NG DNG EXCEL

GII BI TON QUY HOCH TUYN TNH

S cnh tranh khc lit trong hot ng sn xut kinh doanh lun i hi
cc nh qun l doanh nghip phi thng xuyn la chn phng n a ra
cc quyt nh nhanh chng, chnh xc v kp thi vi nhng rng buc v hn
ch v cc iu kin lin quan ti tim nng ca doanh nghip, iu kin th
trng, hon cnh t nhin v x hi. Vic la chn phng n no l ti u
theo mc tiu nh trc l ht sc quan trng. Nu tt c cc yu t (bin s)
lin quan n kh nng, mc ch v quyt nh la chn u c mi quan h
tuyn tnh th chng ta hon ton c th s dng m hnh quy hoch tuyn tnh
(QHTT) m t, phn tch v tm li gii cho vn la chn ti u trong
qun l kinh t. Trong mn hc Ton kinh t vic gii bi ton QHTT thc hin
bng thut ton n hnh . Trong phn mm Excel s dng mt cng c ci
thm l Solver c th gii bi ton ti u nhanh chng.
2.1 NHC LI BI TON QUY HOCH TUYN TNH

2.1.1 Bi ton QHTT dng tng qut

Bi ton QHTT dng tng qut l bi ton ti u ho hay bi ton tm cc
tr (cc tiu hoc cc i) ca mt hm tuyn tnh vi iu kin cc bin s phi
tho mn mt h phng trnh v (hoc) bt phng trnh tuyn tnh. M hnh
ton hc ca bi ton QHTT tng qut c th vit nh sau:
n

Hm mc tiu: f ( x1 ,..., x2 ) = c j x j max(min) (2.1)

j =1

vi cc rng buc (iu kin):

n

a
j =1

ij

x j = bi , (i I1 ) (2.2)

a
j =1

ij

x j bi , (i I 2 ) (2.3)

ij

x j bi , (i I 3 ) (2.4)

a
j =1

x j 0 hoc x j 0 (2.5)
trong :
I1, I2, I3 l tp cc ch s (I1, I2, I3 khng giao nhau), k hiu

I = I1 I 2 I 3
aij, bi, cj vi i I , j = 1 n l cc hng s (c th l tham s), n l s
bin s
xj vi j = 1 n l cc bin s (n s) ca bi ton, (2.5) c gi l cc
rng buc v du
* Mt s khi nim v nh ngha
(1) Mt nhm rng buc c h vc t tng ng c lp tuyn tnh c
gi l cc rng buc c lp tuyn tnh. Cc rng buc du lun l c lp tuyn
tnh.
(2) Phng n: Mt vc t x = (x1,x2,,xn) tho mn h rng buc ca
bi ton gi l mt phng n ca bi ton.
phn bit tnh cht ca cc rng buc (c rng buc du) i vi mt
phng n c th, ta c cc khi nim rng buc: cht v lng.
+ nu i vi phng n x m rng buc i tho mn vi du ng thc
(2.2) hoc xi = 0 (nu l rng buc du) th ta ni phng n x tho mn cht
rng buc i hay rng buc i l cht i vi phng n x.
+ nu i vi phng n x m rng buc i tho mn vi du bt ng thc
(2.3), (2.4) hoc xi > 0, xi < 0 (tu thuc rng buc loi g) th ta ni phng n
x tho mn lng rng buc i hay rng buc i l lng i vi phng n x.

Rng buc i c dng phng trnh th n s l cht vi mi phng n ca

bi ton, nu c dng bt phng trnh th n c th l cht i vi phng n
ny v l lng i vi phng n kia.
(3) Phng n ti u (phong n tt nht): Mt phng n m ti tr
s hm mc tiu t cc tiu (hoc cc i, tu trng hp c th ca f(x)) gi
l phng n t u.
(4) Phong n tt hn: Xt bi ton c f(x) min (max) v hai phng
n x1, x2 ca n. Phng n x1 gi l tt hn phng n x2 nu

( )

