Anehit-xeton

A- nh ngha
Anehit l nhng hp cht hu cm phn t c nhm CHO lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t C hoc nguyn
t H.
Xeton l hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm >C=O lin kt trc tip vi 2 nguyn t C.
B- Lp cng thc
Nguyn tc lp cng thc:
Cng thc Anehit(Xeton) = Cng thc Hidrocacbon tng ng n nguyn t H + n nhm chc
CHO(>C=O). Andehit v Xeton l ng phn ca nhau nn cch lp cng thc phn t cng tng t nhau,
andehit c nhm CH=O th khi lp cng thc ca xeton thay bng nhm >C=O.
V d: Cng thc hidrocacbon no: CnH2n + 2 CnH2n + 1-H CnH2n + 1-CHO
1- Cng thc ca andehit no: Cng thc hidrocacbon no: CnH2n + 2
- Anehit no, n chc:
CnH2n + 2 CnH2n + 1H CnH2n + 1CHO
n 0

- Anehit no, hai chc:

CnH2n + 2 CnH2nH2
CnH2n(CHO)2
n 0
- Anehit no, m chc :
CnH2n + 2 CnH2n + 2-mHm CnH2n + 2-m(CHO)m
2- Cng thc ca Anehit khng no:
Anehit no, mt ni i, n chc:
CnH2n CnH2n - 1H CnH2n - 1CHO
n 2
3- Cng thc ca anehit n chc bt k:
CnH2n + 1- 2kCHO hoc CxHyCHO hoc R-CHO
Cch gi cng thc: CnH2n + 1- 2kCHO : Anehit tham gia phn ng ni i ca gc hidrocacbon (p cng H 2,
p cng Br2...), phn ng nhm CHO.
CxHyCHO: Anehit tham gia phn ng chy, phn ng nhm CHO
R-CHO: Anehit ch tham gia phn nhm CHO.
4- Anehit bt k:
CnH2n + 2- 2k-m (CHO)m
C- Danh php
1- Tn thng:
- Tn Anehit = Anehit + Tn axit hu c tng ng
V d: HCHO : anehit focmic ; CH3 - CHO : anehit axetic.
- Anehit mch thng: Thm tin t nV d: CH3 CH2- CH2- CHO : Anehit n-butiric
- Anehit mch phn nhnh cacbon gn cui mch: Thm tin t izoV d: CH3 CH2- CHO : Anehit izo-butiric
CH3
2- Tn quc t:
- Chn mch cacbon di nht c cha nhm CHO lm mch chnh.
- nh s th t cc nguyn t cacbon trong mch chnh, bt u nguyn t cacbon trong
nhm CHO.
- Tn anehit (Xeton)= V tr nhm th+Tn nhm th + Tn mch chnh (tn quc t ca
hidrocacbon tng ng) + al(on).
V d:
4

CH3 CH2- CH2- CHO : Butanal

4

CH3 CH- CHO : 2-metylpropanal

CH3

CH2- CHO : 3-metylbutanal

CH3
D- Mt s anehit, xeton thng gp
1

CH3 CH

1- Anehit no, n chc:

- Anehit focmic ; anehit axetic ; anehit propinic.
- Anehit n-butiric ; anehit izo-butiric.
2- Anehit no, a chc:
- Glioxal : HOC CHO hay (CHO)2
3- Anehit khng no, mt ni i, n chc:
- Propenal : CH2=CH-CHO
4- Xeton:
(CH3)2C=O axeton(hay propanon)
E- Tnh cht ho hc ca anehit, Xeton
1- Phn ng cng hidro (phn ng kh anehit) Ru no
Ni, to

CH3CH=O + H-H CH3-CH2- OH

CnH2n(CHO)2 + 2H2 CnH2n(CH2OH)2
Ni, to

CH2= CH-CH=O + 2H2 CH3-CH2- CH2- OH

Ni, to

(CH3)2C=O + H2 (CH3)2CH-OH
Tng qut:
Ni, t
CnH2n + 2- 2k-m (CHO)m + (m+k)H2 CnH2n + 2-m (CH2OH)m
3- Phn ng cng nc, hidro xianua
H2C=O+ H2O H2C(OH)2 khng bn
(CH3)2C=O + HCN (CH3)2C(OH)(CN) (Xianohidrin)
o

3- Phn ng oxi ho
- Oxi ho bng Brom hoc KMnO4:
Ch mnh andehit c phn ng ny, xe ton kh b oxihoa nn khng p
RCH=O + Br2 + H2O RCOOH + 2HBr
- Oxi ho bng Ag2O, un nng (phn ng trng gng):
NH3, to

HCHO + 2Ag2O CO2 + H2O + 4Ag

CH3- CHO + Ag2O CH3- COOH + 2Ag
Tng qut:
NH , t
R-CHO + Ag2O R- COOH + 2Ag
Hay:
R-CHO + 2AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2O R- COONH4 + 2Ag + 2NH4NO3
3

- Oxi ho bng Cu(OH)2, un nng (phn ng to kt t gch Cu2O):

CH3- CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 CH3- COOH + Cu2O + 2H2O
Hay:
CH3- CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH CH3- COONa + Cu2O + 3H2O
- Oxi ho bng oxi:
5
O2 2CO2 + 2H2O
2
3n 2
CnH2n+1-CHO +
O2 (n+1)CO2 + (n+1)H2O
2
3n 1
CnH2n-1-CHO +
O2 (n+1)CO2 + nH2O
2

CH3-CHO +

n H 2O

i vi anehit no:

nCO2

1 ; i vi anehit khng no:

n H 2O
nCO2

4- Phn ng gc Hidrocacbon
Nguyn t H cnh nhm Cacbonyl d tham gia phn ng. V d khi c xc tc l Axit axetic th Br 2 phn ng
th vi Axeton:
(CH3)2C=O + Br2 CH2Br-C(CH3)=O + HBr
F- iu ch anehit
1- Oxi ho ru bc bng CuO, un nng:
to

