APPLIED MATHEMATICS ord heey ana E Cad |rong ate nein ace a ae — Pid est Mate 1 The SBN 0-33-783737-3 ‘rane Eau Py Contents Prot vt 1 Coordinate Syetome 1 EL Ineodation 1 4 Spec Polar Coors 5 1S The Complex Plne 7 2 Funsion and Groote 11 22 Grape Repression of Fanesoes 12 23 Roasw Polynomial Batons 20 31 tnrduion 24 32 Gone Propet of Logins 24 33. Common oguiins 25,coments Appendices 12 1 ‘ible of Physical Consus 192 ‘Tadleorfegals 192 1 Thasomato of U0 Sphere Polar Corkinaes 206 1 Sing’ Appeoinaon 208 Index 221 Preface When 1 wrest Sin eon of Applied Mathematics for Pica! Chai in 1934 Liaw ofenly one oer bok fh pe ht na tea aa at witca by Fariagton Dal pubished ry ea enti a ied Mateat ‘csfor Psa! Chey Keb bsg snd aa and hd ey Ile ‘ipeaanced mathematics ded to hase ale odes py el hemi, whch ds guina cemisty omic ad cela uct) spececony, { stashcal mechs had foe fer ecting psi chemise fo fe {Partha he he semesters lls raga for chery mj ‘ete fring pyc chemist was jot a ensigh ater odo hes ‘esti. Moves dean was tangle yale fee {ue tine techy sens ase mh kills Not only wee sets ting ‘he needed ahnced mathemati rm th resi mathematic counes, ‘mary ofthe ad cfcly apg tet ta ey di kw o chen al prblens. woul ie tony tht orth pat ers things av grove id tat stars rus a npepred aya ty were wenty Yea #g0 we? ‘ie iste this took ws posh. There fs sed or wok ich sobs wad slong wi and saplenet he tase oe ce seme Inpysiel cams. Tie the fist elo, his second eon inn way nod reas te ‘aul oues ales pesegusito he pia chemsty cane. Thiet los doit review bok, Whi overs some ars of mais ino etal ‘han ithe Raton, never ences on oly the he Imes ha reed etal isa cbomiry, pares wh tgatafe evel Moree ts thon eto ot pyc emi texto. ‘The eimary concerto hs book bsobelp stulets apply bes w chen ‘pobtens an ie e ist eaiton the pebems athens f techs re 3 ‘Sgnedto tthe sts mathemati by, oth har ably in pyc ‘hemi ay ound at is Book parc sued sat Who ate been ‘ay fom aeons fo seve ers nd ae returig fo tke pel chore Isr. A, sens saring gate Sco, who Poy ot have bad a0 weg ‘eyrton it adranced el, hve fond a bok tobe eal. “Te a le cpr conan en subet a at normal icone in eeu athena cones and shake a evew Whe tempor ‘ow gene and ecard itgton me emphasis has en ced in Ahsediton on ain inal ales or dong dard iegraton Like he st ei ‘Son ane Reagan net mtn gras Kee a ‘um iseg way wna wher pose “oe ater hal afte bok devote those as of mathemati soll ‘otcovred inthe reunites nurses take er pil chemise. Aa {ero chperhavetecn expended ode mii ound nt it eon, ‘tein forte estar athe indy eel or exalt chapter on di Feral quton expand o theses etd of sang terest eqons and inlaes ection on Hemi, Lepente and Lapse polyoma he caper 00 ‘fete ucla mon on Pere anfora tel Peers nora ody in any ses spectoscopy abd he upton tes and eens inloes section en pati maces in digonal frm, maj pe of problem co outed in guns ec, Fully sw caperonnemerical mthed and ope roam ha een ncaa encore senso use pesca compats adhe Sl ig chemical problems. Whe he pograsHuseutd i is chapter lz more ‘pot frm of BASIC hy eal ean be moded to ter praia fuses sochan This new chaper concerts name aod ch Perales, whe terme une showing senso to we pe po [Pome eine numeral poems tat auld rege lng reid of tine sve ‘ih he we of en aang eau Nobnat canbe ype witout inp rm profesor and sade ‘so ther aed he fist edition or woul be cen for using a speed eon Tsgesiteally wish than oe Hite, Chapel HI, Nor Carlin; Wit (Geneon, Lye Univenty, Chap Lyamure A Poy, Vandel Ui ‘ey Jol Res Sc Mite’ Cog: Saafod A Slt Fea Sse Univ Sy; Wiliam A. Web, Univesity a Miser fer he care nd rte = ‘ew ft istdon of et and i many help sggeions forthe sand (oe Aspect aks ae omy fen an colenge Profesor Wiliam Pana ofthe Payses Dearne hr at Sout Comet Sate Univers for ecping my wena haves verse at ry yrs, tank itor John Chalice, eto asian etsy Wiis tl com cept ood KineryKarovch, cope Tee Wogscn she a ‘Gesu at Pete Hal and ETP Haron whose valle Sea and comments fave pe w impove immensely he gual of sock "inal [wis tak my son Stpben Barat, who designed he coves fer ‘tse and sot hesning hn carer in apis dso, wile Mate snd our famly forth pace a encouragement dog he peprion of hs tok wee orm om th teat an tht hse comms any eas found matte me at baratepestcom 9s R. BaneaneTECoordinate Systems ‘44 wtRopUCTION ery afl met for dserbing the Fc depen fhe various op er of physicocenical jem to angen ech proper pit long ome $setf ant, clleda corte tem Tne coc of erate seo ce Senet psa wr wil depend areal exet on entre he properties ‘ing descred For example, man Belgs are ver rach "it hone in etang Tarp Look soe sou ante hme 0 anges youse- Therefore sitectsandfuniue dspners usually employ tanga cones inthe wrk. ‘Aon molcues, Rowers ve in "un spice Cenc thy ope nde cil eegy ls tht ae cently Toad ad eee ae bes ee ‘ome frm o-oo ys (lane polar or peril polar eben). Infact mary problem in pliysical ches dealing wih sons x molecules ca sete aed in ear coors Thos a chess, we ned oe fai Wt ‘or swells ears We sal sce, however: things we a aca toned nwsthing inns coon, suchas wanes look ey difert bts When dts in ol oot But once we he cae oes With pol coord ‘as, we Wl nd they a ope ical we ta nea cerns. We begin ur dsussion witha general einen near coordina.2 chapter cooeinne Systane 112 CARTESIAN COORDINATES. Inthe mid seven eoy te Pench ment René Desens oped 8 med eng ar mabe pos canarias fe, thi ads evmuir Catan conte ts Apel weds anesin ordi consi wo fiery ele torte tc. The vero as eal the one wh eta tas Gale te ate The pit of enantio. {inn ipaing ston tinea nom be ahs pgs {gen ts Tse ton) fen Wc pot wee od sng 8 na lito mate hy cl Sines egies king se setifis ne secede ey Se these wn Th the rand yr he ahve pop col jt an ay be esses or elms rte eng yp a ys var ‘Bist we rnc weber ‘Aaa o's Cts corn yr hts td exe in ys ‘zlehonityiesettin 1-2 How. ont erent i re resect vlan Sie th prs and ‘ote mst spose ner tics ne ee ves fn ie coma synem Ay ve a norman eee Trot! dependence of ee ume td ie ea uncon oe ‘ted in Ger 2) For rani th srw abou foe Gp pe “caution B's ey, PY= od dois mse opto beeen ‘Res voheforanel atThe ego desig ts sive waph Me Ht depot i 5, Section 12 Caran Coontnaton 3 y\ ame! owen wld jot as asi have een writen = & However, a appara inher eq Tne (PU~ Kore =) reat a ts vee elo rarely apes toe ‘eet igh mgr row pes, ab hen only he epee ‘regu i neld consun sakpowedge of fas sch a GCs 0 ‘Satingish te seme ops hem from ht of pee aber.” ‘Cooney ae mt ised a plane sarc We an ext he 10 ‘Smee tangata ontie te dsb above into hee-dmensiona ‘Surdnate yam oetuctinga dass pepe the ypene a pas tng though te cin In fact, re nt ied o Hee deans! corn ‘sen and cn extend he paces to many cools a we wih ned — ‘menor Sora jtensaloogh, we mph eget tbe gape ep ‘eenaontacomes it beyond thes densa. ne we ave estes of Chae dinenaoal spc, For example in wave care, area of ys ‘ering th mechanical blue of waves, we wal desc he ali of Center wate by sigan "eata” cording. Teer fe ample of one diners tnsverse waves. aon the eaxis—isrepeene ang te ‘Ms fo simple sine wave mig 13 (Keep mind tbe wae lf dos ‘oemne nthe drecton. The wet trance seis of stun Sing. nts ce, only down te was We sold ws confuse te mono the ‘tive with te motion of th medion pode te mate) A twodicnsen ttarsvone wave nthe pling sch na wer wate moving arose sure Ike reir hin corsa cl th nani dscbe the mpl ote ‘rarely to epee pagal. and cern wii there of expe ‘nce Many pon nga neve mehan, weve ere nto dere Uce-dinentoal waves. nord descbe pphicaly he spade of hee ‘mensional tanwvere nate, we eed fourth cour. This presen «pole {strstr fie densa pct, amber ngniur wap ave esa ‘vento gst auth poem, One way tue the ent of nome ‘Snewsina graph reeset the ample of the wave4 Chapter Covent Syatame ia) sts i yee dom ti nary othe coon systems desc tov, tt flo df vey sale ferent volume slemect ede dandy dae. dae oy whl isan al legh lng he has In tee -ineasns (Casi coordinate stem sbown in Pg 4 volume elements singly de ndedy ae 0 +19 PLANE POLAR COORDINATES ‘Mary problems in epi eines cannot be sled octal pce For thse, wend ences io ee he Caen aes ine wha a Seaion 14 Spheral Polar Coordinates ar 5 Fine cone lly are fee oa “oud” or cali” ood, Conse he gra [Bg 15 spose essa vey pm on is vo dinesiona corn ‘stem vie pom properies ef pM wane Noe ae agate of inte tame athe gh of rise bf te wale shoe, a hat the magne) inte tne athe go ie Sac 0) sing =2 and ed ebercot and ysanrsing “ ‘Thefoe, eey pit) ane seid by asining tia vale ee anda ‘al for. This peo graphical settn scald plane