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CNG TY C PHN IN T VIT NHT

GII TAN

VT L, HA HC
V SINH HC
VI MY TNH VINACAL
570 ES PLUS
Bin son:
TS NGUYN THI SN

TI LIU LU HNH NI B

THNH PH H CH MINH
2012

Ti liu ny c sp ch bng LATEX bi NGUYN THI SN

Phn I

S dng my tnh VINACAL


570ES Plus

Chng 1

Gii ton Ha hc
My tnh in t VINACAL 570 ES Plus l mt cng c tnh ton hu hiu s
dng trong Ha hc vi nhng php tnh phc tp lm n gin ha bi ton
phi gii. Trong qu trnh tnh ton, ngi gii hay lm trn s. Vic lm trn
s nhiu ln s cho ra kt qu vi mt sai s nht nh v chp nhn c. Tuy
nhin trong nhiu trng hp s lm kh ngi gii n, nu ngi ra p n
khng lm trn s trong sut qu trnh gii. Do , hc hi s dng my
tnh thnh tho l vic tt yu phi thc hin.
Vic s dng my tnh cm tay, nht l my tnh VINACAL 570 ES Plus, gip
ngi gii ton ha hc cc cng vic sau y:
1. Nhng php tnh phc tp c th hin trn mn hnh nh trn giy,
khin vic theo di qu trnh nhp liu d dng v chc chn.
2. Cc tnh ton nh gii h phng trnh, ly tha vi s m ln, n gin
cc biu thc, tnh mt n t mt phng trnh nhiu n c my tnh
h tr ti a.
3. Cc hng s vt l v ha hc, vic i n v trong ha hc nh i t C
sang F, i t atm sang Pa hoc sang mmHg v.v... c tch hp sn trn
my tnh lm cho vic nhp liu trnh sai st khng ng c.
Vi nhng u im trn y, my tnh VINACAL 570 ES Plus t ra l ngi bn
thn thit cho cc bn hc sinh, sinh vin v gio vin ging dy mn ha hc
trong vic hc tp, ging dy mn hc ny, c bit l vic chun b cho cc k
thi cng nh qu trnh lm bi thi mn Ha hc.
Cc v d sau y c trch t cc k thi hc sinh gii my tnh cm tay CASIO
v VINACAL hng nm. Li gii ca n l p n ca Ban t chc cuc thi,
chng ti lng vo k nng s dng my tnh cm tay minh ha. Hy
vng rng bi ging ny s gip cho cc ng nghip ang ging dy ha hc
thm cc cng c h tr tnh ton tch cc.

1.1

CHNG 1. GII TON HA HC

Ha i cng

V d 1: Mi phn t X Y3 c tng cc ht proton, neutron, electron bng 196;


trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 60, s hng
mang in ca X t hn s hng mang in ca Y l 76. Hy xc nh k hiu
ha hc ca X , Y v X Y3 .
Bi gii:
K hiu s n v in tch ht nhn ca X l Z X , ca Y l Z Y , s neutron (ht
khng mang in) ca X l N X , ca Y l N Y . Vi X Y3 ta c cc phng trnh:
2Z X + 6Z Y + N X + 3N Y = 196
2Z X + 6Z Y N X 3N Y = 60
6Z Y 2Z X = 76

Cng hai phng trnh u v cng vi phng trnh cui, ta c h phng


trnh:

4Z X + 12Z Y
2Z X + 6Z Y

ON MODE 5

= 256
= 76

4 = 12 = 256 =
2 = 6 = 76 =

= x = 13 = y = 17
Vy ta c:
Z X = 13;Z Y = 17

Vit cu hnh electron ca X , Y ta c:


X : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1 ;

Y : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5

Vy X l Nhm, Y l Clo. X Y3 l AlCl3


V d 2: Mt loi khong cht c cha 13,77%Na, 7,18% Mg, 57,48% O, 2,39%H
v cn li l nguyn t X v khi lng. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ca
khong sn .
Bi gii:
Hm lng %X = 100 13, 77 7, 18 57, 48 2, 39 = 19, 18%
Cn bng s oxi ha trong hp cht:
13, 77
7, 18
57, 48
2, 39
19, 18
1+
2
2+
1+
Y = 0.
23
24
16
1
X

1.1. HA I CNG

Suy ra: X = 5, 33Y


Lp bng:
S dng chc nng lp bng ca VINACAL 570 ES Plus
ON

MODE

Nhp biu thc: 5.33X


Start

End

Step

Ta s nhn c kt qu ghi vo trong mt bng nh sau:


Y
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
X 5,33 10,66 15,99 21,32 26,65 31,98 37,31 42,64
Ch c Y = 6 l tho mn X = 32. Suy ra X l lu hunh S.
Na:Mg:O:H:S=2:1:12:8:2
Vy cng thc phn t ca khong sn l: Na2 MgO12 H8 S2
V d 3: Ti 400C , 10atm phn ng N2 (k)+3H2 (k) 2NH3 (k) c K p = 1, 64104 .
Tm % th tch NH3 trng thi cn bng, gi thit lc u N 2 (k ) c t l s mol
theo ng h s ca phng trnh.
Bi gii:
N2 (k) + 3H2 (k) 2NH3 (k)

Theo PTHH ta c:

PN2
nN2 1
=
= PH2 = 3PN2
PH2 NH2 3

Theo gi thit: PNH3 + PN2 + PH2 = 10 , suy ra PNH3 + 4PN2 = 10


Ngoi ra:
Kp =

(1)

(PNH3 )2
(PNH3 )2
(PNH3 )2
4
4
=
1,
64

10

=
1,
64

10

= 27 1, 64 104
PN2 .(PH2 )3
PN2 .(3PN2 )3
(PN2 )4

Suy ra: PNH3 = 6, 65 102 .(PN2 )2 .


Thay vo (1) ta c phng trnh bc 2:
6, 65 102 .(PN2 )2 + 4PN2 10 = 0

Bm my tnh VICAL 570 ES Plus, thc hin chc nng gii phng trnh bc
2:

CHNG 1. GII TON HA HC

ON

MODE

6, 65 102 =

4 =

10 =

ta c: PN2 = 2, 404 PN2 = 62, 55


Ta nhn c PN2 = 2, 404 PNH3 = 10 4PN2 = 0, 384atm. Vy:
% th tch NH3 trng thi cn bng l 3,84%.
V d 4: Nitrosyl Clorua l mt cht c, khi un nng s phn hy thnh Nit
monoxid v Clo. Tnh Kp ca phn ng 289K (theo atm v Pa)
Nitrosyl Clorua Nit monoxid

Cl2

H298 (KJ/mol)

51,71

90,25

S298 (J/K.mol)

264

211

223

Khng yu cu ngi hc phi gii bi tan ny, ch yu cu s dng my tnh


VINACAL 570 ES Plus tnh theo hng dn sau y:
Bi gii:
Phn ng ha hc:
2NOCl 2NO + Cl2

Hng s cn bng nhit ng lc hc Kp c tnh theo cng thc sau:


G = R ln K

Trong G = H T.
H = (2 90, 25 103 ) + 0 (2 51, 71 103 )
S = (2 211) + 233 (2 264)
T = 289 ; R = 8, 314
1atm = 1, 013.105 Pa

J
K.Mol

1.1. HA I CNG

1 H = (2 90, 25 103 ) + 0 (2 51, 71 103 ) = 77080


2 S = (2 211) + 233 (2 264) = 127
3 G = H T.S = 39234
4 ln K =

G
= 15, 836 K = e15,836 = 1, 326 107 atm
R

5 K = 1, 326 107 1, 013 105 = 1, 343 102 Pa


V d 5: Tnh bn knh nguyn t gn ng ca Ca 20 , bit ti nhit ,
khi lng ring ca Ca bng 1, 55g/cm3 . Gi thit trong tinh th Ca c hnh
cu, c c kht l 74% .