CH3 OH + CuO HCHO + Cu + H2O

to

CH3 CH2- OH + CuO CH3-CHO + Cu + H2O

Tng qut:
t
R-CH2- OH + CuO R - CHO + Cu + H2O
2- Phng php ring iu ch anehit axetic:
o

HC CH + H-OH

CH3CHO

G- Mi lin h gia s cacbon, s hidro v s nhm chc

S nguyn t H gc hidrocacbon 2. S cacbon + 2 S nhm chc

Bi tp t lun
Bi 1 Vit y cc phng trnh phn ng ca cc qu trnh sau:
Cl2 (askt)

a) C2H6

dd NaOH, to

H2 (Ni, to)

b) CH3CH2CH=O
M
c)C6H5CH3
C6H5CH2-Br
d) C2H2

CH3CH=O

CuO, to

Ag2O/NH3, to

HBr

N
C6H5CH2-OH

CH3CH2-OH

C6H5CH=O

CH3COOH

CH3COONa

C6H5COOH
CH4

C2H2

C2H
CH3CH2-OH
CH3CH2-Br
Bi 2Mt anehit no A, mch h, khng phn nhnh, c cng thc thc nghim l (C2H3O)n.
1- Tm cng thc cu to ca A.
2- Oxi ho A trong iu kin thch hp thu c cht hu c B. un nng hn hp gm 1 mol B v 1 mol
ru metylic vi xc tc H2SO4 c thu c hai este E v F (F c khi lng phn t ln hn E) vi t l
khi lng mE : mF = 1,81. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh khi lng mi este thu c,
bit rng ch c 72% lng ru b chuyn ho thnh este.
Bi 3 Cho hai cht hu c A (C3H6O) v B (C3H4O2).
1- Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn n chc mch h ca A v B.
2- Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho A l anehit tc dng vi: H 2 (Ni, to); Ag2O/NH3, to; Cu(OH)2 trong
dung dch NH3.
Bi 4 Kh hon ton m gam mt anhit no n chc v mt anhit khng no n chc (u mch h) cn
0,25 mol H2. Sn phm c chia thnh hai phn bng nhau:
Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi Na d thu c 0,0375 mol H2.
Phn 2: t chy hon ton thu c 0,2 mol CO2.
Tm cng thc cu to hai anhit.
3

Bi 5 Kh hon ton m gam hn hp hai anhit n chc A v B (u mch h) cn 0,25 mol H 2. Sn phm
c chia thnh hai phn bng nhau:
Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi Na d thu c 0,0375 mol H2.
Phn 2: t chy hon ton thu c 0,2 mol CO2.
Tm cng thc cu to ca A v B. Bit rng mi phn t anhit cha khng qu mt ni i C=C.
Bi 6 Hn hp X gm hai anhit no A v B (u mch h).
Cho 2,04 gam X tc dng ht vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 thu c 0,12 mol Ag.
em ho hi hon ton 2,04 gam X thu c 0,896 lt hi (136,5oC v 1,5 atm).
Tm cng thc phn t ca A v B, bit rng trong X s mol ca A bng s mol ca B.
Bi 7 Hp cht hu c X ch cha mt loi nhm chc. Ho hi hon ton 2,9 gam X thu c 2,24 lt hi
109,2oC v 0,7 atm. Cho 5,8 gam X tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 thu c 0,4 mol Ag.
1 -Tm cng thc phn t, cng thc cu to ca X.
2 -iu ch X t t n.
3-Vit phng trnh phn ng ca X ln lt vi: dung dch AgNO 3/NH3 khi un nng; Cu(OH)2/NaOH
un nng; H2 (Ni, to); dung dch KMnO4 long/H2SO4.
Bi 8 Hn hp X gm hai anehit no, n chc, mch h. Cho 7 gam X tc dng va vi 0,28 gam
H2(Ni,t0). Mt khc khi cho 7 gam X tc dng va ht vi dung dch AgNO 3/NH3 thu c 38,88g Ag. Tm
cng thc ca hai anhit.
Bi 9 Chia 14 gam hn hp X gm hai anehit no, n chc mch h thnh hai phn bng nhau.
Phn 1 tc dng va ht vi 0,28 gam H 2 (Ni, to). Phn 2 cho tc dng ht vi dung dch AgNO 3/NH3 thu
c 38,88 gam Ag. Tm cng thc cu to ca hai anehit.
Bi 10: Cho 14,4 gam andehit A l ng ng ca andehit fomic phn ng hon ton vi dung dch
AgNO3/NH3. Ho tan hon ton lng Ag sinh ra bng dung dch HNO 3 thu c 9,856 lt kh mu nu bay
ra (o 1atm, 27,30C).
a) Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A. Vit cc cng thc cu to c th c ca A v gi tn chng.
b) Xc nh cng thc cu to ng ca A, bit khi hidro ho A (Ni, t0) th thu c ru no, mch
nhnh.
Bi 11: t chy hon ton 0,75 gam cht hu c A (cha C, H, O) thu c 0,224 lt CO2 v 0,135 gam H2O.
T khi hi ca A so H2 bng 35.
a) Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A.
b) Khi cho 0,35 gam A tc dng vi H2 (Ni, to) thu c 0,296 gam ru iso-butylic. Xc nh cng thc
cu to ca A v tnh hiu sut phn ng to thnh ru.
Bi 12: Chia hn hp 2 andehit n chc thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
Phn th nht cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 d thu c 32,4 gam kim
loi.
Phn th 2 cho tc dng vi H 2 (Ni, to) thy tn ht V lt H2 (ktc) v thu c hn hp 2
ru no. Nu cho hn hp 2 ru ny tc dng ht vi Na thy thot ra 3/8V lt H2 (ktc), cn nu em t
chy hn hp ru ny ri cho ton b sn phm t chy hp th vo 100 gam dung dch NaOH 40% th
sau phn ng nng NaOH cn li 9,64%.
a) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
b) Xc nh cng thc phn t, cng thc cu to ca cc andehit v tnh khi lng mi andehit, bit
rng gc hidrocacbon ca cc andehit l gc no hoc c mt ni i.
Bi 13: Chuyn ho hon ton 4,2 gam andehit A mch h bng phn ng trng gng vi dung dch
AgNO3/NH3 d thu c hn hp mui B. Nu cho lng Ag to thnh tc dng vi HNO 3 to ra 3,792 lt
kh NO2 (270C v 740 mmHg). T khi hi ca A so N2<4.
Mt khc khi cho 4,2 gam A tc dng vi 0,5 mol H 2 (Ni, to) thu c cht C vi hiu sut 100%. Cho
lng cht C tan vo nc c dung dch D. Cho 1/10 lng dung dch D tc dng ht vi Na lm thot ra
12,04 lt H2 (ktc).
a) Tm cng thc ca A, B, C.
4