polar conn ‘rom In hs coo sm, pois ze desig byte botaen (8) Te ‘Equations (1-4) ae Anon a Usfrmaion eouatns hey str he co ‘nts of pon fom pole corier fo Casini) ened Ts ‘me tnfomatoneentons cane funy se Ugoeome. sunt oc #=um(2) as) =o" 08) 14 SPHERICAL POLAR COORDINATES ‘One exes ofthe pln poli odie tem thee dimension eas oe ‘phere! paar sovdinatertem, sown Fig. 1.8. pot i ye© center Coorsinnte Systane Pes Seale ‘rset te ember fe ie of hep te in, eae ‘hth ie makes ih eons and gl hac nO ml ie ot sino on amg sige he length fc is numerical equa tx 109 nd Bos we can rte re acoegrsingcoee sing = rinsing a, sarees ‘The ever eansfomaton equations foun as ows Lafitte ag oe gauet(2) ay rewtayeeeye 0) cab oe bacon! ear ‘ ‘The dfn volume cements polar ordinate to 0. An ingot expel fan tha sed exes in py ‘hemi, ined ints pyc seme as whol, the oe pane ean ‘where th costae a neteniatig, orepeaing decimal ving the va, 0 five sigieant ges, stig eee at he =210 “Tifton silted in Fig 25 Note hat al expec have th pint (1) ‘ncommon, soa = I fr Alo nt that are re 20 the anton, sae the fiction appeaces zo asx apres oo. The expesion Imag ‘neath 1+)" approaches vale of? 7183 ax appoacber andis readin {fe it tx ppoacer sro” The pyc pment wl be ‘dean ia Car “The isa diet rant betwen exponent untons and logic Sanctions. The power of exponent to which th conan as raed in the qpton veny=x em “The logue fnton og, y~ ceils in Fig. 2.6 Noe, anh a of exponen cons, he point (01) is eran ol ogee, ‘Se log, |= Oforany a Lagrts ave any asl popes ud at rae onthe sy of physi chemist, For season he general ropes logan ar revewedin Caper Pier 24 cron ae Section 22 Graphical Repression of Functions 18 Far 6 Oat Cireular Functions. Ailes sine as he lc ofl yin na plane ‘haaremaconstit ance oes Saad pi Clr adeeb the eae CaP Hon bPa aay ‘there and ete coors of th cent of tec the ie est) ands ‘Bera, Ant cil none wiht comer ern and aa ol 0 wi B4yeel em Ces ah rage incr in the ities in Fig 27 Lato ene tee fino sine (Bevin i) wich tle he angle ine te = ‘rds of pom (7), come abreast al int the ‘curds of hep) ad angen (eve un). th a fy ae? cytatde tc ripen20° Chapter? Functions ond Grape mn cee my 225) “Tse fstions ae called cial tgonomaric fet. Noe tn ons (2.25) juste wsnsfommoe Equations (4) with r=. interesting "pare the ep of fenton sch sin and co nea oot cor ‘tsi wt ltd slong ne) hse in pie polar cont. Con Side for example, tieeqaton r= suf where cosine Sich nein ‘an be asl dese he wate properties op) rom ons in wo dimen ‘on, The futon dependence of rapon can be saen Take 21 When ser Piped ear cordate anew Fg 2-8) 8819 ‘enone carve ests Ontbe er an, wher ess pleted in perce ‘mates anown a F280), he more fia shape of he ori an be sen Tes smpvant owt hat bin graphs ate even th hes ofthe ces de ending mere onthe ice of omits te. 12.3 ROOTS TO POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS ‘Wess inte revi etn that te 20 othe fant theo) ane Fund easly i te oguions rit or send dee ton. But how dow fin te Foas wears ha ae nena rq? Beer tea compris ‘earners simple sk One std ws adhe ots of paypal eatin ‘Sica ungs computers tgp he uacon, er exanple Soaertbe equation yedpeoatiett eercetne pt ae he et. eal gh =A Sexton 23 Rote ToPatynomia Equations 21 oe ae » o eh Gig Amd tn Sr a a pc 1 we plot fncon fom 3 = —3 tox = +3, we cla te graph shown ia Fig. 29 The oor th etn aie vals of for whch) 0. the pois ‘mraph where ths praph roses he at, Cael examination of th rah wil. ‘ow tte se ue r= 208, 4= 0744 = 4007, and = 136 M629 capechyestee aes22 chapter2Funeons ena raphe ‘Cher 1 we shal ics ame eb of ding roc polo Tons sng compute ‘SUGGESTED READINGS 2 Scuivs Micwt Clee Algebra he, Prete, Ine, Upper Ss Rives Nh ise » Mitts buat ces oa Pe al Ue Sa 4 Neo A Bi Matis Ain ky ig PROBLEMS 1. eines lowing tons toyeses opens 39-6 ig race’ 2 19 pte egy 0) yaar O Payee lo yon sues Dd ro4 sto asa) A (elsnconcme atheegneni) @ U)=Uhe* (ayandtarecontn regent) . fo alae +e @meCeomen) (hme Pant Acoma) 5. Pht exons in Pb ting cob ha pe 6 Bnd fe 1 fr louie (fn fof te a ho= ue apn ues Problems 23 7 Radon dy i fit cnr procs in bch be consent te ane ma (etd Ciera tine co cate" she Cand ae cosa st experts. Gen lowing i tne ‘Aho any page can sach ys ei | ing he gop med tee he fe ow ees wre3 Logarithms 31 mwrRoDUCTION Inte previo carer we dled arin 8th exponent or pro wich number ats gets ramfer. era > 0 That ify Den ‘Mad of totes a). Sice ie equtons day ant beay=x ee euivat, we cane hi fet 1 dese eral sf popes hrs 122 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS Proouct Ruts, Thelogri ofthe pad fono mambersmant sequal othe sam of he lars ofrm a lagna +a on, Prof Letm = and = Then, x= agama y= gg .Now maae=a> 0 “aking fe lar othe se Equation (3.2, toguam = log. = += gsm Sesion33 Common Lopartims 28 Quormr Ruut Thelogarit f hequten othe ro mumbersm annie equal ihe diferente egartn of mand. be (2) =toem—toasn 63 Pra etm =e! aadn a Ten gm =o Nowe on Powe Rus, The garth fm asd tthe power nis equal om mu aby he logrionof m eg, (= non os, Proc, etm = then <= Now tomer ry “okingelogarshn oe tase oF ston 3) gives lop in = oat = n= og 3.3 COMMON LOGARTHMS. Inte previous examples we dd wor pet ny parc vle forte be that 1% he nove ules hl fray vale Ia numer elses, bone, Me find hart convient ase otis oth ae sce hey ae cel se we devil nyse of epesing numbers nd also ae ned to what lly me fr sci maton awe we expe mbes in ow ‘eof 10 (eg, 6022 > 10).Stchogartns ar ced common oaths, dae rien np 8 og. The elanchip Between exon fhe me 0 and ‘Shea lar can ee nae 325 chopra Logaritns In gene gait composed of vo para manta psive nam berth erates ent la ofthe maber ro 1199989. asa chara tert eral) pone or egatve ud detraies whee edi is plac inthe nabs ts egualea expressing ers in sce neon or example, 1200 ae 129% 10 Te urbe 1228 equiva the Iai fhe logr, a C which ii whet deci pit i placed, {Result oh cute of We ogrtho.In ft if we deere Toguiin of 12900, we sx ta is uo the lam of 12 las el si of 1 og (12200) = og (1.2) fog (10) = 0864+ 4 = 40804 ere, 0086 she mun so ithe charac. impr ce that amie of sign ges number eee tts mans of te prin thu ot he hci he nrmber 1200 bs thes Signin Fane. ‘hemes hat ct The characters 4 the leah sony ttre th deka pos place. “Areraie cares deslates a manber ing a arange 0 << 1.0 evn th fat tt hi loath rade op of megtve tracted a ‘Sonne un nants eter agave he mis sigs pled above he ‘racers. Tvs, log 030 ~ log 20 10 renee 2 S01. Sch og ‘ttm ellel'sherogenou apart, Rx poste 1 combine the mepaie ‘hance wipe Frm omogenen grt Cael for and compas maa do ki Wher the done th ep ini cel in ot of teagan, 29010 =~ 1090. The prance of he ome ena lop apy chemi mst emphasize Agric i {nd coin pyc! ques, such ap ee expesd in honageene for ‘eve gap ses olin nga we expesied in homogsnes fens lgarthm epee i eteogeeons om cul wv De secon ‘icy oa ape Beto the aroha cleo, como oars wer wedge exe sey todo many te of alatns whch olay mone aerial ch ‘Siktemining rot fsb (nd ere at he oe F689 Tiloutthe wie cael Int dtrstng te oath of number isl ‘Pou wading togh ales of amber Bue aula as charged al at, ‘itouy we ens con eteoine th common lg fay mune by simpy pes {Meaty owt aca, We fn, however ta we ay Kr note meas Sry atte mull manber eget oa the os of umber, ‘hoy aa mpotan, sine a ote of important chemical concepts ah hd pte suntance ae died in tei oh corm ce base I SO impr for sett py heat Boame amar wih help key Cd Ihe inverse ratte} cn ei cael. Seaton $4 Noturaltogsrtms 27 4-4 NATURAL LOGARTTHMS Inctaper2 weaved ton t) << seing capone icon par ‘eu npr bey of py, Copan aks ote ¢ ‘ec oe natal geri td re eat ny Bee poet ‘ysl sigs ofthat pst might cose ee ‘mip tween otra cna lpn, Conde egaion e on “oking he pain oh tase 1 Eaton (7) gives logy loge = one os However «=n. Subingtisino Egon) gnes logy =Inylge= tay og 2718) atl (2.718) = 04343, Tero, egy = 043839 o ny =230508 os ‘The phys glance of te a lage can et epi ih teflon eval The alg: ay ue ef em cate writin df here As ese some Ene cage ns Csiro ‘avon tht ges sew vie) Thea cng ee ute heen eval hee case nb atom Alny=iny+ay)—tny =0(52) 7 Dividing ot sides of he auton by Ay gives Be gal-%) = m(ie 2)”‘28 chapir3 Logue Remember from Chip 2, However, ha the exponetl eis defn Tim ft 8) we ea ayy mee tha tn (ey mage tate : ow AMY ne ary sine n= 1 Rearanging Baton (3-10) gives Mata ea ‘gear te, we coma in ith the chang in any vale vane gy sale etna change nt var les gute chang inthe ana ati of evra kn, (2) ~ Ales on Ego (2-12) cae wed abow anadhervry important propery of mat ra ops Whon he change nny vals