho l biu th iu ), m ng ra, n ch mt c th l ngi m ngi ni khng
tha nhn l c th nhn ra mt cch duy nht. Nu qu tht y c tnh xc nh th
kin trc lng t trong cc ngn ng Chu u s l xc nh, v d, ng on ting Anh
some peasants (vi some
) r rng l khng ng cho d ngha hin ti .l g. (Tt
nhin, s l khng quan yu nu cho rng khi chuyn dch sang ting Anh, the peasants c
cha mt mo t xc nh trong ng on lng).
Ngoi ra, cc v d (27), (29) cho thy mt s loi tnh bit c gn vi
TS/ch : khi mt TS/ch c y c tnh cht quy chiu th c mt tin gi nh v mt
no , ngha l mt b bit ngoi ci m vic nh lng tc ng n.

Cui cng, chng ta c th nhn thy s hn ch-tnh bt nh TS ca ng t tn
ti c khi TS chi cho mt thc th c nh v (ss. 18). TS ny c th khng c nh

lng bng t nhiu many :
(30)
(a)
Si gn c
nhiu tim n ( = 12c)
be-in Saigon exist many restaurant

In Saigon there are many restaurants
(b) * Nhiu tim n
Si gn
many restaurant exist be-in Saigon

kt lun, chng ta nhn thy rng TS trong ting Vit c th biu t tnh bit,
nhng hnh nh khng phi l tnh bit quy chiu c th, t ra cng khng r rng nh
trong ting Hn.
3.3. Cc quan h tm tc ng rng
Mt c im chung ca ch v ch ng l tm tc ng rng. TS trong ting Vit
biu th tm tc ng rng khi bao hm nhng tm tc ng rng chng tro vi nhau, tc l
nhng tm tc ng rng ca bt c tc t no xc nh c trng cho TS nh l ci ton
th v lng, v tnh thi, v thi, v.v. tu thuc vo kiu ng ngha ca TS (ss. tr. 10 f.
trn y). Chng hn, lng t ( ngoi cng) ca TS th c tm tc ng rng rng hn cc
lng t khc trong cu ; ss. tnh cht khng ng ngha ca cp (31a-b) :
(31)
(a) Nhiu/mi ngi trai thng hai ngi gi
27
many/each person boy love
two person girl
Many boys/each boy love (s) two girl

(b) Hai ngi gi c nhiu ngi trai thng.
two person girl obtain many person boy love
Two girls are loved by many boys
Kin trc c t c trong (31b) nu dch ra th tng ng vi kiu b ng ca
(31a). Ti s tr li vn ny mc 3.6. Cc cch gii thch th ging nh trong cc cu
ting Anh tng ng : (31a) c th mi ngi trai c mt cp ngi gi khc nhau ; trong
(31b) th ch c hai ngi gi m thi.
mt vi trng hp, vic gii thch tm tc ng rng ca TS khng c tnh cht
bt buc : ss. (32) :
(32)
(a) Ba mi ngi n cm tra

thirty
person eat lunch
tim n
ny hng
ngy
be-in restaurant this always day
Thirty people eat lunch in this restaurant daily

(b) Hng
ngy
tim n
ny ba mi ngi n cm tra.
always day be-in restaurant this thirty
person eat lunch
Daily in this restaurant, thirty people eat lunch

(32a) th m h gia cch gii thch tm tc ng rng vi tm tc ng hp ca ba
mi ngi : cu ny c th dng xc nhn rng mi ngy c cng mt nhm ba mi
ngi n tim n, hoc l s ngi n mi ngy ch c 30 ngi m thi. Cch gii thch
th hai ba mi ngi c tm tc ng hp, n l con s ch c th c (32b) : y, ci TS
hng ngy bt buc phi c tm tc ng rng.
Hng ngy l ng on thi gian v do , c kiu ng ngha khc vi ba mi ngi.
Khi hai ng on thi gian i vi nhau th tm tc dng rng ca TS dng nh l c tnh
bt buc :
(33)
(a) Mt tun ti i Sign ba

one week I
ln
go Saigon three time
One week I went to Saigon three times hoc

I go to Saigon three times a week
(b) * Ba
ln ti i Sign mt tun
three time I go Saigon one week
28
(33b) khng ng ng php :ng on thi gian c tm tc ng hp khng c la

chn lm TS. (Ngha ba ln ti i Sign mi tun c biu t khc nhau, v d, Ti i
Sign ba ln mi ln mt tun).
Cc cu (34), c rt t L.C. Thompson 1965:224, c th dng lm v d thuyt
minh cho nhng c im tm tc ng rng ca ng on thi gian :
(34)
(a) Mi ngy tm gi
ti lm vic
each day eight hour I do work

I (begin) work at eight oclock each day
(b) Mi ngy ti lm vic
tm gi
each day I do work eight hour

I work eight hours each day
Ci TS ngoi cng mi ngy c tm tc ng rng nht trong c hai cu ni trn ;
l mi quan h gia ng on tm gi v mnh ti lm vic. Nh cc cu dch ch ra,
c mt s khc bit v th gia (34a) v (34b) : (34a), tm gi l th im (punctual),
(34b) tm gi thuc th ko di (durative). l hu qu ca nhng c im tc ng khc
nhau. cu (34a) ng on thi gian l ci TS (bn trong) v do c lin quan n mnh
CP ti lm vic, ngha l n t hnh ng c ch ra vo trong thi gian. cu (34b)
th ng on thi gian xut hin sau li ni nh l b ng ng t v ch c lin quan n
vic gii thch ng on ng t, ngha l, n tham gia vo vic ch ra loi hnh ng c
th hin : lm vic trong tm gi.
Cc TS c dng ch ra cc quan h thi gian cng c th c hnh thi cu hay
ng on ng t nhng nhng TS ny r rng khng phi l
thi gian c nh
du mt cch c bit nh vy. Cc TS c hnh thi cu hay ng on ng t c th c

gii thch v thi gian, tnh thi hay nh danh ; vic chn la chng c bn l c tnh cht
dng hc, ngha l tu thuc vo vic hiu ng cnh nh th no. Vic t ni dung thi
gian hay tnh thi mt cch khc bit v c bit th khng c ng php ho trong kin
trc ; ci c ng php ho chnh l tm tc ng rng.
Mun bit tm tc ng c quan h th no trong cc kin trc tnh thi, chng ta c
th xem xt cu iu kin trong ting Anh sau y :
(35) If the car is there, he must be home.
29
Ni dung tnh thi c lin quan n cc hnh ng ngn ng c thc hin theo quy
c vi nhng kiu cu khc nhau, nh ch s tn ti ca mt s tnh (tc l pht biu mt
s kin), pht biu iu g nh l ci kh nng t nhiu c th xy ra, a ra mt mnh
lnh, cu hi, v.v. Nu chng ta xem ng t tnh thi phi (must) trong cu (35) nh l ci
ch dn cng khai cho tc t tnh thi NEC, ngha l mnh (v mt nhn thc) tt yu phi
ng, th chng ta s nhn thy rng phm vi p dng tc l tm tc ng ca NEC b hn
ch bi tnh thi ca tiu c-if : he is home c cho l tt yu ng vi iu kin l tiu
c-if ng. iu ny c th miu t nh (36) :
(36) POSSp (NEC (he is home))
(p = the car is there)
Ch in nh biu thc POSS biu t mc ca kh nng c th xy ra : POSSp

c ngha l c th ti mc m p c th xy ra. Nh vy, POSSp l tnh thi nhn thc ca p
v (36) biu t rng tnh thi ca he is home c bao hm trong tm tc ng ca tnh
thi .
S gii thch iu kin th c tnh cht t nhin nht i vi ci TS (37) (= (13e)) :
(37) Anh i Sign, th
ti i vi anh
you go Saigon then I go join you

If you go to Saigon, then I will go with you.
Ngha l, tm tc ng tnh thi ging nh (38) :
(38) POSSp (ti i vi anh)
(p = anh i Sign)
(39) (rt t L.C. Thompson 1965:231), mnh CP c tnh thi ho bi phi

must, have to ; ngha l n biu t tnh thi o ngha. Ngoi ra, tnh thi ri vo trong
tm tc ng ca ci tnh thi ca mnh TS :
(39) Mun c
n phi
i lm
want exist eat must go do

If (you) want to have (anything) to eat, (you) have to go to work
Do NEC biu t tnh tt yu o ngha nn tm tc ng s nh trong (40) :
(40) POSSp (NEC (i lm))
(p = mun c n)
Cng mt loi miu t thng thng ca tm tc ng c th

gian ; xt cu ting Anh (41) :
cc ph ng thi
30
(41) When it rains I often stay indoors. (Khi tri ma ti thng trong nh).
Tm tc ng ca often b hn ch bi tm tc ng ca mnh thi gian :
(42) TEMp
(OFTEN (I stay indoors)
(p = it rains)
TEMp c ngha l thi gian khi p c hiu lc.

S th hin thi gian nm rt gn vi ci TS nh (43).
(43) Ti n
ni,
th
tt c
I arrive place then all
ri.
already go already
When I arrived there everybody had left

biu t thi tng i ch khng phi l thi ch xut : n biu th qu kh
trong mi quan h vi thi im ni ch khng phi quan h vi thi gian ca pht ngn.
Thi im ni trong (43) l thi gian c ch ta trong TS, do , ci TS ny c tm tc
ng hp nht.
(44) TEMp
(PAST (tt c i ri))
(p = ti n ni)
Tuy nhin, cn nhn mnh rng nhng miu t v tm tc ng trn y qu c bit

l miu t ng ngha, nu nh nhng miu t ng ngha l phi miu t ch ring nhng
phn bit nh th c lin quan n nhng phn bit ca biu thc. Chng hn, (37) trn thc
t khng ch r cch gii thch iu kin hay thi gian. iu ny thm ch r rng hn cu
(45), trong , cu hi thi gian hay tnh thi dng nh t c hiu cho dt khot :
(45) Tri ma ti thch
nh
c sch
sky rain I like be-in house read book

When/if it rains I prefer to stay at home and read
(Trch t L.C. Thompson 1965:243)
Cui cng, cho y , chng ti cung cp mt v d v ng on ng t lm TS
thng c gn l s l gii danh tnh (nominal interpretation) :
(46) i xe cng c.
go car also obtain
You can go by car, too, It is also possible to go by car
Tm li, chng ta bit rng TS trong ting Vit biu th tm tc ng rng ca bt
c tc t no xc nh c trng cho n. V n cn biu th tnh bit (3.2), nn n cn c
31
phm cht nh l mt ch . Tuy nhin, cng cn phi xem xt vn mt tiu phm tr

ca phm tr TS c c xp vo loi ch ng hay khng.
3.4. Nhng TS nh danh nm ngoi khung vai tr (role-frame) ca ng t
Trong phn tho lun trc y, chng ta nhn ra mt s v d c TS l ph ng,
hay trng ng (v d, ph ng thi gian, ph ng ni chn, v.v.), tc l cc TS biu t vai
trong ng ngha trong bn thn chng (ss. trang 12 trn y). Cc v d l (12b-c), (13bc), (14b), (18a, c), (24), (26b), (32b), (33a), (34). Ngoi ra, ng on cu v ng t lm TS
c th hin tnh thi hoc thi gian ni trn kia khng nm trong phm tr ny v chng
khng c nh du v mt hnh thc nh mt loi bin i c bit nh chng ta thy.
Tuy nhin, c th chuyn chng thnh nhng ph ng bng cch nh du chng nh l
nhng TS iu kin v thi gian ; chng hn (37) c th cng ngha (disambiguated) vi
(47) :
(47)
(a) Nu anh i Sign, th ti i vi anh

if you go Saigon then I go join you
If you go to Saigon, then I will go with you
(b) Khi anh
i Sign, th ti i vi anh
time you go Saigon then I go join you