b) Tm khi lng ca hn hp mui B, bit rng cc cht trong B u c kh nng tc dng vi NaOH
to ra kh NH3.
c) Tm nng % ca C trong dung dch D.
Bi 14: Chia 14,2g hn hp X gm 2 andhit n chc lm 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn1 em trng gng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 / NH3 thu c 43,2g bc.
- Phn 2 t chy hon ton thu c 15,4g CO2 v 4,5g H2O.
a) Xc nh CTPT, vit CTCT hai andhit.
b) Tnh phn trm theo khi lng mi anhit trong X.
c) Nu khng bit c lng bc thu c phn ng trng gng nhng bit gc hircacbon ca
cc andhit l gc no hoc gc cha no cha 1 ni i th c th xc nh c cng thc 2 andhit
trn khng ?
Bi 15: A, B l 2 andhit c cng s cacbon trong phn t, u mch h v khng phn ng vi nc brom.
t chy 13g hn hp trn ri cho sn phm ln lt qua bnh 1 ng 90g dung dch H 2SO4 88% v bnh
2 ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thy nng H2SO4 trong bnh 1 gim cn 80% v bnh 2 xut hin 60g kt
ta.
b) Xc nh cng thc 2 anhit.
c) Tnh phn trm theo khi lng mi andhit trong hn hp.
Bi 16: A, B l 2 andhit n chc mch h, cng dy ng ng.
Kh ho hon ton m gam hn hp 2 andhit ny cn V lt H 2. Sn phm thu c cho tc dng vi Na
d sinh ra V/4 lt H2 (o cng iu kin).
Mt khc 9,8g hn hp andhit ny tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 to ra 32,4g Ag.
a) Xc nh CTPT, vit CTCT mi andhit bit trong hn hp s mol ca andhit c phn t lng ln
nhiu hn s mol ca andhit cn li.
b) Tnh phn trm theo khi lng mi andhit trong hn hp.
Bi 17: Hiro ho hon ton hn hp 2 andhit l ng ng ca andhit fomic thu c hn hp 2 ru.
Lng ru thu c cho phn ng vi Na d thu c 3,36 lt H2 (ktc).
Oxi ho cng mt lng nh trn hn hp hai andhit ny c hai axit tng ng. trung ho ht 2
axit ny ngi ta dng mt lng dung dch KOH 28% (d=1,2g/ml) va . Dung dch sau phn ng c
cn c 30,8g mui.
a) Xc nh lng hn hp andhit dng ban u ?
b) Th tch dung dch KOH cn dng l bao nhiu ?
c) Nu bit 2 andhit l ng ng lin tip, hy xc nh cng thc ca chng. c tn.
Bi 18: Kh ho hon ton m gam hn hp 2 andhit n chc A v B cn dng 5,6 lt H 2 (ktc). Sn phm thu
c chia lm 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn I cho tc dng vi Na d thu c 0,84g lt H2 (ktc).
- Phn II t chy hon ton cho 8,8g CO2.
a) Hn hp andhit trn c lm mt mu nc brm khng ?
b) Bit rng trong hn hp trn, s mol andhit cha no ln hn s mol andhit no. Hy xc nh cng
thc mi andhit.
c) Xc nh m.
Bi 19: A l mt andhit mch thng. Mt th tch hi A cng hp c ti a ba th tch hidro, sn phm phn
ng nu cho tc dng vi Na d cho th tch hidro bng th tch hi A dng ban u (cc th tch o
cng iu kin).
t chy hon ton mt lng A thu c 14,08g CO2 v 2,88g H2O.
a) Xc nh CTPT, vit CTCT A.
b) Oxi ho A bng dung dch KMnO 4 to hp cht hu c duy nht B cha 21,23% cacbon v khi
lng.
c) Xc nh B. Tnh th tch dung dch KMnO4 0,5M cn oxi ho 12,6g A thnh B.
5

Bi 20: Hidro ho hon ton mt andhit n chc, mch h A thnh ru B phi dng mt lng hiro gp
bn ln lng hidro thu c khi cho ton b B phn ng ht vi Na.
Mt khc chia lng A lm hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1 t chy hon ton cho 6,72 lt CO2 (ktc).
- Phn 2 cho phn ng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 /NH3 thu c mt lng bc nng hn 16g so
vi lng andhit tham gia phn ng.
Xc nh cng thc A, B.
Bi 21: Chia m gam andhit mch h X lm 3 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1 kh ho hon ton to Y phi cn V lt H 2. Sn phm Y tc dng vi Na d to ra V/4 lt H 2
(o cng iu kin)
- Phn 2 cho phn ng vi nc brm d thy c 16g brom phn ng.
- Phn 3 t chy hon ton cho 13,2g CO2 v 3,6g H2O.
a) Xc nh CTPT, vit CTCT ca X.
b) Ho tan 3g Y vo nc c dung dch Z. Cho ton b Z tc dng vi Na d thu c 1,68 lt H 2
(ktc). tnh nng phn trm ca Y trong dung dch Z.
Bi 22: Chia 12,6g mt andhit mch h l 3 phn bng nhau:
- kh ho hon ton phn 1 phi dng 3,36 lt H2 (ktc).
- Cho phn 2 phn ng vi brom d thy c 8g brm phn ng.
- em phn 3 phn ng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 thu c x gam bc.
a)
Tnh x.
b)
Xc nh CTPT, vit CTCT c th c ca andhit, bit khi t chy mt th tch hi
anhit thu c th tch CO2 nh hn 6 ln th tch hi andhit nu o cng iu kin .
Bi 23 (andhit a chc): Ho hi 5,8g hp cht hu c A thu c 4,48 lt hi 109,2 oC v 0,7 atm. Mt khc cho
5,8g A tc dng vi lng d AgNO3 trong NH3 thy to 43,2g bc.
1. Xc nh CTPT, vit CTCT ca A. c tn.
2. Chia 11,6g A lm 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1 cho phn ng hon ton vi H2 thu c cht B.
- Phn 2 oxi ho hon ton to ra cht C.
Cho ton b lng cht B v C thu c trn phn ng vi nhau trong iu kin c H 2SO4 c lm xc
tc thy to ra 69,6g mt este D c cu to vng.
Tnh hiu sut phn ng este ho.