Bi gii:

Th tch ca mt mol Ca l:

40, 08
1, 55

(ly khi lng chia cho khi lng ring)

Bit 1 mol Ca cha NA = 6, 0221023 nguyn t Ca. S NA c bm trn VINACAL


570 ES Plus l SHIFT CONST 24.
Theo c kht, th tch ca mt nguyn t Ca l:
4
p dng cng thc V = R 3 ta suy ra R =
3

25, 858 0, 74
6, 022 1023

3V
4

40, 08
= 25, 858
1, 55

2 V=

Ans 0, 74
SHIFT CONST 24
s

3 R=

3 Ans
4 SHIFT

= 3, 18 1023

= 1, 965 108

V d 10: Mt mu than ly t hang ng vng ni vi tnh ha Bnh c


9,4 phn hy 14 C. Hy cho bit ngi Vit c i to ra mu than cch
y bao nhiu nm? Bit chu k bn r ca 14 C l 5730 nm, trong kh quyn
c 15,3 phn hy 14 C. Cc phn hy ni trn u tnh vi 1,0 gam cacbon, xy
ra trong 1,0 giy.

10

CHNG 1. GII TON HA HC


Hng s phng x:
K=

ln 2
ln 2
=
t1
5730
2

Nin i ca mu than t = nm:




15.3
1 N0 5730
ln
=
ln
= 4027.038219
K Nt
ln 2
9.4

Vy ngi Vit c i to mu than cch y khong 4000


nm.
V d 6: Cho cn bng ha hc
N2 + 3H2 2NH3

vi H = 92KJ/mol

Nu xut pht t hn hp cha N2 v H2 theo t l s mol bng ng bng h


s t lng tc l t l 1:3 th khi t ti trng thi cn bng ( 450 C; 300atm) th
NH3 chim 36% th tch.
1 Tnh hng s cn bng Kp .
2 Gi nhit khng i (450 C) cn tin hnh di p sut bao nhiu
khi t ti trng thi cn bng NH3 chim 50% th tch.
3 Gi p sut khng i (300atm) cn tin hnh di nhit bao nhiu
khi t ti trng thi cn bng NH3 chim 50% th tch.
Bi gii:
1 Gi x1 , x2 , x3 l % th tch cng l % s mol ca N2 , H2 , NH3 tng ng. Theo
bi, ta tnh c: x 3 = 0, 36; x 2 = 0, 48; x 1 = 0, 16.
Hng s cn bng Kp =

x23
x1 .(x2 )3 .P2

2 Theo iu kin cn bng, ta tnh c: x 3 = 0, 5; x 2 = 0, 375; x 1 = 0, 125.


Ta c: Kp =

x23
x1 .(x2 )3 .P2

, vi P cn tm v Kp l Ans .

3 Theo iu kin cn bng, ta tnh c: x 3 = 0, 5; x 2 = 0, 375; x 1 = 0, 125.


nhit kho st:
K2 =

x23
x1 .(x2 )3 .3002

p dng phng trnh Vant Hoff:

1.1. HA I CNG

11

ta tnh c T2 , y T1 = 450 = 723K , R = SHIFT CONST 27 v C =


K 273

1 x 3 = 0, 36; x 2 = 0, 48; x 1 = 0, 16.


0, 362
= 8, 138 1015 SHIFT STO A
3
2
0, 16 0, 48 300

2 Theo iu kin cn bng, ta tnh c: x 3 = 0, 5; x 2 =


0, 375; x 1 = 0, 125 bm tm P t Kp =

Ans 0.125 0.3753


0, 52

= X1 =

x23
x1 .(x2 )3 .P2

p
Ans = 683 atm

3 Theo iu kin cn bng, ta tnh c: x 3 = 0, 5; x 2 =


0, 375; x 1 = 0, 125. nhit kho st: K2 =

x23
x1 .(x2 )3 .3002

0.52
= 4.21399177104 SHIFT STO B
0.125 0, 3753 3002
 
K2
1
R
1
=
p dng pt Vant Hoff: ln

+
K1
H T1 T2
!
SHIFT CONST 27
B
1
ln

+
=
X1
=
92

1000
723
A
652, 8512921K = 380 C

V d 9: Coi nguyn t Flo 919 F l mt hnh cu c ng knh 1010 m v ht


nhn cng l mt hnh cu c ng knh 1014 m
1. Khi lng ca mt nguyn t Flo tnh theo gam l bao nhiu?
2. T s khi ca ht nhn nguyn t Flo?
3. Tnh t s th tch ca ht nhn nguyn t Flo so vi th tch ca ton
nguyn t Flo.
Bi gii:

1. Khi lng ca mt mol nguyn t Flo 919 F bng 19g.

12

CHNG 1. GII TON HA HC


Do khi lng ca mt nguyn t Flo 919 F bng:
m=

19 g
6, 022 1023 nguyn t

2. T khi ca ht nhn nguyn t Flo l:


=

m
4
; trong V = r3
V
3

m l khi lng nguyn t coi nh khi lng ht nhn, V l th tch ht

nhn.
3. T s th tch ca ht nhn nguyn t Flo so vi th tch ca ton nguyn
t Flo l:
4 3
r
3
4 3
R
3

19 1000
= 3, 155023688 1026 kg
NA

vi NA = SHIFT CONST 24 6, 022 1023


2

1.2

Ans
4
SHIFT
3

1
1014
2

3 = 6, 025651386 1016 kg/m3

r3 (1014 )3
=
= 1012
R3 (1010 )3

Ha hu c

V d 7: Hn hp B gm C2 H2 , C3 H6 v C2 H6 . Nu t chy hon ton 24,8g


hn hp B ri cho sn phm chy i qua mt bnh ng H2 SO4 c, d th khi
lng bnh tng thm 28,8g. Nu cho 11,2 lt hn hp B phn ng vi 500g
dung dch brm25,6% mi nht my brm, sau sc thm 3,92 lt kh SO2
na th brm mi mt mu hon ton. Tnh phn trm khi lng mi cht
trong hn hp B (cc th tch kh u o ktc).
Bi gii:
ktc cc th tch kh 11,2 lt v 3,92 lt ln lt cha 0,5 mol v 0,175 mol. S
mol brm l 0,8.

1.2. HA HU C

13

t s mol C2 H2 , C3 H6 v C2 H6 trong 24,8g hn hp B ln lt bng x, y, z.


Ta c phng trnh: 26x + 42y + 30z = 24, 8
(1)
Ta c cc phn ng ha hc:
5
C2 H2 + O2 2CO2 +H2 O
2

9
C3 H6 + O2 3CO2 +3H2 O
2

3y

7
C2 H6 + O2 2CO2 +3H2 O
2

3z

tng H2 SO4 c l khi lng nc b hp th, khgang 1,6 mol


Vy ta c phong trnh: x + 3y + 3z = 1, 6
C2 H2 v C3 H6 lm nht mu dung dch brm:
C2 H2 + 2Br2 C2 H2 Br4

2x

C3 H6 + Br2 C3 H6 Br2

SO2 +

Br2

+ 2H2 O H2 SO4 + 2HBr

0,175 0,175
S mol Br2 phn ng vi hidrocacbon = 0, 8 0, 175 = 0, 625.
Tng s mol cc cht trong 24,8g B cha bit nn ta lp t l:
x+y+z
0, 5
=
3x y 5z = 0
2x + y
0, 625

Bm my tnh gii h phng trnh:

26x + 42y + 30z = 24, 8


x + 3y + 3z
= 1, 6

3x y 5z
=0

ON MODE 5 2
26 = 42 = 30 = 24.8 =
1 = 3 = 3 = 1.6 =
3 = 1 = 5 = 0 =
= x = 0.4 = y = 0.2 = z = 0.2

14

CHNG 1. GII TON HA HC

10.94
100 = 41,94%
24.8
8.4
Vy mC3 H6 = 42 0, 2 = 8, 40g chim
100 = 33,87%
24.8
64
100 = 24,19%
Vy mC2 H6 = 30 0, 2 = 6g chim
24.8

Vy mC2 H2 = 26 0, 4 = 10, 40g chim

V d 7b: Dn 1,68 lt hn hp kh X gm hai hirocacbon vo bnh ng dung


dch brom (d). Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, c 4 gam brom phn
ng v cn li 1,12 lt kh. Nu t chy hon ton 1,68 lt X th sinh ra 2,8 lt
kh CO2 . Cng thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon l (bit cc th tch kh u
o ktc)
A. CH4 v C3 H6 .