When you go to Saigon, then I will go with you
Tiu t nu nh du ci TS nh l ph ng ch iu kin v danh t khi nh du ci
TS nh l ph ng ch thi gian (v bn cnh , chuyn n thnh mt ng on danh t).
R rng nhng TS lm ph ng khng th xp vo loi ch ng v mt ch ng
theo nh ngha m mt thnh t danh tnh. V vy, chng l ch . Vn tnh ch ng
ch c th ny sinh i vi nhng TS danh tnh m thi, trong chng ta phn bit hai tiu
phm tr : cc TS danh tnh nm ngoi v cc TS danh tnh bn trong khung vai tr ca
ng t ngha l, nhng TS khng c gn cho vai tr ng ngha (hay s chn la vai tr)
v nhng TS c gn cho vai tr bi trung tm ng t ca CP. Trong s , ch c ci
sau mi c th l ch ng theo nh ngha. Mc ny s xem xt ci trc v t nay v sau ti
s quy n thnh ch .
Nhng kin trc c ch danh tnh nm ngoi khung vai tr ca ng t hon ton
l in hnh cho cc ngn ng thin ch , v chng l ph qut trong ting Vit. Mt trong
nhng kiu kin trc l ng on cu v ng t lm ch nh ni n mc trc :
32
chng l danh tnh v chng khng biu th mt vai tr ng ngha c th no trong bn thn
chng, cng khng c bt c vai tr no m ng t gn cho chng.
n tng hn l ch phi cu ca phm tr ny, ch ny thng tham gia hnh
thnh kin trc c trng ch ng kp (ss. (2d) trn kia (Li v Thompson 1976:468 f.) v
cng xem Teng 1974, ngi a ra tho lun kin trc tng t trong ting Hn, v Chao
1968:69 ff.). Chng ta c nhng v d nh sau :
(48)
(a) Cy ny
l ln qu.
tree this leaf big exceed

As for this tree, the leaves are too big ; the leaves of this tree are too big
(b) Cuc ho hon y
CL fire
cc
lnh
cha la n
sm
that PLURAL soldier repair fire arrive early
As for/ during that fire the fire-brigade arrived early

Cu trc thnh t ca (48b) chng hn c biu din (49) ( trong TOP v COM
k hiu cho cc chc nng ch v thuyt TS v CP vn c dng i vi nhng
thnh t m phm tr chc nng ca chng cha c chng ti quyt nh v cc phm
tr ng on c k hiu bng ch nh) :
(49)
s
TOP
COM
np
Cuc ho hon y
s
TS
CP
np
vp
cc lnh cha la
n sm
Teng 1974 tho lun v nhng kin trc ting Hn tng t, nhng kin trc ny
biu t s s hu khng th chuyn nhng, nh (50)
(50) T tu tng
he head ache
33
N au u
i vi loi cu ny, Teng ngh mt cu trc thnh t nh (49), vi t nh l ch
ng nm ngoi. (Li v Thompson 1976:469) li cho rng phm tr l ch hn l
ch ng). Teng a ra cc chng c chng li s phn tch ca A. Hashimoto v kin trc
(Hashimoto 1969). Hashimoto mun phi sinh mt cu ging nh (50) t cu trc s hu
T-de tu tng , trong de l mt tiu t ph kt tu chn. Vic phn tch
ny ban u c v ng tin cy c i vi ting Hn v trong ngn ng ny, ng on s
hu v cc ng on danh tnh t thng xut hin trc danh t. Tuy nhin, Teng chng
minh rng nhng cu nh (50) c mt c im c php khc bit vi nhng cu kiu nh
T-de tu tng, v bin minh mt cch thuyt phc cho cch phn tch nh (49).
S tin cy trong cch phn tch ca Teng nhn c s ng h gin tip t s vic
l mt ngn ng tng ng v loi hnh hc nh ting Vit c nhng kin trc cng loi
nh (50). y l ngn ng m cch phn tch s hu b loi tr v cc ng on s hu
thng xut hin v tr sau danh t ; ss (51) :
(51)
(a) Ti (th) rng au.

I then tooth ache
As for me, I have a toothache
(b) Rng ti au
tooth I ache
My tooth aches, I have a toothache
(c) Rng ca
ti au
tooth possession I ache

My tooth aches, I have a toothache
(d) Ti au
I
rng
ache tooth
I have a toothache
(52)
(a) Voi
(th)
elephant
vi
di
(then) trunk long
As for the elephant, it has a long trunk

(b) Vi
voi
di.
trunk elephant long
34
The elephants trunk is long

(c) Vi
ca
voi
di
trunk possession elephant long

The elephants trunk is long
Nh vy, (51a), (52a) c cu trc ch kp nh trong (49), trong khi (51b-c),
(52b-c) li c cha nhng TS phc bao gm mt danh t ht nhn v mt b ng danh tnh
theo sau, vi s can thip ca mt ci nh du s hu tu chn (nu ca khng c xem
l danh t v do , cng khng c xem l ht nhn trong ng on danh t sau danh t
y c th l cch phn tch ng). Nh ch ra trong cu dch, cu trc -thuyt c ni
dung tng phn, ni dung ny ph hp vi cch phn tch. Nhn tin, nh minh ho
(51d), cn c mt cch ni th ba v vic ngi no ang b au : ng t au c th
c dng nh ng t ngoi ng.
Mi quan h ng ngha gia TS v nm ngoi cn l mi quan h b phn
(partitive) ; ss (53), quan h ny th ng hnh vi cu ting Hn Tmen shi du mi li
(cp. Teng 1974:468)
(53) H
ai
they
cng khng li.
anybody also not
come
None of them came

Ci ch nm ngoi c th ng quy chiu vi mt thnh t trong khung vai tr
ca ng t, va ng nht v mt hnh thc vi n, va lin quan v mt hi ch vi n.
Ni cch khc, chng ta c th c nhng kin trc tho ri a sang tri (left-dislocated)
nh (54) (ss. Binh 1971:212 ff.) :
(54)
(a) Ti, th ti mun v

I
nh.
then I want return house
As for me, I want to go home

(b) B
Ba th b
y ni
rt
nhiu.
Mrs. Ba then Mrs. that speak very much

As for Mrs. Ba, she talks a lot
(c) ng Ba, th
ti cha
bao
gi gp ng y.
Mr. Ba then I not-yet any-extent time meet Mr. that
35
As for Mr. Ba, I never met him

(d) Ni, th
Ba ni
rt
nhiu.
speak then Mrs. Ba speak very much

As for talking, Mrs. Ba talks a lot
Ng on quy chiu ch c th loi b khi n l ng on danh t. Trong trng
hp nh (54c), s loi b y dng nh c a chung ; ngha l (55) nghe hay hn (54-c) :
(55) ng Ba, th
ti cha
bao
gi
gp.
Mr. Ba then I not-yet any-extent time meet

As for Mr. Ba, I never met him
S ng quy chiu c khong trng theo kiu trn y s c x l mc 3.7. tip
theo. iu nn nhn mnh y l nhng kin trc c x l trn y ((48), (51a), (53),
(54)) chng t tnh cht c bn ca kin trc -thuyt trong ting Vit (ss. Li v
Thompson 1976:471 ff.). Ngha l, khng c l do g phi sinh n t nhng kin trc
khc, bng cch phn tch chuyn v (movement analysis) chng hn. Trong cc kin trc
ch kp thuc loi ny, khng th c ci v tr m ch c th i din vi n. iu
ny ch ra rng nhng kin trc c khong trng ng quy chiu nh (55) cng c phn
tch nh l kin trc c s theo ngha tc l c s loi b ng quy chiu hn l chuyn
v v iu ny khng i hi bt k quy tc cu trc ng on no khc ngoi nhng quy
tc c yu cu. (Vn kim tra vs. s lc b t do trong nhng trng hp nh (55)
s c tho lun vn tt mc 3.7).
3.5. Nhng TS danh tnh nm trong khung vai tr ca ng t
Ch cn c mt ng vin cho tnh ch ng trong ting Vit, l cc TS danh tnh
c trung tm ng t ca CP gn cho vai tr ng ngha. Cc cu c TS loi ny thng rt
ging vi nhng cu ch ng-v ng trong ngn ng Chu u :
(56)
(a) Chnh ph
xy
mt ci cu
cho dn chng
government build one CL bridge give people

The government build a bridge for the people
(b) V ti lm mt ci bnh trong bp.
wife I do one CL cake inside kitchen
My wife is making a cake in the kitchen
(c) ng Hai ch
my
ny.
36
Mr. Hai invent machine this

Mr. Hai invented this machine
(d) Chim ht trong rng.
bird sing inside forest
(The) birds sing in the forest
(e) ng Hai tr tin
cho
Ba.
Mr. Hai pay money given Miss Ba

Mr. Hai pay money to Miss Ba
(f) ng Hai gi mt bc th cho
Ba.
Mr. Hai send one CL letter given Miss Ba

Mr. Hai sen a letter to Miss Ba
(g) Hai mi ngi cht ri.
twenty
person die already
Twenty people have died

(h) Ti s
ng y.
I fear Mr. that

I am afraid of him
(i)
v.
dike break
The dike broke
Mun bit nhng TS (56) c phi c xp vo loi ch ng dng nh nh ngha
( tr. 13) hay khng, ta phi tr li hai cu hi.
Trc ht, c phi loi TS ny v hnh thc
th ring bit vi nhng loi TS khc ? Ngha l, phi chng y c l do ngn ng dc

bit tch tiu phm tr ny lm thnh mt phm tr ng php ring bit ? Th hai, c
phi nhng TS ny tho mn ci yu cu l chng c ng t gn cho mt s vai nht
nh no m thi ? Ti s tp trung vn th hai trc ht.
Trong nhiu trng hp, ng t c th gn bt c vai tr no cho TS m khng cn
phi bin i trong hnh thc ca trung tm ng t. iu ny v cn bn ng vi nhng
ng t chn la tham t i tng l v sinh cng vi tham t tc th. L do c l l s i
lp +/ hu sinh s gip nhn din cc tham t trong nhng trng hp nh th. (Phong
1976:99 cp n hn nh ny v ngh cch gii thch cho rng trong nhng trng
37
hp , kin trc ny c th c v cc kin trc khc c c hay b khng th xut hin vi

cc ch ng v sinh ; th nhng iu ny li mu thun vi d liu. Ss mc 3.6 di y).
V th, chng ta c nhng v d sau y :
(57)
(a) Ci cu
ny xy
nm 1960.
CL bridge this build year 1960

