Electromagnetic Testing Method Questions & Answers Book Second Edition Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A Book E Levels |, II and Ill Review Questions * Alternating Current Field Measurement * Eddy Current e Flux Leakage * Remote Field The American Sooiety for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.Published by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 4711 Amingate Lane PO Box 28518 Columbus, OH 432280518 [No pert of this Book may be reproduced or transmitted In any form, by means electronic or mechanical Including photocopying, recording. or otherwise, without the expressed prior written permission of the publisher Comyright © 2009 by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ASNT Is not responsible for the authentic or accuracy af information herein. Products or services that are advertised oF ‘mentioned do nat carty the endorsement or recormendetion of ASNT. IRRSP, NDT Handbook, The NDT Technician and wivu.asntorg are trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ACCP, ASNT, Level I! Study Guide, Materfals Evaluation, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Research in Nondestructive Evaluation and RNDE and are registered trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Ino ASNT Mission Statement: ASNT exists to create a Safer world by promoting the profession and technologies of nondestructive testing (SBN19: 978-4.67107-175.7 Printed in the United States of America Second Ecition . (07/09 first printingContents Acknowledgments Explanation of Cross References Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing References Reference Usage Level | Questions Level tI Questions Level III Questions Eddy Current Testing References Reference Usage Level ! Questions Level Ii Questions Level Ill Questions Flux Leakage Testing References Reference Usage Level | Questions Level Il Questions Level tl Questions Remote Field Testing References Reference Usage Level | Questions Level II Questions Level Iil Questions ©ConrR 13 15 16 a7 29 44 49 50 St 87 61 65 66 oT 71 75iv Acknowledgments A special thank you to Jim Cox of JECNDT, LLC, who coordinated this edition of the ‘Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-LA (Q&A Book): Electromagnetic Testing Method. Thank you also goes to the following contributors and reviewers who assisted with this book: Hussein M. Sadek, Chair of Electromagnetics Committge ~ Technologies Consulting International, ine. Rajesh Bose ~ BP America Rick Cahill - GE Sensing & Insgection Technologies Darrell W. Harris - Anchorage, AK ES. Hoyt ~ BP America Mark Johnson ~ URS Washington Division, EPD Dr. Martin Luge - TSC Inspection Systems Joseph L. Mackin - TEAM industrial Services Inc. Michaet Ruddy ~ NOV Tuboscope Dave Russell ~ Russell NDE Systems Ine. Dr. Michael C. Smith ~ H Scan International Inc. William J. Wiltsey - TEAM Industrial Services inc. Gynthia M. Leeman Educational Materials Supervisor Bob Conklin Educational Materials EditorExplanation of Cross References Each question found in this book is followed by an alphanumeric string which can be used to cross reference the question content. In the example below, the letter “H” refers to the text shown on the reference list provided for the Eddy Current Testing technique on p. 15. The “40” indicates the chapter number and the *S" is the specific page where the answer to the question can be found, (In this instanee, since each chapter of the reference begins anew with its own page number 1, there is the necessity to include the chapter number, as well. Otherwise, only the page number is provided.) 4. Atest specimen used as a basis for calibrating test equipment or as a comparison when evaluating test results is referred to as a: 2. nulkbalancer b. phase shifter reference standard d. high pass titer Haos Page ranges are indicated by hyphens (e¢., A.89). Nonsequential page references are. separated by commas (c.g, 4.248, 385). Multiple references are separated by slash marks (eg, B.2.2/D.319}, Please note that other reference documents may also be found that will correlate with any given question,References Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing The following are the primary documents that were used to validate the questions and answers found in this unit. Each question specifies the source document and shows the ‘chapter (if necessary for completeness) and/or page. A* Udpa, S.S., tech. ed, and P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Vol, 5, Electromagnetic Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, inc. (2004). B.* Cox, J. Eddy Current Testing Classroom Training Handbook, revised edition (ET-CTS), Harrisburg, NC: PH Diversified (1997). G+ ASNT Level li Study Guide: Electromagnetic Testing, second edition. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (2007). D. Rudin, J.R. “A Beginner's Guide to Eddy Current Testing,” British Journal of NOT. Vol. 31, No. 6 (1989): pp. 314-320. E* Sadek, H. Electromagnetic Testing Classroom Training Book. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, inc. (2006). F. ASTM E 2261-03, Standard Practice for Examination of Welds Using the Alternating ) Current Field Measurement Technique. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International (2003). G. Luge, M.C. “The Use of the ACFM Technique for Detection of Environmental Cracking.” NDT Methods for Monitoring Degradation, Proceedings of the Joint ECIAEA Specialists Meeting. Von Estortt, U,, LM. Davies and P. Trampus (eds). Amsterdam, Netherlands: JRC Potton, European Commission (10-12 March 1999): pp. 206-214. H.* Libby, H.L. Introduction to Electromagnetic Nondestructive Test Methods. Malabar, FL: Robert E, Krieger Publishing Company, inc. (1985), The following references may aiso be useful for Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing qualification preparation and course study. ‘AA. Lugg, M.C. “Recent Advances in ACFM Array Systems.” Electromagnetic Nondestructive Evaluation, Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics: Vol, 12. Takagi, T.,1.R. Bowler and ¥. Yoshida (eds.), Amsterciam, Netherlands: 10S Press (1997): pp. 165-170. BB. Lug, M.C. “The ACFM Technique and Its Applications.” Proceedings of Meeting of JSNDI. Tokyo, Japan (26-27 May 1998): pp, 209-212, CC. Zhou, J., MC. Lugg and R. Collins. “A Non-uniform Mode! for Alternating Current Field ‘Measurement of Fatigue Cracks in Metals.” International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics. Vol. 10, No. 3 (1999): pp. 221-295. DD. Lugg, M.C. “The Practical Application of ACFM Modelling,” Nondestructive Testing of Materials, Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics: Vol. 8. Collins, R. WEE. Dover, J.R. Bowier and K. Miya (ods.). Amsterdam, Netherlands: 10S Press (1996). EE. Lewis, A.M,, D.H. Michael, M.C. Lugg and R, Collins, “Thin Skin Elestromagnetic Fields Around Surface-Breaking Cracks in Metals.” Review of Progress in Quantitative NDE. Vol. 8A. New York: Plenum Pub, Corp, (1989): pp. 237-244,2 Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing FF. Lugg, M.C., "ACFM-A New NDT Technique.” Metals and Materials. Vol. 6, No. 3 (1990): © pp. 142-144. GG. Raine, A. and M. Smith. "The Use of Altemating Current Field Measurement (ACFM) Array Technology in the Power Generation Industry.” ASNT Spring Conference and Lith Annual Research Sympostum ~ 2002 Abstracts Book. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc, (2002). HH, Raine, G.A. “The Application of the ACFM Technique for the Inspection of Welds.’ Proceedings of the Nondestructive Testing of Welds Conference, Houston, TX: ‘American Welding Society (22-23 May 2002). U. Raine, G.A. and GC, Monahan. ‘Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM): A New Technique for the NDT of Process Plant and Piping Components.” Proceedings of the ASME 1996 PVP Conference. Montreal, Canada (July 1996). J. Dover, W.D. and €.C. Monahan. “The Measurement of Surface Breaking Cracks by the Electrical Systems ACPD/ACFM.” Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures. Vol. 17, No, 12 (1994: pp. 1485-1492. KK. Raine, A. “Alternating Current Field Measurement: Getting New Technologies Accepted by Old industries.” Materials Evaluation. Vol. 60, No. 3 (2002): pp. 389-395, LL. Raine, A. “A Review of the Development of the Alternating Current Field Measurement Technique for Subsea inspection.” INSIGHT. Vol. 44, No. 12 (2002): pp. 748-752. MM, Raine, A, “The Role of NOT in the UK Oil Industry." Materials Evaluation. Vol. 59, No. 11 (2001): pp. 1299-1305, NNN. Raine, A. and C. Laenen, “Additional Applications with the Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM) Technique.” CSNDT Journal. Vol. 19, No. 4 (1998). 00. Raine, A, “The Application of the Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM) Inspection Technique in Both Upstream and Downstream Petrochemical Applications. a > Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Reference Usage Reference A: Reference D: Reference F: Reference H 44 a7 Total = 15 2 18. B Level! 6 4 14 9 Level it 8 1 Level il 12 Levelllt 0 Level 4 Level i 0 Reference B: Reference E: Reference G References AA - 00: Total 40 Total = 18 1 0 Level ! 9 Lovell a7 4 0 Lovel It 1 Levelt 1 ° ° Level Il 0 Levelt ° ° 0 Reference C: Total = 1 Level | 0 Level I 0 Level ill 1Level | Questions Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing 1. Which of the following frequencies has the least depth of penetration? 5 kez 50 kHz 5He 5MH2 8.2.23/0.318 2. Which of the following wires will have the greatest resistance? a. 0.158 em (0.062 in.) diameter b. 0.318 em (0.125 in.) diz (0.635 cm (0.250 in.) diameter . 1.27 em (0.500 in.) diameter £15 3. Which of the following cable lengths will hhave the greatest resistance? a. 152m (6in.) D. 45.7 em (18 in.) ©. 61.0.cm (24 in.) 4. 142.2 cm (56 in.) E15 4, Which of the following materials has the greatest depth of penetration? aluminum, copper stainless steel steel 8.2.24/0.318 When the permeability of a material is increased, the depth of penetration does which of the following? a. increases bb, decreases remains constant di. increases the conductivity p19 co Pe What is required in one circuit to change the current in an adjacent circuit? a. a continuous current must flow b. the resistance in both circuits must . there must be a change in the current in the original circuit 44. the magnetic field remains constant B.24/D.315 ‘What isthe effect of increasing the number of turns of wire in a coil? a. the magnetic field produced will increase b. the magnetic field produced will decrease the magnetic field will remain constant there will be a change in the electric current E.14/H.331.332 ‘What isthe symbol for conductivity? ES7 What isthe symbol for permeability? H B fi a7 Pee4 Level! Questions - Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing 10, Which of the materials having the 15, When a primary col is brought close to @ following relative permeability values wil conductive material, what is the effect on bbe the most easily magnetized? the secondary magnetic field? a 60 a. itwill be opposite to the primary b. 240 ‘magnetic field ©. 800 . itwill be opposite to the primary 1000 electric field £4762 6. itwill be smaller but in the same direction 11, When an electric current flows through a 4. itwill be larger but inthe same conductor, in which direction is the direction magnetic field set up? 8.2.2/D.319 a. parallel to the conductor 16, What isthe coupling medium between an b. at 90 degrees to the current flow alternating current field measurement €. in the opposite direction to the current probe and a metal surface when operating flow inait? in the same direction as the current flow a. an electric current E43 b. magnetic field ©. none 12, Ifthe current passing through a fixed 4. ir amber of turns is inereased, what will be A280Fig, 1) the effect on the magnetic field? 17, What generates a magnetic field in the B, a. the magnetic field will increase direction? b. the magnetic feld will decrease «. the magnetic field will remain constant a. uniform surface currents the magnetic field will change b. increasing surface currents direction 6. curvature in the Xand ¥ surface 31s currents decreasing surface currents 13, Which of the following has no effect on FA the inductance of a coil? 18. What isthe predominant electromagnetic, ‘4 increasing the number of turns property of ferromagnetic material? 'b increasing the coil diameter increasing the current a. resistance 4. decreasing the number of turns b. conductance E43 . high permeability 4 ahigh frequency constant 14. ‘The depth of penetration in a material will B44 be reduced by’ a, increasing the permeability b. increasing the conductivity . increasing the frequency of the test a. all of the above B.2.22-23/6.84 ver OF AGT ST OPRECETCeTSTT (OFLevel | Questions ~ Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing 20, 21 22, 28, 2. Ifa current is lowing in a surface, then the magnetic flux density in the X direction is proportional to: a. the currentin the X direction b. the current in the ¥ direction ¢. the curvature of the current in the XY plane 4. the magnetic fhux direction inthe 2 direction A254 In what way does the magnetic feld used for magnetic particle inspection differ from the one produced during alternating ccurrent field measurement inspection? a itis equal and opposite b. itis in the same direction . it is at 90 degrees to the alternating current field measurement magnetic field 4. itisat 90 degrees to the surface ofthe material A280,281 ‘What is the symbol for resistance? E45 Which ofthe following materials has the smallest depth of penetration for an applied AC magnetic field? mild steel stainless steel aluminum copper anger B.2.22.24/D.318 Which of the following best describes stainless steel? high permeability — low conductivity low conductivity — low permeability high conductivity — low permeability high permeability — high conductivity 8.2:19,24 24, 25. 