Bi tp trc nghim
Bi 1: Mt hp cht hu c (X) c cng thc phn t l C 4H6O2 v ch c mt loi nhm chc. T (X) v cc
cht v c khc, bng 3 phn ng lin tip c th iu ch c cao su Buna. Cng thc cu to c th c ca
(X) l:
a. HOC-CH2-CH2-CHO
b. HO-CH2-C C-CH2OH
c. CH3-C-C-CH3
d. C a, b, c u ng
OO
Bi 2: Xt cc loi hp cht hu c mch h sau:
Ru n chc, no (A); anehit n chc, no (B); ru n chc, khng no 1 ni i (C); anehit n
chc, khng no 1 ni i (D). ng vi cng thc tng qut CnH2nO ch c 2 cht sau:
a. A, B
b. B, C
c. C, D
d. A, D
6

Bi 3: t chy mt hn hp cc ng ng ca anehit ta thu c s mol CO 2 = s mol H2O th l dy

ng ng:
a. Anehit n chc no
b. Anehit vng no
c. Anehit hai chc no
d. C a, b, c u ng
Bi 4: Ly 0,94 gam hn hp hai anehit n chc no k tip nhau trong dy ng ng cho tc dng ht vi
dung dch AgNO3 / NH3 thu c 3,24 gam Ag. Cng thc phn t hai anehit l:
a. CH3CHO v HCHO
b. CH3CHO v C2H5CHO
c. C2H5CHO v C3H7CHO
d. C3H7CHO v C4H9CHO
Bi 5: Hp cht hu c X khi un nh vi dung dch AgNO 3/NH3 (dng d) thu c sn phm Y, Y tc dng
vi dung dch HCl hoc dung dch NaOH u cho 2 kh v c A, B, X l:
a. HCHO
b. HCOOH
c. HCOONH4
d. C a, b, c u ng.
Bi 6: Ba cht X, Y, Z c cng thc phn t dng (CH2O)n vi n 3. Cho bit:
- X ch tham gia phn ng trng bc
- Y va tham gia phn ng trng bc, va phn ng Na
- Z tc dng vi dung dch NaHCO3 va , lm bay hi nc dung dch sau phn ng, sn phm khan
cn li c th tip tc phn ng vi Na. Oxi ho Z iu kin thch hp s to thnh hp cht ch cha mt loi
nhm chc.
t chy hon ton X, Y, Z vi s mol bng nhau th s mol nc thu c t X nh hn thu c t Y v t Z,
s mol nc thu c t Y nh hn t Z. Hy xc nh cng thc cu to ca X, Y v Z.
a. CH3-CHO; HO-CH2-CH2-CHO v CH3-COOH
b. C2H5-CHO; HO-CH2-CH2-CHO v HO-CH2-COOH
c. C2H4-CHO; HO-CH-CH2-CH3 v HO-CH2-COOH
OH
d. HCHO; HO-CH2-CH2-CHO v HO-CH2-CH2-COOH
Bi 7: Cc hp cht hu c mch h cha cc nguyn t cacbon, hiro v oxi l A1, B1, C1, D1 u c khi
lng phn t bng 60 vC. Cc cht B1,C1, D1 tc dng c vi Na gii phng H 2. Khi oxi ho B1 (c xc
tc) s to thnh sn phm c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng gng. Cht C 1 tc dng c vi dung dch
NaOH. Cht D1 c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng gng. Cht A1 khng tc dng c vi Na, khng tc
dng vi NaOH v khng tham gia phn ng trng gng.
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng. Cng thc cu to cc cht A1, B1, C1, D1 c th l:
A1
B1
C1
D1
a CH3O-C2H5
C3H7OH
CH3COOH
HOCH2CHO
b C3H7OH
CH3O-C2H5
HOCH2CHO
CH3COOH
c HOCH2CHO
CH3COOH
CH3O-C2H5
C3H7OH
d Kt qu khc
Bi 8: Cho cc phn ng sau:
(A) + Cl2
(B) + (C)
(B) + NaOH
(D) + (E)
(C) + NaOH
(E) + (F)
(A) + O2
(G) + (F)
(D) + O2
(G) + (F)
(G) + (H)
HCOOH + Ag
(G) + (H)
(F) + (I) + Ag
(G) + ?
(Z) (mu trng)
Cc cht A, G v Z c th l:
a. CH3COOH; CH3CHO v CH3-CH(OH)(SO3Na)
b. C2H6; CH3CHO v CH2(OH)(SO3Na)
c. C2H5OH; HCHO v CH3-CH(OH)(SO3Na)
d. CH4; HCHO v CH2(OH)(SO3Na)
Bi 9: Cho s chuyn ho sau:
t0

NaOH

CH3-COONa

CaO, t0

lnh nhanh

Br2

C2H2
Xc tc

H2SO4
HgSO4, t0

NaOH

I.