This bridge was built in 1960
(b) Cy vit
ny lm bn Php.
CL write this do France

This pen was made in France
(c) My
y ch to
y.
machine that invent be-in here

That machine was invented here
Nu ng t c tam tr, n nh ngi hng li bn cnh tc th v i tng th
TS c th l tc th hay i tng nh (56) (57), nhng c v nh khng phi l ngi
hng li (tham t ngi hng li l hu sinh). Ss. (56e-f) v (58) :
(58)
(a) Tin
ny tr c
Ba.
money this pay Miss Ba

This money was paid to Miss Ba
(b) Bc th
gi c
Ba hm qua.
CL letter send Miss Ba yesterday

The letter was sent to Miss Ba yesterday
(c) ng Hai tr tin
hm qua.
Mr. Hai pay money yesterday

Mr. Hai paid money yesterday (Khng phi : * Mr. Hai was paid money
yesterday)
Nhng kiu ng t ngoi ng ny dng nh khng khc g my vi kiu ng t
tc cch (ergative 9 ) m chng ta bit trong ting Anh v mt s ngn ng Chu u
used to describe a class of verbs in which the object of the transitive form can be used as the subject of the
intransitive form with an equivalent meaning.
38
khc, v d roll : He rolled the ball away : the ball rolled away. Ngoi ra, Phong
1976:103 tc nhng ng t ting Vit tng ng thnh mt lp ng t cn i
(verbes symtriques) (khng bao gm nhng ng t (57) (58)) : ss. cc v d ca ng :
(59)
(a) Bo chy nc mt.

Bao flow water eye (water of the eye = tear)
Bao weeps
(b) Nc mt chy.
water eye flow
(The) tears flow
(c) Bo ln banh.
Bao roll ball
Bao rolls the ball
(d) Banh ln.
ball roll
The ball rolls
Mt tnh cht c trng ca ng t (59) l chng d xut hin m khng c b ng

hn l nhng ng t (57)-(58), khi TS khng phi l tc th. V mt ng ngha, nhng
ng t (59) khc vi nhng ng t khc ch n khng gi nh mt tham t tc th khi
TS khng phi l tc th (ss. 59b, d) ss. cu vn dch sang ting Anh khng phi l cu b
ng. Ngoi ra, c im ng ngha ny khng hnh thnh mt phm tr ng php
ring bit, chng no m n khng c nh du v mt hnh thc. (Phong 1976 phn tch
cc cu thuc loi (57) (58) nh l nhng cu b ng c nhiu yu t khc nhau b lc
b, nhng y khng phi l ci c l do ng php ; xem mc 3.21 di y).
Nh vy, ng t trong ting Vit thng cho thy tnh cht m ch tc l s
n nh t do hn cc la chn vai tr cho TS mc cao hn l ng t trong cc ngn
ng Chu u ; nhng vn c nhng hn nh (ss. (58c)). Hn na, nu chng ta xem xt cc
kh nng c sn ca cc b ng ng t l danh t (tc l i tng), chng ta s nhn
Open is an example of an ergative verb, in that I opened the door and The door opened have equivalent
meanings.
Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2005. 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
39
thy nhng hn nh kht khe hn nhiu. Mt s ng t n tr c kh nng n nh cho b

ng l danh t cng mt vai tr ng ngha nh chng gn cho TS, chng hn, cc ng t
cht, b thng be injured, v break (ss. (56g, i) :
(60)
(a) Trong cuc ho hon y th

inside CL fire
During that fire
(b) V
that then
cht
b thng
die
be-injured
many people
twenty people
nhiu ngi
hai mi ngi
many person
twenty person
died
were injured
break dike
The dike broke, there was a breaking of dike (ss. Emeneau 1951:52)
Tuy nhin, kh nng ny cn hn ch hn c trong ting Hn chng hn, ss. (23)
trang 21 trn y. Nhng hn nh ny c th pht biu di ba tiu : I. Tnh tc th ; II.
Tnh xc nh ; III. Tnh hung c th quan st c.
I. Tnh tc th. Dng nh khng c ng t no (n tr hay khng n tr) c th n
nh vai tr tc th cho b ng l danh t (ss. khng c tc th no c ch ra (57)). Do
, nhng cu sau y l nhng cu sai :
(61)
(a) * Trong rng ht chim.

inside forest sing bird (ss. (56d))
(b) * Trong bp
mt ci bnh ngon lm mt ngi Php
inside kitchen one CL cake tasty do one person French

(ss. (56b), (57b))
(c) * My
ny ch
ngi M.
machine this invent person American (ss. (56c), (57c))

Cc cu (62) (ss. (56e-f), (58)) khng phi l cu sai nhng cn ch v ngha :
(62)
(a) Tin
ny tr c
Ba ng Hai.
money this pay Miss Ba Mr. Hai

This money is paid to Miss Ba and Mr. Hai (Khng c : * This money is
paid to Miss Ba by Mr. Hai)
(b) Bc th ny gi
Ba ng Hai.
CL letter this send Miss Ba Mr. Hai
40
The letter was sent to Miss Ba and Mr. Hai (Khng c : * The letter was
sent to Miss Ba by Mr. Hai)
Ngha l, nu c hai b ng hu sinh cho ng t thuc kiu y, chng c th c
gii thch nh l nhng ngi hng li ng kt.
II. Tnh xc nh. Hn nh v s o ngc TS v ng t v mt tc th lm
cho kin trc t c hiu lc i vi biu thc phn bit tnh xc nh hn l kin trc tng
ng trong ting Hn ; ss. trang 21 trn y. Ngoi ra, c mt hn nh tnh xc nh i vi
ci kin trc c minh ho (60a), n chng minh cho cng mt xu hng : cc b ng
l danh t khng c tnh xc nh r rng. Nh vy, cc cu (63) l nhng cu sai ng
php :
(63) * Trong cuc ho hon y,
inside CL fire
th
that then
cht
b thng
ng Hai
cha ti
die
be-injured
Mr. Hai
farther I
Tuy nhin, mt vi ng t n tr li cho php cc b ng xc nh l danh t :

(64) V
y.
break dike that

That dike broke
c trng quan yu ca nhng ng t ny vi t cch l ci tng phn vi nhng
c trng ca (63) c th l v chng la chn nhng tham t v sinh ; nhng vn ny cn
phi c nghin cu su hn.
III. Tnh hung c th quan st c. Mt hn nh khc i vi kin trc (60) l
ng t phi biu th mt tnh hung c th quan st c theo mt ngha no . Nh
vy, kin trc ny khng th c c vi ng t s be afraid :
(65) * Trong cuc ho hon y, th
inside CL fire
nhiu ngi.
that then be-afraid many person
Cc hn nh t I-III lm ta nh li cc hn nh v ci c gi l kin trc trnh

by trong cc ngn ng Scandinavia v hp hn l kin trc tng ng trong ting Anh.
Trong ting Anh, cc ng t khc vi be ch xut hin trong nhng kin trc nh there is
41
a man in the kitchen ; trong khi , cc ng t c th c trong kin trc ting Scandinavia
c th so snh vi cc ng t trong kin trc ting Vit ang bn ; ss. ting Na Uy :
(66)
(a) Det dde mange mennesker i den brannen.

it died many people
(b) Det brast
it
in that fire
en demning.
broke a dike
(c) Det sitter en mann p kjkkenet.

it
sits a man on kitchen-DEF
(= Theres man sitting in the kitchen)

(d) Det gikk en mann over
veien.
it went a man across road-DEF

(e) Det synger en fugl i
it sings
skogen.
a bird in forest-DEF
Trc ht, c mt hn nh v tnh tc th : cu * Det skriver en mann p kjkkenet

(it writes a man in the kitchen) l khng th chp nhn c. Tuy nhin, nh cc cu (66de) cho thy, hn nh ny khng ging vi kiu ting Vit. Mt s ng t c bn l c
tnh tc th c th chp nhn trong kin trc ting Na Uy nhng chng b tc i tnh tc
th ca mnh (hoc, t ra tnh nguyn ca chng (volitivity 10 )) : cu ? * Det gikk en mann
over veien med vilje ( it went a man across he road on purpose) t ra l mt cu k quc
v kin trc ny miu t tnh hung nh l bin c hn l hnh ng. Cu (66e) cng c cng
mt hiu qu khi miu t vt ht nh l mt bin c c i tng ho : bn thn con chim
cng phi lui vo hu cnh. Trong ting Vit, hn nh ny th mnh hn : cc ng t tc
th u b loi tr. Th hai, c mt hn nh v tnh xc nh bit r (well-know) : * Det
dde hr. Hansen i den brannen (it died Mr. Hansen in that fire) l cu khng chp nhn
c. V th ba l tnh hung c biu th d sao cng phi c th quan st c : cu
* Det tender en mann p kjkkenet (it think a man in the kitchen) cng khng chp nhn
c.
10
used to describe a verb that, in some languages, expresses a desire to perform the action indicated by a related
verb
Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2005. 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
42
Nh vy, ta c th kt lun rng ting Vit c mt kiu kin trc ni chung l c cng
nhng c im ng ngha miu t s kin m khng miu t tc th nh kin trc trnh
by ca ting Scandinavia, c chung vi ngn ng ny ci c im hnh thc l c thnh t
danh t nh l b ng ca ng t hn l nh mt TS/ch ng. Nhng mt khc, n khc
vi kin trc ting Scandinavia ch khng c ci TS gi hay trng, tc l ci TS tng
ng vi ting Na Uy l det. iu ny ph hp vi nhng khi qut ho ca Li v Thompson
v cc ngn ng thin ch , tc l nhng ngn ng khng c ch ng gi (ss. (2c) trn kia).
Ngoi ra, iu ny c lin quan ti s vic l ch ng trong cc ngn ng Scandinavia (cng
nh trong ting Anh) th c tnh cht bt buc v mt c php, trong khi , ci TS th li c
tnh cht tu chn trong cu ting Vit.
Chng ta c th tm tt nhng hn nh khc nhau v ci TS v b ng ca ng t
nh bn mc ny trong (67) di y. Nhng hn nh c pht biu c lin quan n
nhiu kiu ng t khc nhau s c ch ra ct V.
(67)
TS
vai ngi hng li
V
tc th
n tr
tnh hung c th
quan st c
COMPL
vai tc th
xc nh (vi cc
ngoi l)
vai nghim th
Nhng hn nh c tm tt (67) chng t mt s c im c nh ngha v