( )

f x 1 ( ) f x 2 .
Nu c cc du bt ng thc thc s th gi l tt hn thc s.
Mt bi ton c tn ti phng n ti u gi l bi ton gii c v
ngc li nu khng c phng n ti u gi l bi ton khng gii c. Bi
ton khng gii c l do mt trong hai nguyn nhn sau:
+ Bi ton khng c phng n
+ Bi ton c phng n, nhng hm mc tiu khng b chn di nu
f(x) min hoc khng b chn trn nu f(x) max trn tp phng n.
(5) Phng n cc bin (PACB): Mt phng n tho mn cht n rng
buc c lp tuyn tnh c gi l phng n cc bin.
Mt bi ton c s rng buc (k c rng buc du nu c) t hn n th
chc chn s khng c phng n cc bin d n c phng n.
Phng n cc bin tho mn cht ng n rng buc gi l phng n cc
bin khng suy bin, tho mn cht hn n rng buc gi l phng n cc bin
suy bin. Nu tt c cc phng n cc bin ca bi ton u khng suy bin th
gi l bi ton khng suy bin, ngc li l bi ton suy bin.
thun tin cho vic trnh by cc kt qu l thuyt cng nh thut ton
gii QHTT, ngi ta thng s dng hai dng c bit ca bi ton QHTT l bi
ton dng chnh tc v bi ton dng chun.
2.1.2 Bi ton QHTT dng chnh tc

Bi ton QHTT dng chnh tc c dng nh sau:

n

Hm mc tiu: f ( x ,..., x2 ) = c j x j max(min) (2.1)

j =1

vi cc rng buc:

a x
j =1

ij

= bi , i = 1 m (2.6)

x j 0, j = 1 n (2.7)
Nh vy, bi ton QHTT dng chnh tc gm c 2 nhm: nhm cc rng
buc dng phng trnh (2.6), nhm rng buc dng bt phng trnh ch bao
gm cc rng buc v du (2.7).
2.1.3 Bi ton QHTT dng chun
Bi ton QHTT dng chun c dng nh sau:
n

Hm mc tiu: f ( x ,..., x2 ) = c j x j max(min) (2.1)

j =1

vi cc rng buc:

a x
j =1

ij

bi , i = 1 m (2.8)

x j 0, j = 1 n (2.7)
Bi ton QHTT dng chun ch gm 1 nhm cc rng buc dng bt
phng trnh bao gm cc rng buc v du l (2.8) v (2.7).
2.2 CC BC GII BI TON QUY HOCH TUYN TNH TRONG EXCEL

gii quyt cc bi ton QHTT phn mm Excel cung cp cho chng ta

mt cng c kh hu ch l Solver. Cc bi ton QHTT dng chnh tc v dng
chun ch l cc trng hp ring bi ton QHTT dng tng qut. V th y ta
s xem xt cch gii quyt bi ton QHTT dng tng qut ri t p dng
tng t cho hai dng cn li.
2.2.1 Ci thm cng c Add-ins Solver
Vo thc n Tools\ Solver. Nu cha thy chc nng Solver trn thc
n Tools th ta cn b sung chc nng ny vo Excel. Cc bc tin hnh:
(1) Vo menu Tools\ Add-Ins, xut hin ca s:
4

Hnh 2.1 Hp thoi Add-ins cha cc chc nng m rng ca Excel

(2) Chn Solver Add-Ins v chn OK.

2.2.2 Xy dng bi ton trong Excel
Vic xy dng bi ton trong Excel cng tng t nh vic xy dng bi
ton khi chng ta tin hnh gii th cng thng thng. Sau khi phn tch u
bi chng ta cn vit c hm mc tiu v cc rng buc ca bi ton ri tin
hnh t chc d liu vo bng tnh. Ta xt v d sau:
V d 2.1: Cho bi ton QHTT sau:
Hm mc tiu: f(x) = 2x1+8x2-5x3+15x4 max
vi rng buc:

3x1-x2+x3+10x4=5
x1+2x2+x3+5x4 9
2x1+10x2+2x3-5x4 26
x j 0, j = 1 4

T chc d liu trn bng tnh:

Bin quyt nh: c nhp ti cc B7:E7. Cho cc gi tr khi ng
l 0.
Hm mc tiu f(x): c gi tr cn c vo gi tr khi ng ca cc bin.
Cng thc ti F8.
5

 Cc rng buc: nhp cc h s ca cc quan h rng buc ti cc

B10:E12. Tnh v tri ca cc rng buc theo cng thc ti cc F10:F12.
Nhp cc gi tr v phi ca cc rng buc ti cc G10:G12.
Theo bng sau:

Hnh 2.2 T chc bi ton trn bng tnh

Sau khi np xong d liu vo bng tnh ta tin hnh gii bi ton.
2.2.3 Tin hnh gii bi ton
(1) Chn F8 v chn Tools\ Solver. Bng hp thoi Solver Parameters
xut hin v gm cc thng s sau:

Hnh 2.3 Hp thoi khai bo cc thng s cho Solver

Trong :

Set Tanget Cell: Nhp cha a ch tuyt i ca hm mc tiu.