B. C2 H6 v C3 H6 .

C. CH4 v C3 H4 .

D. CH4 v C2 H4 .

Gii nhanh:
Bm my tnh:
2.8
5
= c CH4
1.68 3
4
160
= 1 c anken (A hoc D)
1.68 1.12
22.4
1.12 1 + (1.68 1.12) 3 = 2.8

1.3

(chn A)

Ha v c

V d 8: Cho 16,22g hn hp Al v Fe tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch CuSO4 . Sau


khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c cht rn A nng 18,335g v nc
lc B. Thm dung dch NH3 d vo nc lc B ri tch ly kt ta un nng
mnh trong khng kh n trng lng khng i nhn c 9,02g cht rn D.
Tnh phn trm khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u v nng
mol ca dung dch CuSO4 dng.
Bi gii:
Ta c cc phn ng ha hc:
2Al

2x
Fe

3Cu2+

3x
+

Cu2+

2Al3+ +

3Cu

2x

3x

Fe2+

+ Cu

(1)
(2)

1.3. HA V C

15

S mol kim loi nh nht =

16, 22
= 0, 2896
56

Vy s mol Cu > 0, 2896 64 = 18, 537g > 18, 335


hoc: Nu kim loi phn ng ht th cht rn D nhn c gm Al2 O3 + Fe2 O3
phi c khi lng ln hn khi lng Al + Fe(12.55). Theo ga thit, khi lng
D = 9, 02g < 16, 22 suy ra ng phn ng ht, kim loi cn d.
Theo (1) v (2) tng khi lng:
(190, 5 54)x + (63, 5 56)y = 18, 335 16, 22

thu gn ta c: 136, 5x + 7, 5y = 2, 115


Dung dch nc lc B cha Al3+ v Fe2+
Al3+ + 3NH3 + 3H2 O Al(OH)3
Fe2+ + 2NH3 + 2H2 O Fe(OH)2
2Al(OH)3

Al2 O3 + 3H2 O
t

4Fe(OH)2 + O2 2Fe2 O3 + 4H2 O

Theo 4 phn ng trn ta c s mol Al2 O3 bng x v s mol Fe2 O3 bng 0,5y. Suy
ra: 102x + 80y = 9, 02.
Ta c h phng trnh:

ON

136, 5x + 7, 5y
102x + 80y

MODE 5

= 2, 115
= 9, 02

136,5 = 7,5 = 2,115 =


102 = 80 = 9,02 =
= x = 0,01 = y = 0,1
% khi lng Al bng 0, 01 2 27 = 0, 54g 3, 33%
% khi lng Fe bng 100% 3, 33% = 96, 67%
Nng mol ca CuSO4 bng

3x + y 0, 13
=
= 0, 65M
0, 2
0, 2

V d 9: Ngi ta ha tan 20 gam kali sunfat vo 150 cm3 nc ri em in


phn. Sau khi in phn, khi lng kali sunfat c trong dung dch l 15%.
1. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra ti cc in cc.
2. Tnh th tch cc kh thu c trn cc in cc nhit 20 C v p sut
101.325 Pa (tnh theo dm3 )

16

CHNG 1. GII TON HA HC

Bi gii:
1 Trong dung dch in phn c H2 0 v ch yu l cc ion K+ v SO2
4 :
K2 SO4 2K+ + SO2
4
+ 4H+ + 4e

anot:

2H2 O O2

catot:

2H2 O + 2e H2 + 2OH

1
2

2H2 O (l) 2H2 (k) + O2 (k)


(K2 SO4 )

2 Trong qu trnh in phn dung dch K2 SO4 ch c nc l b phn hy,


lng K2 SO4 vn cn nguyn trong dung dch in phn.
Khi lng nc trong dung dch:
Trc in phn: 150cm3 1 g/cm3 = 150 (gam)
Sau in phn:
mH2 O = mdung dch mK2 SO4 =

20
20 = 113, 3 (gam)
0.15

Khi lng nc b phn hy trong in phn:


150 113.3 = 36.7

hay

36.7
= 2.04 (mol)
18

V 2H2 O2H2 + O2 nn nH2 = 2.04 mol; nO2 = 1.02 (mol)


Ta c cng thc:
pV = nRT V = n.

RT
p

Theo h SI th 1 atm = 101,325 kPa ; V0 ( ktc) = 22,4 dm3


Vy
R=

pV 101.32 22.4
=
= 8.314 kPa.dm3 .mol1 .K1
nT
1 273

VH2 =

nH2 .RT 2.04 8.314 273


=
= 49 (dm3 )
p
101.32

1
49
VO2 = VH2 =
= 24.5 (dm3 )
2
2

Chng 2

Gii ton Vt l
Vt l l mt mn khoa hc thc nghim. Cc tnh ton trong Vt l gn ging
cc tnh ton trong Ton hc, nh vic gii phng trnh, h phng trnh, cc
php ton ly o hm v tch phn, s phc v.v...
Tuy nhin khng ging nh trong ton hc, cc con s c a vo tnh ton
trong Vt l thng l cc s thp phn, cc hng s vt l ... ngoi ra cc biu
thc cn thc hin tnh ton kh phc tp. Do , nhu cu s dng my tnh
cm tay, chng hn VINACAL 570 ES Plus l vic rt cn thit.
Gn y xu th thi TNPT v Tuyn sinh i hc, mn hc ny c trin khai
bng hnh thc thi trc nghim khch quan. Vic tnh ton tr thnh mt gnh
nng i vi hc sinh vi yu cu tnh ton nhanh v chnh xc ngoi vic nm
vng kin thc gio khoa.
gip cc ng nghip ging dy b mn ny s dng hiu qu my tnh
VINACAL 570 ES Plus, chng ti gii thiu vic s dng s phc nh mt cng
c tch cc gii c nhiu cc bi ton v dao ng iu ha v dng in
xoay chiu. Chng ti cng ngh s dng chc nng lp bng ( MODE 7 )
gii nhiu bi ton v giao thoa nh sng v sng dy.
Trong qu trnh bin son lm ti liu thc hnh cho ngi hc, chng ti
tham kho nhiu ti liu online ca cc ng nghip ging dy mn hc ny
nhiu trng Trung hc trong nc, v d http://nguyenduccanh.name.vn hoc
GV: Khang Qu Ton - THPT Thanh Sn (Thanh Ha). Tt nhin chng ti
bin tp li cho ph hp vi ni dung ca tp ti liu ny.

2.1

Cc php tnh thng thng

V d 1: Cho mch in nh hnh bn. Bit E1 = 1, 5V; r1 = 0, 5; E2 = 3, 5V; r2 =


0, 5; R1 = 1 ; R l bin tr. Khi bin tr c gi tr 2 th dng in qua n c
cng 1A. Tnh R2 ?
17

18

CHNG 2. GII TON VT L

Bi giip dng nh lut m cho 3 nhnh, ta c:


UBA = E1 I1 (R1 + r1 )
UBA = E2 I2 (R2 + r2 )
UBA = IR
I = I1 + I2

T cc phng trnh trn c:


E2
E1
+
R1 + r1 R2 + r2
= IR
UBA =
1
1
1
+
+
R R1 + r1 R2 + r2

1.5
3.5
+
1 + 0.5 X + 0.5
1
1
1
+
+
2 1 + 0.5 X + 0.5

ALPHA = 2

SHIFT SOLVE Solve for X?

4 X = 0, 625
V d 2: Cho c h nh hnh v. Qu cu c c khi lng m, bn knh r =1cm
ln khng trt trong mng c bn knh R =50cm. Mng ng yn trn mt
phng nm ngang. Tm chu k dao ng nh ca qu cu. Cho bit m men
2
5

qun tnh ca qu cu c l I = mr2 .