26. 27, ‘Which of the following staternents is correct? a. the conductivity of a metal is proportional to the applied magnetic field . the resistance in a circuit does not, affect the current through the circuit ¢. avarying electric current cannot produce a current in an adjacent circuit di the magnetic field produced by a current is proportional to the magnitude of the current £13 [fits required to generate a uniform electric field parallel tothe veld, what direction will the magnetic field have to be to generate this electric field? a. at 90 degrees to the weld and parallel to the surface b. parallel to the surface and parallel to the weld ©. a circular coil above the surface parallel to the weld 4, acircular coil above the surface ‘perpendicular to the weld A251 I current is lowing in a surface and the ‘magnetic flux density isin tie ¥ direction, ‘what change would produce 'an effect? the a, a change in the current X direction bb. acchange in the magnetic flux density in the X direction . anonmetallic coating dd. acchange in the current in the Z direction A284 Which of the following NDT methods or techniques can be used to estimate crack depth? a. MPI b. AC field measurement . dye penetrant inspection 4. ultrasonic creep wave inspection A253 uz coz PHECEZCSCC pre 00g aGr6 Level | Questions ~ Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing 28, During an alternating current field 32, Por accurate depth sizing, why must the ‘measurement weld inspection, the Tength of a crack always be greater than ‘measurement of crack depth requires the twice the depth during alternating cur following information: field measurement inspection? a. the frequency of the inspection a. to give sfficient current flow under b. the length ofthe crack the crack center the depth of penetration of the AC b. the depth of the crack depends on the field Tength 4. all of the above & no current will fow ifthe crack is too FS short 4, to give sufficient current flow around 129. What is the indication produced in the the crack ends ‘magnetic field component representing A258 crack depth that shows that a crack is present? 33, What effect would you expect ifthe coils in an AC feld measurement probe were the magnetic field is uniform. smaller and closer together? b. the magnetic field is zero €. the magnetic field value is greater than a. no effect the background field value 'b. improved detection of smaller the magnetic field value is lower than discontinuities the background value improved sizing on larger F6 discontinuities smaller Bx signals 30, Foraccurate depth sizing when using A255 electrical or lectromagnetic inspection methods, what mast the relationship 34, When using the alternating current field between the crack length and cepth be? ‘measurement inspection technique, what is the most important vatne that is a. they must be equal measured? b. the length must be equal to or greater than twice the depth of the crack a. phase angle & the crack depth must be more than b. amplitude of the Bx magnetic field 1.3m (05 in.) . amplitude of the Bz magnetic field d. the crack length must be less than d. depth of the crack 5.1m (2.0 in.) A251 A258 35, Ifa hysteresis loop were produced for a 31. When a erack is detected in a conductive material and the loop was ferromagnetic material in an applied ‘wide, it could be said that the material has ‘uniform magnetic field parallel to the weld and the crack is inclined to the toe of the 1. love permeability and would be weld, a magnetic field perpendicular to the difficult to magnetize surface is produced at the erack ends. b. high permeability and would be easy ‘What form does the field take? to magnetize high permeability and would be a. a-ve peak at both ends difficult to magnetize b. a tye peak at both ends none of the above c. alange 4ve peak atone end and a small E47 ve peak atthe other end 4. large +ve peaks at each end and a —ve peak in the center F3 ese ave E:SOCE:*OCE:SC«COE:SC*C«iGCSC*«SE Level | Questions - Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing 7 36. 37. 38. 39, ‘The AC field measurement technique differs ftom other crack detection technologies in that it measures: 4. the through thickness dimension ». the length only of @erack . the length of the crack beneath the surface 4. detection only A253 Blectromagnetic test methods can be used for which of the following applications? cracks in nonmagnetic materials cracks in magnetic materials cracks in coated materials all of the above A13,424/0.314 In which of the following environments ‘can AC field measurement inspections be performed? a. water baie c. elevated temperatures , all ofthe above A.248,385/6.214 Ifa transverse discontinuity is detected in a longitudinal weld, the B, indication: ‘4. produces an increase in the magnetic field produces reduction in the magnetic field hasno effect on the magnetic field 4. redluces the magnetic field to zero Fa. ‘When an electric current flows down @ ‘wire, what is associated with it? an electric current flowing in the opposite direction b. acooling effect © amagnetic field at right angles to the current dd. a magnetic field parallel to the electric current B22 AL ry 2, 4 45, Which ofthe following definitions most closely defines Ohmis law? a. the potential differences in a ircuit=1 b. the current in a circuit is proportional to the potential difference across it «. the magnetic field produced by a ‘current is proportional to the magnitude of the current d. the frequency of an AC system is determined by its inductance E45 ‘What is the symbol for electric current? pose meon E14 The resistance of a direct current circuit is equivalent to which quantity in an alternating current circuit? inductive reactance impedance reluctance conductivity ada 15.18 Which NDT method below cannot be used to estimate crack depth? 4. alternating current potential drop (acPD) . time-of-flight ultrasonics alternating current field measurement Variat n scanning spect 4. could influence the detection of small discontinuities b, will change the amplitude of smell discontinsities will have no direct effect on results 4. bothaandb Pap ory aay ee eee CEOCOLESC(ODE,8 Level | Questions ~ Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing 46, 47. For which ofthe following inspection requirements could you not normally use alternating current field measurement for ciscontinuity detection? 1 fatigue cracks in welded joints of high strength steel b. subsurface cracks in welded joints of mild steel inspection for cracks in @ weld of high strength steel under an epoxy paint coating 4. surface fatigue cracks in mild steel welds 248,252.58 LACS isthe recognized abbreviation for: 1. International Annealed Copper Standard ». Induced Alternating Current System €. Inductively Activated Comparison ‘System 4. Internal Applied Current System B.2.15/E.57 ‘When alternating current fcld measurement test cals are wound to form sunall diameter coils, what world they normally be used to detect? a gradual changes in crack length Db. gradual changes in crack depth ‘¢. small surface discontinuities changes in permeability A255 9. ‘What term is used to describe the variation in the B, display as the distance from the surface being tested to the coil phase change fill factor edge effect littoff A252 Alternating current field measurement ‘cannot be used to inspect: a. steel D. aluminum & wood . copper 248-249 208 PGy ORY OPLevel Il Questions Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing ‘The B, magnetic field can best be described as a, magnetism perpendicular to the plate surface perpendicular tothe current flow produced by curvature of the current d. allof the above A281 ‘The B, magnetic field is best described as magnetism parallel to the plate surface 90° to the longitudinal weld parallel to the electrical current 2er0 A251 If the B, chart recorder trace is low on the graph’ 2. theres a high current density b. there isa low carrent density € the electric curcent is high 4. the B, ux density is high A251, Ifa current is owing in a surface (called the x-y plane), then: a. the magnetic flux density in the x direction is proportional to the current in the y ditection b. the magnetic flux density in the y ‘When measuring the length of a erack with alternating current field ‘measurement, why can you not use the length between the B, positive and the B, negative positions? a. this is not the true length of the crack ’. the B, locations are produced by circular current flow and will produce 2B, locations just inside the length of the crack this size will be smaller than that given by the AC field measurement program 4. allof the above FB ng, why must the length- to-depth ratio of a crack being measured be at least 2:1? a. below this ratio more current would flow ta the bottom of the crack than around the ends b. below this ratio more current would flow around the ends of the crack than tothe bottom . electricity will follow the path of greatest resistance 4. nocurtent will flow 257-258 ‘What electrical property has the grestest effect on the depth of penetration? direction is proportional tothe current a. permeability in the x direction b. resistance c. the magnetic fax density in the 2 «. voltage direction (out ofthe xy plane) is 4. conductivity proportional to the curvature of the ps19 current in the x plane 4. allof the above A254 a PS PP a OT10 Level Ii Questions - Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing 8. Whatare the disadvantages when using «12, What is the effect of lift-off on a ACPD? differential probe? a. itcannot be used on paint a. one coil is affected and the other is not b. itrequires a very clean surface for the b. none of the coilsis affected injection prods to make contact one coil changes positive and the other . it requires a very clean surface for the ‘changes negative, thus cancelling each potential difference prods to make other contact 4, alarge signal is produced 4. allof the above 0.316 A248 13, What will happen ifan absolute coil is 9. ‘The axes ofthe coils used to measure the Drought close to the edge ofa plate? magnetic fields at the surface ofa plate are mounted: 4. there will be a significant effect on the display a. perpendicular to the B, and B, fields b. there will be no effect bi. parallel to the B, and B, fields . the current will change direction & inthe same direction the magnetic field will change dd. transverse to the direction of the crack direction A254 319 10, Ifelternating current field messurementis 14, What effect will produce a reduced tobe used to inspect through a apparent crack depth when using nonconductive coating, what isthe alternating current field measurement? recommended maximum thickness of the ‘coating to still ensure detection of a2 mm a paint coating (0:08 in.) deep discontinuity? b. a corroded surface ©. a crack, which has line contacts across a. 0.1mm (0.004 in) it b. 1mm (0.04 in.) 4. a material of varying thickness © 5mm (0.196 in.) 265-266 4. 