ey sal an th of hag te aul ogy ote warble rx coma, et th eo change oh “tule lf oc popatond vo the arable ie. This ype of ehangs i Cle an eponentl inrau o decece is pelo what ely a Grane ra proces Te ae change of te pata lg ofthe arabe ‘lms h/t, wee is time, Ts we cn ams - Sein Sr Eon 1, eae BScrar7* mau thee Ate cores the of change ofthe vile . ‘SUGGESTED READING 1 Bet, Gans Ly an So, Kat Cat, Piel ne, pe Sue 22 Suan Misin, College Algebra 46, Pree Hal Upper Sue River NL, Prctiime 2 Yan Baas ow. Co, en ep le River, NI, 1997, om pnostems 1. Teapot en anon canddy nin g= lo nd sean foe og wha mo (9 ee a ory = Lave @ arcana (ea) = saeco (Oras tow im a= aa 2 iene twig anes rte pet pd te wing ln om (a p= 7855 aha 2409 fo) pie ame (0 pit= 593 (ates 3. Bd pt ot asta fH wh i concen 10 1 “4 Theva dn tema verses someinn al eso vole Fsvohine oper eeganse % eens te mabe ms te a. ee iat = 8314 Kad? [Ste hse emer nd te ec ene eer ene of {otro ep 3K ena ola of or soe 16.0 Mem Tomy cane ail wth apn or cope deg ge tyeemaee as=ncvte® nein! hist membe fm epithe be cy om lee, ‘Tt detente Vibe we Pads cog ap etn iceman ie C= toute tienen ee (6 twee dt be tng cop fc ali eee cgmio ene tsrsequlioa, Une ttn Genito Sf tempers ea SSO ony sn ae c= Ya 7 Reds ys irene poss whilst ined gion heist sosrarlon oA atime Wyte cine ofA t= hn ‘una ample woth om i sip woe 0868 Row ‘Ste wont sent 130 10 y rebeeDifferential Calculus 444 tRopuctiON. hy cums icine exe he fit at hanno ‘lu fuente sr ete ye Force tow ‘Vilschngc ine peut em tyme orem? ‘toca meme ea ge ss pany ‘nt mien cneptnoen sere Teds t ate Sibremsetna tart vey monte atoton of ce Bo in Bee wher Ayn ent shang nh ly and epi Ts Tener mesos singly crs nyt weer change Ihnimen chang ns hone gy al I) wns cto teva decor tebe) ir mperom engine wi abs pb ot testicle ub be vane aon ee en Scag ct pends ame othe ee de ‘weet osm ener nce nn de ae Trego Steet cepa dg an wie rows nde efs icp tying sn pata [Mra oe nate ae okamand oneal esses Foret ‘Sms niten rene tel onset expert iby pao tr anagem ip 3 asa sn eta pe wD 2» sure an bse ums peste proces. ag deal rer, xpd ft cons erperatus, ie pesue hist change (Byes aw Torun ea a, “Therein fenton dopenicae betwen the exter pes the pe the mranng) an th vane fhe ps gf tense), No drain ee ‘Only he very piace of te reverie enpesion or snes fs hich we will discuss ina subsequent seco, an hy be eld then eal ay “The derive of fenton may be taken moran nce ging ise second, tn and higher desvatives, denoted yd dy and oo, eect. Nee That seuond vate, forests, sh et deriva oe Bet dete £(8)-% wa) - ae he tint vive ete ist deste theses einai, 3(8)-3 sn 0. The rocking dete of econ ld renin “here re many ns orient eas in pcal ces hower ‘ef ong mo ese, sin evi ecco terete. Te ‘onal dependees of he variables of yer my appear a may iter {fi or secend ere equation goes nto a gains oe eit finns. Fors eson, coer eave fh eso fe ons awe selenite cena, Alo cued ne below ‘sees or difecating su, por, od qt In soe css, eam ‘Bo ghen onder illumi be pple ppc gets {42 FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLES 0, whe any quand nt dependent cox her ny quantity ot dependent 3: Leey en, whe nisny al neri 32 Chapters Diorama! Caleulae Section $2 FunstorsofSinglevarsbiee 22 Baonples Fsanpies fo paban TS A.2%, where A, and mae constants The consi f= =T. were All, and ae contin doe) _ a m Z-(wr rere consent | cam wy i | (©) y= Asin v9, where and wae constants & = pamionenn 8 Lew a=-rtnes, whois Ho CES | ethene hana eet I} emo 1 Leyace, stevenchapters OMeramloCaleuus Section 3 Functions of Sever! Variblen—PartaDarvatver 38 8) y= Art, where A and ate coms Lawn ai Haze eo ate“! = tas Ae™ oad“ 0x) = 20 wd ymsnm aot a 4 [ts a “] eteds bia He, wher a:b. an cae const Oa ast a ae | dade Baap: InP = val sent a tt ge Hy ep lye 2 ye Ha m m 4 aioe a 7 4 #8 seal 1. Ase a00) = soft sao a ae ae 4 (fn) _ sn -sooet ar yeinae™, whee mia constant san) CS Letflo=sinx and g6xha Example: aS oor ut Stone Leyfedesine and he) cous s Da nsinse sons “ 4s 2 Lncas sad Mf a—sns _constonn tiannaian 1 wore nna cones = Dns) a cts {43 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES—PARTIAL, DERIVATIVES. 5 Inalte cases ven ove th fons th weeded iodo one Indepeter val Mont pajseochenl sys, howere, oral’ oni ‘or than ove independent able For exam. the peste of a es a ‘Sltaneousl a foston ofthe epee ofthe gen he volume of the © Bat gin, shee tesomi Sat ens a Last a a= fo 7.08 we35 Chapters tert Cleios here ic constant Since bh vals can change oer mo 2810 St with apct Vat const Ten be deed (F),- aS “ ath pti deste oP with spc to Tt const Vine isd | (25), =p tesEnasen us ‘The sal abr Fan Vint exressions( and rime wih vals etobe ld contr, "Tales fr aria ferentiation eth same those footy ee tion fund in Secon 42, te adon ht he varies Pld const te (reve th sme athe er const ina egeon, Hees, a coast T a soe at coms rat, (2) 28 ao ct so ome ie ply oe da cme opera tg ssa had tn ie eats, For example (30)),-(@2), (C2))-(@5) we am 8 addr cin die att nse is Janes ae ingealed od cons proper) semaly Tred wo phen anal, thn ened pr Second devas ae eal. “eG @), © Sewion 64 TheTouDierensal 37 (err)- (rs) oo ‘oils tapi iesettin inf, no mer complied tha inary dere, cose te Folowng examples. teh SE # 0 ven: (2) ton (8) ant G8), (£09) (GE) -r(es) o (28) =7(28), <2, ome Pa pn Tk the davai of # wih epetto Tat cont V ‘Since oth T nd (83) ar aon. eter ithe ex pression mast ileretited upc. (s(5),), =" (ar Ge),) + (8), 2), weer) C8), C8), Wer onsite conse in wich independent vrais fase ay be aren te eet ofthis on he dependent aie. Tn the preven secon me ‘lowed ony one ware to cane a's ine te ths secon me shal cose he wing al varias changesruaacounly. Coser asin be xa Be PF.) Let Pepe chage in pressure bouph bn by asia {atcous charge a rgentue ad ae,38 Chapters Deron! Coetus pasts anv avy —fEY) en, Alng an sbsting (V+ AV) Fagin 4-11) ed APafT-+AT.V+AV)~ fv +AY) FTV EAM) FTV) Mpg the fine wo terms sn Equa 412) by ATFAT and te secu 80 fsomaby AVIAY gives em or 413) 3 ‘The tes nt rackets jut the prtldrvtes PMT) aed (POV Re ping AP. AT: nd AV th dP 7a Vt ict anistingy sal cng, ano(t2) ar (8) a ais ‘hase the expeson dP epee te ol diel of. The ems (OPT) od PPV yA ae called poral efron Te combine pt feels a dierent fe fanton, In ere the, ele Sleety Db ys epee ara! en tu ()... ane(H) sos (HE). day tos 16) ‘oilset thepyscal significance of gation 416), conse the ello» ingexamle The volume of cyt function fb the aus the ide "inh eight feelin and sven byte eqn (eby=274 an tin a yc 0 ten Me int re Section TheTotslOMerenial 39 Any eng in itr ror wl in change in V. Te tl iri of V, “ Cha wm ‘ets exaine what ea ee ne expression means py Far ea ee mest cps iny chor he dhe ame changes However. he manera ‘he velume changes with fem fr th rane a wich change wh We ees by diferntiaing Equation 17 par (2), mB) =n av =2ern or 22 em We se en, tat the ae ues wo sa consider the vue of te colindr an changes nat volume The quay 22rd the volume of allow ‘lind of hice dr stow ni. The tl wae Ue inde can be “fought os summing taper enn clint of vote 2h dr tem ‘ius ris eid Meee, ay change the ae yd wl et te vl le by alia or strcng concent inde On the ote tan, easy depress the lume ohn pita thcknes dh shown nig. Ta he a vole othe cnr a ca "oe of suming roger hes las ul he gt his ached Any change inte ght wil ai volun: by adn saber ples Theva of hss ‘woes es ee aa cange inthe wou ofthe pnd Heace, Fr tet ie tse49 Chanter lean! Cabulus {+5 DERIVATIVE AS A RATIO OF INFINITESIMALLY SMALL CHANGES. In Seton 41 we diet eit of ~ a wih espect ti of the Change ny ne change ins rte large econ ashing smal. We might {Ska spin wy chal cans ate so portant 0 tl of phy ‘Soy, Whats pyielisienneo he dra? "Temp ane! hese tes cone te fon eam. The eral ‘nrg ofa te tnown oe afin of te epee oth sey ha inate We su in Char hat nen we graph vara sch ver 7 Theat ttecn changer het tras asm p (ET) eth fur nen byte spe finn gett the crve ta pit. Thi {atop on on verte curve cle te Beat xpi of te sys ands fed byte sya The sabre Vs esa. eens mend that Ea 8 anson af ts vlan Vand frie Gcsson we ae coneting Vio he 3 cme San Thos, the heat cc) a cnsat volume y the slope Fhe agent ie Sawa othe vor Tee athe pin (E). ‘Conn snw ite change menrgy AE ~ B ~ B, with spect 8 frit hn i epee AT, ~ Ty A iti express wil hom ws ht the change in ecg rapt he cange i enpcrare wil present the pe ath corve iy hen than beeen Fan isa, 8 Sow Tig 4), Unde tes ceomsances cst ce cons with rte We find ctpermenta'. Howove htc ey cost wih eget Tein tlre, AZ/AT i poor approximation wie