Bi gii
Gii bi ton c hc dn n phng trnh dao ng iu ho c chu k:
r
T = 2

7(R r)
5g

2.1. CC PHP TNH THNG THNG

19

R v r o bng mt, g o bng m/s2 , T o bng s.


r
2 SHIFT

7(0.5 0.01)
= 1, 661s
5 9, 81

V d 3: Mt ng dy dn c in tr R v h s t cm L. t vo hai u ng
mt hiu in th mt chiu 12 V th cng dng in trong ng l 0,2435
A. t vo hai u ng mt hiu in th xoay chiu tn s 50 Hz c gi tr hiu
dng 100 V th cng hiu dng ca dng in trong ng dy l 1,1204 A.
Tnh R, L.
Bi gii
Mc ng dy vo hiu in th mt chiu, ta c: U1 = RI1 = R =

U1
.
I1

Mc ng dy vo hiu in th xoay chiu, ta c:


U22
U2 2
2
2
2 2
U2 = ZI2 = Z =
; Z = Z R = L = 2 R2
I2 L
I2

Suy ra:
U22

U21

2
I22
I1
L=
.
2
2
4 f

1 R=

2 L=

12
= 49.28131417
0.2435
1002
122

1, 12042 0, 24352
2

4 SHIFT 2502

= 0.05610761517

V d 4: Coi rng con lc ng h l mt con lc n, thanh treo lm bng vt


liu c h s n di l = 3.105 K1 v ng h chy ng 30 C. ng h
vo phng lnh 5 C. Hi mt tun l sau ng h chy nhanh hay chm bao
nhiu?
Bi gii
Chiu di ca thanh nhit t1 = 300 C l l1 , chiu di ca thanh nhit
t2 = 5 C l l2 c l2 = l1 (1 + (t2 t1 )).
r

Chu k ca ng h nhit t1 l T1 = 2

r
l1
l2
, nhit t2 l T2 = 2
, ta
g
g

thy t2 < t1 nn l2 < l1 suy ra T2 < T1 , do ng h chy nhanh.

20

CHNG 2. GII TON VT L

Sau mt tun l ng h chy nhanh mt lng l:



T1
1 = 7 24 3600
t = 7.24.3600.
T2


7 24 3600

1
p

1 + (t2 t1 )

1 = 317, 7703s.

1
p

1 + 3 105 (5 30)

1 =317,7703s

V d 5: Cho mch in nh hnh v: Hiu in th 2 u on mch khng


i U = 7V; cc in tr R1 = 3; R2 = 6; AB l 1 dy dn in di 1,5m tit in
khng i S = 0, 1mm2 , in tr sut p = 4.107 m; in tr ampe k v cc dy
ni khng ng k.
1. Tnh in tr dy dn AB.
2. Dch con chy C ti v tr sao cho chiu di AC = 1/2 CB. Tnh cng
dng in qua ampe k.
3. Xc nh v tr C dng in qua ampe k c cng 1/3 A.

Bi gii
1
s

1 in tr dy dn AB: RAB = p. vi s =

1, 5
0, 1 106

2 Dch con chy C ti v tr sao cho chiu di AC = 1/2 CB.


1
3

2
3

Suy ra RAC = RAB v RCB = RAB


V

R1
R2
=
nn mch cu cn bng, do Ia = 0
RAC RAB

2.1. CC PHP TNH THNG THNG

21

3 Xc nh v tr C dng in qua ampe k c cng 1/3 A.


t RAC = x RCB = 6 x; 0 x 6.
in tr tng ng ca on mch:
R=

Vy I1 =

3x
6(6 x)
U
6(6 x)
+
; I = UDB =
I
x+3
12 x
R
12 x

UDB
UDB
; I2 =
R1
R2

Nu cc dng ca amper k gn vo D th:


Ia = I1 I2 =

1
3

gii phng trnh ny nhn c x = 3 nn C nm gia AB.


Nu cc dng ca amper k gn vo C th:
Ia = I2 I1 =

1
3

gii phng trnh ny nhn c x = 1, 2


AC 1
RAC AC 1
=
=
=
RCB CB 4
AB 5
AB
nn im C cch A mt an l AC =
= 0, 3m
5

Vy RAC = 1, 2 ; RCB = 4, 8 m

22

CHNG 2. GII TON VT L

1 RAB = 4 107

1, 5
=6
0.1 1)6

2 Ia = 0
6(6 x) 9(x2 + 6x + 12)
3x
+
=
x+3
12 x
(x + 3)(12 x)
7(x + 3)(12 x)
U
I= =
R 9(x2 + 6x + 12)
6(6 x)
14(x + 3)(6 x)
uDB =
.I =
12 x
3(x2 + 6x + 12)
3x
7x(12 x)
uDA =
.I =
3+x
3(x2 + 6x + 12)

3 R=

I1 =

uDA 7 x2 + 12x
uDB 7 x2 + 3x + 18
=
= . 2
;
I
=
2
R1
9 x2 + 6x + 12
R2
9 x + 6x + 12
7(x 2)
1
=
x2 + 6x + 18 3
21(x 2) = x 2 + 6x + 12

Ia = I1 I2 =

x2 + 15x 54 = 0

ON MODE 5 5 1
1 = 15 = 54 =
= x1 = 3 = x2= 18
Chn x = 3
1
3
7(3x 6) = x 2 6x 12

Ia = I2 I1 =

x2 27x + 30 = 0

ON MODE 5 5 1
1 = 27 = 30 =
= x1 = 1,2 = x2= 25, 8
Chn x = 1, 2
V d 6: Mt lu n c nm t mt t ln vi vn tc 40m/s theo phng
lch vi phng ngang 1 gc 30 . Ln n im cao nht n n ra thnh 2
mnh c khi lng bng nhau. Mnh 1 ri theo phng thng ng vi vn
tc 40m/s. Hi mnh 2 bay vi vn tc bng bao nhiu?
Bi gii
Xt h n n.

2.1. CC PHP TNH THNG THNG

23

ng lng ca h trc khi n: P = m.


v

ng lng ca h sau khi n: P 0 = m1 .


v 1 + m2 . v 2

V h kn ta c: P = P 0

p dng nh l hm s cos:
P22 = P12 + P2 2P1 P cos 150

Suy ra: v2 = v21 + 4v2 4v1 v cos 150 .

v2 =

402 + 4 402 4 40 40 cos 150 = 116.4m/s

V d 7: Hai thu knh L 1 v L 2 c t ng trc. Vt phng nh AB t trc


thu knh L 1 v vung gc vi trc chnh cho nh r nt cao 1,85 cm trn mn
t ti M1 sau thu knh L 2 .
Nu gi c nh vt AB v thu knh L 1 m b L 2 i th phi t mn ti im
M2 xa M1 hn (M1 M2 = 20cm) th mi thu c nh ca vt cao 4 cm.
Tnh tiu c f2 ca thu knh.

O2

O1

M3

M1

Bi gii
S to nh:
O1

O2

AB A1 B1 A2 B2
d01

d1

d2
O2

AB A0 B0

(1)

d02
(2)

Xt s to nh qua h s (1) ta c:
d2 + d02 = M1 M2 = 20
K2 =

d02 A2 B2 1, 85
=
=
= 0, 4625
d2 A1 B1
4

M2

24

CHNG 2. GII TON VT L

Vy ta c h phng trnh:

d02 + d2
= 20
0
d2 + 0, 4625d2 = 0

ON MODE 5 1
1 = 1 = 20 =
1 = 0,4625 = 0 =
= x = 17.209303233 = y = -37.20930233

f2 =

d2 d02
17.209303233 (37.209303233)
= 32.017cm
0 =
d2 + d2
17.209303233 37.209303233

V d 8: Si dy di l = 1m c treo l lng ln mt cn rung. Cn rung theo


phng ngang vi tn s thay i t 100Hz n 120Hz. Tc truyn sng trn
dy l 8m/s. Trong qu trnh thay i tn s rung th s ln quan st c sng
dng trn dy l:
A. 5

B. 4

Bi giil = (2k + 1) = (2k + 1)

C. 6

D. 15

v
(2k + 1)v
f=
= 2(2k + 1)
4f
4l

V 100 f 120 nn 24 k 29
ON MODE 7
Nhp hm s 4x + 2
Start 20 End 30 Step 1
Kt qa c ghi vo bng:
k 20 21 22 23 24

25

26

27

28

29

30

102

106

110

114

118

122

82 86 90 94 98

Chn A.
V d 9: Mt si dy n hi rt di c u A dao ng vi tn s f v theo
phng vung gc vi si dy.
Bin dao ng l 4cm, vn tc truyn sng trn dy l 4 (m/s). Xt mt im
M trn dy v cch A mt on 28cm, ngi ta thy M lun lun dao ng lch

pha vi A mt gc = (2k + 1) vi k = 0, 1, 2.
2

Tnh bc sng ? Bit tn s f c gi tr trong khong t 22Hz n 26Hz.