25mm (038 in.) A.254 15. Ifan indication has been produced by excessive grinding, how can itbe 11. If corrosion is present on the surface to be differentiated from a crack? inspected, producing heavy piting, what . integration standard is called: . mullor balance 4. differentiation a. an absolute coil arrangement 8.6.19/K.203 b. a selécomparison differential coil arrangement 55. A term used to describe holes, grooves, c. an external reference differential coil notches, tc» that are introduced into a arrangement reference standard to provide accurately 4. none of the above reproducible quality levels is Bs a.” a natural discontinuity 59, Which ofthe following are common . an artificial discontinuity applications for eddy current testing? ¢. ancllipse none of the above 1, measurement of conductivity ora Reo combination of conductivity and permeability 56. A term used to define one or more turns b, measurement ofthe thickness of thin for loops of a conductor wound in such a metal sections, cladding or coating ‘manner as to produce an axial magnetic c. detection of surface and subsurface field when current passes through the discontinuities conductor is: a. allof the above EOL a. acoil b. aresistor © acapacitor 4, anoscillator 84.14/24 pes eas~«CSSCOSSCGSSCSSC24 Level | Questions - Eddy Current Testing 60. Which of the following is nota primary 63. An eddy current system will measure purpose for using an eddy current ‘variations caused by differences in: standard? a. size or shape 4 to determine if the eddy current test b. grade or chemistry of the material system is capable of performing the the way in which the material has been test properly processed b. to determine ifa discontinuity is a 4. allof the above cause for rejection B48 6. to determine the instrument control settings needed to pass the highest 64, A length of tubing containing a notch of percentage of test specimens run uniform width and depth ranning from 4. to determine if the sensitivity of a test end to end, when tested with an encircling system has drifted with time self-reference differential coil system, will B64 produce: 61, Material must be reasonably centered in a erratic signals an encircling test coil of a discontinuity bb. acontinuous, sustained signal detection system because, even with an © no signal change acceptable il factor ratio: i. excessive signals 83.13 a. the coil would otherwise be out of balance 65, In encircling coil eddy current testing, b. parts of the material farthest avy optimum sensitivity toa known from the coil, radially, may receive a discontinuity placed at random on the less sensitive inspection surface of a nonferrous length of tubing is ©: the flow of eddy currents around the obtained by: product will be disturbed, resulting in improper penetration a. proper choice of frequency 4. lack of proper centering may change i. centering the tubing in the coil the phase adjustment ofthe proper adjustment of phase instrument 4, altof the above 8.3.10 D0 (62, When you determine that & discontinuity 66, ‘One principal advantage of spinning detection instrument has been set up probe eddy current testing is: incorrectly, or is defective all material: a. the ability to locate the exact position ‘a. should be retested since the time that 8 of discontinuities correct setup or proper operation was bits relative insensitivity o permeability last verified variations accepted should be retested © the variety of internal and surface €. rejected should be retested discontinuities that may be detected d. none of the above 4. allof the above cot 54 99 PSDCOYSCEOSCwGSCTSCODLevel | Questions - Eddy Current Testing 25 67. Many given instant, spinning probe 7 eddy current instrument should be inspecting: a. one complete circumference of the product 1b, anarea defined by the size of the probe coil . one longitudinal line the length of the product 4. none ofthe above 54 68, A spinning probe eddy current instrument would be most useful in: 4, measuring the hardness of ferromagnetic stecl products b. discontinuity detection in hexagonal and shaped material detecting end precisely locating surface iscontinuities 4. inspection of copper bus bars for electrical conductivity 0.54 B. 69. Ine feedthrough encircling coil eddy current system, a calibration standard may be used to: a. ensure repeatability and reliability of the setup, b. determine the circumferential extent of a discontinuity ©. reduce sensitivity to vibration 7m, measure the test frequency cet 70. What causes phase shift in an eddy current test coil? a. a change in the ratio of inductive reactance () to resistance (8) b. a change in the sensitivity setting of the instrument use of modulation analysis 4. none of the above In a feedthrough encircling coil discontinuity detection eddy current «system, what would be the purpose of running @ calibration discontinuity several times but in various positions (such as top, bottom, left and right)? a. to check the phase selectivity b. to ensure proper centering of the material in the test coil . to select the modulation analysis setting 4. to select the proper operating speed 83.10 In a feedthrough encircling coil eddy current system, DC saturation would probably be most helpful in testing: &. copper water tubing . titanium tubing ©. ferromagnetic steel tubing a. rass rivet wire 8243 In an electromagnetic test system , the test frequency is controlled by the: a. oscilloscope b. sensitivity setting © oscillator circuit 4. modulation analysis setting Aa75 Variations in the chemical cornposition of a nonferromagnetic alloy would most likely affect its & permeability ». conductivity «diameter a. frequency B78 Which ofthe following frequencies will provide the greatest eddy current penetration in aluminum? 0.32 a. kia b. loki © 3kHe 4. 300He, cag, Pol ah. ~=«EL:SCCLSCCTLSCOSCHSCSSCLG26 Level | Questions - Eddy Current Testing 76. A symbol commonly used to express 81. When testing tubes with an ID bobbin conductivity is probe: aw a. low voltage signals indicate bo insignificant discontinvity depths © & bb. high voltage signals are alvays from aR rejectable discontinuities cxil/E.57 . signals from support plates always hide discontinuity signals 77. A symbol commonly used to express 4. none ofthe above is true permeability is: A403 au 82. A multicoil array probe used in a surface bo scanning application: oh aR ‘4 should improve detection of localized £47 discontinuities b. can cover a large surface area in one 78. ‘The method used to generate eddy pass ‘currents in a test specimen by means of a © might increase the complesity of signal coil can most closely be compared with detection and interpretation theaction of a: a. allof the above Be.14 a. transformer . capacitor 83, Data ftom the external-refetence ©. storage battery differential channels of 1D bobbin probe generator data can be used to detect: c.36 a. long, gradually tapering discontinuities 79. When eddy current testing a nonferrous b. one-sided erosion specimen, a discontinuity will: c. temperature differences 4. all of the above a. increase the effective conductivity of baa the specimen bb. increase the effective permeability of __— 84. Self comparison differential channels, the specimen would be best for the detection of decrease the effective conductivity of the specimen a. long tapered discontinuities none of the above b. short abrupt discontin D.25 c. temperature differences ; 4. all of the above 80, In mulifrequency tubing inspection * B43 applications, signal analysis is most often performed using: 85, Which of the following affects the characteristics of the primary coil in an a. phase angle analysis only eddy current system? by. signal amplitude analysis only €. a careful correlation of both amplitude a. the presence of a crack and phase information b. the presence of an edge 4. the ellipse method © change in material properties B86 . allof the above F320 pss ape PEBSCPeBSCT«S«COORSCGLSCRLSCLSCSL «Level | Questions ~ Eddy Current Testing 27 86, Which of the following is applicable to eddy current testing? 91, a. itcan be used to provide high sensitivity to small discontinuities it can be used for high-speed testing itcan be used to measure coating thicknesses all of the above F314 87. A secondary magnetic field produced by eddy currents induced in a nonmagnetic conductor close to the inducing coils: 92, a. induces a magnetic field parallel to the surface aids the coils magnetic field ‘opposes the coil’s magnetic field . decreases the frequency of the current F319 88. A test specimen used as a basis for calibrating test equipment or as a comparison when evaluating tet results is referred to. a 93, null-balancer phase shifter reference standard high pass filter Bea/H.405 89, ‘The process of comparing the reading or output of an instrument, device or dial witha standard to determine the instrument's accuracy, capacity or graduations is referred to a8 calibration differentiation integration phase shifting G(Vol. 1.2.43 Figure 1 is an illustration of a materia’ Ferromagnetic materials that have been magnetically saturated to suppress permeability variations may retain a certain amount of the magnetization. This is called: a. coercive force . residual magnetism © hysteresis loop hysteresis loss crag Analternating current lowingin a conductor will setup: an alternating current field around the conductor a periodically changing voltage tangent to the conductor an alternating magnetic field around the conductor none of the above b « a B24 “The characteristics of the alternating magnetic field in the vicinity ofthe AC col are affected by: a. the coil parameters b, the magnitude of the applied AC the frequency of the applied AC current allof the sbave a. phase analysis loop B. sine wave . hysteresis loop . none of the above C.19/H.33.3 bes 926 «SOG:28 Level | Questions - Eddy Current Testing 94, Theregion around a magnetthat attracts 96, The depth of penetration would other pieces of iron or steel is called _____ ifthe localized permeability of « ‘material increased &. amaxwell b. retentivity a. increase © the magnetic field . decrease 4. alternating current © remain constant a 4.30.2 increase the conductivity 8.222 95, Testing that requires that the test article be loaded and/or sectioned to verity and/or establish mechanical or physical properties is known as impedance testing phase analysis testing destructive testing nondestructive testing Had W656 OFS29 ) Level If Questions Eddy Current Testing L.A method of minimizing the effect of indications caused by gradual dimensional changes while retaining the indications caused by discontinuities is to: a, enable a high-pass filter in the eddy current test equipment b, enable a low-pass filter in the eddy current test equipment . increase the band pass of the amplifier use the impedance method of testing 29,186 2. Which of the following methods may be used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of an electromagnetic testing system? Eiltering of differentiation phase discrimination integration all of the above pore Aa73 3. In order to decrease the effect on conductivity readings due to variations in test part thickness: the test frequency should be increased the test frequency should be decreased the fil factor should be decreased | there is no practical method for decreasing this effect, ABA When testing by the eddy current method, discontinuities will be most easily detected ‘when the eddy currents are: 4. coplanar with the major plane of the Giscontinuity b. perpendicular to the major plane of the discontinuity parallel to the major plane ofthe discontinuity 4. 90 degrees out of phase with the ccorrent in the cail b26/e32 A term used to describe the effect observed due to a change in the lectromagnetic coupling between a test specimen and a probe coil when the distance of separation between them is varied is: a. fill factor b. edge effect c. end effect 4. liftoff 130,324 ‘A term used to define the phenomenon where, at very high frequencies, the eddy ccarrent flow is restricted to an extremely thin outer layer of the conductor is: a. skin effect bi. high-frequency filtration © low-frequency filtration 4. any one of the above A1B1/D.23/K.830 Level I! Questions ~ Eddy Current Testing 7. The fill factor when a 13 mm (0.5 in.) 12, A term used to define two ormore coils ‘diameter bar is inserted in a25 mm (1 in.) clectrically connected in opposition such diameter coil is that any electromagnetic condition which {s not common to both a test specimen a. 0.5 (5096) and a reference specimen will produce a b. 0.75 (75%) Signal change in the system is: © 1.0(100%) 4. 0.25 (25%) a. differential 024/689 b. absolute © laminar 8, Which ofthe following could be used to &. flying probes suppress unwanted high-frequency 482,129 harmonics? 13, Ina manufacturing environment, tubing is a. low-pass filter generally inspected using: b. oscillator phase discriminator 4. Usshaped coils high-pass filter b. gap coils A186 encircling coils 4. none of the above 9. ‘The impedance change of an eddy current 0.9/£.32 test coil due to a change in test part characteristics can be most easily analyzed 14, When performing a hardiness test on as a combined change in: stmall parts with an encieling coil atrangement, which of the following test capacitive reactance and resistance Parameters may be considered important? b, harmonic frequencies and inductive reactance a. length of the tet sample . signal amplitude and phase Db. thickness ofthe test sample 4 retentivity and harmonic frequencies cross-sectional area ofthe test sample 6.65 d. all of the above TATA 10, ‘The inductive reactance of atest coil can be calculated using the forrmula 15, Ina testcoil consisting of both « primary and secondary winding, the voltage across a the secondary isa function of b. a. test material permeability a b. test frequency E18/H.361 © geometry ofthe test object d. allofthe sbove U1, When conducting an electromagnetic test, 28 variations in the test material can be detected as variations in: 16, Eddy curtent testing relies on the principle of: a. test speed '. impedance of a pickup coil a. magnetostriction none of the above b. electromagnetic induction 4, both aandb . piezoclectric energy conversion AgLS2 4d. magnetomotive force 428,33 Ca a a a ea |d Level li Questions - Eddy Current Testing 34 17, When the H field strength around a ferromagnetic material is increased and then decreased to 2ero, the induced field B within the part does not return to zero. ‘The term to define this 8 value when HT hhas returned to zero is: coercive force residual magnetism saturation value hysteresis loss A48 18. ‘The three major specimen parameters that influence eddy current testing are: a. electrical conductivity frequency and material geometry b. density, permeability and