Cc cht E, G v I c th l:
a. CH3COONH4, CH3COOCH=CH2 v CH3COONa
b. HCOONH4, HCOOCH=CH2 v HCOONa
7

AgNO3/NH3

HCl

c. C2H5COONH4, C2H5COOCH=CH2 v C2H5COONa

d. Cu a, b u ng
Bi 10: X, Y l cc hp cht hu c ng chc cha cc nguyn t C, H, O. Khi tc dng vi AgNO 3 trong
NH3 th 1 mol X hoc Y to ra 4 mol Ag. Cn khi t chy X, Y th t l s mol O2 tham gia t chy , CO2 v
H2O to thnh nh sau:
- i vi X: nO : nCO : nHO = 1 : 1 : 1
- i vi Y: nO : nCO : nHO = 1,5 : 2 :1
Cng thc phn t v cng thc cu to ca X, Y l:
a. CH3CHO v HCHO
b. HCHO v C2H5CHO
c. HCOOH v HCHO
d. HCHO v H-C-CHO
O
Bi 11: Cho cc phn ng:
t0

(A) + dd NaOH

(B) + NaOH rn

(B) +(C)

(D) + (E)

0C

(D)

1500

(F) + H2
Xc tc

(F) + H2O
(C)
(C) + NaHSO3
(G)
T (F) iu ch (A).
Cc cht (A) v (C) c th l:
a. HCOOCH=CH2 v HCHO
c. CH3COOCH=CH2 v CH3CHO
Bi 12: Cho s chuyn ho sau:
A

+ Cl2 Cl
0

400 C

+ H2 O

xt

+ CuO Cl

Cc c v CHht A v D c th l
a. C3H8 v CH3-CH2-CH2-OH
c. C3H6 v CH2=CH-CHO
Bi 13: B sung v cn bng
(A) +(B)
(C) +(D)
(A) + Ca(OH)2
(F) +(B)

b. CH3COOCH=CH2 v HCHO
d. Cu b ng
F

+ Ag2O Cl
NH2

G (axit acrylic)

b. C2H6 v CH2=CH-CHO
d. C3H6 v CH2=CH-CH2OH

t0

(E) +(F)
(D) +(G) +(H)

t0

(A)
axeton + (F)
(C) + NaOH d
(E) + Na2CO3
(E) +(I)
(J) +(H)
(J) + ?
(K) + (H) + Ag + (L)
Cc cht A, E v J c th l:
a. CH3COOH; CH4 v CH3CHO
b. (CH3COO)2Ca; CH4 v HCHO
c. CH3COOH; CH4 v HCHO
d. Kt qu khc
Bi 14: Cho hp cht hu c X (phn t ch cha C, H, O v mt loi nhm chc). Bit 5,8 g X tc dng vi
dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 to ra 43,2g Ag. Mt khc 0,1 mol X sau khi hiro ho hon ton phn ng vi
4,6g Na. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
a. HCOOH
b. CH3COOH
c. H-CO -CHO
d. CH2=CH-CHO
Bi 15: Cho 13,6 gam mt hp cht hu c X ( C, H, O) tc dng va vi 300ml dung dch AgNO 3 2M
trong NH4OH thu c 43,2 gam bc. Bit t khi hi ca X i vi oxi bng 2,125. Xc nh cng thc cu to
ca X.
a. CH3-CH2-CHO
b. CH2=CH-CH2-CHO
c. HC C-CH2-CHO
d. HC C-CHO
8