2.2. S DNG S PHC


A. 12 cm

25

B. 8 cm

C. 14 cm

D. 16 cm

Bi gii
d = (2k + 1)

v
(2k + 1)v (2k + 1)
=
d d = (2k + 1) = (2k + 1) f =
=
=
2

4
4f
4d
0.28

ON MODE 7
Nhp hm s

2x + 1
0.28

Start 0 End 10 Step 1


Kt qa c ghi vo bng:
k
f

3
25

3.57 10.71 17.86

10

32.14 39.29 46.43 53.66 60.71 67.86 75


v
f

V 22 f 26 nn chn f = 25. Khi : = =

400
= 16
25

Chn D.

2.2

S dng s phc gii bi ton dng in xoay


chiu

Mt dao ng iu ha x = A cos(t + ) ti thi im t = 0 c th biu din


di dng s phc:
z = A(cos + i sin )

trong A l m-un v l argument ca z.


Ta biu din s phc ni trn ln my tnh VINACAL 570 ES Plus nh sau:
ON SHIFT MODE

(radian)

MODE 2
g s A sau bm SHIFT (-) g tip , VINACAL 570 ES Plus s hin th s
phc tng ng.
p

V d: x = 10 3 cos(100t ) nhp nh trn thnh:


p

10 3
3
p
VINACAL 570 ES Plus hin th s phc: 5 3 15i .

26

CHNG 2. GII TON VT L

Gi s ta c hai dao ng iu ha:


u1 = U1 cos(t + 1 ) ; u2 = U2 cos(t + 2 )

th in p tng trong on mch mc ni tip l:


u = u1 + u2 = U1 cos(t + 1 ) + U2 cos(t + 2 ) = U cos(t + )

Do tng ca hai dao ng cngd tn s gc l tng ca hai s phc tng


ng.
Bi ton 1: Mt on mch AB c in tr thun, cun dy thun cm v t
in mc ni tip. M l mt im trn trn on AB vi in p
p

uAM = 10 cos 100t(V) v uMB = 10 3 cos(100t )(V). Tm biu thc in p uAB ?


2

Ta c hai s phc sau:


1. 10 cos 100t 10 0

2. 10 3 cos(100t ) 10 3

Cng hai s phc ni trn nh sau:


MODE 2
p
p

10 0 + 10 3 = 10 10 3i
2

SHIFFT 2 3 = 20
3

Vy uAB = 20 cos(100t )
3

Bi ton 2: t in p xoay chiu vo hai u on mch R,


,C

L thun cm
mc ni tip th in p on mch cha LC l u1 = 60 cos 100t +

(V) v
2

in p hai u R on mch l u2 = 60 cos(100t)(V). in p hai u on


mch l:
p

A. u = 60p2 cos(100t /3)(V).


B. u = 60 2 cos(100t /6)(V)
Gii: ON MODE

60 + 60 0 =
2

Chn C.

C. u = 60p2 cos(100t + /4)(V).


D. u = 60 2 cos(100t + /6)(V).

SHIFT 2

= 60 2

2.2. S DNG S PHC

27

Bi ton 3: Cho on mch xoay chiu c R = 40, L =


p

1
104
(H), C =
(F), mc

0.6

ni tip in p 2 u mch u = 100 2 cos 100t(V), Cng dng in qua


mch l:

C. i = 2 cos(100t )
4

D. i = 2 cos(100t + )
4

A. i = 2, 5 cos(100t + )

B. i = 2, 5 cos(100t )

Bi gii

Ta c: ZL = L. = 100 = 100 ; ZC =
Vy ZL ZC = 40 v i =

1
=
C

1
104
100.
0, 6

= 60.

Z
U
u
Lu : Vi cng thc I = ta suy ra dng s phc i = , trong Z = R+(ZL ZC )i
Z
Z
p
100 2 0
Do : i =
40 + 40i

ON MODE 2

p
100 2 0
5

= SHIFT 2 3 =
40 + 40i
2
4
( g ch i ta nhn phm ENG ).

Bi ton 4: Mt hp kn cha hai trong ba phn t R, L, C mc ni tip. Nu t


p

vo hai mch mt in p xoay chiu u = 100 2 cos(100t + )(V) th cng


4

dng in qua hp kn l i = 2 cos(100t)(A) . on mch cha nhng phn


t no? Gi tr ca cc i lng ?
p

100
u
4
Z= =
i
2 0

ON MODE 2

100 2
4 = 50 + 50i
2 0
Vy R = 50 ; ZL ZC = 50 = ZL = 50 (ch ZL = 0 hoc ZC = 0)
50
1
ZL
Vy an mch ch c R, L v R = 50 ; L = =
=
(H)
100 2
104
2
Bi ton 5: Cho mch in nh hnh v: C =
(F) ; L = (H).

28

CHNG 2. GII TON VT L

Bit t vo hai u mch mt in p xoay chiu uAB = 200 cos(100t)(V) th


cng dng in trong mch l i = 4 cos(100t)(A) . X l on mch gm hai
trong ba phn t (R0 , L 0 (thun), C0 ) mc ni tip. Cc phn t ca hp X l:
104
B. R0 = 50; C0 =
(F)
2
104
D. R0 = 50; L 0 =
(H)

104
(F)
A. R0 = 50; C0 =

104
C. R0 = 100; C0 =
(F)

Gii:
Trc tin tnh ZL = 200 ; ZC = 100 = ZAN = (ZL ZC )i

(R = 0)

1 Tm uAN = i.ZAN
2 Tm uNB = uAB uAN
3 Tm ZNB =

uNB
i

uAN = 4 0 100i SHIFT


uNB = 200 0 A
ZNB =

B
4 0

STO A

SHIFT

STO B

= 50 100i

Vy R0 = 50 ; ZL 0 ZC0 = 100 = ZC0 = 100


= C0 =

1
104
1
=
=
ZC0 100 100

Chn A
Bi ton 6: thi HSG my tnh nm 2008 - B Gio dc v o to.
Cho mch in xoay chiu R, L, C mc ni tip c R = 100, cun thun cm L
= 0,5284 H v t in c in dung
C = 100F. t vo hai u on mch mt
p
hiu in th xoay chiu u = 220 2 sin 100t(V). B qua in tr ca cc dy ni.
Hy xc nh:
1. Cng sut tiu th ca on mch.
2. Vit biu thc cng dng in trong mch v biu thc hiu in th
tc thi gia hai u t in.

2.3. BI TON GIAO THOA NH SNG

29

Bi gii:
1 Cng sut tiu th ca on mch cho bi cng thc:
P = U I cos =

U2 R
=
Z2

U2 R
R2 +

1
L
C

2

100 SHIFT 0.5284 SHIFT STO A


106
100 SHIFT 100
P=

2 i=

u
Z

SHIFT STO B

2202 100
1002 +

ALPHA A ALPHA B

2 = 172,8461 W

; Z = R + (ZL ZC )i

ON MODE 2
p
220 2 0
100 +

ALPHA A ALPHA B

ENG

= SHIFT 2 3 = 1.859279772 0.930297901 SHIFT STO


C
Vy
i = 1.8593 sin(100t 0.9303)

Ta c: uC = i.ZC

vi ZC =

1
i
C



ALPHA C ALPHA B ENG = SHIFT 2 3 = 59.1827 2.5011.

Vy:
uC = 59.1827 sin(100t 2.5011)

2.3

S dng chc nng lp bng gii bi ton giao


thoa nh sng

V d 1: Cu 22 - thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2010 - M 136

30

CHNG 2. GII TON VT L

Cu 22: Trong th nghim Y-ng v giao thoa nh sng, hai khe c chiu bng
nh sng trng c bc sng t 380nm n 760nm. Khong cch gia hai khe
l 0,8mm, khong cch t mt phng cha hai khe n mn quan st l 2m.
Trn mn, ti v tr cch vn trung tm 3mm c vn sng ca cc bc x vi
bc sng
A. 0,48 m v 0,56 m
C. 0,45 m v 0,60 m

B. 0,40 m v 0,60 m
D. 0,40 m v 0,64 m

Bi gii:
a.x
k..D
= =
a
k.D
iu kin: 0, 38m 0, 76m

x=

ON MODE 7
Nhp hm s:

0, 8 3
=
2x

Start 1 End 10 Step 1 =


Ta c kt qu ghi vo bng nh sau:
x=k

f(x) =

1.2

0.6

0.4

4
5
6
7
8
9
10

0.3
0.24
0.2
0.17
0.15
0.13
0.12

So vi iu kin, ta nhn 0, 6 v 0.4. Vy ta chn B.