frequency . electrical conductivity, permeability. and material geometry 4d. thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and permeability EST 19. Doubling the number of turns on a coil wil 2, double the inductance . halve the inductance decrease the inductance by a factor of four increase the inductance by a factor of four D.18/€.43 20. The frequency ratio ff, cau be defined as 1. the arguiment of the mathematical fianction describing the clectromagnetic field within the test specimen Di. test frequency divided by limit frequency neither a norb d. both aandb 0.28/E.85 21. When testing tubing using an encircling col, what isthe phase relationship of the output signals from identical ID and OD discontinuities? the signals arein phase bs. the phase of the OD discontinuity leads the phase ofthe ID discontinuity the phase ofthe OD discontinuity lags, the phase of the ID discontinuity 4. indeterminate £86 22. A term used to define an instrumentation technique that discriminates between variables in the test part by the phase angle response differences seen on the output device is: a. phase analysis b. phase distortion phase shifting phase discrimination AAT2/E.65,142 23, Ifthe characteristic frequency (f,) of 2 material is 125 Hz, the test frequency required to give an ff, ratio of 19 would be: a. 125 He b 125Hz 125 kee, d. 125 kHe. E85 24, Ata fixed est frequency, in which of the following materials will the eddy current penetration be greatest? a. aluminum (35% IACS) Bb. brass (1596 IACS) ©. copper (95% IACS) lead (7% IACS) E84 rr a a cet ar32 Level II Questions ~ Eddy Current Testing 25, Ifthe test frequency inereases while the field strength is held constant, the surface eddy current density: decreases remains the same | could do any of the above £8384 26, As the fill factor decreases, the impedance variation of a pickup coil produced by & siven change in conductivity will: b. remain the same c. decrease 80, The two sine wave signals (V and 1) shown in Figure 7 are: in phase 45 degrees out of phase 90 degrees out of phase 180 degrees out of phase aoee 8.2.37 1, The symbol commonly used to signify impedance is: RN > pe oe ace ¥ 308640 Level ll Questions ~ Eddy Current Testing 86. a7. A term used to define a property of a test system which eniables the separation of signals due to discontinuities in the test specimen that are located in close proximity to cach other is: a. dynamic range bi. sensitivity «. linearity 4. resolution 43.49 ‘The inductive reactance of a coil is measured in units of - mhos ohms henries gauss B22 88. A term used to define a surface or internal rupture that is attributed to processing at too low a temperature or excessive ‘working or metal movement daring the forging, rolling or extruding operation cold shut ‘microshrinkage burst an inclusion BAO oes ae (DOea1 Level Ill Questions Eddy Current Testing Ina feedthrough encircling coil eddy current system, a calibration standard may De used to: a. ensure repestability and reliability of the setup calibrate the approximate depth of detectable discontinuities measure the test frequency d. bothaandb A271. A calibration standard may be used with a rotating probe eddy current instrument to: a. produce an indication relative to the depth of the discontinuity b. cheek the instrument for repeatability, and freedom from deift ‘cheek probe coil for possible damage 4, allof the above A2TL Handheld probe-type eddy current tests are most useful in: a. detection of surface and subsurface inclusions b. detection of surface discontinuities ssuch as overlaps and seams . detection of internal piping or bursts 4. allof the above ags8 In eddy current testing of tubing with low permeability values, a DC approach might be provi ‘a. an encircling solenoid 1b, permanent magnets . eithera orb depending upon the test environment 4d. neither a nor b bag Generator Secondary coil In Figure 9, AC current flowing through a primary col sets up a magnetic field and ‘causes a flow of eddy currents in the rod. ‘The voltage induced in the secondary coil is dependent upon: a. these eddy currents b. the primary coil the generator 4. allof the above Dat 6. Which of the following is not a method that might be used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio? a. increase the amplification ofthe test instrument . change to atest frequency that will decrease the noise <. improve the fil factor 4. enable filter modes in the instrument AT3/0.25 cy me YOST42 Level lil Questions - Eddy Current Testing Which of the following isa property of eddy currents induced in @ conductor by anencircling coi? the eddy current flow is affected by ppetmeability variations in the sample bo. the magnitude of eddy current ow is large compared to the current flow in the coil © the eddy current flow dissipates no power in the conductor 4. none ofthe above nL. Any handling equipment used in an eddy current system must take into consideration: & the operator's abilities ’. the end use of the product being tested ©. speed, frequency ofthe test, sorting speed and physical control of the product 4. allof the above A386 D3 12, Ameddy current system can be calibrated to provide qualitative rating and material 8. Which of the following is a property of marking where the product being ‘eddy currents induced in a homogencous inspected: conductor by an encircling coil? a. does notallow defective areas to be 4. they are weakest on the conductor removed surface b. isnot defective b. the phase ofthe eddy currents varies © isof inferior quality throughout the conductor has inconsistent quality they travel in straight lines A358 4. they are maximum along the col axis D4 13. When conducting an eddy current inspection using an automatic handling 8. Which factor docs nor affect the phase system, it is advisable to calibeate and shift between the transmitted signal and adjust the sensitivity levels to the reflected signal fora reflection coil {assuming the part is nonferromagnetic}? a. some electronic source ’. another NDT method a. the conductivity of the sample © anNIST standard b. the magnitude of the transmitted 4. an actual test part being inspected signal A274 the thickness ofthe sample 4. the presence of discontinuities in the 14. A distinct advantage of using handling sample ‘equipment in an eddy current test system base isto reduce the potential for errors caused by: 10. ‘The tubular product parameter having the greatest influence on the a primary flux distribution throughout a b nonferromagnetic partis the: c. skin effect d. allofthe above 4. surface roughness of the product €. noneof the above , outside diameter of the product A364 . wall thickness ofthe product 4. length of the product Aas a Per eehSSCPIE:=SCOESaGSSCSC*«Level III Questions - Eddy Current Testing 43 15, 16 v. Decreased coupling or fill factor will result in decreased test sensitivity because: a. reduced coupling between the specimen and the pickup coil results in smaller voltages across the pickup coil b. reduced coupling hetween the driver coil and the specimen increases eddy current flow in the specimen «c. reduced coupling between the driver coil and the specimen will increase the signal-to-noise ratio 4. allof the above 24 Why isit desirable to hold the fill factor or lift-off constant? a. to avoid arcing between the coiland the specimen , to minimize test ouput signal changes that are not relevant to conditions ‘within the specimen tobe tested because a fil factor or lift-off change ‘wll shift the operating frequency 4, to minimize the load on the constant curtent AC excitation cieuits A356 ‘The reactance component is decreased by placing a conducting object in the coil’ electromagnetic field. Why is this so? a. the secondary field is exactly in phase with the primary field D. the secondary field is at precisely 90° with the primary field cc. the phase angle between the two field ‘components is always greater than 90° which partially cancels the primary field 4. the secondary field is 180° out of phase with the primary field which causes a lange phase shift ba 19, 20, ‘Test coils may be shielded with either high conductivity or high permeability materials to: shape the fleld increase sensitivity increase resolution all ofthe above none of the above oer ee Aa44/0.22 ‘When a ferromagnetic bar is placed in the coil’ electromagnetic field, the coils reactance is increased. What causes this phenomenon? the col becomes magnetically saturated be. the ferromagnetic test samples permeability raises the inductance of the test coll €. the ferromagnetic tet sample's conductivity increases the reactance value of the coil 4. none ofthe aboves a ferromagnetic bar would cause the coils reactance to decrease 0.22 Eddy currents lowing in the test object at any depth produce magnetic fields at {greater depths, which oppose the primary field, thus reducing its effect and causing what kind of change in current flow as the depth increases? a decrease an increase a frequency change none of the above bs P02, act PBEOUTSCTSCG44 Level Ill Questions - Eddy Current Testing 23, Sample (G, 0, 4, cracks) 2 An alternating current produces eddy currents ina test object. The vector He represents the secondary AC field in the test piece. What function occurs to produce a workable test situation? (See Figure 10.) 4. a. changes in the test specimen, such as cracks, metallurgical or dimensional changes, will alter the secondary field phase and amplitude by the primary alternating current must bbe 60 cycles to produce this effect a temperature rise in the specimen 4. a mismatch of the Hand He fields produces a change in the output 25, bs Skin effect causes eddy currents to tend to flow near the surface of the test piece, ‘Which of the following factors alter the skin effect? a. testing frequency. b. test pice temperature test piece hardness 4. allof the above 23 ‘When an excitation voltage is applied toa coil, the primary magnetic flux is in phase with the current. No secondary magnetic flux is present. When a test object is inserted in this coil, what action takes place? 2 the object gets hot and no information is available b. insertion of the ebject cancels all information & asecondary magnetic flux is produced, thus creating @ new total magnetic flux ‘which can be used to supply test information d._ by subtracting the relative values of the primary flux and voltage vectors from the secondary components, it is possible to predict the net oscillator power consumption, bs ‘The electromagnetic field in a test specimen during eddy current testing is described by: 2. Bessel fanctions ». exponential functions «algebraic functions 4. allof these A.33/D.2/E.85/4.36.13 ‘There is one function that responds to variations in eddy current discontinuity and magnetic field conditions. This function actually produces the output signal from the coil. What is this function? a. phasing . resistance reactance . impedance 24 a a adLevel Ili Questions - Eddy Current Testing 45 26. ‘To separate cracks and diameter effects for 21, steel cylinders, the optimum frequencies correspond to fi, ratios of less than (see Figure 11): a. 10 b. 15 «50 4. 100 0.28,30 Figure 11 Lauggl.t component as A pth of crack 3 008 2s 008 Fb b20%- ‘The inductive reactance of atest cof which is one of the most important impedance quantities, depends upon which of the following? a. frequency, coil inductance and coil sistance ». coil inductance only . coil resistance and inductance only 4. frequency and ceil resistance only e. frequency and coil inductance only D6 Figure 12 ] sxbsurioce cack 20% doth] | 10 | F ove ifaad | | 02 Rig 38 t H50 a rr a ar) % of Diameter 28, Figure 12 indicates thatthe largest ‘eddy current indications from subsurface cracks will occur when the frequency ratio (ff. is a. Sorless b. 15 < 50 d. 150 or more 0.28,30 29, An operating frequency of 100 kHz will have the deepest penetration in: titanium copper stainless steel aluminum poor 0.2227 30, Disadvantages of using a surface probe coil for the inspection of small-diameter tubing include inability to detect small discontinuities slow inspection speed inherent mechanical problems - both and e both b and ¢ D.9/6.29,46 Level Ill Questions - Eddy Current Testing 31, Figure 13 indicates that the magnitude of a signal from a subsurface crack will increase when the frequency ratio (ff): a. remains the same i. decreases €. none of the above 0.28.30 depth bf erack in Wot diameter a 30%) i coef he : 258) 5 oo i Ny ei TT 1 } 51015 80 io 380 32, Figure 13 indicates that wien inspecting for surface cracks in nonferromagnetic cylinders, the optimum frequency ratio (ify isbetwecn a. Sand 10 b. Wand 50 ©. 