ope cue wen thes ary nen th persre stent Fig 20) Nee tht the ao ‘SEIaT. give ty ten ah ute ea fom th ange the cave athe Dim denowed as the lope Wess, ph, ats we alow A to become hat sal tera EA. pventy tes ab as, anda appcaches Atespeof cure pony esa Fg 2) natin in ht ST lcstovto thao AB/ATensel equ be slope he carve atts pit a Bt sist th defnon fhe evar. That ear ‘tone a ne we papery fe dee tat pe bee eecmaniledoontgmece) pmo, enone a ea of eng ine emi aia sna Suntec wry Aerie eco tn ‘orient sce cy cum de jc eth sect ta ot calle pce wt me ee resets st se kp mh iiateh letra son nese sg psa ne Secon 43 Dervativa6 8 Rao a nftesimaly Smal Changes 62 nem cs hain epee ‘esol att rong face dot dine eps a. he ‘mea lo un aid oe ike ‘eT thre hi ote snp cpl Sapp we ba Site wih pel oft leo tev oan gee Py YT ws ye Sopp at Scencralpenre tl pr peso ly be See Dn pclae ee pecs sey dag arwoees ‘ene pret wept any pein pce pe lg pS mean wildoncenin momen "Pa = 708 aon te serene ‘eae tein sit an ear a a {ane tole om pum ne sane dae Fe {BS peo e ap e nero menor wk det Seas Teaver te Vy, and Ts, » Bees *42 Chamtardoiferanta! Cteios Femts Symon Bote Stage We above pcs wer evr the a dt se compres he asta bc Vcc sng eye sate a fre Secon ice Te clan he cer compe De te ‘une cee bean pes ws ses emer eh Seer cot mess And uot PY rk deeds on exer es ‘ek we warn er cone tne on eo Shed ty Be pt wen pT cory mut eeperis stpcen ng th tre the eT emer es wen {Schone meV beg ur war bef tee epuson tak dice The toe not eds gm ste ne cess trv, Inst mpur enone expan thie ee ote a he selene ones sey port sep ol its ‘Sen be ps pss Tat Poe PtP ‘orale prposes, min consider ht tougout th expansion th ter fal per eal te gs pss. Ane ges xpd er vole V1 ae 1 gas pers wil dp frm 1 aospere 0 0. ano as i ine Kae ccnp To eternal pene so Wl be same ev it Inthe cagusibn, Moreover snc cvtermal prose and te gases die ya fins ou, henson sbul tk ab nie non of Sine {ike pce along eqaltum i be sblsbed at each ot in he exansion. ‘Reining th te lide elite rm the surangas teger ‘tare wil ep tose sb ale 7 (bch at hse th Ts abe) ‘lane or he werk an bythe ps he saounings as expands. Tree te froces nem copes a os cna alae yma the external rs ‘econ ifs ager hu hg pres. Tet Paget oP ‘Becaseh enenl sre at each ot in the compresin ier oly nites lly osc pes ath pit nth epson the ek. doen co Section 4 Geometric Propales of Oervaties 48 resin he ps ie ea eq, ut oposite, the work done bythe as ia dhe ‘expumina Upon reihing be orginal volume Vth operate ofthe as vl be ‘sored ot rg tempera The pte xine toi erga se and the proves italy eerie. Tas by employing infin sal henge ‘onpbost procs, ac ited ep ialloved a eacheqib a te owes ‘46 GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF DERIVATIVES Jats prov ston we tata eles hin ening eet eave ‘roan a tannoo change ee vse asec 77) ploed wa ones Cann tte ait Se pectin caveat ay poe ea ean Whi expen ene {nye = enn so te noe dee wer sens Bylating ate eae oso) end sein, Snse ‘hier be un song Sern te wou arog Fophe fctn I yin. eae sce I ee ‘pit en (neuen arson Cott fn ach pu Po ens of ssh a ctw ag 43h hn cert minum te oo {ets Dict aan eed Gamo et or ps ‘cae whee mating cing os Sts esperar eee ese ot etna omer For camps ep sawn ing ets yt eatin " yore a2 eg 44 Gp teCrepe Diferentatcaeaus weds apttyn2e tee “Ding efit deriomive gives Bans Seng he fet devin ul oad sovng for weave 4e-220 aed Sting ino eon. wet = 0875. hich ese min Imam porto i cove Te detnfo whe cee atna 3 ‘munis pat ata ing sctym rpc wean st aes tetas pensar 0°S ands gue rea snd fut the ur oy Aone wy wt he con ra maine ma fn a coo dee te feston evane t e pt vos *y 1 2 co, stone fnstanisamasinas J then he foci iim ston pit of ltestinn oscar. (A pit of ection i 2 ‘hang om ave Wate 3 simu ace hat “abies minimum orc esa) Sesion 48 domi Propetae of Darna 48 Conier be cai oeton how in Fig 45. yet 6042 ‘iking heft dra ing zee ies Baet—620 @ 2-100 ‘mich nde tha there ae to values a fr which the slope eal o a0 Solving this equation, we see ats = "41, Taking the scond dee of he ‘sbi enn gies y Sam Fora +1. 12, which ines tat he carve nium his pie, d= 12, chines that caves mar at pe ‘Note hat poi tno osc ats 0. Examples 1. The otal volume in ies pacosewate solo is in by the Vo 1001.93 + 115282n +0646? ere sth my ofthe aan, The tl molar ole of css, Sra the op a Versus carve (Vin Fide pal ee vel gues 0.100 sltion of coca water Soaion Taking dervasive othe Vversas mca gives rd onan = = 115282 1.290 Sebsiting the conenton = 0,10 ios goto give he pai uli of gone uae = LAST mt 2 Tepes igang sn alcTaetpeay aoe nes ates dente (siz) enoree tm aha otis Fa pein metre =‘ctor Dire Caeis Solon, The ws robe spend cas athe pit where the proba ‘ty stun fen Pes sina. Ths to dove fe mk ‘rouble geod. ne mst mimi he eatin P, with respecte pnte(sip)emate “aking te devas of with reps cud Sting tego zssogves 2 nae( 2p)" I wr ag scene )] =0 We in divide tagh te caution by 4ein/acer eM" 9, si eaves Indie cwseeuive ston A> B > € the olarcancentaton of Bf. ‘ere (Ae the inital concerto of Aan ie spe te costa Uru crt Find he ae o Formic (same Solin. Ting he diva oF (wit eect o an seting egal oaew gies 4 Dividing tw by Ads), weave bet =e “king atu! logarithm fh equates feds —bet=Ink ir Inte Ine = —be tenn ml a yer he ‘Secon £7 Contrainad Mani angMinima 47 47 CONSTRAINED MAXIMA AND MINIAA ‘Thee ae «ste of poe in phyla chemise for which it meer mani (ei) facon andr spec ete colton Fe uae Dis stppse we whe w mua me fenton fs) bt othe ston tht ater eto of andy. gc 9) bay ql eo. We ad iby rth own as Zagangr' mad of endrmined mallee os Ine) by hs i, cone eal eres r=() se+(24) 0 20 2p, (Since $9) = 0p =0) Eaton (420) and 21 can Be cmb by ‘elving Esaon (21) ford and susitaig das kro Equation (20), Bene, ‘ote sa this prostneetcelyremores the expt y-depenfene in gs ‘ion (23; ne. the funcon fan mow be aed a con thigh va ables Ths. the ancien eachesemainum th ps wher d=, Tvs oe oe ere scott called unripe Rearanin Basaton 6-2, echuin woeqostons = m0)48 Chapter Dire Calelus 25) wich along wih ution kx; 3) =, allows us to deme he pit fe "Wein om expen ht he extension of Lagrange mato 1 ine re han ve eso eres ht hse ms be at esto mn ndependet ‘bl thon the ett Ths, for more thon esi, wehve Pls y480) PUY) HME I) = Bole ye) er fli tention tobe maximised 2. and 2) Tre th eietons, ud tl ar uneteried tits The comdon fo om- ied matimiatono imation £7). ar, 425) °, Fag Fao am Bamps 1, indie dinesons of aectanglir ae for which fe reais maim tie conference eal, Soiuion. The wen ofa rectangl fA ~ ab The ccumfrece of thoes C= 2a), We wih masinie Awe we mize CL Ge ia 8) 0 Trt, Haun (26) or ths robles Fla, b)=ah— 29 = ab AC + 231046) andthe cotion formalin a is wo ow ‘hing ui eve ay ate Fay atean But since Cis a minim, 2a = 2H =O. Therefore, we cae wrt +2. =Omnde+24=0 ob “Tae ectngulr sage with he nin ars and th iim ia ference fn qu Sexton £7 Constined Maxi andMinima 2 A problem in tical mechanics eges maximizing he acon stan Sonne lama) sujet the conn hat Dean ad Deki Soin, Let minum = Dna ny msm. = Ee Tas, Fonummadenan Soman —a(D es) ~a(Sne-2) who rand a udetaign iis. The conden for oti notin a “Tag the devine of F with pect cack in the a nang ‘hats ny ste ioe ara pod an atmand econ, wetae a~ 86, ‘Ting be ago is equaon ges But = Sony heer, Sitibton anton 0 °F which gives Blumur’s50 Chptard Osteretin Coktas “The fusion nan E 1 Bata, Gt Len Ses Kan J Ck, Peo Ic, Upper ae PROBLEMS. 1. ieee filing cons ating ones eee he a Gycwer ie lire i) weNta—mnn ovine (0 9289-8 ro seene ® fw yave ” i raasnsoos o ori @ Oy yet —ersnse M puininpetoT [oFT FTE rei vapeatos SE “2.18, seers? (0 71a oo 80 SK T= 04 10 we P= 3K TAMIR Bat 30K, where AH 5020 R= A314 il, aie ar Tate, whee Wy = OOIM ant A= $08 10H He Dane hte ech fhe fling on ni mini ae, in| ‘she rbot Fst cnn hing mar mi oe Pei Spc ay pan of incon Wo yotensers (fea se (9 yaande FoIntegral Calculus 51 mwrRoDUcTION “Thor a basillytwomor pouches otras. One apench is © ‘sien mon ndetstve and neato, he reef aking te (passin vas of eretaon, Te eb aprsch so couie the neg Sty au of many silat ifinesima kent Ths As approach allows so nema geoeancrals Tesco ppoich llr ast ain = {ttmaning ihe ga lntodacory cuseton egal caer peta we Stare fine fhe aprosc, sch the vasious med fr pr fring igele While if tmporsnt, and psp a se Pit sboeld be leueds npc ie ly at ut fu feng ables of ips 0 forsee. Tu next ne allem ing tees tere fe forming th cans of inepration, However same geca and pei mets ‘mgpion seine, pearly een some functions re nealmasina em found mie egal es, Inte pres caper we od the mathe asked wh ing funcional ntl part ad deter eee cence Incl changes evra of he aeons hater we sal cone be ever roves: Kooning th tof he nian changes we nso eters Te overlelstof adding nether thee changes sac ha su eel ie ‘hunge Before conseing te phys spnience nd he applies feel ‘alle, tu by eet peel and pecal ethc inept Sesion 52 Generel Methods of tegration 58 152 INTEGRAL AS AN ANTIDERIVATIVE 1 Chapt we considered te deen ofthe fncton y=), syed by tte aton ay _ au £8

