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Camera Control

Aperture refers to the opening of a lens's diaphragm through which light


passes. It is calibrated in f/stops and is generally written as numbers such
as 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11 and 16. The lower f/stops give more exposure
because they represent the larger apertures, while the higher f/stops give
less exposure because they represent smaller apertures. This may seem a
little contradictory at first but will become clearer as you take pictures at
varying f/stops

Shutter Speed
Shutter Speed is one of the three pillars of photography, the other two
being ISO and Aperture. Shutter speed is where the other side of the
magic happens it is responsible for creating dramatic effects by either
freezing action or blurring motion. In this article, I will try to explain
everything I know about shutter speed in very simple language.

Focus
The position at which rays of light from a lens converge to form a clear
and sharply defined image on a focal plane.

Lenses and Filters


A piece of curved glass or plastic which makes things look bigger, smaller,
or clearer when you look through it - the part of a camera through which
the light travels before it reaches the film.
A filter is a camera accessory consisting of an optical filter that can be
inserted into the optical path. The filter can be of a square or oblong
shape and mounted in a holder accessory, or, more commonly, a glass or
plastic disk in a metal or plastic ring frame, which can be screwed into the
front of or clipped onto the camera lens.

Film Speeds and Types


Film speech helps determine the characteristics of photography as do
processing techniques, LOW ISO 125 or less film has fine grain and a wide
tonal range but needs a lot of light. High ISO film 400 or more has coarse
grain and a narrow tonal range but can be used in low-light situations.

Texture
Texture helps to emphasize the features and details in a photograph. By
capturing "texture" of objects being photographed, you can create form.

Lassos

The lassos is a tool in Photoshop which allows you to do something similar


to cropping by trimming out parts of a picture and you can select these
parts to remove or even copy to another area.

Layering
Layers are used to separate different elements of an image. A layer could
be compared to transparency, the effects are applied
and placed
over or under an image.

Digital Printing
The methods of printing from a digital based image directly to a variety of
media.

Paper Choice
Choosing your paper is important when printing a digital image, with a
digital image its usually a good idea to use photo paper with a clear
coating to the paper.

Processing and Printing


When using film cameras you would need to process the images to
produce them, first of all is the developing of the film using a dark room
which allows you to take the film real out of the camera without it being
exposed to light, exposing it to light will damage the image and ruin the
outcome. First of all after removing the film real you would need to put the
film real onto the spiral real, once this is done and in correctly you will
need to place it in the developing container and securely fasten the lid
before moving onto the next step. Now you will put in the first developing
chemical which is the developer depending on the type of film youre
using you will need to have the developer liquid in for a certain amount of
time. I have used black and white Kentermere 400, for this type of film
you would leave the developer in for 14 minutes at 20 degrees centigrade
making sure to move the tank and rotate it every minute. Once 14
minutes is up you are to pour out the developer and now put the stop
chemical in to stop the images from over developing, the stop chemical is
to be in the developing container for 30 seconds before you put in the
final chemical which is the fixer. The fixer stays in for 4 minutes with
movement and rotation every minute. Now is the final step of developing
which is to just leave it to wash off for 5 minutes and let it dry then your
film is ready. Its really important to control your time and temperature
when developing because the slightest mistake will ruin the whole
outcome of your images.

Now is the printing using your developed film, firstly you will need some
white light sensitive paper to print your images on to. This paper enables
the enlarger to have an effect when the paper is exposed to your film.
After this you will need to make a contact sheet to see what your images
will look like when they are enlarged but first you will need a test strip to
see how long you will need to expose the paper to create a clear image.
Now you need to place your films onto a sheet of light sensitive paper and
then place a piece of glass over the top to make sure it is still when
exposing it, now you should use a piece of black card to make sure no
light is reflected from it. Now it is time to expose your paper for a total of
32 seconds but changing the amount of time you expose parts of the
paper by moving the black piece of paper over each part of the paper. For
example 2 seconds of exposure then move it, 4 seconds of exposure then
move it and so on until you have done it for a total of 32 seconds.
When the paper has been exposed for 32 seconds you should have
different shades on each part of the paper you expose. On this you can
see how long you have exposed each part by the different shade, this will
tell you how long you will need to expose your contact sheet when you
enlarge it. Now all you need to do is place your pictures onto a spread of
photographic paper and expose it for the amount of time that looks most
clear.

Stam
ps

You can select the size of the


stamp tool in the top tool bar.

Using the stamp tool you


would then press alt at the
same time as clicking on a
part of the image you wish to
clone.

You would then click on


another part of the image
where you wish the part of the
image to be cloned to, you can
move the mouse while clicking
to clone more of the pixels.

Stamps are found in


Photoshop on the left tool bar
and you are to select the clone
stamp tool.

Lassos
The lassos tool is found on the
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Equipment
Film-based camera
A film-based camera exposes
the photographic film to light in
order to take a picture. These
have been used since the late
1800s, the film is a chemical on
a plastic material that is
sensitive to light.
Digital Camera
A digital camera produces
digital images that can be
displayed on a computer or on a
screen.
Tripod
A tripod is used to hold the
camera in a steady position to
get the best quality images you
can. It prevents the camera
from moving, using your hands
to take an image with a camera
it could be a worse quality to a
tripod due to movement when
the photo is taken.
Lenses
Wide angle a wide angle lens
allows you to see much more
than other lenses and gives you
a wider perspective of the
picture youre taking making
the landscape in the picture
look wider and closer or even
further away.
Standard is a standard lens that
wont be wider or more zoomed in, like you would see on a standard
camera or camera phone.
Telephoto is a lens with a longer focal length than the standard giving it a
narrow field of view and a magnified image.
Macro lenses are used for taking photographs unusually close to the
subject.

Attachments are just accessories you can get to improve your


photographs by making to zoom better or give the camera a wider field of
vision etc
Film Types and Storage Devises.
Colour to film in colour
Black and White to film in black and white
Transparency reversal film is used to produce a positive image on a
transparency base.
Storage devises
There are many types of storage devises most commonly used are
memory sticks and flash cards these are used to store data and files and
keep them.
Artificial Lights
Flash is an attachment you can get to a camera which admits a flash of
light to light up the subject.
Studio Lights are used to light up an area they are based on, usually using
stronger lights than standard.
Diffusers are used to scatter out or spread light to give it a softer look.
Processing Equipment
There is a lot of equipment used to process and some of them are tanks,
spools, measuring cylinders and thermometers.
Tanks are used to place your pictures into for processing
Spools are a cylinder used to put your film in and wound it round the reel.
Measuring cylinders are used to measure the amount of chemical liquids
you are using to process.
Thermometers are used to test the temperature of you chemicals.
Printing
Enlargers are used to enlarge the amount of area you wish to expose onto
photographic paper.
Easels are used to hold the photographic paper in place.
Contact printers are to expose your photographic paper to light.
Tongs are used to pick up your paper that has chemicals on so it doesnt
get on your hands.
Digital Imaging

Software used for editing digital images such as Photoshop.


Scanners are to scan your digital image.
Image captures capture your digital image.
Image storage stores your digital images, such as a memory stick.
Image retrieval help retrieve images in large data base.
Printers are used to print out your digital images onto paper.
Digital Manipulation
Cropping is used to crop out parts of an image you dont want/need or
resize an image.
Shape is shaping your image.
Colour is manipulating the colour of your digital image.

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