50nd 100 d. 100 and 150 0.28,30 33. Of the following eddy current systems, which would be considered best for detection of small discontinuities in tubing? a. surface probe coils b. encircling coils inside probe (ID) bobbin coils 4. both band ¢ 0.9/6.29 34, 38 36 Ina send-receive system, when the sensing coil is placed near the excitation coil, ‘which of the following statements is true? a. almost the same magnetic flux threads both coils b. signals from either coil can be used to provide information about the test piece . the arrangement is never sensitive to ‘small discontinuities d. allof the above e bothaandb bat A primary-secondary coil inspection system is being used, To suppress the primary coil signa induced in the secondary cil, one might a. sea dfferential-type secondary coil b. add «180° out-of-phase input signal to the induced signal subtract an in-phase (input) signal from the induced signal 4. any of the above £33 ‘Which material should be selected to provide the most effective shielding of a test coil from an external RF field? fiberglass austenitic stainless steel copper brass bas Which type of readout mechanism would be best forthe detection of a nontepetitive discontinuity indication during high- speed testing? a. a storage-type LCD sereen b. ameter asystetn using short-persistence window logic 4. adual beam type b.40 ee POE. PSE OPE PEE dee TELevel Ill Questions - Eddy Current Testing 47 38, Impedance changes produced by small 42, In developing a multifrequency test, the lift-off variations are greatest when: parameter separation limitations are greatest for those parameters producing: a. there is a nonconductive coating on the test material a. nearly similar signals the probe is usually i contact with the b. 0°10 90° phase shifts test material . signals having no electrical relation c_lower test frequencies are used d. 90°40 110° phase shifts d. large diameter coils are used Ds? b.23 43, Motual inductance describes: 39, As the operating frequency is increased, the impedance of the empty coil: 1. the effect two coils have on each other ’. the coupling between the test coil and a. decreases test part b. increases « eandb remains the same 4, neither a norb 4. none of the above E47 7/181 44, Increasing the heat-treating temperature 40. When testing for the unknown of nonferrous metals: conductivity of a metal, the measured conductivity is strongly affected by: a. increases electrical conductivity b. will have no effect on electrical a PR conductivity ’ material thickness variations beyond c. will decrease electrical conductivity the three delta point in the test may either increase or decrease specimen electrical conductivity, depending © coil diameter upon the alloy and the nature of the 4. specimen temperature heat treatment D2 D.22/H1.42.19 41, In selecting a coil for multifrequency tests: 45, Limit frequency fis defined when the argument of the mathematical function bandwidth is of major importance describing the electromagnetic field frequency response is of minor ‘within a test specimen is set equal to: importance the Qof the coil should be fess than 1 20 4. the Q of the coil should be less than b. 037 the inductance el a7 4, 6.25 0.28 ‘Py (Oh~SCY~SCTY~SCéOYSCOSC48 Level It! Questions - Eddy Current Testing 46, Figure 14 illustrate that the separation of diameter effects and conductivity effects: a. canbe sccomplshed at any ff ratio. b. can best be accomplished aff ratios Inger than 4 . can best be accomplished a ff ratios Jess than 4 d. cannot he accomplished at any ff, v.28 in =0.25| n= 0.50) 04 y — 7° variations in fill factor for a solid rod variations infil factor for a thin-walled tube transition between a solid rod and thin-walled tube all ofthe above .24,29 ony 8b49 References Flux Leakage Testing The following are the primary documents that were used to validate the questions and answers found In this unit. Each question specifies the source document and shows the chapter (if necessary for completeness) and/or page. A* —Udpa, SS., tech, ed., P.0. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Vol. 5, Electromagnetic Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (2004). B.A Moore, D.G., tech. ed., and P.0. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third ‘edition: Vol. 8, Magnetic Particle Testing. Columbus, OH; The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, inc. (2008). CM MeGonnagle, W.J. Nondestructive Testing, second edition. New York: Gordon & Breach (4969), D* Sadek, H. Electromagnetic Testing Classroom Training Book. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (2006). E.* Smith, G. Magnetic Particle Testing Classroom Training Book. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (2004). F* 2008 ASTM Standards: Volume 03.03, Nondestructive Testing, Phitadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials (2008). G* Bray, DE. and R.K. Stanley. Nondestructive Evaluation: A Toot in Design Manufacturing, and Service. Baton Rouge, LA: CRC Press (1997). Mix, BE, Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training Guide, second edition. Hoboken, Ni: John Wiley & Sons (2005), |. ASM Handbook: Vol. 17, Nondestructive Evatuation and Qually Control. ASM International (1989). J* Forster, F. “The Nondestructive Inspection of Tubings for Discontinuities and Wall Thickness Using Electromagnetic Test Methods.” Materials Evaluation. Vol. 28, No. 4 (1970): pp. 214-258, 284-314, ‘The following reference may also be useful for Flux Leakage Testing qualification preparation ‘and course study. AA* ASNT Level Ii Study Guide: Electromagnetic Testing, second edition, Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, inc. (2007), * Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ** Available in photocopy form from ASNT.50 Flux Leakage Testing Reference Usage Reference A: Reference D: Reference G: Roference J: Total = 40 Total= 16 Total = 43 2 Level 16 Level 11 Level 6 ° Level it 13 Levelt 3 Level i 2 0 Level tt! 11 Level ll 2 Level lt 5 2 Reference B: Reference €: Reference H: Reference AA: Total = 21 Total 11 Total= 2 Total= ° Level | 41 Level 2 Level 1 Level ° Level ti 5 Level lt 8 Level it 1 Level tt ° Level ti 5 Levellll 1 Level i 0 Level tt ° Reference C: Reference F: Reference | 4 1 Total = 2 ° 4 Level ° 1 0 Level 0 0 Levet il 0 Level It 25a ) Level | Questions Flux Leakage Testing 1. When sing a detector coi, what is the 4, Flux leakage inspection may be used on: primary condition required in order to obtain 2 signal from fix leakage? a. ferromagnetic and nonferromagnetic materials hhave many turns in the detector coil b. nonferromagnetic materials only b. provide an electrical connection &. Fecromagnetic materials only between the detector coil and the test d. all conductive materials part DT &_movement between the detector coil and the test object 5, Transverse magnetization in bar or pipe d. shielding the cable which connects the testing is used for the detection of; detector coil and the recorder A.157,386/6.317 a. transverse discontinuities b. discontinuities that have a longitudinal 2. Which of the following currents is component appropriate for magnetization of the test both transverse and longitudinal object when doing flux leakage testing discontinuities ) using detector coils? only holes A230 a. alternating current b. half wave current 6. With flux leakage detection coil systems, ©. direct current the difference between similar OD and ID 4. spinning current discontinuities is: 0.1/6,267 a. signal amplitude 3. Flux leakage occurs ina ferromagnetic b. impedance material when a discontinuity near the noise surface causes a disturbance of the 4. signal width and amplitude magnetic field in the part 6.305/H.75 regardless of what created the 7. An energized (magnetizing) coil around magnetic field the part produces: b. only f there is an active magnetizing force a. acireular field only if there isa residual magnetic field i only if the magnetic field isa vector field D7 be longitudinal field an intermittent field 4. a field direction dependent on the type of current applied Das apo OS) EC, oF52 Level | Questions ~ Flux Leakage Testing Figure 16 8 9. 10, IL Point of interest Lines of flux Using Figure 16, what is the normal (vertical) component of the leakage flux at the middle of the wide discontinaity gap of a surface discontinuity? ‘equal to the horizontal component divergent ‘convergent A238 lux leakage techniques can normally be used to test for: surface discontinuities only subsurface discontinuities only discontinuities at any location surface and near-surface discontinuities 0.39 A relative motion between the test piece anda is needed in order to detect leakage ux. a. detector coil Db. hall effect element € magneto probe 4. piezoelectric crystal 157,388 ‘More magnetic lines of force are deflected out of a magnetized ferromagnetic ‘material when the: 2. length of the crack is parallel to the magnetic Lines of force b. length of the crack is perpendicular to the magnetic ines of foree . length ofthe crack is diagonal to the magnetic lines of force d. edges of the crack ae polarized AAB/EA 12, Magnetic properties of a ferromagnetic ‘material are depicted by the: hysteresis loop minor loop recoil curve magnetization curve permeability curve sangee se EE EEE Figure 17 8 13, ‘Theline shown in Figure 17 is the: ‘a residual field line . virgin curve remagnetization line flux leakage line 0.45 14, A all effect probe measures: permeability conductivity tangential field strength ux density perpendicular to the probe surface ©. reluctance .50 15, ‘The ratio between the flux density and the magnetic field strength (B/H ratio) is the: field strength reluctance permittivity permeability relative saturation Dar PST PPE acer eetLevel | Questions ~ Flux Leakage Testing 53 Figure 18 16, Ifthe partin Figure 18 has a circular 20, In ux leakage testing using search cals, ‘magnetic field, which of the the amplitude of the signal received from a discontinuities would give the best discontinuity may be affected by: indication with a rotating lux detection system? a. the depth of the discontinuity b. the orientation of the discontinuity ak © the distance between the fix leakage bB sensor and the tube ec 4. all of the above aD e. onlyaande A240 A.457/6.323 17. Ifthe part in Figure 18 has longitudinal 21, Which of the following describes the type magnetic field, which of the of magnetic field created in a pipe by discontinuities would give the best using an encircling magnetizing coil? indication with a detector coil orientated across the part? a. circular b. longitudinal aa ©. vector bB 4. retentive reversal <¢ A231 ap E44 22. Alter the pipe leaves an encircling coil it has which of the following magnetic 18, ‘The best angle for the magnetic field to folds? intersect a discontinuity in atest specimen is: active longitudinal b. residual longitudinal a. 90° active residual b. i. transverse < 45° A231 4. 30° A.230/G.289 23, The width and amplitude (height) of the signals induced in the search coils are 19. In the flux leakage examination of tubular affected by which ofthe following? products using rotating sensor evils, which of the following discontinuities can be a. theamount of voltage induced into the detected? test part by the magnetizing coil b, the electrical resistance of the test part a. longitudinally oriented material b. transversely oriented the rate of change in the flux leakage as . slivers seen by the detector coil 4. laminations the amount of current induced into the G.254 test part by the magnetizing coil A388 mee aee:S*CEZSC«iOSC« SCS54 Level | Questions Flux Leakage Testing 24, Generally, when comparing a detector coil 29, Magnetic fx lines that are parallel to a signal from a crack anda corrosion pit, discontinuity produce: which ofthe following characteristics ‘would indicate that the signal is caused by 4, strong indications crack? b. weak indications ©. no indications a. wide base, high amplitude 4. fuzzy indications . narrow base, low amplitude Bae ‘narrow base, high amplitude 4. wide base, low amplitude 30, Magnetic lines of force: Agee a. travel in straight lines 25. Generally, when comparing a hall effect b. are randomly oriented detector signal from a crack and a «¢. forma closed loop corrosion pit ofthe same depth: 4. overlay in highly ferromagnetic materials 1. the crack will produce a higher B12 amplitude . the pitwill produce a higher amplitude 31, A metal that is difficult to magnetize is they will produce signals of said to have: approximately the same amplitude 4. cracks can not be detected by hall a. high permeability effect detectors b. low permeability A154 © high reluctance d. low retemtivity 26. A detector coil that is shorted: BAS a, will reduce any signals by about 25 32, The magnetism that remains ina piece of b. will reduce any signals by about 50% ‘magnetizable material after the ¢. will reduce any signals by about 75% magnetizing force has been removed is 4. will cause the signals to be eliminated called the: from the shorted coil 04g 4 residual magnetism tramp magnetism 27. Which of the following has the most effect damped magnetism on the amplitude ofa rotating detector d. permanent magnetism coil signal? B25 a. drive roller speed 33. Flux leakage inspection is not a reliable ». pipe speed method of detecting: © rotating head speed 4d. polarity switch setting a. laps A240 . deep internal cavities cracks 28, In a flux leakage test, assuming that all of 4. seams the following are in the samme relative 8233 position, which would be the hardest to detect? a. asurface crack b. ancar-surface crack ©. ascratch a aseam A388 wee Pee OTE: CESSES SC CSC‘t CSCLevel | Questions - Flux Leakage Testing 55. 