(a) Tesenes| late} step divers. (4) Teens wanes 1 tena tarm * aan hr > 0 aways converses,96 chapter? Inte Ser ‘ach eon nan sow ees sess than ol 2 csp tei ommparsca sere ati enw comer, tenth nko si Converge oreve fcch cr nan sown sere gl oo este cep: {agterm in neomparion eesti awa to verge, ene uke ee ‘ene Ide lase his mod consider he ollowing xp Examples (@) Daemine wher the series rat Lepetede comers or divers ‘Selon. To sve his robe, ets compre hisses with ses 2) and Seis above Iiwetetp = I insere 2) se bees 3 hich saivergen: However cach erin th knoe seis isles ha cach tein tse, wich soon tose at the eves ot erent welt = 2a seis), weneve lees gt whichis omen. Hower each minh unknown srs i tes tan ‘ich tin ts sei. Cleary te, here mt be some sale fp ng ‘mca and 2 th wil gv sre having tenes ta re greet ot ‘sponding ens inthe now sees. Since wl rer ta shi Ser must converge te ao eis an ma cose, (©) Determine wheter sees Least cameos orders Solin, To sone si probe, wet ei te seis 142464204 1204 [Now It ope ein with srs (1) in whith Land 1H2E SFIS Seaion 72 Testor Convergence andOwergence $7 ‘Sine ech tem the known srs preter thn each rm in is vere ‘ees be unr eer mt vere Rati Test. Aner metho neo dete wheter asx converget ‘x diverge ite yale at test Conner aoa te (r+ tte the nverm nthe ainsi +, +1, +>» Wetnd ati he sees converges On the ther band. the svc vere I aweve, ‘het fl and anther method st be wd overs oF divers. Solon twists he generale isa, /2* Hence, nd his es ta the sexes mast covers98 Chapter? inte Serie 17-3 POWER SERIES REVISITED (One ofthe mos wl mathematical tos ia aid mate te power ‘es natin tt ving form soe Soaet Poser svi, he ote infin ss, can be ier convergent o ieget haw ‘vr whee a sees converges ot dees pds ne ae of = "Wecan doce he yale of fo which esas conver orders y ‘plying he ao tes We Sed athe seres soe or alae of the ‘mers I. Baty foree —toex> 1 When x= Ihe Sesion 7-4 Macourin nd Tayor Sores 08 ies somes Lereseaa sy sic eae. When r= the sexs Beomes pena base hich ao divers Hence, tht of arsersence des nt inde the exons, (0) Powe ste slns to dete pets are pacar ntereaing Sie he srs converges tos polynomial or exampl, we ca ase eae ‘esto eminent of convergence for Lege’ gute. Sutin, One wil se ror Baton (643 a “Theres he nero comers fr Legends maton when 3 < 1 frist That tral “tx fe slutnsw Legenda inate igiit Morover we fata fC inLepene' atone os veo agave ines Onlin eo), the Lege pao wl ‘min firitfor al he alowed values atthe cosine of ut angle cn ave (Gasading he pie vee c0e = 1, ‘7-4 MACLAURIN AND TAYLOR SERIES Ini caper we consis tre mhos of expanding fnconin init eves ‘wo, wiht pilin fal py ches, te powe sets Knows ‘the aclurin triers th Tlorsre Lal cose he Maca ss ‘Seppe ta uncon fl) tab capded oa poe erie Foam as ot oto 0) Faber, spose that he faneton has coatiaaos dias ofl ones, Let us rl) and is deaties at Jo =aysaye ten? sash f= 00 Fa) =a, + 20a Daye 45 FO = ay $0) = 2+ ODI Fos FO) = Pig Pe) mia ++ Dingee HO) =00 Chapter? nite Sari aedaas Stating hs values forte eects back int Egan (7-2) es 0 £03, Leg 09 + fet hich known a te Macluria res Tolan ewe ofthis ase etwner: Pace. Expand the function (l +») na Micra sees, . Juminiey — f=0 soa ost . Sona FO hate) ‘Conse, now fanesen f(s) that can expanded in the ses Ja)=ataeatate—a tote + 74) whore seme cnt Asam, at we did sows ht he fin f+) hs cn Sons dentists now ala the ncn ni ees Mesa niertonsts= 0, Jo)=ebele-a) +666 =a) bole — a +5 fle Fo) =6, 4266-0) + Sele aF +s F@)=6, £0) 26 + ORBAMe = #05 Ma) =e, P= Mey HOt Dieu 0) 4-5 Na), Section 75 Fourier Serie ord Fourier Tenforms 101 ‘Siac thse ahs fr th cfc ack into Egon (7-4) gives Fle) fo) Foxe hic i Anown asa Tales seve, Ponte apa factions) ein power of +2) Sine fa) =e and 42) (ahora 2, eve fume fener See fone? fase f@=et fren rerne tesa ehire eed 7-5 FOURIER SERIES AND FOURIER TRANSFORMS. (ne ofthe mast one tensile in ceri ysis the Fc ‘ror, Four nfo se material manipltons ht gaia ifr ‘to. They arise atl ins number of pyial poles, For example es ‘Sa Four wafer The hua je dear a oer taser yan "yen compe elector or sound waves. ’A Fonte tearm sero ihe se of Four series, xpd ‘9.8 moa gear farm te sum of ne sensi fenctiont Je) Zasears ter Ehcon 08 where 7 7 wcL[' posonts aa yf povounas 07 ‘The coetcins oend from the otha hair af sn sxe fine sink wich we wl discus arin theca Four sees ler rom were ‘es exponent eo pint ways, Pes tener of oop Pow src dere for ieet fanctns he ous sees om tether hand, $vayecomergestetnen mand 4x Sond man onctons amt beespandod ‘ns power ors, whereas it re faneon ha comet be expand Foor evs Tssomtimes slo chang erage be Fou seta (2) (1,1) Tiss acompsed by replace th variable xin Beaton (7-5) th02 Captor? Inika Sarie s/bsiving = Dass tne D no os poviae wt eof sonen tee 0 ‘We snr Caper ht a of ne od cine fron alo cn be epee is es) 1 sow, tf ta nae Fom of he s0)= Set ow) [iE Sloe Vt Now tan isa, oe accom: et. Tis sees, once wl pest ony farce tre pee Ws os 1, ewe, e modtyExuton (7-10) a epee fnstons ta se oper, Latkes. Now kt use wha appre if we allow [poo nity. AL Jagan las Kebagss in alr nd salle nents each cane ‘At Gi) Intel hat At goes ea becomes conti ahead ‘he couticiens ccm be dsb a fnton of). There, in Seoern 10 Le sage oe) m3 ‘Bui jst defnton oft neal, Ling La) = R/V, weave poe [satan ° ~ swags [ree oe Buon (7-1) called he Fore pra fe and ae calle Foor monje foe antes ‘aomtnt Fide Fer ansform ofthe fst Ox ent oa Foe AE, at ex et O xent Soution7-5 Fourie Serie and Four Tanslrme 108 “The Four nso a ton i sh= Fe [se ‘Note tat ice the function ps ero oud the age (nn), we need ony Ingram nL + wl ahr tn fom —s0 10-40 eleva = and ("Enid thine esomes fe nn Be dx, hh san be ound tc Teo Inspr in pena There, we ave Pte dy 10) 5 (seh) osnin pont += a(ate) e* (am 9t- GZ) ats) [~ (-wsnou- (2) ane) (aman (oa) | Bot sn) = O = sin-22n) and on) mecelota) 0-5 (wen) (F From Chap [et — et = 2 in (nd), Aso +6 = Sting thes equation fo 8 get aim, iene) a = al cou) = Theo ween “(eon re my co Sipe fas he our sre ae pose, For example ftw tote expundeds an adeno abot x= Dati) =F he te bo. fsens Baton 7-6) ash and he Fase sors bone fo) =Zasione os)106 Chuplor7 ite Sie where "fen innede a8 Likewise if be function ian eve anton abou x= 0, hat, then the cece in gation 75] vas nd he Fare series cones 1 so) heehee a whee ne2 [ poremiae oe Conse, om athe of acne ht as Be wed ae Bs for a ‘oer expatnion, Te wve-mechonia sons april conaed enone ‘menor bo etme r= Oa Fm on when ca poste npr oc inci eo), Tes sation av test “ery priate Fi, the aan aed be oman The cod ‘on frat 1 os) [one ‘where y* denote the complex conjugate of ¥ and dis the difererdal voluve a ‘inet. Sect ny Gwe diferent mine tl oe onhogenal Te coon Zea [one “Tokoa together, these conditions te sali o form complete orthonormal st, some octane [one ‘he my ald Arner dat ‘Wee se ths complet st he assets Fore sei expansion of ny fenton inte eve fe 0 Par example es expand he anton 3) ina Fourier sere wing Ue wate ofthe prile nthe Bo ws the hss 169 = Doate= Dl Ean oa 0 ow ies hye hy om ‘Seaion 75 Fourier Serie and Four Tensions 108 ‘Tofnd cout, eke ws of heaton pet Let Sey gh Een (2b 9 ad igus a pe Bi me ade [ivesoraen [eZavete [De Bu deimegatofasm iiesam ote igris. [Lavine Daf verte very ner hs suaion wl vanish ect when inet seqal Thus wean we min ich ase he oe en Fert et 2) = Bain (28 a2 ft coe ft [ssn te AB (Sew ‘Using thse coe, we now expan he eon ina Fore ssi i iterate to ve p= Leora 8 (gh gg itt, get sy aSe(oadf Land bat) A raph the ist ve ef this seis, alg wih a rag te onl ane too dase te etwes = Dans. eshowa in Fig (Since fnton ispoted in acon unit of he gphactlly fom —Otos= 1) Notte re way veers in th Four sees, the series Soer prey al oo l= towing the sca ncton OF couse oe em in theses wl gives beter ‘Theses dos sole fi the func asx appmaces sine the tal fn siniscscoinonu at at pin whet eves pss. This boweve ence "ale nee spoon nop dace ih4 seo Chapt? ifn Sore nt Gost ee ate Fn sso ie ein I Dewees ee), i SUGGESTED READING 1 Bana: a a She Kat, Cale, Pre Hl Ia, Upper Sade ror 2 Rt and