ch ng ch ra trang 13 (ang tho lun) u c mt. Trc ht, mt s trng hp, TS
c th ch c mt tp hp con cc vai tr hp thc m ng t c th gn cho n : khi ng
t c tc th, ci TS khng th l ngi hng li. Tip n, i khi ci TS c mt vai tr
gn cho n vi t cch l TS, ngha l, dng nh vic ch nh t vng ca mt s ng t
s phi cp n TS ; ss. mt b ng l danh t khng th tc th hay nghim th trong
mt s trng hp, nhng vai tr ny do c dnh ring cho TS.
Nh vy, iu ny c buc chng ta phi tha nhn nhng TS ang bn l ch ng
hay khng ? Cu tr li cho iu tu thuc vo vic tr li hai cu hi c lin quan vi
nhau : (a) Loi TS ny c th tch ring ra v mt hnh thc vi nhng TS khc (tc l ch
43
) hay khng ? (ss. tr. 35 trn kia), (b) Nu khng, c hay khng mt phng thc x l
khc i vi hnh vi ng ngha ca cc TS l danh t, hnh vi ng ngha ny khng c
ng t gn cho mt vai tr c th no, v do , khng tnh n ci TS di cc mc t l
ng t ? Hnh dung ra kh nng th hai tc l tha nhn phi loi tr ni dung kinh nghim
trong vic phn bit ch ng vi ch , nhng iu ny ng xem xt nu nh cu tr li
cho (a) l khng.
iu khng hin nhin l c th tm thy mt tiu ch bnh thng chp nhn c
phn bit nhng TS kiu-ch ng vi kiu ch . C hai kiu u xut hin pha cc t
ca cu ; c hai c th ng trc t th m khng lm bin i ni dung chc nng chn l
(truth-functional) ; v c hai u nm trong kin trc c nhng CP thuc cng mt tp hp
phm tr c php : nhng cu mi (v do lng vo ch ), cc ng on ng t, v.v.
c bit, cn lu TS kiu-ch ng khng nht thit phi l ci TS c nhng su trong
cc kin trc lng ; c (68a) v (68b) u c th chp nhn c :
(68)
(a) Hm qua ng Hai ung ru.

yesterday Mr. Hai drink wine
Yesterday Mr. Hai drank wine
(b) ng Hai hm qua ung ru.
Mr. Hai yesterday drink wine
Mr. Hai drank wine yesterday
iu ng nghi ng hn l c phi cc TS kiu-ch ng c th c xem l c tnh

cht tu chn v mt c php nh l phng thc ch ; iu tu thuc vo vic phn
tch cc pht ngn t-ch ng nh l nhng cu trc tnh lc vs. y . Chng ta s phi
b qua ci vn khng c cu tr li .
Chng ta c th kt lun rng khng c c s hnh thc no tch nhng TS ging
ch ng ra khi ch nh l mt phm tr ng php chc nng ring bit. Nh vy, lm
th no chng ta c th gii thch nhng c im ca vai ng ngha ging nh ch ng ca
cc ch l danh t nm bn trong khung vai tr ca ng t ?
Mt cch tip cn khc i vi vic n nh vai tr ca ng t l to ra nhng vai
ang bn mt cch tng hp t ni dung ca ch v ni dung ca ng t. Ni cch
khc, chng ti s c gng chng minh rng nhng c im vai tr khng phi l v on
(v v th, l mt c im t vng ca ng t), m ng ra l c l do bi v ci thnh t
44
ang bn l mt ch . Vi t cch l s minh ho cho ci gi l tng hp tnh y,

trc ht chng ta c th xt cp cu ting Anh sau y (69) :
(69)
(a) Eve gave Adam an apple.

(b) Adam was given an apple by Eve.
Cu b ng (69b) tc b ci kh nng ca ng t l thng gn mt vai tr ng

ngha cho ch ng, trong trng hp ny l vai tc th. Ngoi ra, ng t vn gi li vai
tc th nh l ni dung biu th : n vn biu th mt tnh hung tin gi nh c mt tham
t tc th. Nhng v vai tc th khng c n nh, cho nn tham t tc th cn phi c
ch ra (nu c th ni nh th) bi mt ng on trng t (ch khng phi l ng on danh
t), ngha l, mt ng on m bn thn n biu t vai tr ca n : by Eve. Tuy nhin, gii
t by c ngha rng hn vai tc th, v d vai nh v (bn cnh, gn) : Eve gave
Adam an apple by the seaside (Eve cho Adam mt qu to bn b bin). S thc l kh
nng ng ngha ca by theo quy c b thu hp thnh tc th trong cc cu nh (69a) cn
phi c gii thch mt cch tng hp bng cch tnh n (i) ngha ca by, (ii) c trng
hu sinh ca Eve, v (iii) s thc l ng t b ng biu th mt tnh hung trong
tham t tc th l tin gi nh. Ngi ta c th cho rng iu ny khng ging vi vic n
nh vai tr bi ng t ; l vn la chn cch gii thch thch hp v mt ng ngha
i vi nhng b phn khc nhau ca cu.
Vi t cch l minh ho th hai, hy xt nhng kin trc ting Vit c ng t c =
tn ti sau y :
(70)
(a) C
mt con chim ht.
exist one CL bird sing

There is a bird singing
(b) C
tin
trn
bn.
exist money topside table

There is money on the table
(c) Trn
bn c
tin.
topside table exist money

On the table there is money
(d) Ti c
tin.
I exist money
45
I have money
(70c-d) chng t rng c c th xut hin vi mt TS c lin quan vi ci thc th
i vi ci g ang tn ti. Khi ci TS y l danh t v hu sinh, nh (70d), chng ta
c cu dch X have Y. Ni cch khc, ci TS c gii thch l ngi hng li trong mi
lin h vi phn cn li ca cu. Nhng nh minh ho, c c ngha rng hn have
v do , khng th cho l n n nh vai ngi hng li cho TS. ng ra, cch gii
thch ngi hng li l kt qu mt cch tng hp t ngha ca c (tn ti) v ngha
ca chc nng ng php ca TS m ni nh Chafe (ss. cc trang 2 v 7 trn kia) i khi l
gii hn tnh c th p dng v ng chnh vo mt lnh vc hn hp no . Ngha l,
ngi hng li c th phi sinh t m hnh : i vi thc th hu sinh X, c tn ti Y.
Pht biu ca Chafe v s gii hn tnh c th p dng v.v. c th gii thch xa hn
bng cch cho rng khi TS ni n mt tham t trong mt tnh hung, n cng ni n ci
tham t c nhn nhn nh l c trng nht bi ci tnh hung m tham t c ni
n. Nh bit, c mt s chuyn tip gia vai ng ngha vi ci cp bao hm trong
mt tnh hung : tham t tc th theo mt ngha no th c trng bi mt tnh hung
tc th hn l tham t ngi hng li, v.v. Nu c mt v d c th v s cho xy ra, v
chng ta mun gii hn tnh c th p dng ci v ng vo mt trong nhng tham t trong
tnh hung, th tham t tc th s ni bt ln nh l tham t c trng nht, nh l ci tham
t m chng ta ang ni trc tin iu g v n. Bn cht khc bit ca tc th trong
s chuyn tip ny thng c ch ra trong cc cuc tranh lun v ci gi l tn ty vai tr.
iu ny s dn n kin cho rng chng ta nn x l mt cu nh ti cho anh
tin I gave you money ngang hng vi cu ti c tin I have money. Ngha l, thay v
ch ra t cho n nh vai tc th cho TS, chng ta li to ra cch hiu tc th t m hnh :
i vi thc th X hu sinh = ti, c cho tin cho anh. Nh vy, chng ta khng cn phi
cho ng t cho n nh vai tc th (n ch biu th tnh hung tc th) l gii cch
hiu tc th ca TS ss. c sa i thch ng v chi tit vi (69b) ang bn. Tng t, khi
cc ng t thuc loi ny ny xut hin vi Ts ch mt tham t v sinh (ss. (58a-b) trn y)
th vai i th ca TS s phi sinh t m hnh : i vi thc th X v sinh (v d, tin), c
mt hnh ng (v d, cho anh). Ni mt cch ngn gn : (i) cc ng t khng n nh vai
tc th ; (ii) cc ng t khng n nh cc vai cho TS m ch n nh cho cc b ng l
danh t v ch trong chng mc c mt nhng b ng l danh t m thi. iu ny c ngha
46
l danh t tin money i hi cch hiu i th ca n theo nhiu cch khc nhau trong
nhng cu nh ti tr anh tin I pay you money v tin tr anh money is paid to you.
Trong cu th nht, vai ngha c n nh bi ng t tr. cu th hai, cch hiu i
th c phi sinh dng nh mt cch ng dng hn t vic TS l ci v sinh v t
vic ng on ng t khng cha b ng l danh t nhng vn mang vai i th. Cch
phn tch ny d bo rng vai ca TS l v nh (v d, c th xem xt v mt ng dng) hn
vai ca cc b ng ng t l danh t, v dng nh iu ny c chng minh ri. iu
chnh yu l cch phn tch ny c th gip chng ta l gii nhng bt cn xng v vai tr
thc t gia TS v b ng ng t m khng xp cc TS ang bn thnh ch ng.
Ngi ta c th khng tn thnh ci cch m chng ti trnh lm tho mn nh ngha
v ch ng (ngha l cho rng vai tc th trong thc t khng c n nh bi ng t, m
phi sinh t ng t) c tnh cht rng buc v l thuyt nhiu hn v do , lc quy c
s thc nghim thnh s phn bit gia ch ng v ch . Tht vy, s phn bit gia
vic ng t n nh vai tr vi s phi sinh tng hp tnh ca vai tr khng nm trong
nhng phn bit c bn c tnh khoa hc nht. Nhng, vic thit lp cc phm tr ng php
ca mt ngn ng v vic phn loi chng r rng l khng th tin hnh bng cch quy np.
V s phn bit thc nghim hon ton khng phi l bt buc. iu quan trng l chng ti
khng tm thy mt s phn bit r rng no tc l khng c s phn bit no da trn
vic m ho cc c im gia nhng TS ging nh ch ng v nhng TS l ch .
Lun c trc y chng minh rng vic phn tch cc c im ng ngha i vi cc
kin trc vn thc hin c m khng cn nhng thit b nhn to bn ngoi. V iu ny
khng cn thit v mt logic. Ci TS c th c nhng c im vai tr bt cn xng, nhng
c im ny khng b lc quy thnh tn ty vai tr v do , thnh ni dung ca ch
(tt nhin, nu c nghin cu su hn th n c th cho thy l chng ti sai lm). Nh
vy, nhng c im vai tr khng th lc quy v ch c th c gii thch nh l nhng
c im ring ca ng t s vn c coi l tiu ch ch ng thc nghim.
T , chng ta c th kt lun mt cch khi qut l s n nh vai tr ng ngha
s khng c tha nhn mt cch my mc l mt c im t vng ca nhng ng t
ang bn. T vng khng ch ra ci g c m ch ra nhng c im ring ca cc t v c
th. Tuy vy, chng ta ch cn ch ra s n nh vai tr nh l mt c im t vng ca
ng t trong chng mc s phn b cc vai ng ngha khng th phi sinh t nhng xem
47
xt c lp. Do , cch phn tch trc y l ph hp vi cc nguyn l c mi