34, Ferromagnetic material is: 39. Which ofthe following statements is ) Perens 4. strongly attracted by a magnet b. not highly saturated by magnetic fields a. itcan be used only on ferrous ¢. amaterial with a 0 permeability materials measurement b. itcan be applied only to detect surface 4. not capable of being magnetized discontinuities b.138 . itcan be applied only to detect subsurface discontinuities 85. An electric current through a copper wie: , itcan only detect discontinuities parallel to the magnetic field a, creates a magnetic field around the 82 b. creates magnetic poles in the wire 40. The ditection of a magnetic line of force is & magnetizes the wire degrees from the direction of d. does not create a magnetic field current flow. B18 a 45 36. {Fa current is passed through an electrical b. 90 conductor, what will surround the ©. 180 conductor? 4. 220 B49 a. an eddy current field b. acurrent 41, Stopping the detector coil directly over a ©. amagnetic field discontinuity will canse the signal to: i aresidual field ’ Bas ar b. increase 37. The strength of the magnetic fied induced ©. go the opposite direction ina part soften referred to as . stay the same A388 a. current density b. voltage 42, If. periodic standardization check is © flux density unacceptable, what action should the a. retentivity ‘operator take? Bas ‘repeat the check without adjustment 38, Indications such as those at local vent D. restandardize and reexamine all pipe holes or welds are: run since the last acceptable check . restandardize and reexamine all pipe a. fake indications with signals over fifty percent of . relevant indications reference run since the last acceptable & magnetic writing indications check €. nonrclevant indications , restandardize and reexamine al pipe 8.234 run that day . restandardize and continue the inspection with the next joint FESTOS ure «Wy «Ge PRE OLE CECGECe87 b Level Il Questions Flux Leakage Testing 1. Influxleakage inspection of wire topes. 4 usingan encircling coil asa senso, the response of the coll depends on what patameters of the wire break? a, the cross-sectional area of broken wire D. the location of broken wire within the cross section c. the gap between the ends of the broken. d. all ofthe above A480 "The highest sensitivity ofa hall generator is obtained when the direction of the magnetic field in relation to the largest surface of the hall probe is: a, parallel bb atanangle of 45° perpendicular <4. none of the above A453 discontinuity detection ty is obtained when the magnetizing flux is: parallel to the discontinuity’ longest dimension b. perpendicular to the discontinuity’ shortest dimension . perpendicular tothe discontinuity’ longest dimension 4 none of the above A.230/6.289 Figure 19 Tn flux leakage inspection for discontinuities using an active field, the ppart being inspected should be ‘magnetized: beyond saturation to saturation or nea saturation wel below saturation near the point of maximum permeability aoee Aaa ‘An advantage that flux leakage testing has in comparison with eddy current testing is ‘that ux leakage testing. less sensitive to interferences caused by surface roughness . useful on products at temperatures ahove the curie point 6. useful on austenitic steels 4. easier to use on ferromagnetic materials Using Figure 19, flux leakage strength decreases with distance d from the discontinuity surface and is approximately proportional to: a vd ue: ue Wat pang 29 PSELevel Il Questions - Flux Leakage Testing Figure 20 Probe AB c D Using Figure 20, which notch would 11, In flux leakage testing, the advantage(s) of produce the highest amplitude signal electromagnetic magnetization over when using a parallel coil ora pair of hall permanent magnets is/are: elements connected in opposition? 4 nonadjustable magnetic field intensity, aA lighter, mote rugged construction dB b. adjustable magnetic field intensity, ec heavier, more rugged construction 4D adjustable magnetic field intensity 6.327 4d. nonadjustable magnetic field intensity and lighter ‘What particular type of discontinuity A388 ‘would not typically be indicated by flux leakage techniques? 12, ‘The current used for magnetization when doing magnetic fax leakage inspection a. laps must be a b. pitting with cracking, ¢. surface contamination a steady nonffuctuating current 4, longitudinal seams . current that reverses direction at A239 consistent rate ‘& current that fluctuates on and off at a “The strength of the magnetic field in the consistent rate interior ofa col is determined by: current that varies basedion the thickness of the material a. the number of turns in the coil only A387 b. the strength of applied current ony & the number of turns in the coil and the 13, Asa general rule, hard (high strength) strength of the applied current ferromagnetic materials have: 4. the direction of applied current in the coll 4 high coercive force and are easily A231 sdemagnetized b. high coercive force and are not easily 10, If the sensor bounces along the surface of demagnetized above-ground storage tanks, it may: low coercive force and are easily demagnetized a. make i difficult to estimate fault 4. low coercive force and are not easily severity demagnetized b. generate noise in the signal ©. none ofthe above c. decrease the speed of the inspection eat d. distort the magnetizing system A388 eet eet TEESLevel Il Questions - Flux Leakage Testing 59 18, In the examination of tubular products, a circurnferential (transverse) magnetic Bld can be established by: properly positioning north and south poles of a yoke with respect to the tube b. using a central conductor positioned in the tube passing current through the tube a. all ofthe above e. aandbonly 230-232 14, The point P shown on the hysteresis loop ‘19, In the examination of above-ground in Figure 21 is called the: storage tanks where the flux sensor is on the top surface: a. coercive force b. initial permeability a. only top surface discontinuities are residual field detected dd. leakage flax b. only bottom surface discontinuities are e. demagnetization point detected E40 . both top and bottom surface discontinuities can be detected but 15, ‘The bracketed area shown by R on the generally cannot be distinguished from hysteresis loop in Figure 21 is called the: each other d. both top and bottom surface a. coercive force discontinuities can be detected and can b. initial permeability generally be distingaished from each &. residual field other leakage flux 389 ©, demagnetization point E40 20, Reference standards used inthe flax leakage examination of tubular products 16, In flux leakage testing, the greatest tube should be carefully prepared since the flux wall thickness for which maximum. leakage signal response from the notch sensitivity can be maintained is willbe affected by: 4. 0.08 mm (0.003 in.) a. notch width b, 0.8mm (0.03 in.) notch Iength c. 8mm (0.318 in) © notch depth d. 76mm (3 in.) 4. allof the above bat A2T7 17, The following may be used to detect flux 21. Which of the following is not a leakage: discontinuity common to rolled products? a. inductive sensor coils a. seams magnetic tape b. cracks c, hall element(s) cold shuts d. all ofthe above 4. laminations 0.4953 E4110 ore POZ—%6P~—«PBECRLECOCOTSC ESC60 _Level I! Questions - Flux Leakage Testing 22. Forging laps occur in what relation to the 26. A hysteresis curve describes the relation axial direction of a part? between: a. they are always found on the thermal a magnetizing force and flux density centerline ’. magnetizing force and applied current b, they are found on the surface of a part «strength of magnetism and alignment ata 90° angle to the long axis, of domains within material & they may occur anywhere in the part 4. magnetic lux density and the current and always run in the direction of generated working £39 i they may occur anywhere on the surface and may bear no relation to 28, Fatigue cracking is an example of which the axial direction of the part kind of discontinuity? e115 a. inherent 23, The general term used to refer to a breaks b. primary processing in the metallic continuity of the part secondary processing being tested is: d. service 8.80 a. discontinuity b. crack 29, Hot tears are associated with: a. lap a casting £109 . forging ©. welding 24. Materials which are weakly repelled . rolling ‘magnetically are called: B78 a. diamagnet 30. When inspecting wire rope,a magnetic b. nonmagnetic ‘lux loop is used to monitor: ©. paramagnetic d. ferromagnetic a. broken external wires 6 b. broken internal wires ©. changes in inspection speed 25. Abreak in the magnetic uniformity of a . redactions in cross-sectional area part that is called # magnetic 8.80 discontinuity is related to a sudden change in: 31. The characteristies ofthe varying magnetic field about an AC energized coil a. resistivity are determined by: b. inductance ©. permeability a, the number of turns in the cil d. capacitance b. the strength of applied current bt04 © the size and shape of the solenoid 4, all of the above 27, Inclusions are an example of which kind e307 of discontinuity? 32, lash line tears are associated with: 4. inherent b. primary processing a. casting & secondary processing b. forging 4. service welding. 8.16 doling, B78 Cc a a a cS61 Level III Questions Flux Leakage Testing 1. Which ofthe following fux sensitive devices is not time dependent? a long straight wire passing through @ ‘magnetic field '. search coll c._ search coil derivative 4. hall element 8.143 In Figure 22, the signal produced in a search coil with its plane parallel to the part surface by slot A will be that at slot B. gxeater in amplitude than the same amplitude as, lower amplitude than 1. wider than A235 3, Which devices are used to detect flux leakage? 4. coils hall probes and transistors », piezoelectric erystals hall probes and magnetic diodes . piezoelectric erystals transistors and magnetic diodes 4, ceils, hall probes and magnetic diodes Gait 4, In the flux leakage testing of wite rope, a system using an annular coil with integrator is frequently used (see Figure 23). What is the main reason for using such a system? a. to compensate for the influence of testing speed variations b. to find the radial location of wire breaks . to detect small cracks inside the rope 4. ta detect cross-sectional area changes ‘ie [ Féure 28 Case} —> | Tested | i oye x iS Ina properly operating flux leakage test system, pipe discontinuities occurring at ased depths from the surface will generate signals with: increased phase differences b. higher frequency characteristics lower frequency characteristics increased signal-to-noise ratios A235 6, Lift-off reduces the amplitude of the flux leakage signal. The other significant effect it has on the signal isa change in phase change in Frequency change in signal-to-noise ratio. all of the above 6.320 7 S~CYSCi SC SSC62 Level Ill Questions - Flux Leakage Testing Figure 24 ‘As shown in Figure 24, discontinuity having an inclined angle to the surface has a flux leakage thats: lower tham a similar normal discontinuity '. equal t0a similar normal discontinuity . higher than a similar normal siscontinuity 4. all ofthe above B14 Leakage Flux Eddy current shielding, the name given to the unidirectional eddy current low in products inspected by flux leakage testing, is caused by: 4 the interaction between the test ‘magnetic field anda residual field in the product . fluctuations in the DC magnetizing ‘current rapidly occurring flux changes inthe product created by the rotation of the magnetic field 4. rapidly occurring impedance changes in the pick-up coils 6.280 ‘Too high a rotational test speed or too high active pole rotating head speed can, ‘cause the loss of an indication from an ID discontinuity. What can this be attributed ww? excessive generated surface noise limitations of the flux sensor elements eddy current shielding reverse magnetization effect 6.280 Tor questions 10 and 11, use the following formula: Linear speed (per mimute)= RPMxdetectorlengihxnumber of detectors percent coverage ‘Note: detector length and linear speed must be the same units (in, fm). 10. A flux leakage test pipe inspection system with two inspection heads, each having, 152mm (6 in.) long scan paths and rotating at 180 rpm on a {78 mm (7 in.) diameter tube, can have a maximum throughput speed of, per minute for 100% inspection coverage. 201 m (660 #) 55 m (180 ft) 49 m (162 ft) 27m (901i) 1.564,574/3.228 11. A flux leakage pipe inspection system with two inspection heads, each having 152 mm (6 in.) long inspection areas and. rotating at 180 rpm on 2 178 mm (7 in.) diameter pipe, would require throughput speed of, per minute to provide a 110% inspection coverage. 60m (198 ft) b, 49m (162) 45m (146 f0) 4. 25m (81) © 2m(73f) 1.564,571/.228 12, What has the most influence on the magnetic properties of steel? 4 chemistry; microstructure and grain b, cross-sectional area, microstructure ‘and heat treatment €. cross-sectional area, grain size and chemistry . heat treatment and length B56 et Gor OGSCSC«Level Ill Questions ~ Flux Leakage Testing 63 Do [rere 25 Tube Conductor Figure 26 Inside defect Outside detect io <— Probe. 13 rs 15. 16. 