Sanat BP of wel En en [8 Vaan, Da and Pay Bomy Cat, Mes, Pee alle, Upper Sat- PROBLEMS Ww teaeserseeChanter? Inte Sori Letee me crea rete t ade wag conan ses @ cas oan? ‘Stow ha os aes of ‘Sosy expig sn inp 5), OM een cove Oya atthe "dr tyepindng eect dtr set ‘em I agit Stow tte sons oe pete ne cectneanox = in ogi ator fe [: anu pon), tere Probleme 108 12. OtheFoate eft ar pattems hemi. | ‘ape aig ne ot eit wes ron Feel eat ‘Me Fe uno reat eran lan Xn cpt ‘Stade ack nan ape" fo Co ‘wie race pin poe anus Foc scape ae tt wae mmc Da he in apt Ini te he Foren 02K +E hentee Gato) fe Fete oe cen shone Pt fam 01081 ‘prolate apponi ndcnalwt l minngtno oa ee tt IS euch rf? cmbe dese te ae sees (0) = sin woe as} tomne Pie sa fi fom —# 0 4 adc toate te Peso. ‘Steg ee noms meScalars and Vectors 2-7 SCALARS [Atala fie gun tht emo vain ndr a coors tan ‘ation For eal, comer the two pi (5) and (2) oe cour ‘ate stem showa io Fp 81() The dsuncebewee he wo pi, cat be eand using the eution $= VGAHP HRP = VERB WE Seppo, nm we allow de comnts aes be rated oa he ig voaph an angle 4 ging he cose syste showaig Fp 10) Te corns of hwo psn sew corns sytem ace (2/2 9/22) and (a7 32/2. (Se Caper 1, Sosion 3) Tae tance Pewee be pois an found y sein sing he resin eseaton: hs, oe Note that aug th connie fhe pits cunged ander he cade eas ‘rman te dstece been two pis female uaa. Ts, he di Lance beeen two pois sn scl quay, ter examples sala ema, temper and speed (not eb) A aera Boos Se ecoescd=ae seston 62 eco ena Ther Adstion 11 gar 6 tnt se ee mn ‘82 VECTORS AND THEIR ADDITION. ‘Quanttes hat do at enn inant ner coon tansfomation ae ila ‘ons. A vets defined as qu haing eth mage an econ Ths, ‘ela, whi vec a ming known speed (10 mi) a dice tn (10m along te ai) Ths ies veri when one coisa ‘change fom gigs, 20 mes pehowrin nee reson 0 aes per hour ‘na westerly devon oes See orc at Be pled tthe whe othe {3 Sines foc ays sone wt bce and an seen ‘ange i velocity with expec tie, he sels of ect mast change ee ‘hough he spect is const ‘Sie ets re utes ving ot mgd nite, sf 0 ore Yet alo mist iad hese ropes, One meth of ang vec ‘ouseihe socal prlogran ale Conaerto wt And epee boson ie cordate systen shown Fg 62) isco woh ag ‘lhe row rps he agnide or sole vale Be veer scale gat) td eect the aro epee te ver’ deen To ad A sd Be ‘np contrvc paar shown nig 8-20) The um theo vets ‘Nani B os helena den of he goal fe pega, Unie Vectors. Once ne teow how oad vst, we nd mich me ofl rpinnt esc int of wt vectors ing ang he tee cor ‘imac syste snot cesar a teu yetas he lng econ ee inal corn systems) Tet os dene Land sa vets yas ving112 Chapter Sonne and Vcore er any epg ma mute (bole vale) of unity. ying along the rand ans of Castes Cotdnat syn’ Using the rtd of ton Sse hoe, we id ha any ‘Sector A canbe dsb ae sof uit hve “hs, we can wie Ae ha, +e, en whine ap nthe sel rips. Ia sof he seaor mes he mi Tite bso au fhe tora its sto cane on ig eas emai ets for plans plo cnercmtes (Equations (15) sn (1). he ‘ctrl coine tela, ote taser equator sper Pa ‘terns [Equine (19. {110 gel (Be et is in the en wines aa tne pcg mbes (2) tte ” Sample Determine the magne and deta af he velar AG, 4 3) = 18) + Yo) KC) stead n Be 83 ‘Sustegmetbe itonsne jjant eds h Section 82 Veetoreand Ther Addon 182 gee 83 Wate 3) 4004, MEET sa 80 fon ote (2) <1 tomes ‘Toconier te sum of wo estos by a ongapicl mend, we mast con “ert compone vcs akong ach axis pare Corse sana, 9 A=W 450) and B82 G0) ‘The sum ofthe to vests singly the get im of the scalar mips AMA tla +) He, +h) fan sat =I HO) Wie seth indent, A+ Binz new yecte C= 49) + 9) To find ema tude advection fC, we se he wnsfermaioe equations or plane pl cot ‘ate ae 5) 745 fom ie ass Wi114 chepter scalars ond Vectors Agtaerlexpresion fr te ation of vctrsin two densons i, heer, Lande oe AtALbAL = AvbAntAt Can LeenEe eo Example Find he sum ofthe ee wets AC, 12, (=I, 2,3. and 2,-1.0, Sotaon Ast) #4004402) +52) +3) ewig sip AsB+e=i2)+)0)74-) Magsnde = JFFTF CT = 109.7 fom xis tomy pane {89 MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS ere esto Wa mew. Th est way ind the sea o pra! beeen ho ecto The ser Wa to id he vet "C5" product bce te two sets We hl conser sel listo fin Scalar Multpieaton. The la, or “Uo” pact nl by the ‘spate ASB = (A\iBlcostan ws, were ors the angle Beweet A and B. This pout (ea “A ds) i elle "Beware bcs th rerio hematin see ssl To eth Sexton 5 Mulipston ot Venore 115 ons st sea prolut teweue the et ete atk. Since he ange tecween any tno uni vest Canesan ood 97, andthe agate of he vecos isu, me ca we biel diet bso pk=0 «o bke0 Reka Such vos obeying Bauaton se sald 0 be hogonal a genera, me ‘an sae that itwo veto «and are oogonaluit eor, ten erecgnize a8 Kroner dea Se Cage ‘Cone nov tel practice vectors Af, 4+ kaand Bains, +1, AB, +a, +h), +, +h) Abb-deasbb+0cbd- kes aybb A+ eybS-} + 6b adhe Mabie Jada “Tang int cunt gations 6.9) we bate AMM aih top, +0b, wo ict ines ce, Example Fhe sear prot bmn the yest A, 3,2) BU, 41h Solon Aa kD+50 +40 Bats) 4-9 4m) ANB= 14) X44 200-6 ‘eetor Matipletion, The weir ce “es ra i lied hy the cation axe [Alisa eo hr tne ane been AaB nd Cina ait vector pepe the pase food Aad This produced vector poduet bee he est ‘te milglenton ea vet Toobin the dscton of A XB ead cox ‘height anda” an nol Thre star he Ber fhe ot nd196 Chapt Seatrs and Wertors B ert ete pt AB fe ty ‘ote A fab B dvoug Be sulle angle bce ee ose en the hand ‘wl pine in be eston o he ss product shown a Bt "With his min tus deere he ver proc between he i etn eine bask be DxkaL kek=0 ey 10) rom hes, we cn bain an expression forthe vce rode teen Weta A A a +s ea) Bk) SABAX I oS HabAX ODA OR ID Fahd Xb abkx Itoh) Hahkxk “Taking it cont Equations (610, we ave AX Iah a) +100,—0) +H, 0.) — ll) _Aconeient way trameber A x isto exes iin he for of dtsminnt (see Chapter} tak no Example ‘tein te vet prot bere he estes AG, 32) BK, 2. Sobion Asia) +10) +O) KD) +3214 4-3) Seaion84 Applowions 117 ayy axpa| 43 2 12 (4-3) 22 HE-3)~ 159-00) +) NaN + KIS) — 12.4 APPLICATIONS Indhis section we shal conser examples hat demenstethe plicnin of ete “analy phycssema yams Te abject of vectar peer aed ‘Chapt 10: 1. The nttion cca he magnate moment fe uc, abd a mupetic {iH spony te euation cee tw derrine the component of energy acide wih the inerctivn song es aan Since wea a, rte 1, + we Me dt dll Ao sae Emile = “Hy aad B= Nott athogh ath yn Hate vests, nea eel 2 The tongs cere ores hing + agate mea in magic ties Tepe ‘Tong, toweves se ate of change of angular menu, LA, whe iy ta sdM10 Chapter Str ana Vcore eto drier the les log the 9 ae. Sine roi we WH Hye ~ ble + Rts wt i He — wll) +t wee My ~ ad Nyy HB = B+ Ray, ‘SUGGESTED READING 1. Basa, Lan Sr Kat J, Cla, Pt a, Ie, Uo Sale 2 Wari Das an aca awe, Cae, 7 Rene ne per Sa 2 Renmei Mao hd, An Wee Pings PROBLEMS wan wo 13) @azD i A239) fans AML oarao, acts, Wace Muay 2. Decsnine eee an tn fie tgs (ar ats) meas.) th acho am> fo ann} me 3 Bade eboirg mae pst 4B ls 4 6) W ARGS aMee 8) (oath). Bor (na. 282.3.4 fh Acs.) (9 A218 6) fo AR cn- BO. {0 Az0.8-me N68) 4: othe mage n dreco ce oowing vee pai (a AG. Wachee, (acim (0 aca 391,46 AG nea) tm Azo, 5 Sow © (6 So tt sr mpc comms vcr mito ent Tati, ADSBA bo AXH EBA arms | Aap onan i renty te tion = pee =the th ‘datos p=, yt ace ete Aang Leth tht hy indie compen fp mea enon, ° Riceqcas vane sceaivetts ef immgsa’ Po Heder hfeMatrices and Determinants ‘91 1nTRoDUCTION tn cern areas of gil chemise: it incomes out so deans tsa of umber cadena Maes Die ue, cain nea mero aorta ver ines othe may te eng, The zm lines ofthe matin cle ns, the veel nee cll al A tec th sows and mes epee bye epresin ‘wher oy bo 8 he men he a Sach mae Cale ster mais for (nn) or ann > mati. Th singe fo ‘he ah ow nai Bad he clu ai 2 (by by by he) and & Mates ve some very well opens and a seal tr own Howeve, ‘before going ito ths, es Ft cmcearte Ob pei pe of at, De ee Section 82 Square Maticee snd Determinants 124 ‘9.2 SQUARE MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS As eatin, quae ras is ne having aoa mute of ows ad srs, ‘Themunber ons or enter ina ene at led ner tthe maa, ‘ence tire mss ne having tes oud Be clu “Asocited with every sre ma el mb cle determina of ‘he marie The termina of ssn ede a ined 8 le pele gl nad be en et and ae elements ofthe muti is ipa 1 eet the mat ie has mo numeri value. Only the determin he ma sen be at Sipe aspe rae Tits tt fan on be wing op Examples (9) Evaluate the determinant | ‘Solutin: | Seton [4 S]-s-9-cn 14 4) Bvatawe edema | 209 St Solon fe 8 mao teat = In drt evant determinants of onder igh than