V d 2: Cu 30 - thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2009 - M 629
Cu 30: Trong th nghim Y-ng v giao thoa nh sng, hai khe c chiu bng
nh sng trng c bc sng t 0, 38m n 0, 76m. Ti v tr vn sng bc 4 ca
nh sng n sc c bc sng 0, 76m cn c bao nhiu vn sng na ca cc
nh sng n sc khc?
A. 3.

B. 8.

C. 7.

D. 4.

2.3. BI TON GIAO THOA NH SNG

31

Bi gii:
k1 1
k
iu kin: 0, 38m 0, 76m

k. = k1 1 = =

ON MODE 7
Nhp hm s:

4 0, 76
=
x

Start 1 End 10 Step 1 =


Ta c kt qu ghi vo bng nh sau:
x=k

f(x) =

1
2
3
4

3.04
1.52
1.0133
0.76

0.608

0.5066

0.4342

0.38

9
10

0.3378
0.304

So vi iu kin, ta nhn 4. Vy ta chn D.


V d 3: Cu 43 - thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2011 - M 142
Cu 43: Trong th nghim Y-ng v giao thoa nh sng, khong cch gia hai
khe l 2 mm, khang cch t mt phng cha hai khe n mn quan st l
2m. Ngun pht nh sng gm cc bc x n sc c bc sng t 0, 4m n
0, 76m. Trn mn, ti im cch vn trung tm 3,3m c bao nhiu bc x cho
vn ti?
A. 6.

Bi gii:

B. 4.

C. 3.

D. 5.

32

CHNG 2. GII TON VT L

ax
(k + 1)D
iu kin: 0, 4m 0, 76m
x = dfrac(k + 1).Da = =

ON MODE 7
Nhp hm s:

2 3.3
=
2x

Start 1 End 10 Step 1 =


Ta c kt qu ghi vo bng nh sau:
x=k

f(x) =

1
2
3
4

3.3
1.65
1.1
0.825

0.66

0.55

0.47

0.41

9
10

0.367
0.33

So vi iu kin, ta nhn 4. Vy ta chn B.

Chng 3

Gii ton Sinh hc


Khng ging nh Vt l v Ha hc, vic tnh ton trong khi gii cc bi ton
Sinh hc vi s tr gip ca my tnh VINACAL 570 ES Plus cha khai thc ht
cc tnh nng ca my tnh ny. Tuy nhin, cng nh trong cc mn hc trn,
cc s liu a vo ton Sinh hc thng l cc s thp phn, cc ly tha bc
cao lm cho vic tnh ton bng tay t ra bt tin v c kh nng tnh ton
nhm ln, nht l vic s dng logarit vi sai s trong phm vi bt buc.
Gn y B Gio dc v o to khuyn khch vic s dng my tnh cm tay
trong hc tp cc mn, trong c mn Sinh hc, khin cho nhu cu tm hiu
cc tnh nng ca my tnh ny gii cc bi ton Sinh hc l vic lm thit
thc v rt c ngha.
Trong xu th , chng ti tham kho thi hc sinh gii my tnh cm tay
gii ton Sinh hc ca B Gio dc v o to nhm gii thiu cho cc ng
nghip cha thng s dng cng c hu ch ny.
V d 1: xc nh kh nng quang hp ca mt cnh l c din tch l 80cm2 ,
mt hc sinh t cnh l ny vo trong bnh kn v chiu sng 15 pht. Sau
ly cnh l ra khi bnh v cho bnh 20ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 lc u ha
tan ht lng CO2 trong bnh. Sau em bnh ny chun vi HCl th ht
18ml HCl. Cng lm nh vy vi mt bnh khng cha cnh l ht 14ml HCl.
Tnh cng quang hp (mgCO2 /dm2 l/gi) ca cnh l ni trn. Bit rng
1ml HCl tng ng vi 0, 6mg CO2 .
Bi gii:
i 80cm2 = 80.102 dm2 ; 15 pht = 41 gi
Theo bi ta c phng trnh:
CO2 + Ba(OH)2 = BaCO3 + H2 O
Ba(OH)2 + 2HCl = BaCl2 + H2 O

33

34

CHNG 3. GII TON SINH HC

Lng HCl cn ha tan Ba(OH)2 d l 18 14 = 4 ml


Khi lng CO2 hp th nh quang hp l: 4 0, 6 = 2, 4 mg
Cng quang hp l:
1
2, 4
= 12 mgCO2 /dm2 l/gi
2
80 10
4

1
2, 4

= 12
80 102 4

V d 2: vng ven bin ngi ta o c p sut thm thu trong t l 9,5


atm. Cy sng vng t ny phi duy tr nng dch bo ca lng ht ti
thiu l bao nhiu sng c trong ma h vi nhit trung bnh l 33 C
v ma ng vi nhit trung bnh l 12 ? Bit i 1 ; T = 273 ; R = 0, 082
Bi gii:
Da vo cng thc: P = RTCi vi P = 9, 5atm ca t th cy phi duy tr P t bo
lng ht > 9, 5atm = C >

P
RT

T = 273 + t C

Ch >

R = 0.082

9, 5
(273 + 33).0, 082

Cng >

9, 5
(273 + 12).0, 082

9, 5
= 0, 3786
(273 + 33) 0, 082
9, 5
= 0, 4065 M
(273 + 12) 0, 082

V d 3: Chuyn ha c bn (MB) l lng nng lng cn thit cho s h hp,


tiu ha v tun hon. iu ny ng cho ngi ang trng thi thc, ngh
ngi v nm di tn tnh trong phng c nhit l 23 C. Cng thc sau y
cho php c tnh chuyn ha c s ca ph n:
MB = 9, 6P + 1, 8T 4, 7A + 655

35
MB l chuyn ha c bn c tnh bng ca-lo (cal); P l trng lng c th
tnh bng ki-l-gam (kg); T l chiu cao tnh bng cm; A l tui tnh bng nm.
1. Tnh MB ca mt ph n 30 tui, cn nng 54,5 kg v cao 167,6 cm.
2. Hoa khng nh l i vi ph n cng tui v cng trng lng, khc
nhau v chiu cao l 6,5cm s tng ng vi s khc nhau v MB l 11,7
cal. Bng cng thc cho, hy a ra 3 cch gii thch ti sao Hoa c l.

Bi gii:

1 p dng cng thc tnh MB ca ngi ph n l:

MB = (9.6 54.5) + (1.8 167.6) (4.7 30) + 655 = 1338.88

2 Bn Hoa ni ng. Ta c cc cch gii thch nh sau:


Cch 1: V nh gi c MB ca ngi cao hn, chng ta phi thm:

6.5 1.8 = 11, 7 cal

vo MB ca ngi thp hn.


Cch 2: Ngi th nht c chiu cao hn ngi th hai l 6,5cm
MB1 = 9, 6P + 1, 8T 4, 7A + 655
MB2 = 9, 6P + 1, 8(T 6, 5) 4, 7A + 655

Suy ra MB1 MB2 = 1, 8.6, 5 = 11, 7


Cch 3: Lp lun trn c l do da vo v d bng s:

36

CHNG 3. GII TON SINH HC


V d, ngi ph n th nht: P = 55 ; T = 150 ; A = 35
= MB1 = (9.6 55) + 1.8 150 (4.7 35) =

SHIFT STO A
Ngi ph n th hai: P = 55 ; T = 156, 5 ; A = 35
= MB2 = (9.6 55) + 1.8 156.5 (4.7 35) =

SHIFT STO B
B A = 11,7

V d 4: mt qun th thc vt, thy rng gen A qui nh hoa mu , alen


a qui nh hoa mu trng. Qun th khi u c cu trc P : 350AA : 140Aa :
910aa. Hy xc nh t l kiu gen kiu hnh ca qun th th h F3 trong hai
trng hp sau:
1. Cc c th trong qun th t th phn.
2. Cc c th trong qun th giao phn.
Bit khng c t bin, cc c th u sng v pht trin bnh thng.