Equal To: Xc nh gii hn cho hm mc tiu hoc gi tr cn t n
ca hm mc tiu: Max, Min hay Value of tu thuc vo yu cu ca bi.
By Changing Cells: Nhp a ch tuyt i ca cc ghi cc gi tr ban
u ca bin.
Subject to the Constraints: Nhp cc rng buc ca bi ton.
Cch lm ca Solver l thay i gi tr ca cc bin ti By Changing
Cells cho n lc gi tr ca hm mc tiu ti Set Tanget Cell t mt gi tr quy
nh ti Equal To v ng thi tho mn tp cc rng buc ti Subject to the
Constraints.
Vi v d 2.1 ta tin hnh khai bo cc thng s cho Solver nh sau:
a ch ca hm mc tiu F8 c a vo Set Target Cell
Chn Max ti Equal To Solver tm li gii cc i cho hm mc
tiu.
Nhp a ch ca cc bin quyt nh B7:E7 ti By Changing Cells.

Hnh 2.4 Khai bo hm mc tiu v cc bin

Thm cc rng buc vo Subject to the Contraints: Nhp nt Add,

bng Add Constraint xut hin v gm cc thng s sau:

Hnh 2.5 Hp thoi thm cc rng buc

Cell Reference: hoc vng cha cng thc ca cc rng buc.

du: Cho php ta la chn du ca cc rng buc tng ng.
Constraint: cha gi tr v phi ca cc rng buc tng ng (ta cng
c th nhp trc tip gi tr v phi ca rng buc tng ng).
Vi v d 2.1 cc rng buc c nhp nh sau:
+ Cc rng buc v du: do x j 0, j = 1 4 (cc rng buc u c dng

) nn ta chn vng a ch cha bin B7:E7 vo Cell Reference, chn du

v nhp 0 vo Constraint:

Hnh 2.6 Thm cc rng buc

Ch : Nu bi yu cu rng buc (xj) l nguyn th trong du ta chn

int, nu l kiu nh phn ta chn bin.
+ Tip tc chn Add nhp tip cc rng buc phng trnh v bt
phng trnh:
Cell Reference
Constraint
F10
=
G10
F11
>=
G11
F12
<=
G12
Chn OK kt thc vic khai bo cc rng buc. Tuy nhin, mun hiu
chnh rng buc ta chn rng buc v chn Change, xo rng buc ta chn rng
buc t danh sch Subject to the Contraints v nhp Delete.

Hnh 2.7 Khai bo cc thng s ca bi ton

Sau khi hon tt ta chn Solve chy Solver, hp thoi kt qu xut

hin v cho ta hai s la chn sau:

Hnh 2.8 Chn kiu bo co

Keep Solver Solution: Gi kt qu v in ra bng tnh.

Restore Original Values: Hu kt qu va tm c v tr cc bin v
tnh trng ban u.
Save Scenario: Lu kt qu va tm c thnh mt tnh hung c th
xem li sau ny.
Ngoi ra c 3 loi bo co l Answer, Sensitivity v Limits.
v d 2.1 ta chn Keep Solver Solution, OK. Bng kt qu nhn c
nh sau:

Nh vy phng n cc bin tm c l X=(0,3,0,0.8) v gi tr cc i

ca hm mc tiu f(x) l 36.
2.2.4 Gii thch thut ng
Tuy nhin tin cho vic phn tch kt qu th trong bng Solver
Results ta chn thm mc Answer Reports khi bng kt qu nhn c ca
v d 2.1 nh sau:

Ta cn phi nm vng mt s thut ng sau:

Original Value: Gi tr ban u.
Final Value: Gi tr cui cng.
Formula: Cng thc tnh.
Status: Trng thi.
Binding: Rng buc cht.
10

Not Binding: Rng buc khng cht (rng buc lng).