ngi chp nhn.
Chng ti kt lun rng nhng ng vin cui cng cho cng v ch ng, tc l cc
TS danh tnh nm bn trong khung vai tr, cng s c xp vo cng v ch ch
khng phi l ch ng. Vn cn li l phi xem s phn loi ny c b thay i trong
cch phn tch cc kin trc b ng hay khng ; ss. mc 3.6 di y.
Tm li, chng ta c th lp thc nhng quy tc c s ca cu ting Vit nh tho
lun. Ti tha nhn mt m hnh ng php phn bit gia cc chc nng c php v cc
phm tr ng on c php vi t cch l nhng phm tr nguyn thu (khng th lin xc
nh), m hnh ng php ny cn s dng thit b l cc c trng c php biu th cc
phm tr ng php c biu t trong ton b ng on. B phm tr nguyn thu ny i
hi ba kiu quy tc sau y : I. cc quy tc tiu phm tr ho (theo ngha rng) ch nh
cc m hnh c trng : II. cc quy tc cu trc ng on ch nh cc chui chc nng c
php to thnh cc phm tr ng on ; III. cc quy tc n nh ch ra nhng phm tr
ng on no c th lp y chc nng c php no. Cc phm tr ng on c biu th
bng cc con ch nh v cc chc nng c php nh CH v THUYT c biu th
bng cc con ch in hoa. (Ti s gc li vn ch trong ting Vit c c i x nh
l chc nng nguyn thu hay khng, hoc nh l mt trng hp ph c th xc nh v
mt cu hnh ca danh tnh hay khng). Kh nng sau ny t ra nhng vn c tnh cht
hin nhin.
ph hp vi mc 3.11, gi s th nh du ch nh l ci tng phn, chng ta
s c cc tiu phm tr cu sau y :
(71)
[ +/ ch tng phn]
Hai tiu phm tr ny c m rng bng cc quy tc cu trc ng on (72),

trong , MOD c ngha l ph ng (trng t) :
(72)
(a)
TOP th COM (MODx)
[+ct.t.]
(b)
(TOP) COM (MODx)
[ct.t.]
Cc TOP v COM chc nng c th c lp y t ra bi cc phm tr ng on
c ch nh (73) (vi nhng ci lp y in hnh nht phn trn) :
48
(73)
(a)
TOP
(b)
np
s
vp
.
COM
vp
s
np
.
s trong (73b) lm xut hin cc cu trc hi quy ging nh (74) (ss. (48a), (49) trn
y ; sng nay = this morning) :
(74)
s
[ +ct.t]
TOP
np
Cuc ho hon y
COM
s
th
TOP
np
sng nay
COM
vp
[ ct.t.]
TOP
np
cc lnh cha la
COM
vp
n sm
(As for that fire, then this morning the fire brigade arrived early)
3.6. C cu b ng hay khng ?
Sau khi kt lun (c phn mo mui) rng cu ting Vit khng c ch m cc TS
u l ch trong mi trng hp, chng ta c th tin hnh nghin cu mt s c im
su hn v kin trc -thuyt trong ngn ng ny v lin h cc c im vi cc gi
thuyt v cc ngn ng thin ch .
Li v Thompson (1976:467) ch ra rng kin trc b ng l chung cho cc ngn
ng thin ch ng. Mt khc, trong cc ngn ng thin ch , hin tng b ng ho c
cho l vng mt hay ngoi bin. Khi xut hin, n thng mang mt ngha c bit,
ging nh cu b ng tr ngi trong ting Nht. Nh chng ta s thy, nu ting Vit c
th c cho l hon ton c kin trc b ng th kin trc ny cng mang nhng ngha
lin hi i loi nh th. Do , khi qut ho ca Li v Thompson c ng h. Tuy
nhin, s khi qut ho ny r rng khng phi l mt ph qut c tnh cht kinh nghim v
49
tnh cht ngoi bin ca cu b ng khng l g khc hn l hu qu logic ca vic thin ch

; xin xem tip sau y.
Ni chung, chng ta c th gii thch b ng nh sau (ss. (69) trn y) : b ng
l mt phm tr ng php c hin thc ho trong dng thc ca ng t hay ng on
ng t (bng ph t, tr ng t hay khc na). Chc nng ca b ng c th c xc
nh theo ngha hp hay ngha rng. Theo ngha hp bao gm ci m chng ta thng gi l
b ng trong cc ngn ng Chu u, chc nng ca b ng l lc quy s n nh cc
vai ng ngha thnh mt vai ng ngha. c bit, mt vai tr khc n nh cho ch ng
th khng n nh cho ci g c (cho d ni dung biu th tng ng vn c gi li), ch
ng c gn cho mt trong nhng vai tr khc (hay chn la chng). iu ny c ngha l
mt trong nhng b ng ng t l danh t c th c trong dng ch ng tng ng, bt
buc phi giu i ; ss. (69) trn. nh ngha rng hn loi b yu cu mt trong cc vai
khng c n nh ; theo nh ngha ny, chc nng ca b ng l lm bin i vic n
nh cc vai ng ngha bng cch ch ng c n nh mt vai tr khc vi vai tr c n
nh bi dng thc ca ng t ch ng (hoc ng on ng t) ; nhng vai tr ny vn
c th gn cho mt thnh t danh tnh khc. Ni cch khc, khng c thnh t danh tnh no
bt buc b giu i khi so vi dng ch ng tng ng ca cu. y, chng ta chp nhn
nh ngha theo ngha rng, v , nh chng ta s thy, ch bng vo nh ngha ny ta mi c
c hi phn lp c phm tr b ng trong ting Vit. Bn cnh , vic thay th ci
nh ngha rng hn ny c l khng lm bin i vic m rng thut ng b ng trong
cc ngn ng Chu u.
Lu rng cch phn tch ting Vit nh xut mc 3.5, tc l ch chp nhn
cu ting Vit c ch m khng c ch ng, v mt logic loi b kh nng ca dng b
ng theo nh ngha ny. nh ngha ny ch yu c lin quan n ch ng ; v iu ny
khng ch l vn thut ng v chnh s n nh vai tr cho ch ng tiu chun trung tm
v ch ng mi l ci ct li ca nh ngha. Dng nh kh m lp thc mt nh ngha
khi qut v b ng l ci khng lin quan g n vic n nh vai ng ngha cho ch ng
(trc tip hay gin tip) v s n nh vai tr nh th khng thch hp vi vic phn loi
ch nh chng ta bit. Bng cch ny, b ng tr thnh mt tiu chun v ch
ng ; v vn m hin nay chng ta phi ng u l phi chng chng ta phi tha nhn
phm tr b ng v l do ng php v do , tha nhn ci kt lun cho rng xt cho cng
50
TS c th c vai tr ng ngha bng cch n nh cho n. Nu qu thc nh vy, chng ta

phi xt li ci kt lun v s vng mt ca ch ng : ci trng hp ph c tho lun
mc 3.5. xt cho cng cng cn phi xp vo ch ng c. R rng s chuyn tip quen
thuc gia dng b ng vi tiu chun ch ng ca vic n nh vai tr lm cho s khi
qut ho v tnh ngoi bin ca dng b ng trong cc ngn ng thin ch tr nn tm
thng hn.
Cc nh ng php c nhng quan im i lp nhau v s c mt dng b ng
trong ting Vit. L.C. Thompson 1965:217 khng khng cho rng khng h c s i lp
v thi (voice) trong ngn ng. Nhng kt cu c c v b (xem di y) nu chuyn
dch th tng ng vi cc kt cu b ng trong cc ngn ng Chu u, Thompson gi
chng l nhng biu thc b ng logic nhng khng i x chng nh l mt phm tr
ng php ring bit (1965:228 f.).
Mt khc, Phong 1976 tha nhn thi b ng nh mt phm tr ng php trong
ting Vit. Lun c ca ng v c bn l ta c th cu to nhng cp cu tng ng v mt
chuyn dch vi nhng cp cu ch ng-b ng trong ting Php (chng hn), v c th ch
ra mi lin h hnh thc gia cc thnh phn ca mi cp bng nhng thut ng chung
(1976:91 ff.). Tuy nhin, lun c ny khng c tnh thuyt phc ; v mt mt, c th ci kt
cu c gi nh l b ng c chc nng rng hn biu thc ni dung b ng, biu
thc ny ch c th phn lp c bng cch chiu t cc ngn ng Chu u ; mt khc,
c th khng c l do phn tch kt cu ny nh mt s sa i hnh thc ca ng on
ng t trong cu. Di y chng ti s tr li vn ny ; by gi ta hy xt mt vi v d
ca Phong (trong , c l ci [+may mn] 11 , tr ng t b ng b l ci [ may mn];
c hai u [+cm tnh] ; nhng thut ng ny l ca ti) :
(75)
(a) Bo thng Quang

Bo love Quang
Bo loves Quang
(b) Quang c
Bo thng
Quang obtain Bo love
11
Thut ng ca Phong l (+/ may mn) v (+/ cm tnh) (1976:98)
51
Quang is loved by Bo
(c) Bo git gic
Bo kill enemy
Bo kills the enemies
(d) Gic
Bo git
enemy suffer Bo kill

The enemies are killed by Bo
(e) Bo sai
Quang lm vic y.
Bo order Quang do work that

Bo orders Quang to do that work
(f) Quang lm vic
y do
Bo sai.
Quang do work that be-caused-by Bo order

That Quang does that work has been ordered by Bo
Ta c th nhn thy rng mi thnh phn b ng (b, d, f) u cha mt thnh t
danh tnh c cng vai ng ngha nh ch ca thnh phn ch ng. gii thch cc
cp (a-b, c-d, e-f), Phong n nh mt s ci bin b ng hon thnh hai vic :
Un dplacement du complment nominal ou phrastique (ou dun des complments
nominaux sil y en a deux) de V en dbut de phrase Lintroduction dun vp (= passive
auxiliary, HD) entre le complment dplac et le sujet (1976:96 f.)
Chuyn v tr b ng danh tnh hay ng on (hay mt trong nhng b ng nu c
c hai) ca V ra u cu a mt vp ( = tr ng t b ng HD) vo gia b ng b
chuyn v tr v ch ng.
Ci cu trc c phi sinh t s ci bin ny s tr thnh c s cho s phi sinh ca
nhng kin trc khc ng vi nhng c im b ng. Do , b ng ngn vn khng
c yu t tng ng vi ch ng ch ng, s c phi sinh t vic lc b ch ng
(1976:97) ngha l, (76) phi sinh t (75b) :
(76) Quang c thng.
Quang obtain love
Quang is loved
52
Tng t nh vy cho d tr ng t b ng c th b lc b theo nhng iu kin

no ; iu ny lm ny sinh loi kin trc bn tr. 35 trn kia (c bit xem (57)(58)) :
(77) Thuc A ch
drug
nm 1973.
A invent year 1973
Drug A was invented in 1973