Bi gii:
Tng s c th trong qun th khi u:
350 + 140 + 910 = 1400

T l kiu gen tng ng:


AA : Aa : aa = 0, 25 : 0, 1 : 0, 65

Cu trc di truyn ca qun th khi u:


P : 0, 255 AA : 0, 1 Aa : 0, 65 aa

1 Nu cc c th t th phn lin tip qua 3 th h

37
T l kiu gen Aa F3 l:
 3
1
0.1 = 0.125
2

hay 1, 25%

T l kiu gen AA F3 l:
0.25 +

0.1 0.0125
= 0.29375 = 29.375%
2

T l kiu gen aa F3 l:
0.65 +

0.1 0.0125
= 0.69375 = 69.375%
2

T l kiu gen ca qun th l:


29, 375% AA : 1, 25% Aa : 69, 375% aa

T l kiu hnh hoa mu l:


29.375% + 1, 25% = 30.625%

T l kiu hnh hoa mu trng l:


100% 30.625% = 69.375%

2 Nu cho cc c th giao phi t do:


Gi p, q ln lt l cc tn s cc alen A v a trong qun th.
Ta c: pA = 0.25 +

0.1
= 0.3 ; pa = 1 0.3 = 0.7
2

Sau mt th h giao phi t do, qun th t trng thi cn


bng v c cu trc nhu sau:
p2 AA : 2pq Aa : q2 aa = F1 : 0.99 AA : 0.42 Aa : 0.49 aa

Qun th cn bng do trong cc th h tip theo cu trc


qun th khng thay i.
F3 : 0.09 AA : 0.42 Aa : 0.49 aa

Kiu hnh: 51% hoa mu : 49% hoa mu trng

V d 5: Qun th ngu phi ban u c cu trc:


P : 100 AA + 100 Aa + 100 aa

38

CHNG 3. GII TON SINH HC

Di p lc chn lc gi tr thch nghi ca cc kiu gen AA; Aa; aa tng ng


l: 1, 0 ; 0, 8 v 0, 3.
Hy tnh tn s cc kiu gen v tn s alen cho th h F1 (bit rng khng xay
ra t bin)
Bi gii:
th h ban u, tn s cc kiu gen s bng tch cc tn s
ban u vi gi tr thch nghi. Vy:
1
1
0.8
1
1
; aa = .0.3 = 0.1
AA = .1 = ; Aa = .0.8 =
3
3
3
3
3


1 0.8
+
+ 0.1 = 0.7
3
3

Tn s tng i ca cc kiu gen trong qun th mi s l:


1
AA = 3 = 0.4762
0.7

0.8
Aa = 3 = 0.381
0.7

aa = 10.47620.381 = 0.1428

Tn s tng i ca cc alen A v a l:
pA = 0.4762 +

0.381
= 0.6667
2

qa = 1 Pa = 1 0.6667 = 0.3333

V d 6: xc nh s lng t bo ca mt loi vi khun trong bnh nui cy


c dung tch 8,12 lt, ngi ta tin hnh pha long trong cc ng nghim c
cha 9 ml nc ct v trng theo s sau:

Trong ng nghim th 5 ly ra 0.01 ml dung dch ri tri u ln b mt mi


trng dinh dng c ng trong a ptri. Kt qu trong a ptri c 37
khun lc pht trin.
1. Tnh s lng t bo vi khun c trong bnh nui cy trn.

39
2. Nu cho bit mi t bo vi khun c khi lng 2, 11 1011 gam/t bo
th khi lng vi khun trong bnh nui cy trn l bao nhiu?

Bi gii:
1 S lng t bo vi khun c trong bnh nui cy trn:
Gi n l s lng vi khun trong bnh nui cy ban u (n nguyn dng).
i 8,12 lt = 8120 ml
S vi khun trong 1 ml ban u l:

n
8120

S vi khun trong 1 ml trong ng 1 l:


S vi khun trong 1 ml trong ng 2 l:
S vi khun trong 1 ml trong ng 3 l:
S vi khun trong 1 ml trong ng 4 l:
S vi khun trong 1 ml trong ng 5 l:

n
81, 20 103
n
81, 20 104
n
81, 20 105
n
81, 20 106
n
81, 20 107

ng th 5 c 37 vi khun/0.01 ml. Vy 1 ml ca ng 5 c

37
= 37 102 vi
0.01

khun.
Ta c phng trnh:
n
= 37 102 = n = 3004, 4 109
81.2 107

2 Khi lng vi khun trong bnh nui cy trn

3004.4109 2.11 1011 = 63.3928

V d 6: Ngi ta nui cy 2 chng vi khun vo hai mi trng dinh dng


thch hp, mi mi trng 5 ml. Chng th nht c 106 t bo.

40

CHNG 3. GII TON SINH HC


1. S lng t bo ca mi chng trong 1 ml dung dchti thi im 0 gi l
bao nhiu?
2. Sau 6 gi nui cy ngi ta m c chng th nht c 8.106 t bo/ml,
chng th hai c 106 t bo/ml. Thi gian ca mi chng trn l bao
nhiu?

Bi gii:

1 S lng t bo trong 1 ml dung dch ca mi chng ti thi im 0 gi:


Chng th nht:

106
2102
= 2 105 ; Chng th hai:
= 40
5
5

2 Ti thi im 6 gi:
Ta c: N = N0 .2n hay n =

log N log N0
log 2

Trong n l s phn chia ca 1 t bo trong khong thi gian t; N l s


t bo thu c trong thi gian nui cy t; N0 l s t bo ban u.
log 8 108 log 2 105
= 12, 99667 12
log 2
12
Suy ra s ln phn chia trong 1 gi l
= 2. Thi gian 1
6
60
th h ca chng 1 l
= 30pht.
2
log 106 log 40
Chng 2: n =
= 14, 6109 12
log 2
14, 6109
Suy ra s ln phn chia trong 1 gi l
= 2, 43515.
6
60
Thi gian 1 th h ca chng 1 l
= 24, 6391
2, 43515
25pht.

Chng 1: n =

V d 7: Nhp tim ca chut l 720 ln/pht. Gi s thi gian cc pha ca chu


k tim ln lt chim t l 1 : 3 : 4. Tnh thi gian tm nh v tm tht c
ngh ngi.

Bi gii:

41

Nhp tim ca chut l 720 ln/pht, suy ra chu k tim di:


60
1
=
giy 0.0833
720 12
Trong mt chu k tim, t l: 1 : 3 : 4 nn thi gian tm nh
0.0833
0.0833
= 0.0104 giy; thi gian tm tht co l

co l
8
8
0.0833
3 = 0.0312 giy; thi gian gin chung l
4 = 0.0417
8

giy;

Trong mt chu k tim, thi gian tm nh c ngh ngi


l 0.0312 + 0.0417 = 0.0729 giy.
Thi gian tm tht c ngh ngi l 0.0104 + 0.0417 =
0.0521 giy.

V d 8: Mt vi khun hnh cu c khi lng khong 5.1013 gam, c 20 pht


li nhn i mt ln. Trong iu kin nui cy ti u th cn bao nhiu gi
t ti khi lng 6.1027 gam?
Bi gii:
S t bo c to ra l:
N=

6 1027
= 1.2 1040
5 1013

vi N = 2n (n l s ln phn chia)
S ln phn chia:
N=

log 1.2 40 log 10


+
133 ln phn chia
log 2
log 2

Thi gian cn thit:


t

133
44, 3333 gi
3

V d 9: mt loi thc vt, cho giao phn gia cy hoa thun chng vi
cy hoa trng, c F1 ton hoa . Cho F1 tip tc giao phn vi nhau c F2
c 176 cy hoa v 128 cy hoa trng.
1. Tnh xc xut F2 xut hin 3 cy trn cng mt l t c th gp t
nht mt cy hoa .

42

CHNG 3. GII TON SINH HC


2. Dng tiu chun 2 (khi bnh phng) kim nh s ph hp hay
khng gia s liu thc t vi s liu l thuyt.
Cho bit: Vi (n 1) = 1 ; = 0, 05 th 2 l thuyt bng 3,84.