2.3 CC LA CHN KHI GII BI TON QUY HOCH TUYN TNH

2.3.1 Cc la chn
thit lp cc thuc tnh cho Solver th trong bng Solver Parameters
ta nhp chut vo Options hp thoi Solver Options cho ta cc la chn sau:

Hnh 2.9 Thit lp cc thuc tnh cho Solver

Max Time: Thi gian ti a gii bi ton l 32.767 giy (mc nh l

100 giy cho cc bi ton n gin).
Iterations: S ln lp ti a gii cc bi ton l 32.767 ln(mc nh l
100 ln).
Precision: chnh xc ca bi ton (t 0 n 1, mc nh l 0.000001,
gi tr cng gn vi 0 th chnh xc cng cao). Gi tr ny iu chnh sai s
cho tp rng buc.
Tolerance: Ch p dng i vi cc bi ton c rng buc nguyn. Nhp
vo sai s c th chp nhn c. Sai s cng ln th tc gii cng nhanh
(mc nh l 5%)
Convergence: Ch p dng i vi cc bi ton khng tuyn tnh. Khi t
s ca gi tr tnh ton ban u ca ch n gi tr tnh ton hin hnh t hn
gi tr ng quy Solver ngng vic tm kim d c tm thy li gii hay khng.

11

Gi tr nm trong khong t 0 n 1. Gi tr cng gn 0 th chnh xc cng

cao v cn nhiu thi gian hn (mc nh l 0.0001).
Assume Linear Model: Khi tt c quan h trong m hnh l tuyn tnh th
chn mc ny tng tc gii bi ton.
Assume Non-Negative: Chn tu chn ny nu mun gi nh tt c cc
bin ca bi ton u khng m.
Use Automatic Scaling: Chn tu chn ny khi ch v thay i c s
khc nhau ln. Solver s t ng iu chnh cc bin tm ra li gii. Chng
hn nh bi ton ti a % li nhun trn hng triu ng vn u t.
Show Iteration Results: Chn tu chn ny nu mun Solver tm dng
li v hin th kt qu sau mi ln lp.
Ba tnh nng nng cao iu khin cho Solver:
Estimates: Chn phng php cho Solver c lng cc bin
- Tangent: S dng cch xp x tuyn tnh bc nht.
- Quandratic: S dng cch xp x bc bn.
Derivatives: Chn cch c lng hm mc tiu v cc rng buc
- Forward: Dng khi gi tr ca cc rng buc bin i chm (c
dng ph bin).
- Central: Dng khi gi tr ca cc rng buc bin i nhanh v khi
Solver bo khng th ci tin kt qu thu c.
Search: Quy nh gii thut tm kim kt qu cho bi ton
- Newton: l phng php mc nh, s dng nhiu b nh v c s ln
lp t.
- Conjugate: cn t b nh hn phng php Newton nhng s ln lp
th nhiu hn. c s dng khi gii cc bi ton phc tp v b nh my tnh
c gii hn.
Save Model: Chn ni lu m hnh bi ton. S dng khi mun lu nhiu
m hnh trn mt worksheet. M hnh u tin c lu t ng.
Load Model: Xc nh vng a ch ca m hnh bi ton cn np vo.
12

2.3.2 Hn ch khi gii bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh trong Excel
Hn ch ca bi trnh ci thm Solver l ch gii c cc bi ton c ti da
l 16 bin s. Mt khc s ln lp ti a gii bi ton l 32767, thi gian ti a
gii bi ton l 32767nn bn cnh n cn tn ti mt s mt hn ch
nht nh v quy m ca bi ton v kh khn trong vic tm min ti u.
i vi nhng bi ton ti u c quy m ln ta c th s dng phn mm
Lindo y l mt phn mm tin hc rt mnh trong lnh vc ny.
2.4 M RNG BI TON

Vic ng dng m hnh QHTT trong qun l kinh t v qun tr doanh

nghip l rt ph bin. Chng ta thng bt gp m hnh ny trong cc bi ton
nh: bi ton lp k hoch sn xut ti u cho doanh nghip, bi ton phn b
vn u t, bi ton d trTuy nhin trong phn ny xin trnh by ra y 2
loi bi ton QHTT thng dng nht l: bi ton nguyn vt liu v bi ton vn
ti.
2.4.1 Bi ton nguyn vt liu
Bi ton tng qut
Mt nh my c kh nng sn xut n loi sn phm. sn xut cc sn
phm ny cn phi s dng m loi nguyn vt liu. Bit rng:
aij l lng nguyn vt liu loi i cn thit sn xut ra mt n v sn
phm loi j
bi l d tr nguyn vt liu loi i
cj l li nhun t vic bn mt n v sn phm loi j
vi i = 1, m v j = 1, n
Bi ton c m t theo bng sau:
S1

S2

Sj

Sn

D tr

NVL1

a11

a12

a1j

a1n

b1

NVL2

a21

a22

a2j

a2n

b2

13

NVLi

ai1

ai2

aij

ain

bi

NVLm

am1

am2

amj

amn

bm

Li nhun n v

c1

c2

cj

cn

Hy tm phng n sn xut ti a ho li nhun.