Bi 16: Mt hp cht hu c Y cha cc nguyn t C, H, O ch cha mt loi nhm chc tham gia phn ng
trng bc. Khi 0,01 mol Y tc dng ht vi dung dch AgNO 3 trong NH3 (hoc Ag2O trong NH3) th thu c
4,32g Ag. Y c cu to mch thng v cha 37,21% oxi v khi lng. Cng thc cu to ca Y l:
a. HCHO
b. CH3CHO
c. H-CO-CO -H
d. H-CO-(CH2)-CHO
Bi 17: Cho 0,1 mol hn hp 2 anehit c khi lng phn t (phn t khi) bng nhau v nh hn 68 vC
phn ng hon ton vi dung dch AgNO3 (d) trong NH3 cho 38,88 gam Ag (hiu sut 100%). Cng thc phn
t ca 2 anehit l:
a. CH3CHO v HCHO
b. C2H5CHO v C2H3CHO
c. H-C-CHO v C2H5CHO
d. Cu c ng
O
Bi 18: Cho 0,1 mol anehit X tc dng hon ton vi H2 thy cn 6,72 lt kh hiro (o ktc) v thu c sn
phm Y. Cho ton b lng Y trn tc dng vi Na d thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 (o ktc).
Mt khc, ly 8,4 gam X tc dng vi dung dch AgNO 3/NH3 thu c 43,2 gam Ag kim loi. Xc nh
cng thc cu to ca X, Y.
a. CH3CHOv C2H5OH
b. HCHO v CH3OH
c. C2H2(CHO)2 v CH2-(CH2)2-CH2
d. kt qu khc
OH
OH
Bi 19: Cht X cha cc nguyn t C, H, O trong hiro chim 2,439% v khi lng. Khi t chy X u
thu c s mol nc bng s mol mi cht chy, bit 1 mol X phn ng va ht vi 2,0 mol Ag 2O trong
dung dch amoniac. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca X.
a. HCOOH
b. CH3CHO
c. HC C-CHO
d. H-CO-C C-CHO
Bi 20: Cho 2,4 gam mt hp cht hu c X tc dng hon ton vi dung dch AgNO 3 d trong NH3, thu c
7,2 gam Ag. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X
a. CH3CHO
b. C2H5CHO
c. HCHO
d. C3H7CHO
Bi 21: T khi hi ca mt anehit X i vi hiro bng 28. Cng thc cu to ca anehit l:
a. CH3CHO
b. CH2-CH-CHO
c. HCHO
d. C2H5CHO
Bi 22: Cho ba hp cht hu c X, Y, Z. Bit X cha ba nguyn t C, H, Cl trong Clo chim 71,72% theo
khi lng, Y cha ba nguyn t C, H, O trong oxi chim 55,17% theo khi lng.
Cng thc cu to ca X, Y, Z?
a. CH3Cl; HCHO v CH3OH
b. C2HCl; CH3CHO; C2H5OH
c. C2H4Cl2; (CHO)2; C2H4(OH)2
d. Kt qu khc
Bi 23: X l hp cht hu c mch h n chc c cha oxi. t chy hon ton 1 mol X cn 4 mol oxi thu
c CO2 v hi nc vi th tch bng nhau (o cng iu kin). Xc nh cc cng thc cu to c th c
ca X.
a. CH3-CH2-CHO
b. CH2=CH-CH2-OH
c. CH3-C-CH3
d. CH2=CH-O-CH3 v c a, b, c u ng
Bi 24: Mt hn hp gm 2 anehit A, B. Oxi ho 7,2 gam hn hp bng dung dch AgNO 3 (d) trong NH4OH
c 2 axit tng ng. Trung ho ht lng axit bng dung dch NaOH, sau nung nng hn hp vi vi ti
xt d c 3,36 lt hn hp kh, cho hn hp kh vo 300ml dung dch KMnO 4 1M trong H2SO4 thy hn hp
gim i 1/3, ng thi mu tm b phai.
Bit s nguyn t cacbon trong A ln hn B mt nguyn t cacbon. Cho bit cng thc cu to ca A v
B?
a. HCHO v CH3CHO
b. CH3CHO v C2H5CHO
c. CH2=CH-CHO v CH3CHO
d. kt qu khc
Bi 25: CHo 3,6 gam ankanal X phn ng hon ton vi dung dch AgNO 3/NH3. Lng Ag sinh ra cho tc
dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO3 c thu c 2,8 lt kh nhit 136,50C, p sut 1,2 atm.
Cng thc phn t ca ankanal l:
a. HCHO
b. C2H5CHO
c. C4H9CHO
d. C3H7CHO
Cu 26 : Hn hp X gm 2 andehit A v B . Oxi ho 7,2 gam hn hp X bng dung dch AgNO 3 d trong NH3
sau axit ho thu c 2 axit tng ng . Trung ho ht lng axit bng dung dch NaOH , sau nung nng
hn hp vi vi ti xt thu c 3,36 lt hn hp kh , cho hn hp kh vo 300 ml dung dch KMnO 4 1M trong
H2SO4 thy th tch hn hp gim i 1/3 ng thi mu tm ca dung dch b nht mu. Bit s nguyn t
cacbon trong A ln hn trong B mt nguyn t (cc kh u o ktc) . Cho bit cng thc cu to ca A v B
A : HCHO v CH3CHO
B : CH3CHO v C2H5CHO
9

C : CH2=CH-CHO v CH3-CHO
D : kt qu khc
Cu 27 : Cho 3,6 gam ankanal X phn ng hon ton vi dung dch AgNO 3/NH3 , lng Ag sinh ra cho tc
dng ho ton vi dung dch HNO3 c thu oc 2,8 lt kh NO2 ( sn phm kh duy nht 136,50C , p sut
1,2 atm) . Cng thc phn t ca ankanal l
A : HCHO
B : CH3CHO
C : C2H5CHO
D : Kt qu khc
Cu 28 : Cho 4,2 gam mt andehit A mch h tc dng vi dung dch AgNO 3 d trong NH3 thu c hn hp
mui B . Nu cho lng Ag sinh ra tc dng vi dung dch HNO 3 c to ra 3,792 lt kh NO 2 ( sn phm kh
duy nht 270C , p sut 740mmHg) t khi hi ca A so vi nit nh hn 4 . Mt khc khi cho 4,2 gam A tc
dng vi 0,5 mol H2(Ni t0) thu c cht C vi hiu sut 100% . Cho C tan vo nc c dung dch D . cho
1/10 dung dch D tc dng vi Na cho 12,04 lt H2(ktc) . Cng thc phn t ca A l
A : C2H5CHO
B : CH3CHO
C : C2H3CHO
D : Kt qu khc
Cu 29 : Hp cht hu c X c cng thc phn t C4H6O2 v ch cha mt loi nhm chc . T X v cc cht
v c khc , bng 3 phn ng lin tip c th iu ch c cao su Buna . Cng thc cu to c th c ca X
l :
A : O=CH-CH2-CH2-CH=O
B : HO-CH2-C=C-CH2-OH
C : CH3-CO-CO-CH3
D : C A , B , C u ng
Cu 30 : Ly 0,94 gam hn hp hai andehit no , n chc , k tip trong cng mt dy ng ng tc dng ht
vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d thu c 3,24 gam Ag . Cng thc phn t hai andehit l :
A : HCHO v CH3CHO
B : CH3CHO v C2H5CHO
C : C2H5CHO v C3H7CHO
D : C3H7CHO v C4H9CHO
Cu 31 : Hp cht hu c X khi un nng nh vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 (d) thu c sn phm Y . Y tc
dng c vi dung dch HCl hoc dung dch NaOH . u cho 2 kh v c . Hp cht X l
A : HCHO
B : HCOOH
C : HCOONH4
D : C A , B , C u ng
Cu 32 : Ba cht hu c X , Y , Z c cng thc phn t dng (CH2O)n vi n < 3 . Cho bit
- X ch tham gia phn ng trng gng
- Y Va tham gia phn ng trng gng , va phn ng vi Na
- Z tc dng vi NaHCO3 va , lm bay hi nc ca dung dch sau phn ng , sn phm khan cn li
c th tip tc tc dng vi Na . Oxi ho Z iu kin thch hp to thnh hp cht ch cha mt loi
nhm chc . t chy hon ton X , Y , Z vi s mol bng nhau th s mol nc thu c t X nh hn
t Y v s mol nc thu c t Y nh hn t Z . Hy xc nh cng thc cu to ca X , Y , Z
A : CH3-CHO ; HO-CH2CH2-CHO ; CH3COOH
B : C2H5-CHO ; HO-CH2-CH2-OH ; HO-CH2-COOH
C : HCHO . HO-CH2-CHO , HO-CH2-CH2COOH
D : Kt qu khc
Cu 33 : Cc hp cht hu c mch h cha cc nguyn t cacbon , hidro v oxi l M , N , P , Q u c khi
lng phn t bng 60 dvC . Cc cht N , P , Q tc dng c vi Na gii phng H 2 . Khi oxi ho N ( c xc
tc) to thnh sn phm c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng gng . Cht P tc dung c vi dung dch
NaOH . Cht Q c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng gng Cht M khng tc dng vi Na , khng tc dng
vi dung dch NaOH v khng tham gia phn ng trng gng . Cc cht M , N , P ,Q c th l :
A
B
C
D