2er Accurrent carrying conductor is surrounded bye tube (see Figure 25). ‘There will be a magnetic flux line, while the current is on, in which ofthe following ‘materials? a. steel b. copper aluminum d. allof the above B27 What is the SI unit for magnetic fx density? weber gauss tesa none of the above 24 ‘What isthe SI unit for magnetic field strength? weber tesla ampere |. ampere per meter pose A24 When inspecting wire rope, the annular coil approach measures: a. the magnetic flux in the rope locally b. the normal component of fx leakage thetangential component of flux Icakage the voltage induced in the rope locelly A439 par eer pat OPT 17, A tube is magnetized by passing a unifocra current through the tube. There ae in and outside discontinuities in the tube (see Figure 26). The two discontinuities have the same dimension and geometry. ‘The signal: 2, willbe stronger from the outside discontinuity b. will be stronger from the inside discontinuity willbe the same for both discontinuities 4, willbe stronger from either discontinuity based on the geometry of ‘the discontinuity, wall thickness and permeability of the tube 201 18, A ferromagnetic part can be demagnetized by: raising its temperature above the curie point », withdrawing the part from an AC coil . alternately reversing and reducing the applied field 4. allof the above 79 19, In the flux leakage inspection of abave ‘ground storage tanks, the factor(s) that ust be considered wen interpreting an indication istare 2. signal amplitude only b. signal width only visual and ultrasonic evaluation 4. signal amplitude and width A389 Per64 Level Ill Questions ~ Flux Leakage Testing 20, Permeability of a material can be 24, The only component ofthe flux leakage ‘numerically written as: detected by a search coil is: a. RIB parallel to the axis of the coil (or b. BH perpendicular to the plane of the coil) © HefHtb ». perpendicular to the axis ofthe coil (or ampere turns/number of turns parallel tothe plane ofthe coil) DAT the 45° vector field the internal field normal tothe axis of 21. Magnetic field intensities for electronic the coil flu leakage testing generally. ae A235 magnetic particle testing 25, The reduction in cross-sectional area 1. are higher than for ‘caused by a discontinuity causes: b. are the same as for are lower than for an increase in the internal flux density 4, have no relationship to of the part e142 b. a decrease inthe internal fux density of the part 22. Which of the following is nota factor in ‘no change in the internal lux density determining flux leakage? of the part da reversal of direction in the magneti & discontinuity location with respect to field at the reduction in cross-sectional the measurement surface area b. relative permeability of the materials, Aas levels of magnetic field 4. density of the material 26. When using search coils, to reduce oF A238 eliminate the signal from a long nnonrelevant indication such asthe weld 23, The sensitivity ofa pickup coils trim of electric welded pipe: improved by: lengthen the eoil a lengthening the coil . widen the coi ’. ssidening the coil sea ferrite core c. usinga ferrite core 4. link two coils wound in opposite using a diamagnetic core Airections in series, A236 4.323 i a a od q6s References Remote Field Testing The ollowing are the primary documents that Woe used to validate the questions and ara ars found im this uni. Each question spect ts ‘the source document and shows the chapeer ff necessary for completeness) aor page. (Note: designations for Reference 8 refey to seotion numbers rather than Page umbers.} Auer Moron, L: Handbook of Reference Date for Nondestructive Testing. ASTM International (2001). pave £ 2996-00, ASTM Standard Practice for In Se Examination of Ferromagnetic Heat Exchanger Tubes Using Remote Field Testing. [ASTM International. c+ Schmidt, TR. “The Remote Field Edcy Current Inspection Technique.” Materials Evaluation. Vol. 42, No: 2 (A984X PP. 225-230, De Schmidt, TR.,D.L, Aberton and S: Suva. “the RemoteField Transition Zone.” Materials Evaluation. Vol. 47, No. 9 (2989): PP. 969.979, + Sufvan, Sand DL. Atherton. “AnaivSi8 of the Remote Field Eddy Current Effect In Nonmagnetic Tubes.” Materials Evaluation. Vol 47, No. 4.(1989%: pp. 80:86, F_ Sollsh, 0.B. “Fold Experience in Boiler Examinations Using Remote Field Eddy Curcent.? Corrosion 94: NAGE Annual Conference ‘and Corrosion Show. Cincinnati, OH (Lids March 1994}: pp. 224/4 = 24/8 G_ Smith, Hand D.D. Mackintosh, “Remote ‘etd Eddy Current Examination of Boller Tubes Proceedings of EPRI Topical Worksno? OF Electromagnetic NDE Applications In ene Electric Power Inaustry Chariot, NC (24-23 August 19951 pp. 4-47. ye Mackintosh, 0.0. D.LiAtherton, TR ‘gonmigt and DE. Russell "Back to Basis: emote Fiekd Eddy Current for Examination of Ferromagnetic Tubes.” Materfals esation, Vol. 84, No. 6 (1996 pp. 652657 (hUdpa, SS. teen. ed. RO. Moore, ed Nondestructive Testing Handbook, tira edtlon Vol & Electromagnetic Testing, Columbus, OH: ‘The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (2004), Ie following rferences may aise be user for Remote Field Testing qualification preparation and course stu AA Kilgore, RJ. and S. Ramichandran. “Reriok® Field Eddy Current Testing of Small Diameter Carbon Steet Tubes Materials EvaIvavom Vol, 47, No. 4 (1989) pp. 32:36. 8+. Biinbaum, G. and G. Feo. “RemoteFitd aay Current Inspection: A Selective NTIAC Siotography.” Materia's Evaluation. Vol. 47 No 41 (4989): pp. 2931. oor. Schmidt, TR. “History of The Remote Feld Eddy Current Inspection Techniaue” Materials Evaluation. Vol 47, No. 2 (2989): PP 14-22.References Remote Field Testing “The following are the primary documents that were used to validate the questions and answers found In this unit. Each question specifies the source document and shows the chapter (if necessary for completeness) and/or page. (Note: designations for Reference 8 refer to section numbers rather than page numbers.) AM pee ot be es He Mordfin, L. Handbook of Reference Data for Nondestructive Testing. ASTM International (2004). E 2096-00, ASTM Standard Practice for In Situ Examination of Ferromagnetic Heat Exchanger Tubes Using Remote Field Testing. ASTM International. Schmidt, T:R. “The Remote Field Eddy Current inspection Techniaut Evaluation. Vol. 42, No. 2 (1984): pp. 225-230. Schmidt, TR, D.L, Atherton and S, Sullivan, “The Remote-Field Transition Zone.” Materials Evaluation. Vol. 47, No. 9 (1989): pp. 969-979. Sullivan, S. and D.L, Atherton. “Analysis of the Remote Field Eddy Current Effect in Nonmagnetic Tubes.” Materials Evaluation. Vol 47, No. 4 (1989): pp. 80-88. Sollish, D.B. “Field Experience in Boller Examinations Using Remote Field Eddy Current.” Corrosion 91: NACE Annual Conference and Corrosion Show. Cincinnati, OH (11-48 March 1994): pp. 24/1 - 24/8. Smith, H. and D.D. Mackintosh, “Remote Field Eddy Current Examination of Boiler Tubes.” Proceedings of EPRI Toplcal Workshop on Electromagnetic NDE Applications in the Electric Power industry. Charlotte, NC (24-23 August 1995): pp. 1-17. Mackintosh, 8.0., D.L: Atherton, T.R. Schmidt and D.E. Russell, “Back to Basics: Remote Field Eddy Current for Examination of Ferromagnetic Tubes.” Materiats Evaluation. Vol. 54, No. 6 (1996): pp. 652-657. Udpa, SS., tech, ed, P.0. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third editor Vol. 5, Electromagnetic Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (2004), Materlals “The following references may also be useful for Remote Field Testing qualification preparation and course study. An BBY oo.* Kilgore, RJ. and S. Ramchandran, “Remote Field Eddy Current Testing of Small- Diameter Carbon Steel Tubes.” Materials Evaluation. Vol. 47, No. 1 (1989): pp. 32-36, Bimbaum, G. and G. Frec. “Remote Field Eddy Current inspection: A Selective NTIAC Bibliography.” Materials Evaluation. Vol. 47, No. 1 (1989): pp. 29-31. Schmidt, TR. “History of The Remote Field Eddy Current Inspection Technique. Materials Evaluation. Vol 47, No. 4 (1989): pp. 14-22.67 Level I Questions Remote Field Testing 1. RET means: 5. Ina properly designed RFT probe, the detector col is positioned in the: a, Random Field Transition b. Reluctance Field Testing a. direct field zone c. Remote Field Testing bs. transition zone d. Remote Fitness Testing remote field zone 83.25 4, junction between the remote field zone and the transition zone 2. According to ASTM Standard Practice 0.969 2096.00, the definition of remote fields 6. REP tube standards: a. electromagnetic testing done at remote locations 4, must include a permeability variation . the electromagnetic field which has by. ave preferably ofthe same material, been transmitted through the test diameter and thickness as the tubes to ‘object and is observable beyond the be examined direct coupling zone of the exciter should have internal and external wall c. through-transmission eddy currents, loss reference discontinuities detected on the fa side of a material or 4. arealways made of SA178 carbon steel object under test bya remote receiver R404 coil 4. the opposite of direct field 7. Frequencies selected for RFT inspections 8324 are: 3. ‘The dominant electromagnetic energy 2, sully higher than those used in distribution process in RFT is sai to be: conventional eddy current tests b. usually lower than those used in a. reflected impedance conventional eddy current tests i through-transmission 6. in the same range as those used in «piezoelectric energy conversion conventional eddy current tests dd. magneto-motive force 4, carefully calculated and must never be 0,969,970 changed during an inspection 0.226 4, Bddy currents are induced in any ‘material that is subjected 8, Compared to a conventional eddy current to probe, typical RFT probe a. conductive/a constant magnetic field a. asa larger inter-coil spacing b. insulating/a constant electric field b. requires more protection from ._conductive/a time-varying magnetic vibration field ‘c. gonerates greater adhesion forces to the lst tube wall requires a greater fill factor p69 ey ier an ea MOETeTLeoaiteov teciviae cuit oriaitt oTLevel | Questions - Remote Field Testing 9. Reducing the exciter-to-detector cil 14, Rady current testing and RFT are both: spacing in an RFT probe will a. reflection techniques a. move the detector into the transition b, refraction techniques zone or direct-coupling zone . through-transmission techniques b. improve detectability of gradual d. electromagnetic techniques discontinuities 46 increase the signal-to-noise ratio 4, allow faster tube inspection speed 15. ‘The term “phase measurement” can mean: D.969-971(Fie. 3) a. phase-shift 10, A standard bobbin col eddy current b. phase angle inspection used to inspect easbon steel phase-lag tubes will: 4. all ofthe above A80 a. reliably detect internal and external discontinuities 16, ‘The skin depth (depth of penetration of b. usually fail to reliably detect external the magnetic field into the tube wall where discontinuities the field has been attenuated to 37% of its havea very good S/N ratio initial amplitude) is dependent upon: «._make tube support signals very large C227 4 inspection frequency, phase and tube conductivity 11, The terminology used to describe the time b. the phase-lag measured atthe detector delay of a eceived RFT signal with coil reference to the exciter signal is called inspection frequency, tube permeability and tube conductivity a. magnitude 4 coefficient of conductivity forthe tube b. impedance A8081 phase, phase-shift, phase-lag or phase rotation 17, Ferromagnetic materials amplitude or log-amplitude A80 a. havea relative permeability much less than 1 12, As the field produced by an RFT coil ». include brass, titanium and copper passes through the tube wall, it © are attracted to permanent magnets experiences: 4. tend to attenuate a through transmission field less than, a. amplification nonferromagnetic materials ». attenuation 1.481 flux leakage d._ phase increase 18. Increasing the RFT operating frequency: 969 a allows examination of tubing with 13, Bddy current testi greater wall thickness technique while RFI = b, always redtces the noise evel technique ©. can give better sensitivity to small discontinuities a. rotation/amplitude 4. increases the thickness of one standard b. reflection/through-transmission depth of penetration in the material &. rellection/tefraction 1210 4. pulse-ccho/through-transmission D969 eat Out OTOL SCET Cee COTYLevel | Questions - Remote Field Testing 69 19, Ifan RFT probe is pulled rapidly through tube the job will get done faster the data will improve due to less noise accuracy will increase small volume discontinuities, like pits, could be missed L245 20. What isthe effect of lowering the frequency of an RFT system? the detector signal will get smaller the probe can be pulled faster . the probe can be used to inspect thicker materials 4. signals from tube support plates will get smaller lata 906 Por7a Level Il Questions Remote Field Testing 1. One method that may help improve 5. signal-to-noise ratio is to: a. increase the drive voltage to the exciter b, adjust the strip chart display settings . pull the probe through the tubes faster d. select a probe with afill-factor less than 0.5 0.228 2. A simple RET probe has one exciter and ‘one detector coil. long eitcumferential discontinuity covering both coils gives a Phase shift of 100° on the RFT voltage 6 Plane. The probe is moved so that only ‘one coll isin the discontinuity: The phase shift will now be: 6.226 3. The two signal components that are indicators of overall wall thickness loss 1. sample rate and signal amplitude >. phase and amplitude . signal strength and coil impedance the frequency and noise level of the signal B84.2 4. With basic exciter-detector RET probes, short volumetric discontinuities usually create: a near-zero signal a double peak in strip chart data a dectease in conductivity, an indication that is seen by the exciter and the detector simultaneously ha2a. POSSESS, or [An effective approach to characterize discontinuities isto: 8. compare both phase and amplitude information b. note amplitude deflections alone (because phase is less reliable) identify regions where the signal-to- noise level is Jow 4. use all X-Y deflections larger than 1LOV that are between O° and 40° 1.220 One-sided metal loss: a. creates indications that extend towards the zero-signal point b. creates indications similar to wall thickening . is created by instrument noise d. creates a phase deflection greater than a log-amplitude deflection 1224 Bafile plates or support plates: 4. are usually nonconducting and nonferromagnetic and do not affect the RET signal b, have an indication very similar to metal loss ©. cause a deflection in the amplitude trace in the metal loss direction 4. reduce the through-transmission process dramatically 1.22272 Level 1! Questions ~ Remote Field Testing 10. 