Ngha l, theo s phn tch ca Phong, (77) c phi sinh bi vic loi b c ch
ng ch ng khng c nu ra mt cch tng minh ln tr ng t b ng c t mt
cu trc m n lt n c phi sinh t s ci bin b ng ca (78) :
(78) X ch
thuc A nm 1973.
X invent drug A year 1973

X invented drug A in 1973
Cch phn tch rc ri ny v mt ng php l khng c l do. Ngoi s tng ng
chuyn dch vi kiu b ng trong cc ngn ng Chu u th khng c g bin minh cho
vic gi nhng cu nh (77) l b ng. Chng khng cha nhng ch dn hnh thc no
v vic ch ng c n nh mt vi tr khc bit vi vai tr c n nh cho ch
ng ca dng cu ch ng tng ng ; iu ny phi c quy nh v mt dng hc
da trn c s tnh hu dinh hay v sinh ca ci s ch ch ng, v.v. V l do , s thc
trc mt l nhng ng t ting Vit c tnh cht m rng v mt ch hn l cc
ng t trong cc ngn ng Chu u ; v iu ny khng bin minh cho vic chiu x s i
lp ch ng/b ng v mt ng php v ci th ch hnh thc cng xut hin ca n t ng
php ca cc ngn ng Chu u. Hn na, cn lu rng nhng kin trc kiu (77) v
nhng kin trc c c khng nm trong th phn b b sung i vi tnh hu sinh hay v
sinh ca ch ng v/hoc kiu ng t, iu ny tri vi iu m Phong dng nh
xut (1976:99) ; do , cc kin trc c c sau y c cho l hp ng php :
(79)
(a) Thuc A c
ch
nm 1973.
(V d ca Phong)
drug A obtain invent year 1973

Drug A was invented in 1973
(b) Cun sch ny c c trn
radio.
CL book this obtain read topside radio

This book was read on the radio
53
(c) Mt ci cu
c xy
cho dn chng.
one CL bridge obtain build give people

A bridge was built for the people
Ni vn tt, chng ta c th bc b ci ngh cho rng nhng cu kiu (77) s c
phn tch nh l cu b ng. Ch cn c nhng ng vin cho ci cng v b ng l cc
kin trc c dng ging nh c, b, v do m thi. cho n gin, chng ta s tp trung
vo cc kin trc c c trong phn cn li ca mc ny. S ci bin b ng ca Phong
xoay quanh nhng gi nh cho rng cc cu trc phi sinh c th c l do c lp c th l
cch phn tch c l tr ng t v s ci bin l nguyn nhn ca ci cu trc m
chng ta c th bt gp bt c u. Ngha l, nu cc kin trc b ng kiu c c th
c chng minh khng l g khc hn l nhng trng hp ca mt kiu kin trc khi
qut hn, khng th phi sinh bi s ci bin th s ci bin l khng c l do.
C th chn mt cch phn tch b ng l phn tch c nh l ng t chnh ca
cu. Nu ly (75b) lm v d, chng ta c th biu din cch la chn ny nh (80) (V =
phn u ca vp) :
(80)
s
TOP
Quang
COM
vp
V
vb
c
NOM
s
TOP
COM
vb
Bo
thng
(80), c l mt ng t c tnh cht m v mt ch bnh thng trong ting

Vit khng n nh mt vai tr no cho ch , n i hi vai tr v mt ng dng ca n
trong m hnh : Quang th c Bo thng.
Cng c th chn cch phn tch c nh l mt tr ng t nh (81) :
54
(81)
s
SUBJ
PRED
vp
[+ pass]
Quang
PASS. AUX
NOM
Bo
V
vb
thng
Theo s chn la ny, Bo l mt b ng ng t ng trc ch khng phi l ch

hay ch ng. V th, n ch c th c vai ngha do ng t n nh, nhng vai ngha ny
phi c ch ra v mt t vng sao cho ph hp ; ngha l n c th n nh ci vai tr ca
ch ng trong dng ch ng tng ng. Khi b ng c mt, ch ng Quang c gn
cho mt vai tr khc. V th, cch phn tch b ng bao gm mt s thay i lin tc vai tr
buc ta phi nhn ra s n nh vai tr cho ch ng, v do , nhn ra s phn loi thnh
ch ng v khng phi ch .
chn la gia (80) v (81), chng ta cn xem xt s phn b ca c. Trc ht,
chng ta nhn thy rng c c th xut hin trong cc kin trc tng t nh (80)-(81)
ngoi tr s l gi to khi cho rng ch /ch ng c n nh vai tr ca n bi ng t
cui cng ; ng hn, ch /ch ng nm trong mi quan h ngi hng li vi ton b
mnh lng. Tuy nhin, s phn tch cho rng c l ng t chnh c ngha thu c,
c l nguyn nhn ca mi quan h :
(82) Hai c Ba lm bnh.
Hai obtain Ba do cake
Hai had a cake made for him by Ba
T c c th c chc nng nh l mt ng t chnh, iu ny c chng minh
bng s vic l n c th bin mt ng on danh t lm b ng :
(83)
(a) Hm nay ti c
today
mt bc th.
I obtain one CL letter
Today I got a letter
(b) Con ti c
child I
su tui
55
ri.
obtain six age-year already
My child is already six years old

Hn na, ngha ca nhng kin trc c c l ng t dng nh rng hn
ngha m cc phn tch b ng ch ra. Theo cch phn tch ny, nhng chn la vai tr c
hiu lc cho ch ng ca kt cu c c l ng t s b hn ch ng k ; c th l, vai tr
ch ng ca dng ch ng tng ng s khng c hiu lc i vi n. Tuy nhin, iu
li khng xy ra, v s vic ny xc nhn cch phn tch -thuyt vi c l ng t chnh
c ngha rng do t obtain ch ra. Nu ngi ta chn cng mt vai tr cho ch nh
trong dng ch ng tng ng, chng ta s c c cch gii thch tnh thi cho php.
(T c ng sau c th biu t tnh thi tim tng v quen thuc, nhng chng ta khng
ni n nhng cu trc ny y). Xt (84) :
(84) Anh c
you obtain go
You may go
iu ny c th tng phn vi (76) c lp li y nh (85) :
(85) Quang c thng
Quang obtain love
Quang is loved
S l khng c l do nu xem (84) v (85) l nhng hin dng ca hai kin trc ng
php khc nhau. Tht ra, ci m chng ta c l cng mt ng t chnh c ngha l c
c v s bt nh ca vai tr thng thng ca ch c gii quyt v mt ng
dng trong mi trng hp. Nh vy, (84) (gn nh) c mt cu trc ng ngha : V
phn anh, th c c i ; v cch gii thch cht ch duy nht v iu ny l t anh trong
mi quan h tc th vi i. V c c mi quan h tc th l tng ng vi s cho
php. (85), chng ta c : Cn Quang, th c c thng v y quan h i th vi
thng dng nh l t nhin nht i vi Quang nhng li khng c l do ng php,
y mi l iu quan trng. Cch phn tch ny cho thy cng vi mt s ng t no ,
vai tr ca ch c tnh cht nc i, v do , qu thc l c cch hiu m h (hay ng
hn, khng c pht biu tng minh) gia cho php vi b ng ; xt (86) vi ng t
hn = kiss
(86)
(a) Ti c
hn c
56
Ba.
I obtain kiss Miss Ba

I was permitted to kiss Miss Ba
(b) Ti c
I
Ba hn
obtain Miss Ba kiss
I was kissed by Miss Ba

(c) Ti c
hn.
I obtain kiss
I was permitted to kiss hay I was kissed
Nhng xem xt ni trn cho thy cch phn tch (80) vi c l ng t chnh, l
c chn v do , ting Vit khng c b ng nh l mt phm tr ng php. Khng
cn nghi ng g na cch phn tch ny cng ph hp vi t nguyn ca t c, n phn
nh ngun gc lch s ca cc kin trc trn.
Ngoi ra, chng ti cn tm thy nhng ch dn khng ng k cho rng c ang
trong qu trnh c ng php ho nh l mt tr ng t b ng, v kin trc nh (81) c
th ny sinh. iu ny xut hin trong s phn b ca dng thc rt = very. Kh nng xut
hin cng vi rt thng dng lm tiu ch xc nh lp ng t trng thi, tc l cc
ng t v i th c dch tng ng vi cc tnh t trong cc ngn ng Chu u :
(87)
(a) Ti rt
mt.
I very tired
I am very tired
(b) Hong rt
thng b.
Hong very love
Hong loves B very much

(c) * Ti rt
i.
I very go
(d) * Hong rt hn B.
Hong very kiss B
Hin nay, nhng kiu cu ging vi cu b ng c c nh (87b, c), chng ti
nhn thy rng rt c th ng trc c ch trong trng hp ng t theo sau phi l
ng t trng thi, tc l ng t c th c rt ng trc :
(88)
(a) B rt
57
Hong thng.
B very obtain Hong love

B is very much loved by Hong
(b) * B rt c Hong hn.
B very obtain Hong kiss
Dng nh kh m pht biu v s gii hn phn b mt cch t nhin theo cch
phn tch (80), trong khi , hon ton bnh thng theo cch phn tch (81), v rt nm
trong ci vp c ng t trng thi lm phn u. hon chnh bc tranh, ta nhn thy rt
cn c th xut hin trc tip trc ng t chnh, mc d c l iu ny t thch hp hn l
(88a), trong khi rt c hai trng hp u hon ton khng th chp nhn :
(89)
(a) ? B c Hong rt thng.

B obtain Hong very love
B is very much loved by Hong
(b) * B rt c Hong rt
thng.
B very obtain Hong very love

Chng ta cn nhn thy rng cc kin trc c c vn khng th c xem nh l
kin trc b ng v nhng l do v ng ngha (ss. (82) trn y) u khng c php t
rt trc c thm ch khi ng t theo sau l ng t trng thi : (90a) c th c tnh cht
ngoi bin, nhng (90b) th khng th c :
(90)
(a) ng Hai c ca s
rt
sch.
Mr. Hai obtain window very clean

Mr. Hai got the windows very clean
(b) * ng Hai rt c ca s sch
Mr. Hai very obtain window clean
iu c ngha l, tiu ch rt dng nh hon ton tch bit loi kin trc m
chng ta thch gi l b ng. Mt khc, tiu ch ny c phn ngoi bin, v c th khng
c xem nh l iu kin xc lp b ng nh l mt phm tr ng php. Nhng
hin tng ny c th ch ra mt s ng php ho phi thai ca c, v do , ch ra s
xut hin ca thi b ng.
3.7. Cc kin trc khuyt tin t
58
Mt trong s nhng khi qut ho ca Li v Thompson v cc ngn ng thin ch

ni v s kim sot tnh ng quy chiu ca nhng ch khuyt : Trong ngn ng Tp [=
thin ch HD], ch ch khng phi ch ng, thng kim sot vic lc b thnh t
ng quy chiu (Li v Thompson 1976:469). (91) l hai trong s nhng v d t ting Hn
(t vng l ca ti) :
(91)
(a) Nike sh yzi d, suyi w bu xhun

,
that
tree leaf big so
I not like
As for that tree, the leaves are big, so I dont like it

(b) * Ni chang hu xiofngdu lide zo, suyi hn li
that
CL fire fire brigade come early so
very tired
(91a), i tng c hiu ca thch ch c th l cy ch khng phi l l.