M
CH3OC2H5
C3H7OH
HOCH2CHO

N
C3H7OH
CH3OC2H5
CH3COOH
Kt

P
CH3COOH
HOCH2CHO
CH3OC2H5
qu

Q
HOCH2CHO
CH3COOH
C3H7OH
Khc

Cu 34 : Cho s phn ng :
0

1500
CH3COONa NaOH CaO,t A
B +H2O HgSO4,80
lanh nhanh
HCl
Br2
NaOH
F C2H2 , xuc tac G
H
Cc cht E , G , I c th l :
A : CH3COONH4 ; CH3COOCH=CH2 ; CH3COONa
B : HCOONH4 ; HCOOCH=CH2 ; HCOONa
C : C2H5COONH4 ; C2H5COOCH=CH2 C2H5COONa
D : C A , B u ng
10

D
I

AgNO 3/NH 3

Cu 35 : Hai hp cht hu c X v Y ng chc cha cc nguyn t C , H , O khi tc dng vi dung dch

AgNO3 trong NH3 th 1 mol X hoc Y to ra 4 mol Ag . Khi t chy X v Y th t l s mol O 2 tham gia phn
ng t chy , CO2 v H2O to thnh nh sau
- i vi X : n(O2) : n (CO2) : n (H2O) = 1 : 1 : 1
- i vi Y : n (O2) : n (CO2) : n (H2O) = 1,5 : 2 : 1
Cng
thc
cu
to
thu
gn
ca
X
v
Y
l
A : CH3CHO v HCHO
B : HCHO v C2H5CHO
C : HCOOH v HCHO
D : HCHO v O=CH-CH=O
Cu 36 : Cho cc phn ng :
(A) +

dd NaOH

t0

(B) + (C)

(D) 1500
(F) + H2
(C) + NaHSO3

(G)

(B ) + NaOH r

Ca(OH) 2 t0

HgSO 4
(F) + H2O
(F) + CH3COOH

(D) + (E)
(C)
(A)

Cc cht (A) , (C) c th l

A : HCOOCH=CH2 v HCHO
B : CH3COOCH=CH2 v HCHO
C : CH3COOCH=CH2 v CH3CHO
D : Kt qu khc
Cu 37 : Cho cc phn ng :
(A) + (B)
(C) + (D)
(A) + Ca(OH)2
(E) + (F)
(F) + (B)
(D) + (G) + (H)
(A)
(CH3)2CO + (F)
(C) + NaOH du
(E) + Na2CO3
(E) + (I)
(J) + (H)
(J) + ?
(K) + (H) + Ag + (L)
Cc cht (A) , (E) , (J) c th l :
A : CH3COOH , CH4 v CH3CHO
B : (CH3COO)2Ca , CH4 v HCHO
C : CH3COOH , CH4 v HCHO
D : Kt qu khc
Cu 38 : Cho hp cht hu c X (phn t ch cha C , H , O v mt loi nhm chc) . Bit khi cho 5,8 gam X
tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 d trong NH3 to ra 43,2 gam Ag . Mt khc 0,1mol X sau khi c hidro ha
hon ton phn ng va vi 4,6 gam Na . Cng thc cu to ca X l
A : HCOOH
B : CH3CHO
C : O=CH-CH=O
D : CH2=CH-CHO
Cu 39 : Cho 13,6 gam mt hp cht hu c X cha C , H , O tc dng va vi 300ml dung dch AgNO 3
2M trong NH3 thu c 43,2 gam Ag . Bit t khi hi ca X so vi oxi bng 2,125 . Xc nh cng thc cu
to ca X
A : CH3CH2CHO
B : CH2=CH-CH2-CHO
C : CH=C-CH2CHO
D : CH=C-CHO
Cu 40 : Mt hp cht hu c Y cha cc nguyn t C , H , O ch cha mt loi nhm chc . khi cho 0,01 mol
Y tc dng vi dung dch AgNO 3 trong NH3 d thu c 4,32 gam Ag . Y c cu to mch thng v cha
37,21% oxi v khi lng . Cng thc cu to ng ca Y l
A : HCHO
B : CH3CHO
C : O=CH-CH=O
D : O=CH-(CH2)2CH=O
Cu 41 : Cho 0,1 mol andehit X tc dng hon ton vi H2 th cn 6,72 lt H2(ktc) v thu c sn phm Y .
Cho ton b lng Y tc dng vi Na d thu c 2,24 lt kh H 2(ktc) . Mt khc ly 8,4 gam X tc dng vi
dung dch AgNO3 d thu c 43,2 gam Ag . Xc nh cng thc cu to ca X v Y
A : CH3CHO v C2H5OH
B : C2H2(CHO)2 v HOCH2CH(CH3)CH2OH
C : C2H2(CHO)2 v HO-CH2(CH2)2CH2OH D : C B v C
Cu 42 : Cht hu c X cha C , H , O trong hidro chim 2,439% v khi lng . Khi t chy X thu c
s mol ca H2O bng s mol ca X b t chy . Bit 0,1 mol X tc dng hon ton vi dung dch AgNO 3
d trong NH3 thu c 43,2 gam Ag . Xc nh cng thc cu to ca X
A : HCOOH
B : CH3CHO
C : CH=C-CHO
D : O=CH-C=C-CH=O
Cu 43 : Cho 2,4 gam mt hp cht hu c X (cha C , H , O) tc dng hon ton vi dung dch AgNO 3 d
trong NH3 thu c 7,2 gam Ag . Xc nh cng thc cu to thu gn ca X
A : CH3CHO
B : C2H5CHO
C : HCHO
D : C3H7CHO
Cu 44 : Cho 3 hp cht hu c X , Y , Z . Bit X cha 3 nguyn t C, H ,Cl trong clo chim 71,72% theo
khi lng . Y cha 3 nguyn t C , H , O trong oxi chim 55,71% theo khi lng . Khi thu phn X trong
mi trng kim hoc hidro ho Y u thu c hp cht Z . Xc nh cng thc cu to ca X , Y , Z
A : CH3Cl , HCHO , CH3OH
B : C2H5Cl , CH3CHO , C2H5OH
C : C2H4Cl2 , (CHO)2 , C2H4(OH)2
D : Kt qu khc
11