or 2, We we the etd of afc, dened a flows. Cone te dterisun ‘hector of element sal (—1) mip by the detente ferme liming eth ow an heh cola fo opal Jeera ‘The determina ther expe y suming togeti he emess ligied by b.122 Chopter9— Movico ne Deterinants eiecofatn or any ot Hence, wing eit ow fr exampe, ne cn wt ‘Sim expressions are ose using he evn the econ thio sk onic Teach edema shat ress in he expin by ofits soe of ugha tan 2, heme poe epee foreach of tes derail ‘Berean eteoinas a for 2 Snes example, he esling ee inant of oer 2. weve > ls ~ ay) ~~ ay) + alt ~ as) Example fl ‘ vata he determinant |_§ bas oy ert lols ta s «|= 0/4 2123 a 6 i soft 5 2 3 5-6 s 6 4 2 os] yaleh 5] ls 5) 23 aI 1 Sl ya|-t 5 ais jel TIED ~ 160 4 38) — 246-3) 4405) — 18-6) 5154919) ~ 126) 420-12) a1 Seoions.3 Mai Aigabre 128 ‘9.3 MATRIX ALGEBRA ‘Lets tu now to seer res ht gover te popes of mts nd ide ‘wcminns: These es ae posed witht rock 1. the corespnding sand coms of gar ats arenechanged he ‘ein of he ma oni unchanged fs Sle 3 2 tFamy oro clin of delerminan ar nechaged the sian te ‘dcr chnge et or no ‘each element iar 7 col na determinan is mpi by he same ‘nanber. th of te dlrminan imi by lin) ton ka 5 fechlomet nan oor column eterna ic mailed hesame rane Kand the rode i aed toa comeponding element athe Iii he alae of he determinant remains changed rasice se 22] [on 2 oS mitten: ay a3] lan on as 6 Twomatices av added by he adtion of tr coment ss) (i B)-(o28 stk)24 chapter Maree and Ootarminants ( cae oe ‘efi fom expres hl ati ipo is tnd ony if te nam ter of sama of the est ati equals he mnbe fro ofthe cond mat. DMucsner if A sah rian wt clemen gan B ican r mio with inet hen teeing pro C= AB Wl eam» ma whee Day vipat tea ie cen aes ge so i ere ne tne mie propery sine saul consequence oS Hesenberg nce pence Baampies © (G6 CBR 8) -(8 8) om (& @)(a)=( 2) 0)= (uate) om m()-( Gs p) stare tee) Assia typ of ic piston cers when th matics ave nausea lens nbs lang the agonal Foe example, oni e muliaon of ‘tematics 12]0 00) (-3 3]0 sil) 00) (4 olo ool] 0 o|.| oot ots] | o oo} ool-se) lo ool A 000 090 ° Secon 83 MavixAlgobre 25 EI) mer=a0) ving teaser ‘Amat hying eae sales fol sng tage and eo fal ‘ther lms agonal mars, When be angeles og ‘gna are ql niche mai eae au mri Hea nt ma “Gt We can show by matt mpm hat Ais any sti then As quae main andthe dcemina ofA dosnt zen As ‘sis whe rnin IFA isa onsnglr mai, heres an ive ASANO ‘eine ofa mca en aie Been AA amo Co) Cd)q 126 Chopter Mevices and Doterminanis 9-4 SOLUTIONS OF SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS Conse he following st oftne equations 0» ‘Wecon cay sow tht tht of Egan (9-2) cane eset hy the re wo maces = 6 “The ein of he cot it Jon en aes oo ae] om Rl inthe previous set, we can write Juss ay on oo al 1 we now uly ech lament in colon by each element Incl 3y nds, ans hve coin 1 deceit Dry then by Rae 5 dh Secton84 Soluions of Sytoms.of nee Equations 127 revo section Dr remains unchanged, gts ats sa Ba Ba) Oy Sotting foro | the Ege (92), we have pu=|> =>, By the same apne we for cola I, wecan wit = Dy De, = Dy and 0 cle ave ben placed ee Hews D9 0, oe hae the soon tte et of ga Be ake Bo 2, ‘Tismedhdtwving evo inearemitonsiskoown sation Cramer’ ue Example ‘Save the following estos ing Came’: stytre? dety-dea 5 deny kas Sotion. We est st up te determin:128 Chapter Matices and Determinanie Consider. no, psi set of linear equions ha el eal 0 720, ok take ayy Hos uk = 0 tin + aay tea tos ba =O os aan aah, tag Hoe aa =O Wiking hese ution a mate oom, we ve ay ona oan) ( 0 aso vet se is fem ing Cana we wa aia staf olson = ne wih nowt of tons, Sats asctot no or wich ot eu oe Ate sR ‘all ut singlar mats ne whose dona iequl on, Lt ex) is idea ter king athe characteristic equa of at '95 CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION OF A MATRIX ‘Coir et of nar equtions ach x se dserned in Section 94 wen in ono ete oe Ctr calle eget telongig ait A The nly eet ham Ahao9 max es 0 mally each leat atx 8 ie to show ton. tht ean 2 me pall vest spe. “Tus he costa sara cage te kag he vet. bt oi recon. "Buin (5) un be wien a (aaa o oo, Section 8S ChoracterstcEuatonoteMabix 8 esa in Secon 94, boner tht nore ot iin vil etfs tote ine ogatens repenenedby Egon 98) ha 0 ~ °. isthe re tat be mana (AA) Benin; a's tA A) =D Wiig te ‘Gteminat (A) inexpci form we ave ml anni sm | 6 fy ay teh “The determina shown in Egution (7) elle th scalar determinant sl the ‘ear equa epesetd by Foe (0) areca the Seca quton, We caste hs 5 detrmias ag he to of ofa, whch wil yl 0 ‘nherde polynomial Mode tad beta be oO oe uation (8 calla te character equation of mate A. Te so Es ‘iam 08) a cll he ier specran of ae A er every eget thee exis caresponding eigsetr Tht ae a lena ten ‘here acon cigenalc equation bon iene equations Acme A= ae on Aces, here wer sa coamn marx Equations (0) canbe epresety ain: ea ation ac=ea e109) ea te) (0 0 fn] fo a 0 en ba mJ QO 0190 Chapter Matic and Dteinants ast #0, fis nosing hen ee xis an inser Cs ying though Equi (2:10 by C= giver ene =e! ew ‘eset tht we can dgoaize mix by compounding te eigenvetarsito mt Finding the ier hat cagoalie aman ive eigen is ‘nef the mar ype of rblems found a quanta mechan. More wl ead tout egeaales al ht elon operates Caper 1 Example -Aprblemin simple Hck mule hor ess atin in gna om he mats desing tes scl egics an sxample ok (Fb AG) ‘nande determine te igenalesE Here ad 8 inp called te Coulomb negra eonance egal especie Ths pobiem ies omethar om he eal dro en ve tance “ales of Foy ot necessary eds. When he genase a ‘isnt tay a posible fo pa the mati recaps fom, Moe br a lett moll ert robin lef te esr etn re Independent. This ren a pei poi with which we mst deal. Tn ‘ample stn ee hugh al eigenvalues ares Ire tt 0 tana via soon othe seca eqns, tts, eh == Os ase eto Ut sss mate be sage Tha, “Ts dterminans mosey vei we divide oh trina by Bondi (= B/B =a Problems tat We fusing he metodo afc that he erste eon of sematicie P-2=0 whch nas te rots x = 0, 3 ach oe crepe a pest gee Yale ener stein isco) Ey =u + V2B, =O, By =~ 38 To Sn he cuties abot wih cach recy ste, we soba Scher nr, the eur gus and sae forthe cote Forex tiple suiting Fy = 28 it he eel gutons Bg + he =o Pls WB + fy SO Fe + @ Big =O tvs y= (1//Biey andey = Noe that eons al ce Sear eqns Ie notolepndat wees deren ely he rai fhe cet nd ot Iirvaies Ite eigenvectors se trae, weve hen we have ster ‘spun connecting te siete. De ‘There intisexampe +6746 1 Sabtig te values given stove to is eqnton pes) 1/2 ancy V3. Cota for ‘heater eigonalns can be fod ins simi mae, SUGGESTED READING 1. Seer Hera Su Fons Bannon ef ina Eto nd Bo (ie Pons, A Ney ahi, one 98 2 Sune Mn alee ler fede a a Upper Sa Re, I, 2 Wan Ah BT Maen, hed Aaa Wey Cotman PROBLEMS: lathe felon desman lots194 Chapter Monicos nd Deterinants 18, Show taean ie whee is asa pl eto apa 1 Ste twig at of aarti Fem ond Det he {alpen sete yey rc ae Eg it Epo tints me mad ie yy Bet be te pa lettin the bee Tea he, 10 Operators 10:1 INTRODUCTION, An operator i symbol hat sige a roses that wll anon on function Ino anther fcion For example te operate B, » 01 apie tthe Fnction ‘designe al he is dere of) wi spose ake See ‘be exampes of operates are & aven=sa+h—f09 BBA +f) +400+ Me Mya =f00-60-f00 Ir two or more operas are apple simulansously 0 «fn, then the perry ace the mcm wl operon he etn Br ‘Bene for te next alpen oper will operon he action fet and ‘9 on. For example, conser te apicaion of Be ope Dy =9/8r and 1B, © yay tothe fncon 9) = 8,0, 09) =8, ae’) =» Conte tera 8,8, (297) on 'Seoch ose am ie oxyen is plaed athe eign), we can cay shows tobe ec 10-6 TRANSFORMATION OF TO PLANE POLAR, (COORDINATES. Many problens clas and quant mechanics gue he ws ofthe V oper "rin cores tor tun Canesin cord, be coordinate sysem Whi ‘East semper. nth section we sal demas the ensoration of U* ‘plane plr coon Wechoou lane parce aran example ce, ‘ihe cunfoton alle etc o ansomang ‘we deta ed ee wasformatie ess engtytaa wasfrmaton tu, tea eco ‘tints For tose terested te eens fo rantomaton taper (lpr coonnts ar ons Append "The apaln operat wo mensions gen byte equation ‘Res fr Cte tht the tnfomaton nd evens tanta tions to pane plac sre rome ratte yhi yore tne =(2)we chapter 10 operon ‘The transformation of te fist erative opertrs A andy ube ond by ag the cai le pores eelay Biker ew ‘We now tein the ranomaton devas rom he eves ransom sion equsions, so 01 8 Ma yyinany ad 88 Before yrtanet aE ens Lewis, aaa nn any eile eve. Ai ick. ep om ing tiem ene anger, sient ew eet en sche emnton oe Remember aan) =e wat tem te we db = Za