12, A discontinuity indication that lies along the reference spiral on the voltage plane is usually a. one sided b. pitting permeability variation d. uniform wall loss 224.292 When performing an RPT exam using a RET voltage plane display, the nominal point is positioned at X-¥ coordinates: a. (1,0) b. (1) the air point, rotated to lie on the negative ¥ axis 4. where the reference curve meets 0,0 G.4/1.217-218(Fig, 19),220 ‘Given the following choices, a reasonable RFT probe pull speed is about: a. 25emper second (Lin. per second) ’. 30.5 em per second (1 fi per second) © 20cm per second (6 ft per second) 4. 60 cm per second (2 ft per second) 1.222 A voltage plane display would show: 1, the phase and amplitude of a signal in polar coordinates b. the frequency and drive voltage along thexand y axes, respectively ‘the probe air-signal placed at the origin 4. probe lift-off noise along the X axis G4 ‘Ona voltage plane display, indications ftom baffle plates: a. tend to extend close to the origin (near-zero signal) , always follow the reference spiral closely do not change in the presence of metal loss dd. are rotated by accumulations of nonmagnetic, nonconducting debris 1219 13. 4 15, 16. 17. ‘The differential channel signal is best for: a, small-volume discontinuity detection like pits and cracks b. long, gradual wall loss, such as steam «. one-sided wall oss like mid-span 4. under-TSP discontinuity detection l2a9 ‘An X-¥ output display 1. shows signals that are linearly proportional to wall loss . cam indicate the circumferential extent of discontinuities €. shows the relationship between discontinuity area and depth clearly 4. none of the above 89.42 The length (or height) of the signal on the voltage plane polar plot may he related to: a, the circumferential extent of the discontinuity the depth of the discontinuity . the temperature of the tube material 4. cithera orb 1.220 The following discontinuities are likely not detectable with RFT: a, mid-span erosion b. steam impingement erosion c. tubesheet wormboling general corrosion 1.202 Ifthe phase and log-amplitude signals are superimposed on the strip chat display: 2 they will separate when going over a 360° discontinuity of constant depth b. they will closely track each other when going over a 360° discontinuity of constant depth ©. they will goin opposite directions when going over a 360° discontinuity of constant depth Feri 2) ait 99ST PPE eet er TOO, 18, The circumferential extent can only be a displayed accurately with: 4. differential signals on an X-¥ display b. absolute signals on an X-¥ display «absolute signals on a voltage plane with aref curve 4. MIX signals on an X-¥ display |.219-220 19. Eddy current systems can be used 22. effectively to inspect high permeability tubes without magnetic saturation a tue b. false ©. only trueif sow pull speeds are used 1245(Table 1) 20. RET systems are highly effective in inspecting thin-wal, type 304 stainless steel tubes: tue: the low frequency used in RET is very effective in thin-walled, low conductivity tubes b. false: a higher frequency technique such as eddy current would give better phase separation c. only true if magnetic saturation probes are used L481 Level Il Questions - Remote Field Testing 73 ‘When using RFT to inspect boiler tubes: a. the bend areas cannot be inspected b. the bend areas can be inspected ifa comparison technique is used to other tubes with similar bends the probe must contain magnets to reduce the permeability value FlFig. 2) Ata probe pull speed of 20 em (7.9 in.) per second with the instrument sarmple rate sett 40 samples per second, the distance between data sampling points willbe: £800 em (26.2 ft) 80cm 20cm (0. 05 cm (0.2in.) 1222 Pez MTZ ORT (OE75 Level Ill Questions Remote Field Testing 1, ‘The symbol 8 stands for: 6. Narrow grooves next to a TSP are often called: 4. telative magnetic permeability b. conductivity a. bafile wear resistivity b. crevice cofrosion 4. standard depth of penetration condensate grooving A78 4. midspan erosion 1224, 2. TFB increases, it likely means that: 7, RET gives approximately equal signals a. frequency has increased (phase and amplitude) for internal and b. permeability has decreased ‘external discontinuities ofthe same depth ©. conductivity has decreased and area: a. either b ore 80 a true b false 3. The symbol used for relative permeability D969 8. ‘Through-wall hole signals in RFT will ab always be set at about 40° bu eo a. true: ASTM Standard Practice ap E 2096-00 requires the through-hole AT8 signal to be at 40° b. false: ASTM standard practice allows 4, The symbol used for resistivity the hole signal to be set so that there is 50° to 120° separation between the a8 through-hole signal and the signal bu From a 20% groove ao edi244 dp ATS 9. One standard depth of penetration in any material reduces the strength of an eddy. 5. Local petmeability changes caused by current test or RFT signal to about: stress in the tube will probably: 4. 57% of the signal strength at the a. change the operating frequency surface b. produce a signal tothe right ofthe b. 37% of the signal strength at the voltage plane reference curve surface rotate the signals CCW © 19% of the signal strength at the 4. have no effect because they are minor surface in comparison to wall loss signals 4. it does not affect the amplitude; it just B.2(Fig, 18} delays the phase of the signal Fi. ns the p ig a % %@ % © oS by a we pr76 Level II| Questions ~ Remote Field Testing 10, Phase lag can be described as: 15. Magnetic lines of flux are often measured in units of a. the speeding up of the eddy current signal in dense solids a. gauss . the speed of rotation of the probe . siemens . the time delay of the electromagnetic ©. resistivity energy as it moves deeper in a 4. conductance conductive material 122,24 the interaction between signal angle and magnitude 16, Place the following materials in order hata based on their conductivity (from highest to lowest): 11, How many degrees of phase shift have occurred at the 36 point? &. steel aluminum, titanium, copper b. aluminum, copper, titanium, stel a 1719 ©. copper, aluminum, steel, titanium b. 100.3 4. titanium, stel, copper shiminum ©. 573 90-94 374 81 17, The operating or “nominal reference” point of the X-Y display of an absolute 12. The probe drive current is measured in: detector is referenced as: a volts a. the lower leR-hand quadrant b. ohms b. 00 amps 10 gigahertz 4. 100 .22{Table 6),208 1218 13, A“standard depth of penetration” is 18, The RET technique was fist patented by sometimes referred to as WR. MacLean in: a. phase lag at 57% a. 1985 b. 6” b. 1972 skin depth 1963 4. skin deep 4. 1951 A80 1.208 14, The terminology that most accurately 19, Detector coils placed in the'‘transition defines the coupling of the coils zone” will clectromagnetic energy into the test material is: 44 produce larger, more reliable dlifferential signals than a coil in the a. reflection method remote zone . induction b. produce unpredictable signals standard depth & producea saturated signal forall 4. reduction discontinuities due to its proximity to 0.226 the exciter 4. not produce any signal 1213 a a a i@ 20. Detailed maps ofthe magnetic flac 2 distribution within the tube wall can be produesd with ‘gaussmeters RET detector coils FEA (Finite Element Analysis) routines ‘magnetographs para 95. 21, ‘The predominant energy that energizes the detector coils in an RFT probe comes from: 4 the eddy currents flowing in the wall next to the detector(s) b, the direct field from the excite, inside the tube © thethrough-transmission field moving 26. from the OD to the ID surface of the tube 4. residual magnetic events, hatsoie 22. The term “phase}’as defined by ASTM E 1316, Section Cis ‘a. the vector position on an impedance plane . atime delay expressed in terms of a 2 360° AC cycle the X-Y coordinates of a signal on a voltage plane display the vector value from 0,0 on an X-Y impedance plane display AsO 23, Tubes that have been examined with a raghetic technique such as MFLT prior to the RET examination will likely exhibit diflerent discontinuity responses than iF no other electromagnetic NDT test was 28. previously used a. true . false c. only true if a magnetic saturation eddy current test was used 4. only true if the saturation coil was DC (rather than an AC coil) Level Ill Questions - Remote Field Testing 77 Phase-amplitude diagram can also mean: a. impedance plane display ». voltage plane polar plot XY display 4. any or all of the above 83.33 In RFT testing, the sample rate signifies 2. the probe pull speed b. the rate at which data is digitized for display and recording the cost of taking a sample of data 4. the number of tubes that can be inspected ona shift 83.36 “Zero point” means: a. the crossing ofthe X and Y axes on an impedance plane display ’. the point on the phase-amplitude diagram representing no signal change the position ofthe probe inthe tube where there is zero output voltage 4. any orall of the above 8338 ‘The following factors may affect the ‘of an RFT probe: respons 4. temperature history of the tube being tested b. conductivity vaciations in the material under test ‘permeability changes caused by cold working 4d. all of the above 882.12 ‘The nominal point” om the phase: amplitude diagram, or voltage plane, is a. the same as the “null” or “balance” point b, the point that represents normal wall thickness of a tube © any point that nominally represents a reference position 8824 dd, any measurement with respect to the 0,0 position B332 ez PEOTSCGESSCSCEZSCeSCCSC«C78 Level IIl Questions - Remote Field Testing 29. ‘The proximity of other tubes in a heat 33, Array probes: ‘exchanger is known as the: a. are used for tubes under 0.375 in. 2. bundle effect (9.525 mm) diameter b. proximity effect b. contain multiple coils that interrogate a shielding effect small section of the tube wall 4. offset effect €. are used in explosive atmospheres 883.22 where they need to be intrinsically safe 4. measure the radial field only 30. RET end effects: 69.33 ‘. the signal obtained from the last tube 34.._Unless otherwise specified by the to be tested purchaser, an RFT test standard shall have b. large signal, similar to a TSP signal the following artificial discontinuity(ies) ‘© the signal from the end of a tube when ‘machined inte it as a minimum there is no tube-sheet to shield the requirement (as per ASTM E 2096-00): signal 4. the signal from a wear scar under a a. a through-wall hole, 0.375 in. ‘TSP (0.525 mm) diameter 8843 b. a narrow 20% deep, cixcumferential groove 31. Instrument-induced phase offset is ©. amilled-flt of 50% depth, with an defined as axial length of one balf the tube OD 4. both bande 4 the overall signal phase, as modified by 8.10.5 the circuits in the instrument b. the frequency dependent time delay 35. Reference standards should be: (which appears as a constant phase offset) due to the amplification and a, stored and shipped carefully to prevent filtering processes in the RFT ‘mechanical damage instrument ', machined carefully to avoid localized ©. the signal angle, rotated by the over-heating and cold working ‘operator, using the phase rotator €. serialized with a unique number as control of the instrument well a the tube OD, metal type and 4. the signal seen due tothe interference ‘wall thickness of one channel with another 4. allof the above 885.2 8.10.7 32. A simple absolute probe: 36, An X-Y voltage plane display is being used to perform an RFT exam. Ifphase is a a contains two coils wound in opposition parameter that is being measured, a good b. contains onty one detector coit choice of frequency would be one that sets © can detect small volume the signal from the 2094 short discontinuities better than differential

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