Cu 45 : X l hp cht hu c mch h n chc cha C , H , O . t chy hon ton 1 mol X cn 4 mol oxi
v thu c CO2 v hi H2O c th tch bng nhau (o cng iu kin nhit v p sut) . Xc nh cng
thc cu to c th c ca X
A : CH3-CH2-CHO hoc (CH3)2CO
B : CH2=CH-CH2-OH
C : CH2=CH-O-CH3
D : c A , B , C
Cu 46 : t chy hon ton 0,059 gam hp cht hu c X ch thu c 0,140 gam CO 2 v 0,072 gam H2O .
T khi hi ca X i vi oxi bng 2,31
1-Lp cng thc phn t ca X
A : C3H6O
B : C2H6O2
C : C4H10O
D : C5H12O
2- Ly 7,4 gam hp cht X em oxi ho hon ton thnh hai cht Y v Z . Cht Y c phn ng trng gng .
Cht Z b trung ho bi 100 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M . Cng thc cu to thu gn ca Y v Z
A : CH3CHO v CH3COOH
B : HCHO v HCOOH
C : C3H7CHO v C3H7COOH
D : Kt qu khc
Cu 47 : Cho 47,84 gam ru etylic tc dng vi hn hp K 2Cr2O7/H2SO4 . Sn phm ca phn ng c tch
ngay ra khi mi trng phn ng bng phng php chng ct v dn vo dung dch AgNO 3/NH3 d . Sau khi
kt thc phn ng , thu c 124,2 gam Ag . Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng oxi ho ru etylic
A : 55%
B : 70%
C : 75%
D : Kt qu khc
Cu 48 : X l hp cht hu c cha C , H , O . Bit X c phn ng trng gng v phn ng vi dung dch
NaOH . t chy hon ton a mol X thu c 3a mol CO2 v H2O . X l
A : HCOOH
B : HCOOCH3
C : CHO-COOH
D : CHO-CH2-COOH
Cu 49 : C th dng nc Brom phn bit
A : Andehit no v xeton no
B : Andehit no v ru khng no
C : Phenol v anilin
D : A hoc C
Cu 50 : Ngi ta thc hin phn ng trng hp axetandehit ( andehit axetic) trong mi trng axit nhit
thp (t0 < 00C) thu c cht t rn gi l cn kh c tn l metandehit . Cng thc ca metandehit l :
A : CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-CHO
B : [-CH(CH3)-O-]3
C : [-CH(CH3)-O-]4
D : [-CH2-O-]n
n = 10 n 100
Bi 51: Cho 4,2 gam mt anehit A mch h tc dng vi dung dch AgNO 3 d trong NH3 thu c hn hp
mui B. Nu cho lng Ag sinh ra tc dng vi dung dch HNO 3 c to ra 3,792 lt kh ( 27 0C v p sut 740
mmHg). T khi hi ca A so vi nit nh hn 4.
Mt khc, khi cho 4,2 gam A tc dng 0,5 mol H 2 (Ni,t0) thu c cht C vi hiu sut 100%. Cho C tan
trong nc c dung dch D. Cho 1/10 dung dch D tc dng vi natri cho 10,04 lt kh H2 ( ktc)
Cng thc phn t ca A l:
a. C2H5CHO
b. CH3CHO
c. C2H3CHO
d. H-CO-CHO
Bi 52: Mt cht hu c Y cha C, H, O. Khi t chy hon ton 0,1 mol Y cho 6,72 lt CO 2 (ktc). Mt khc
hiro ho hon ton 0,05 mol Y ngi ta dng ng 1,12 lt kh H 2 (00C, 2 atm) v c ru n no Z. Xc
nh cng thc phn t X, Y. Bit rng X tc dng c vi AgNO3/NH4OH cho Ag. Cho bit cng thc cu to
ng ca Y?
a. CHCHO
b. C2H5CHO
c. CH2=CH-CHO
d. Kt qu khc
Bi 53: t chy 0,059 gam hp cht hu c X, thu c 0,140 gam kh CO 2 v 0,072 gam H2O. T khi hi
ca X i vi oxi l 2,31.
a) Lp cng thc phn t ca cht X.
a. C3H6O
b. C2H6O
c. C4H10O
d. C5H12O
b) Ly 7,4 gam cht X em oxi ho, ton th cht X bin thnh 2 cht Y v Z. Cht Y cho phn ng
trng bc vi oxit bc trong amoniac. Cht Z b trung ho bi 100ml dung dch NaOH cha 4 gam NaOH trong
1 lt.
Cng thc cu to thu gn c th c ca Y v Z l:
a. CH3CHO v CH3COOH
b. HCHO v HCOOH
c. C3H7CHO v C3H7COOH
d. Kt qu khc

12