(91b) khng th chp nhn v ch c ch la mi c th l tin t ca ch ng trng
trc mt, v nh th th khng thch hp v ng ngha.
Nu tip tc vi gi nh rng ting Vit khng c ch ng, th chng ta phi gii
thch li s khi qut ho ca Li v Thompson khi pht biu ch ngoi cng thng kim
sot s ng quy chiu ca nhng ch khuyt c php. Nh vy, chng ti nhn thy rng
s khi qut ho ny khng ng vi ting Vit ; hy xt (92) :
(92)
(a) Ci cy ny, l
ln qu,
nn
ti khng thch
CL tree this leave big exceed therefore I
not
like
As for that tree, the leaves are too big, therefore I do not like it/them
(b) Cuc ho hon y, cc
rt
lnh
cha la n
sm, nn
mt.
CL
fire
that PLURAL soldier repair fire arrive early therefore
As for that fire, the fire brigade arrived early, therefore

very tired
they very tired
Ch khuyt (92a) c th ng quy chiu vi cy hoc l v (92b) th ch c th
chp nhn nu lnh cha la l tin t ca ch khuyt.
59
Tht ra, nhng ch khuyt khng cn phi c kim sot bi mt ch no c ;

cu sau y c tnh cht m h gia s kim sot ca ch v s kim sot ca phn
thuyt :
(93)
(a) Ti ni
vi nh rng c y
khng thng
I speak with him that young-lady not
love
I said to him that she did not love me/him

(b) Ti hi Hai rng ai
thng
I ask Hai that x-person love
I asked Hai who loved me/him

(c) Ti ni
vi Hai rng phi v
nh.
I speak with Hai that must return house

I said to Hai that I/he must return home
Thm ch c th c ch khuyt trong ch v ci kim sot trong phn thuyt :
(94) Nu anh thch lm, th ti s
mua chic xe ny.
if you like very then I shall buy CL car this

If you really like it, then I shall buy this car
Nhng trng hp nh (93) v (94) cho thy rng s kim sot nhng ch khuyt c
php c th khng phi l mt hin tng c php g c. Nhng ch khuyt trong cc cu y
c i x nh l nhng i t trong ting Anh ; ss. tnh cht m h ca John asked Bill
who loved him (John hi Bill ai thng n hay John hi Bill ngi thng n), v ss. it
trong cu dch (94). Cc i t c s quy chiu t do ; ngha l nhng tin t trong cu
c th c nhng khng bt buc. Cc quy tc c php c th loi tr cc tin t trong cu
(v d, theo Chomsky, s quy chiu trt khp trong John loved him, trong John c th
khng phi l tin t, v cc quan h c-command loi b chic xe ny nh l tin t ca it
trong cu I will buy it if you really like this car (Ti s mua (n) nu anh thch chic xe
ny lm), nhng nhng tin t trong cu khc ng l nhng trng hp c bit ca s
quy chiu t do ca i t, chng cng c th bn ngoi cu.
Tuy nhin, s l khng chn chn lm nu phn tch cc ch khuyt c php trong
ting Vit nh l nhng i t trng. Phn tch nh vy gi nh rng tin t ca ch khuyt
i t c th trong cu m cng c th ngoi cu ; nhng dng nh c nhng hn l
60
nng k hn i vi kh nng c tin t ngoi cu hn l kh nng c tin t trong cu.

Cc tin t ngoi cu qu thc l c th c ; ss. (95) :
(95)
(a) Ai
quen ng Hai ?
x-person know Mr. Hai

Who knows Mr. Hai ?
(b) Ti khng quen
I
not
know
I dont know him

(95b) hon ton c th chp nhn c nh l cu tr li cho (95a). Mt khc, (96b)
th khng chp nhn c nh l cu tr li cho (96a) (mc d (96c) c tin t trong cu) :
(96)
(a) Anh ngh ng Hai thng minh khng ?

you think Mr. Hai intelligent not
Do you think Mr. Hai is intelligent ?
(b) * Ti khng quen
I not
know
I do not know him

(c) ng Hai, th
ti khng quen
Mr. Hai then I
not
know
Mr. Hai I do not know

S khc bit quan yu gia (95) v (96) c th l loi tnh bit c lin quan n
tin t (xem tr. 8 trn kia). c hai trng hp, tin t l ci bit v mt quy chiu, v
iu ny thng i hi mt tin t ca i t. Nhng nh (96) ch ra, iu ny cha :
tin t cng phi l ci bit v mt quan h. (95), ng t l ci bit b sung, cho
nn khng ch ci s ch ca ch khuyt m cn mi quan h gia s ch v trng thi m
ng t biu th cng phi l ci bit trong (95b). y c l l l do ti sao (95b) c th
chp nhn c. Mt khc, cc tin t trong cu khng cn phi l ci bit v mt quan
h ; ss. (96c) v cc v d trc trong mc ny. S bt cn i gia cc tin t ngoi
cu v cc tin t trong cu cho thy rng chng ta cn phi i x mi quan h gia ch
khuyt c php v tin t trong cu nh l s ph thuc c php, ch khng n gin ch
nh l mt trng hp nh ca s quy chiu t do ca mt i t trng. iu ny c th
chp nhn bng cch tha nhn hai loi ch khuyt : (I) cc i t trng v mt m v hc,
61
chng biu t tin gi nh v ci bit quan h, v (II) nhng ch khuyt rng buc v
mt c php khng c tin gi nh va ni. Mt cch i x khc i vi (I) l c th xem
nhng kin trc l nhng kin trc tnh lc, tc l, nhng kin trc khng c gii
thch bng cc quy tc ng php ; y ti s khng tip tc vn ny, v chng ta s ni
n trc tin nhng ch khuyt rng buc v mt c php vi trng hp (II). (97) cho thy
s ph thuc gia tin t v ch khuyt c th l v hn ; trong cc du gch vung l cc
tiu c :
(97) Chic xe ny, th
[ti bit [ng Hai
CL car that, then I know Mr. Hai
hi c
Ba,
already ask Miss Ba
As for this car, I know that Mr. Hai already asked Miss Ba
[ai
ni
vi c
y rng [ti mun mua ]]]
x-person speak with young-lady that that
I want buy
who had said to her that I want buy it

V (97) c cha mt tiu c nghi vn ph thuc, cho nn dng nh s ph thuc
khng tun theo hn l wh-ng ring (wh-island constraint). Mt khc, y c l l
iu khng quan trng lm, v khng c s tng ng vi wh-movement trong ting Vit
cho nn nhng l gii hin ti v hin tng wh-ng ring trong cc ngn ng khc (l
nhng ngn ng ch yu bao gm s c mt ca t-wh v tr u tiu c) khng phi l
khng c cn c.
Cng c th l s ph thuc ny c th vi phm hn l NP phc chng no iu ny
khng dn ti s m h ; ss. (98) :
(98)
(a) ? Nh
y, ti khng quen [np ngi [m mun mua ]]
house that I not
know
person REL want buy
As for that house, I do not know one who wants to buy it

(b) * K trm y, ti khng quen [np lnh cnh st [s m git ]]
Burglar that I
not
know policeman
REL kill
(98a) v (98b) c th ging nhau v c php. L do ca s khc bit trong tnh kh

chp c l l c hai tin t c th c trong (98a) ln lt l [ hu sinh] v [+ hu sinh], nn
chng c th ch c n nh cho nhng ch khuyt ca chng da trn c s ng dng m
thi ; trong khi , c hai tin t u l [+ hu sinh] (98b) nn ai git ai l iu kh hiu.
Nu chnh tnh m h l l do cho tnh bt kh chp i vi (98a), th vic cu c th nh
62
du khng hp ng php li khng hin nhin : (98a) cho thy khng c g sai vi ng
php (nu chp nhn [+/ hu sinh] l s phn bit v ng ngha ch khng phi v ng
php). Nh vy, s khng c ci hn l NP phc m tun theo.
Nhn y, chng ta cn c th c nhng ch khuyt k sinh, tc l mt ch siu
khuyt trong tiu c ph thuc, c quan h vi cng mt tin t vi t cch l ch khuyt
bc cao hn
(99)
(a) Chic xe ny, nu anh thch lm, th
ti s
mua
CL car this if you like very, then I shall buy

As for this car, if you like it very much then Ill buy it
(b) y l
ngi m ngi no gp , th cng thch lm.
here COP person REL person x meet then also like very
This is a person who everybody who meets. like a lot
Ni tm li, chng ta nhn thy rng tht kh lng m gt b ra ngoi nhng ch
khuyt c php c tin t bn trong nh l nhng i t c quy chiu t do ; rng tin t
khng cn phi l ch ; v s ph thuc gia tin t v ch khuyt l v hn. Nhng hn
l c th c i vi s ph thuc ny r rng l cn phi c nghin cu su hn na.
3.8. Cc kin trc tng h
T phn thn v t tng h l mt tp hp khc bao gm cc yu t l thuc vo s
ng quy chiu c kim sot v mt c php. S kim sot v t phn thn thng c
xem nh l mt c im ca ch ng ; ss. (1g) (Li v Thompson 1976:465) v (3c)
(Keenan 1976:315).
Ting Vit khng c hnh thi phn thn thc s ; mnh thng c dch tng
ng vi i t phn thn trong cc ngn ng Chu u, nhng li c chc nng rng hn.
Ngoi ra, cn c hnh thi tng h : nhau. Nhau bt buc phi c ch kim sot :
(100) (a) Hai ngi
y thng i thm nhau.
two person that
usual go visit each other
Those two people often visit each other

(b) Ti xin
hai ngi y i thm nhau.
I request two person that go visit each other

I asked those two person that go visit each other
(c) * Ti ni
vi hai ngi y
rng Quang mun i thm nhau.
63
speak with two
person that that
Quang want
go visit each
other
(Thay v ni : I said to each of those two that Quang wanted to visit the other)
(100a), nhau c ch hai ngi y kim sot. Tng t nh vy i vi (100b),
trong cu c lng di ng t xin. (Cu ny khng ging vi cu trc cu ting Anh
c phn tch theo Chomsky : [I asked those two [PRO to visit each other]] ; nhng (100b)
c th phn tch vi hai ngi y nm trong tiu c lng : [Ti xin [hai ngi y i thm
nhau]]). (100c) trong mt tin t duy nht c th c (v s quy chiu s nhiu ca n) l
b ng ca vi, l khng hp ng php.
Tuy nhin, ci kim sot nhau khng phi l bt c ch no : n phi l ci ch
nm trong khung vai tr ca ng t chi phi nhau (hoc mt ng on phi cu c cha
nhau). Ni cch khc, ng l lp cc ch ging ch ng nh bn mc 3.5 trn kia
ch khng phi l ci g khc mi c th kim sot t tng h 12 :
(101) (a) * Hai
ngi y xin
ti i thm nhau.
Two person that request I go visit each other