Bi gii:
1 Tnh xc sut:
F2 c tie l 9 : 7 trng nn mu hoa di truyn theo qui lut twong
tc gen kiu tng tc b sung; F1 d hp 2 cp gen nm trn 2 cp

NST khc nhau (AaBb).


Xc sut xut hin cy hoa trng F2 l

7
16

Xc sut xut hin c 3 cy hoa trng F2 l

7
16

3

= 0.0837

Vy xc sut gp t nht mtt cy hoa F2 l 1 0.0837 = 0.9163

2 Kim nh gi thit thng k.


Ta lp bng nh sau:
Hoa
Hoa trng Tng s
Thc nghim thu c
176
128
304
Theo l thuyt khi bit t l 9/7 171 (9/16) 133 (7/16)
304
Sai lch d
+5
5
2
d
25
25
2 =

25
25
+
= 0.33 < 3.84 suy ra s liu ph hp.
171 133

Phn II

Cc hng s khoa hc v i
n v

43

Chng 4

Cc hng s khoa hc v i
n v
4.1

Cc hng s khoa hc

Trn np ca my tnh VINACAL 570 ES Plus lit k 40 hng s thng dng


trong Vt l, Ha hc v Sinh hc. Thng thng thi s cho bit cc hng s
ny di dng mt s gn ng. Tuy nhin khi nhp cc s gn ng ny vo
php tnh rt c kh nng b nhm ln v do s c kt qu sai. trnh cc
sai st ny, ngi s dng my c th nhp trc tip cc hng s c lu gi
trn my tnh vo php tnh ang thc hin.
nhp mt hng s khoa hc vo php tnh hin ti ta thc hin nh sau:
1

SHIFT CONST

2 Tra d liu trn v my, v d: S Avgar (NA ) ng vi


s 24
3 Nhp s 24
S NA t ng chn vo php tnh.
4 Mun bit gi tr ca s ny, ta nhn phm = .
p dng:
V d 1: Mt vt ri t do khng vn tc ban u ti ni c gia tc trng trng
g. hy xc nh vntc v qung ng vt ri c sau thi gian t = 2,5 s.
Gii:
1
2

Ta c cng thc: v = gt v s = gt2


45

46

CHNG 4. CC HNG S KHOA HC V I N V

v = SHIFT CONST 35 2.5 = 24.516625


s=

1
SHIFT CONST 35 2.52 = 30.64578125
2

V d 2: Khi lng ca mt nguyn t Flo 919 F tnh theo ki-l-gam l bao nhiu?

Tr li nhanh:
Khi lng ca mt mol nguyn t Flo 919 F bng 19g.
Do khi lng ca mt nguyn t Flo 919 F bng:
m=

19 103 kg
NA nguyn t

19 103

SHIFT CONST 24

= 3, 155023688 1026 kg

Sheet1

Hng s vt l
Khi lng prton (mp)

M s

Cch bm my

Gi tr

Const 01

1,67262158.10-27 (kg)

Khi lng ntron (mn)

Const 02

1,67492716.10-27 (kg)

Khi lng lectron (me)

Const 03

9,310938188.10-31 (kg)

Bn knh Bo (a0)

5
6
17
22
23

Const
Const
Const
Const
Const

5,291772083.10-11 (m)
6,62606876.10-34 (Js)
1,66053873.10-27 (kg)
96485,3415 (mol/C)
1,602176462.10-19 (C)

24
25

Const 24
Const 25

6,02214199.1023 (mol-1)
1,3806503.10-23 (SI)

26
27

Const 26
Const 27

0,022413996 (m3)
8,314472 (J/mol.K)

28

Const 28

299792458 (m/s)

32

Const 32

8,854187817.10-12 (SI)

33
35
38
39

Const
Const
Const
Const

1,256637061.10-6 (SI)
9,80665 (m/s2)
273,15 (K)
6,673.10-11 (Nm2/kg2)

Hng s Plng (h)


Khi lng 1u (u)
Hng s Faray (F)
in tch lectron (e)
S Avgar (NA)
Hng s Bnzman (k)
Th tch mol kh iu kin tiu
chun (Vm)
Hng s kh l tng (R)
Tc nh sng trong chn khng
(C0)
Hng s in mi ca chn khng
(0)
Hng s t mi ca chn khng (0)
Gia tc trng trng ti mt t (g)
Nhit tuyt i (T)
Hng s hp dn (G)

Page 1

05
06
17
22
23

33
35
38
39

4.2. I N V

4.2

47

i n v trong bi ton Vt l, ha hc v Sinh


hc

Khi gii cc bi ton Vt l, Ha hc v Sinh hc, chng ta thng phi i mt


n v no v mt n v hp chun khp vi cc th nguyn c trong
php ton. Vic i n v mt cch th cng thng dn ti mt sai s nht
nh v chp nhn c. Tuy nhin my tnh VINACAL 570 ES Plus cung cp
cng c chuyn i qua li cc n v ny mt cch d dng v tin li.
Trn v my tnh c ghi 40 php i n v thng dng. thc hin cng vic
ny, ta thao tc nh sau:
1

SHIFT CONV

2 Tra trn v my bit s th t ca cc n v cn i


(t v n), v d, mun i t mmHg sang Pa ta chn
s 27
3 Nhp s 27, sau bm phm a con tr v trc
n v c
4 Nhp s (n v) sau nhn phm =
V d 1: Mt ngi Vit Nam sang nh c ti Hoa K, chng may b bnh phi
vo bnh vin. Bc s cp nhit xong, thng bo:ng b st 100 .Bnh
nhn dng ng ln:
Vy l cht ri!
Cha cht. 100 F i sang C l:

SHIFT CONV 37

(d nh!)

100 = 37.77777778

Vy bnh nhn ny st cha ti 38 .


V d 2: Nitrosyl Clorua l mt cht c, khi un nng s phn hy thnh
Nit monoxid v Clo. Bit Kp ca phn ng 289K l 1, 326 107 atm v H =
77080J/mol (Xem V d 4 Chng 1). Hy tnh Kp ca phn ng 475K theo atm
v Pa.

48

CHNG 4. CC HNG S KHOA HC V I N V

Bi gii:
Ta c cng thc:

ln

Kp (T2 )
Kp (T1 )

H
=
R

1
1

T2 T1

vi R l hng s kh l tng.
Vy:

1
1
ln Kp (475) = ln(1.32610 )

=
475 289
SHIFT CONST 27
7

77080

= 4.243678334

Suy ra: Kp (475) = SHIFT e Ans = 0.01435469326 atm


i sang Pa:
SHIFT CONV 25 = 1454.489295 Pa 1455 Pa

Ti liu tham kho


[1] thi v p n HSG my tnh cm tay ca B gio dc v o to cc
nm 2008, 2010,1011 cc mn Vt L, Ha hc v Sinh hc.
[2] Gii nhanh trc nghim VT
http://nguyenduccanh.name.vn

12

vi

my

tnh

570ES

[3] S dng s phc trong gii ton Vt l trn my tnh 570 ES Plus. Khang
Qu Ton - THPT Thanh Sn (Thanh Ha).
[4] Chuyn s dng my tnh 570ES trong dy hc Vt l. Nguyn Hong
Nam, Trng THPT chuyn L Qu n, Qung Tr.
[5] Hng Dn Thc Hnh Vt L Bng My Tnh Cm Tay. Ch bin: Nguyn
Trng Su, V Gio dc Trung hc, B Gio dc v o to.
[6] Gii nhanh trc nghim
http://thaytrunghieu.com

ha

49

hc

vi

my

tnh

FX

570.

Mc lc
I

S dng my tnh VINACAL 570ES Plus

1 Gii ton Ha hc
5
1.1 Ha i cng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 Ha hu c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 Ha v c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Gii ton Vt l
17
2.1 Cc php tnh thng thng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 S dng s phc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3 bi ton giao thoa nh sng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3 Gii ton Sinh hc

33

II

43

Cc hng s khoa hc v i n v

4 Cc hng s khoa hc v i n v
45
4.1 Cc hng s khoa hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.2 i n v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

51

Cng ty c phn in t Vit Nht


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