Bi gii:
Gi xj l lng sn phm loi j m nh my s sn xut nn x j 0 .
Do phng n sn xut ca nh my l vect x=(x1, x2,,xj,..,xn).
Khi :
n

Tng chi ph nguyn vt liu loi i sn xut x l

a
j =1

qu d tr bi:

a
j =1

ij

ij

x j s khng vt

x j bi
n

Tng li nhun thu c khi sn xut x l

c x
j =1

Vy m hnh ton hc ca bi ton nguyn vt liu c th pht biu theo

m hnh bi ton QHTT nh sau:
n

Hm mc tiu: f(x)= c j x j max

j =1

Cc rng buc:

a
j =1

ij

x j bi , i = 1, m

x j 0, j = 1, n
Vic gii bi ton nguyn vt liu trong Excel cng bao gm 2 bc:
B1: Xy dng bi ton (lp bi ton v t chc d liu trn bng tnh).
B2: Tin hnh gii bi ton bng cch chy Solver theo trnh t nh trn.

Ta xt mt v d c th sau:
V d 2.2

14

Mt nh my d nh tin hnh sn xut 5 loi sn phm Sj ( j = 1,5 ). C 5

loi sn phm ny u s dng 4 loi nguyn vt liu chnh NVLi ( i = 1,4 ). C
mc tiu hao nguyn vt liu, li nhun n v thu c v gii hn d tr nh
sau:
S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

D tr

NVL1

1200

NVL2

800

NVL3

2000

NVL4

1865

Li nhun n v

300

250

500

150

320

Hy xy dng phng n sn xut nh my t c tng li nhun

ln nht.
Bi gii:
B1: Xy dng bi ton

Gi xj vi j=1,5 l sn lng sn phm loi j s sn xut. (xj>=0)

Nn phng n sn xut ca nh my l vect x = (x1, x2, x3 , x4, x5).
Hm mc tiu: f(x) = 300x1 + 250x2 + 500x3 + 150x4 + 320x5 max
Cc rng buc:

2x1 + 5x2 + 6x3 + 8x4 + 4x5 <= 1200

3x1 + x2 + 5x3 + 6x4 + x5 <= 800
7x1 + 5x2 + 4x3 + 5x4 + 2x5 <= 2000
8x1 + 5x2 + 7x3 + 9x4 + x5 <= 1865
Bi ton c t chc trn bng tnh nh sau:

15

Hnh 2.10 Lp bi ton trn bng tnh

B2: Gii bi ton:

- Chn G8 ri thc hin lnh Tools\ Solver, in y thng tin vo

hp thoi Solver Parameters nh sau:

Hnh 2.11 Khai bo cc thng s ca bi ton

- Nhn Solver thc hin vic chy Solvers. Trong bng hp thoi kt

qu Solver Results tch chn mc Keep Solver Solution v chn thm bo co

Answer Report ta nhn c kt qu:

16

Phng n ti u (phng n cc bin) l x = (200, 0, 0, 0, 200) vi

f(x) max = 124 000. Hay phng n sn xut ti u ca nh my l sn xut 200
n v sn phm 1 v 200 n v sn phm 5 khi li nhun ti u t c l
124 000 n v tin t. Khng c nguyn liu no b lng ph.
2.4.2 Bi ton vn ti
Bi ton tng qut:

C m kho hng cng cha mt loi hng ho, lng hng c kho i l ai

(i = 1, m).

C n a im tiu th loi hng ni trn, vi nhu cu tiu th im j l

bj ( j = 1, n ) .