( ni : Each of those two asked me to visit each other)
(b) * Hai ngi y th hng
ngy ti i thm nhau.
Two person that then aiways day I go visit each other

iu ny c ngha l quan h kim sot l mnh rng buc ; v do , nhau khng
bao gi c th xut hin v tr ch :
(102) * Hai ngi y mun nhau
i thm Quang
Two person that want each other go visit Quang

( ni : Those two want each other to visit Quang)
Tuy nhin, quan h kim sot c th m rng n mt ng on danh t :
(103) Hai n ng y thng v
Two man
that love
ca
nhau.
wife possession each other
Those two men love each others wives
12
C mt chc nng khc ca nhau m chng ti khng cp n y : n c th ch cho ngi ni, nhng cho d
nh vy th n cng khng xut hin nh mt ch (Ss. Chinh 1970:203).
64
Nhng nhn t c lin quan n vn thin ch ng nh th no ? Vic kim

sot cc yu t h tng khng c tnh n trong nh ngha ch ng v dng nh n
ng c gi li nh l mt vn thc nghim xem ch ng kim sot cc yu t phn
thn v tng h trong nhiu ngn ng khc nhau n mc no. Nhng cho d vic kim
sot nhau khng lin quan trc tip n vn nh ngha chung v ch ng c bt gp hay
khng, n vn c th quan yu vi s phn gii phm tr trong mt ngn ng c th : kin
trc nhau s la chn ng lp cc ch danh tnh nm trong khung vai tr nh l nhng
ci kim sot duy nht c th c. Ngha l, vic kim sot cc yu t h tng s cung cp
mt c s ng php phn bit b ch ny nh l mt lp c lp, v v mt khc, b
ch ny bt gp ci nh ngha chung v ch ng, cho nn xt cho cng, n cng c th
c phn loi thnh cc ch ng. Ngi ta c th nghi ng kt lun ny khi cho rng vic
kim sot cc yu t h tng l mt c im ng php ht sc tru tng c dng nh
l s phn gii phm tr trong mt ngn ng c th ; iu ny cn phi xem l v l nu
nhn nhn n nh l mt s m ho c im (ss. tr. 6 trn y). Tht vy, c im th t
c th (theo ngha t lin quan trc tip vi hnh thi c php, v tn s hin thc ho thp)
hn l nhng c im kiu v tr hnh tuyn c phn bit v s nh du cch c
phn bit ; nhng dng nh kh m t gt b n ra ngoi c. V th, ti i n kt
lun rng xt cho cng th ting Vit c ch ng nhng s phn gii phm tr ny th rt
tru tng (theo ngha ch ra) hn c phm tr cch trong cc ngn ng chu u.
4. KT LUN TM TT
Mt gi nh lm c s cho vic tho lun trn y l ci cn thit phc tho s
phn bit cng r rng cng tt gia cc c im m nh ngha gn cho phm tr ng
php vi cc c im gn cho n nh mt phn ca gi thuyt thc nghim, v ch c cc
thut ng ng php mi c ngha biu vt nht qun mt cch hp l v ch c cc gi
thuyt ng php mi c ni dung r rng hp l. nh ngha khi qut ca mt phm tr ng
php no i hi (a) phm tr c th c phn gii v ngn ng mt cch c th
bng mt tp hp v on cc m ho c im v (b) nhng trng hp ht nhn ca phm
tr c phn nh phi c nhng c im c nu ln nh l tiu ch.
65
Nghin cu ch ra mt s vn nm trong s phn bit . Ni mt cch c th,

chng ta nhn thy rng n vn cha c m t ng n cho ti khi chng ta thit lp
xong mi lin h logic thun tu c th tn ti trong nhiu c im khc nhau. Vic ng t
hay ng on ng t n nh vai tr ng ngha c quy nh nh l mt tiu ch ch ng ;
nhng iu ny cn lm cho s c mt ca thi b ng tr thnh tiu ch ca ch ng, v
nh ngha khi qut v b ng phi c lin quan n vic n nh vai tr cho ch ng.
Hn na, vic i hi mt phm tr c th phn gii c bng mt tp hp cc m ho c
im tn ti, lm ny sinh vn ci c th c xem l m ho c im ; ss. 3.8.
S m ho cc c im c th t nhiu c th theo ngha bn trn kia, v tnh c th ca
vic m ho c im phn nh mt phm tr ng php no trong cc ngn ng khc
nhau, c th ng c xem l mt bin th loi hnh hc. Nh vy, cho d chng ti c
tha nhn ch ng l mt phm tr ng php trong ting Vit th chng ti vn c cho rng
iu c xc lp mt cch t vng chc, nu c th ni nh vy, hn l trong cc ngn
ng Chu u, v rng nhng c im ng php cho php ta phn lp n th tru tng hn.
Kt qu l chng ti phn lp c hai phm tr chc nng ng php trong ting
Vit : ch v ch ng. Vic xc nh ngn ng c th no l ch da vo cc c
im : (i) thnh t cc t ca s ; (ii) kh nng ng trc th m khng lm bin i ni dung
chc nng-chn l ; (iii) khng c kh nng kim sot t tng h nhau. Nh vy, thnh
t c phn lp l ch , bi v (i) n c th biu t tnh bit ; (ii) n biu t tm tc
ng rng ; (iii) n khng c n nh vai ngha bi ng t hay ng on ng t cng
xut hin. Vic xc nh ngn ng c th no l ch ng ch ra : (i) n xut hin bn tri
vp (hay ng on h t), cng vi vp to thnh mt ng on (v ng) m n khng phi l
phn u (iu kin sau l cn thit phn lp cc ch ng t phn u ca tiu c quan h)
v (ii) n c th kim sot mt t tng h trong ng on cng xut hin. y l ch ng
v : (i) n biu t tm tc ng rng ; (ii) n l danh tnh ; (iii) n c n nh mt s la
chn hn ch cc vai tr ng ngha bi trung tm ca v ng ng xut hin. Nh chng ta
thy ( mc 3.5), c th c mt cch phn tch khc v nhng c im vai tr khng bao
hm s n nh vai tr bi trung tm v ng, nhng cch phn tch ny khng thuyt phc do
s c mt ca b ng, nh bn mc 3.6. Tuy nhin, cn phi nhn mnh rng b
ng cng c th phn lp c bng mt tiu ch tru tng hn, tc l tiu ch phn b
66
ca rt. Nh vy, c ch ng v b ng c xc lp trong ting Vit t vng chc hn

l trong cc ngn ng Chu u.
Mun kt hp ch ng, quy tc nu ra cui mc 3.5 phi c thay i. C mt vi
phng thc thc hin iu ny, nhng ti khng c chun b a ra mt s gi xc
nh phm vi ny.
Nu chng ta cn miu t s phn bit hai mt gia ngn ng thin ch v ngn
ng thin ch ng, c l ting Vit phi c xp vo ngn ng thin ch . Chng ta
bit rng (v d mc 3.4) cc kin trc thin ch c tnh cht c s theo ngha khng th
phi sinh t kin trc no khc ; v chng cn c th d nhn thy theo ngha thng xuyn
v mt vn bn. Ngoi ra, ting Vit dng nh l ngn ng t thin v ch hn ting Hn,
nh Li v Thompson miu t. V l, cc ng t ting Vit t t do hn ng t ting Hn
ch cch n nh vai tr ca chng, ch chng bo lu vai tc th cho ch ng, trong
khi ng t ting Hn c th c b ng tc th. Mt khc, ch trong ting Hn dng
nh lin kt nht qun vi tnh bit hn l ch trong ting Vit. Cui cng, vic kim
sot cc ch khuyt c php l c quyn ca ch trong ting Hn, nhng cn ting Vit
th khng.
Khi dch lc 11h24 ngy 6/5/2005
Dch xong ln th nht lc 17h38 ngy 19/5/2005.
Dch xong ln th hai lc 17 h 20 ngy 30/9/2005.

Tieng Viet La Ngon Ngu Thien Chu de Hay Thien Chu Ngu

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Tieng Viet La Ngon Ngu Thien Chu de Hay Thien Chu Ngu

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TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG

Helge Julius Jakhelln Dyvik

TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG

mt l soi sng hn na vn tnh ch ng, mt mt l kim tra nhng tha nhn

(a) Ch phi xc nh (v mt ng ngha) ; cn ch ng th khng cn.

cn ch lun lun c mi lin h .

a. C s m ho b mt (surface coding) i vi ch , nhng khng nht thit i

TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG

b. Kin trc b ng th khng c hoc ch l hin tng bn l.

a. ch cho mt thc th tn ti c lp vi qu trnh (v.v.) c v ng biu th ;

TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG

k. vai ngha ca n c th bit trc c t hnh thc ca ng t chnh ;

TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG

s c im ch ng l cn thit, c nh vy mi loi ra khi phm tr mt s ch ng

hon ho nhng khng thc t

TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG

b mt l c tnh cht bt buc. Khng nn hiu iu ny theo ngha c th ; tt nhin, ti

TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG

ch, v y c mt s m h tu theo mc tru tng ho ci m cc trng ng c

A : Do you sell spirits and tobacco here ? ( y ng c bn ru mnh v

TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG

A : How about a swim and a game of tennis ? (i bi hay chi tennis i !)

TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG

TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG

ngc li. Nu chp nhn rng v tr trc ca cc thnh t l mt loi ch ho trong

ngn ngi i qua cnh ca ).

TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG

cng nh nhng v d tng t trong cc ngn ng khc, trong , c th l trng hp

To eksamener tar alle studenter i frste semester.

TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG

(b) At least one girl is loved by every boy. (Mt a con gi c yu bi t

(a) Eve gave Adam an apple.

Chng ta cng c th nhn thy rng vic la chn vai tr ca ch ng trong mi

TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG

TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG

Cc d liu ngn ng c trnh by trong chuyn lun ny c la chn t 400 cu,

TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG

exist many restaurant

In Saigon there are many restaurants

Manner this do not

In this manner it cannot be done

(a) Ti, th (i Sign).

Mr. Hai be-in where

TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG

inside several person that who be-in Saigon

Mr. Hai be-in Saigon

(a) Anh mua c v tht b khng ?

tht b. C, th ti khng mua.

I am buying beef. As for fish, I am not buying any.

Mr. Hai and Miss Ba

What are Mr. Hai and Miss Ba doing ?

I not know Mr Hai do what. Miss Ba then prepare festival

duy nht c tnh cht v ng, i lp vi mt nhm no (v d, ng Hai (ch c ng ta l ngi c ni n y

TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG

who engaged-in prepare festival

Miss Ba engaged-in prepare festival

TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG

topside table exist CL book possession I

CL book possession I exist topside table

topside table exist money

money exist topside table

TING VIT L NGN NG THIN CH HAY THIN CH NG

(a) Cun sch ca