17

Bit cij l cc ph vn chuyn mt n v hng ho t kho i n im tiu

th j.
Bi ton c m t theo bng sau:
D1

D2

Dj

Dn

D tr

K1

c11

c12

c1j

c1n

a1

K2

c21

c22

c2j

c2n

a2

Ki

ci1

ci2

cij

cin

ai

Km

cm1

cm2

cmj

cmn

am

Nhu cu tiu th

b1

b2

bj

bn

Hy lp k hoch vn chuyn hng t cc kho n cc im tiu th sao

cho tng chi ph vn chuyn l nh nht.
Bi gii:

Gi xij l lng hng vn chuyn t kho i n im tiu th j nn

xij 0, i = m, j = 1, n . Ta c:
m

Tng chi ph vn chuyn:

c
i =1 j =1

ij

xij
n

Lng hng vn chuyn khi kho i:

x
j =1

ij

Lng hng vn chuyn n im tiu th j:

x
i =1

ij

Nh vy m hnh ton hc ca bi ton vn ti c th vit di dng bi

ton QHTT nh sau:
m

Hm mc tiu: f(x) =

c
i =1 j =1

Cc rng buc:

x
j =1

ij

ij

xij min

ai

18

x
i =1

ij

= bj

xij 0, i = 1, m, j = 1, n

Ta thy ngay c iu kin cn v bi ton vn ti c phng n

ti u l tng tt c cc lng hng tiu th bng tng tt c cc lng hng
cc kho, ngha l:

i =1

j =1

ai = b j

Cng ging nh bi ton nguyn vt liu tin hnh gii bi ton trong
Excel ta cn phi tri qua 2 bc l: xy dng bi ton v tin hnh chy
Solver. Xt v d c th sau:
V d 2.3

S dng cng c Solver nh trnh by trn hy lp phng n vn

chuyn xng ti u t 4 kho n 5 trm xng bn l ca mt cng ty kinh doanh
xng du khu vc V.
Bi gii:
B1: Xy dng bi ton

Gi xij l lng hng vn chuyn t kho i n im tiu th j nn

xij 0, i = 1,4, j = 1,5 .

Hm mc tiu: f(x) = 30x11 + 27x12 + 26x13 + 9x14 + 23x15 + 13x21 + 4x22

+ 22x23 + 3x24 + x25 + 3x31 + x32 + 5x33 + 4x34 + 24x35 + 16x41 + 30x42 + 17x43 +
10x44 + 16x45 min
Cc rng buc:
x11 + x12 + x13 + x14 + x15 <= 4
x21 + x22 + x23 + x24 + x25 <= 6
x31 + x32 + x33 + x34 + x35 <= 10
x41 + x42 + x43 + x44 + x45 <= 10
x11 + x21 + x31 + x41 <= 7
x12 + x22 + x32 + x42 <= 7

19

x13 + x23 + x33 + x43 <= 7

x14 + x24 + x34 + x44 <= 7
x15 + x25 + x35 + x45 <= 2
T chc d liu trn bng tnh nh sau:

Hnh 2.12 T chc bi ton trn bng tnh

Bc 2: Tin hnh gii bi ton

Chn B16 ri dng lnh Tools\Solver

Hnh 2.13 Khai bo cc thng s ca bi ton

20

Sau khi nhp y thng tin vo bng Solver Parameters ta chn

Solve\Keep Solver Solution ,OK. Ta c bng kt qu sau:

Phn tch kt qu:

Vy phng n vn chuyn l:
x = (0,0,0,4,0,0,4,0,0,2,7,3,0,0,0,0,0,7,3,0)
V tng lng xng d tr cc kho bng tng nhu cu xng cc trm
(30) nn phng n tm c l phng n ti u.
Ch 1: Nu mun c bng kt qu chi tit phn tch th trong bng
Solver Results ta chn thm mc Reports\ Answer (hoc\v Sensitivity hoc\v
Limits) tu thuc vo mc chi tit yu cu ca bi.
Ch 2: i vi nhng bi ton cha tm c li gii mong mun ta c

th thay i cc thng s u vo ca bi ton ri chn Tools\ Solver tm ra

phng n ti u.

2.5 NG DNG EXCEL GII H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH

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Dng tng qut ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh l h m phng trnh i

s bc nht i vi n n s:
a11x1 + a12x2 + +a1nxn = b1
a21x1 + a22x2 + +a2nxn = b1

(*)

am1x1 + am2x2 + +a1mxn = b1

vi x1, x2,, xn l cc n s; aij l h s phng trnh th i ca n xj; bi
l v phi ca phng trnh.
Khi m = n ta c h phng trnh vung vi n phng trnh n n.
Khi bi = 0 ta c mt h thun nht.
Ton hc cung cp cho chng ta kh nhiu phng php gii cc h
phng trnh tuyn tnh nh: phng php th, phng php cng i s,
phng php ma trn - nh thc Phn mm Excel cng cung cp cho ta hai
cng c rt d dng, nhanh chng v chnh xc tin hnh gii h phng trnh
tuyn tnh l: s dng trnh ci thm Solver v s dng kt hp hai hm
MINVERSE v MMULT.
2.5.1 Gii h phng trnh bng Solver

Ngoi ng dng gii cc bi ton QHTT Solver cn c th ng dng

gii cc bi ton v h phng trnh. Khi ch c cc rng buc dng phng
trnh v khng c hm mc tiu. Cc bc tin hnh gii h phng trnh hon
ton tng nh khi gii bi ton QHTT. hiu hn ta tin hnh xt v d sau:
V d 2.4: Gii h phng trnh sau:

2x1+ 4x2 + 3x3 = 4

3x1+ x2 - 2x3 = -2
4x1+ 11x2 + 7x3 = 7
Bc 1: T chc d liu vo bng tnh

Nhp cc h s, v phi ca phng trnh v cho gi tr khi ng cho cc

bin vo bng tnh nh hnh sau:

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Hnh 2.14 Lp bi ton trn bng tnh

Bc 2: Gii h phng trnh

Chn Tools\ Solver, OK. Ri tin hnh in y thng tin vo hp

thoi Solver Paraments (b trng mc Set Target Cell).

Hnh 2.15 Khai bo cc thng s ca bi ton

Sau khi in y thng tin ta nhp Solve. Trong bng hp thoi Solver
Results ta kim vo Keep Solver Solution lu kt qu trn bng tnh.

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Hnh 2.16 Chn loi bo co

Chn OK hon tt qu trnh chy Solver. Ta c bng kt qu nh

sau:

Vy nghim tm c ca h phng trnh l: x = 1, y= -1, z = 2.

Khng ch s dng Solver gii h phng trnh phn mm Excel cn
cung cp thm mt cng c na gii h phng trnh bng phng php ma
trn l s dng hm MINVERSE v MMULT
2.5.2 Gii h phng trnh bng hm MINVERSE v hm MMULT

Khi h phng trnh (*) c m = n th n tr thnh h vung gm n

phng trnh n n. Khi ma trn h s A , ma trn bin X s l mt ma trn
vung cp n v ma trn ca v phi h phng trnh B l:

A=

a11 a12 a1n

a11 a12 a1n

a21 a22 a2n

a21 a22 a2n

an1 an2 ann

X=

an1 an2 ann

B = b1 b2 bn
Vy h (*) c vit li l: A * X = B (**) nn X = A-1 *B (***)

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2.5.1.1 Gii thiu hm MINVERSE v hm MMULT

Hm MINVERSE

L hm dng tm ma trn nghch o.

C php: MINVERSE(array)

array: l a ch ma trn cn nghch o.

V d 2.5

Hm MMULT

L hm dng nhn 2 ma trn.

C php: MMULT(array1, array2)

array1, array2: l a ch ca cc ma trn cn nhn.

V d 2.6

Ch : - Nhn t hp phm Ctrl + Shift + Enter sau khi nhp xong cng

thc.
- Ch khi l ma trn vung nu khng khi s dng hm ny s bo
li #VALUE!.
- Nu c phn t no trong ma trn l rng hoc l ch th bo li
#VALUE!.
2.5.2.2 Gii h phng trnh

Qu trnh gii h phng trnh bng phng php ma trn s dng hai
hm MINVERSE v MMULT c tin hnh theo 3 bc sau:
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Bc 1: Chun b bi ton: Nhp ma trn h s A, nhn ca ma trn

bin X v ma trn s v phi B ca h phng trnh.

Bc 2: Tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn A: s dng hm
MINVERSE.
Bc 3: Tm nghim ca h phng trnh: s dng hm MMULT.

c th hn ta xt v d 2.4 trn.
Gii h phng trnh:

2x1+ 4x2 + 3x3 = 4

3x1+ x2 - 2x3 = -2
4x1+ 11x2 + 7x3 = 7

Ta tin hnh gii nh sau:

Bc 1: Chun b bi ton: Ta tin hnh nhp ma trn h sA, nhn ca

ma trn bin X v ma trn s v phi B ca h phng trnh nh hnh sau:

Bc 2: Tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn A

Bc 3: Tm nghim ca h phng trnh

Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l x =1, y =-1, z = 2.

Nhn xt: D la chn phng php gii no cng u cho ta cng mt

kt qu.
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