erent cost Fear ar “ei ing the ae proce wid 8 soe Thin eras erie 28 nod 03 wot ea ‘ofindthe Laplac oper we mut sow oper ah ft eine op OU hb (ord Ma) oe 2) meat read (PD option eosin ono (82), nts vl ee Sehr ptr meer UAB) me ote nt tae Te oh (38) “Te sme hing et be defor tec in te 3/2 equation Thee a a Asndcore_F_ tsindcoot 3 a a) sid a sie oa 1 ae ‘sing te same proeare or /? we have a Reingold P__ invoad @ & 1D a awe cote 9 ete a 019 ding Batons (1015) an (10-16 ives @ eee ant agra ae tae SUGGESTED READING 1 Riau Ker and Sa Bow Fane of Dire Epa Bom ‘ee Praien,2n Aan Nesey Pabhing Cs, oso 19 PROBLEMS 4. Pere ftoving gern be ae @ Dare 6.09, y=4a Croptor 10 Operators 7 8.05% ot wooo (4 2)(3) “ecient tae o fo.5) oo] 2 swat 9-09 2 4 PH, 0 BE PE Me 4. Show te Biy6) = #T6-+ 6. Aneta be lore cea ripe hte ptf aa ‘est te ts os sm ih pi sn eg Be 8-8 sot ow at doc note Ut: Ap he open i om aby Fen een in) an ein wt) or ae niet te per ts agen 1 So at te etn 8 = Ae, he ad a nts inno seem weak eee eeeeeeeeereeres on fits erent Tike = 2 am be costs Problems Me 1% Som at ton = a stint operate @ x he aes soa Whar e sg (st) eee a eee ere faa eaeee linac ean se ying cre an eg ings ander och ora en ‘glue cp, hw at st-dameal yoperi pen te "lah tgs eben a oleae elo el Hi Pe ‘ab tent ange) 12, Teoma cpt raga ome iea ye eeion Sake) ee Bissett 1 Tncemthecmponan of lr momen Hy ae Sh ouninPae 2, ‘erga icone 14. Dave anessin el que gear onan ete SE aR a aig euro i Pn 1 Remene a epee e ope ‘gon Maine aby yung ee Ss 10.: i i] it fy i a 11 Hl if Numerical Methods and the Use of the Computer ‘114 wwTRoDUCTION Daring he twenty yes since the it oon of thie! wa ws, th cee as bocome an itp fe pyc scence an nd, sa pt oor ingen Yo. despite ts genera int nd leven choy ‘on computer meds tnt sack hs 4s, Bae tie aero ini tex nels wile he carpe mab arent, Thee lays the ‘hance oti tet wie lle sj mtr 0 fai Wei ey, weve. a mos sed ors the computer othe pupae or whic Ri. ily was designed that to compote A pity enn fh that wen po ‘os copute is became ale each wa hard wah psa a ‘sae, a major prof eaing toe the Computes ao ears of we Progra fo i Toy rot campus, wih ae ach mere vert hn ose ty mel ae oot sopped tha programing langue, eh toe wishes 0 leu nowt program the compu, one me pachae x proganing ngi {sept eo fae, Ini chapter al concegt on how we poem owing eon utero do alton hate play wl plenty. May st fats wo own compu vse hem fr ward preening. spread lps esign Three any excellent ets vb hacer tow taet hey ll noe covered is chip Stans are escent Com 160 Section 1-4 odueton 484 ates Grete pups, and much spats software wil do some of the ype ‘comping tit we wl dca hc hater Bu three x wl ee 0 muy sods snl eiplredand Ute ae of compte rogranang ‘There ae # manber of programming ngegés valle or progranng 2 ‘unter el he guns chen depends pet tet on wht prog intend Go Whee it fino stent was published, th aplasean- ge forsee programming Was FORTRAN (FORRala TRANon, With te popula as of te personal comput the FORTRAN language as replaced, BASIC (Baines Allg: Symbolic Insnction Co), td wie mumbo of lang hve en developed ia cont yar spn BASIC itl on of ‘hee for doing nuns lulose sng eo he pot nd it wl De the mguage wed nts chap Before estar dca programing methods Mimsy to point outta compe stald ote ued st cleler Prognming compu 2 “ousiglecaclaionP-=n#TV does otmake cso sincera woud ‘ak es ime punch he its det cel Programming compe (+488) 7am by sucossve aproxinutons eto do Fer any ofa nave, oes make sen, ‘enue tse ae ue-consuning pocelaes doe on ales the compe ‘andothem ine ik oan oe So wes tht eter prot ales at ‘ost tefl when he involve reat elton, or Wien elves cae [aon ovtvig«krgs nba sep |: meoned svete rogrminglnguge wes ping owen thi ‘apter i BASIC in paca FUTUREBASIC I for Melt comptes “Terese many ales F BASIC on he ash prclr ngage wl pend ‘onthe mke dodo he campeter emg ens ebatr evry ae wll Remade tobe ar nr posible Eon you profes langage (ond (Ce ecg mee pps yu shal e alo mal nse natn fom BASIC yourlangusg of peferese. Alsi posh nae ‘ch this cov lage of programming. You tole fer the pal ‘naa nt comes with he programing software. The a pps of as Sap tere to poi you inte ig decton, an convince yu al WR compe ‘onTunS seat and et ae182 Choptar tt Numa Methods and the Ute ofthe Campuser 1112 PROGRAMMING A COMPUTER Vavibles Avarabe isa ae of nemny se hol vats ind of ior (DF ‘eran tfomatin ate alles pes) Vibe nes eat beers, wed, urs, tt aames mos cntom othe lowing res In FUTUREBASIG {hemame canbe vp 10 240 carers ong baal he is 15 caster ae san ‘eu. The ene ost begin wien apne tract, Cra characte ie. linacane ching." ons *0roee) (C11) 2 Abn cealo worst fe BASIC commands aig avail nase Refer sar let empl ist seme fh ane as cos 30 Cay Sa is ‘nan Fe ean oon Most BASIC Lnginges use he flowing mld wines the ype of rte ‘String Variable. Swing vari st so sper aa. The symbol fran varies Ang bles he age 0(255 ae ce do tconte he sa te vars wih he of tna), Some Pies of sting variable umes anne, and leet. Seng varie ily ‘sce thx aril tht ar nat words sche lem ot erie ‘hath mame of enpoun or wos Sigs of mabe lo an ede ng valet = "co" rae = "5" bat mbes df ing ‘rls cantor be manip nthe Forename we mere owe 2 pogrem. setae +e, the cone al et 30. Inger Variable. steps vorals are wed 0 describe variables hate icp Two pes finger vals are posible Te Bei sly alent eats As inp as nue ng of $32,767. The mca pe [Scaled “ong ip” with srl Along ineper sa ange of 22147483517. samples of eps namo mire, Ten, and son [8CO (Binary Coded Decimal) Floating Point Variable. The a t esto Hoang plat peision tat can ke conigred when wing Prog ‘eur op 20 spiean pt. The ype scale nae pei vibe, ‘ets Single pss vale ve ange 108° ac onal ae eer oer a mame th 6 spn i The second ype cle ble pciso abe, wa syn Dou pecison vrs ave ang of 10H gp ae stall coaigured to eta aun with Igo de For motions singles arabes teased sae te ae ac es Feri oyu aint and "bye the BCD vara sey ements + 1/2 = bye equ pr Retng pint wre Ths the eter the mb of sigue gues asked othe var the ae ory it Secion 1-2 Programming sComputar 182 ses Example of names of ingle nd dbl pton ais ae Spocing! 2-15 put = 9 ASSN andar 9.0600 Mathematics Math Operations. Lint tlow ae ne of he ono math operons | ‘ed in BASIC. Some wl friar to you (ng slr ose opens we ‘ein dpe) ed se wl eat Deaton ‘tipeaon iis pear teethan freer hor elo testa eel rote ape nh fea Wnt A420—4 BASIC. 2-4 Nae matin dn te prc ao wd wg Sutacina Sree ee igi 4(2) mas arse Aptis (C= m)+8 BASIC, canon sete 9) ‘hen a numbers ene witout designating its are ype, moet BASIC iets recosie tas a inp Than expesion 2 wl pode lie of et, 1/8 wl pode uae 0 0235, Math Functions. Lise blow se same fe mah enetions common mos BASIC diets nnexpe) expressions anger pep decimal pla ‘tot ound wp)‘crestor 11 Numerical Mathes and he Use ofthe Computer aas(exoe) sole valve of expession Eaten) sin of ani one aan ‘SomtexDr) coin of angle expen Yas ‘Dalexps) ngetal ale expe naan Gonerps) can of angle expressed in rains Sanna roof eae vale of punt eve) mata! lps of pesca Extexpe) exponcal Alo ssa mith orton can be found isthe various grams esi bishop Selene Notation. Sicilc wan sexes in BASIC wig {oct powe of 1 Ths, voga's are woul be 2222. The Boazman ‘ont wuld be 30823, Contant and variable wl be expeed in cee tation nen the values osha 01 eget than ipso ee ede ‘nal poae "Exanpes of sane of he mathe fron dere ae wl te gen Inch psa progr Iie below (Secon 113). Program Statements ‘Progr stent a type rome Reson ane sia bsg yp Irie or word posite Newer verses ef BASIC do ot escenmed mmbig ‘rent ant a til llc Mare than one progr ttre an be ised oa is by wing colon for example, ‘Comment tensa abe ade in st versions of BASIC ant wl othe onside by he comers pat ofthe rogram. Most det eqite me pe ‘tdentai th bing oh seen: desing ar commen tem “nop te rogram Chock your gramming masa er prope symbol InFUTUREBASIC the symbol eames a= rograse9 calculate d-mpacinge in 9 power difraction pat Input Output Statements Jnpu-up sttements re stooping our uo the empae ane ‘ving dts fo he compar The common of icing data Om the Section 112 Programming aComputr 185 ‘your isto we the marr statement When the progr eich nT ate- esate eo vile alate en Ste pee de toca be speed Forexapt, an witha prom sing te heya), JBUTDO you wish to continue ~ yee OF no?" AS ‘er nett of nrodicng aby wing loop or roma il wil be dscused er ine caer ‘The ran satsmet she ost cmon eed of laying 00 te sore, The UR Suementcan be wd with orto pit sig Forename ih int ing te he sy, unmrehe d-spacng Jo *yemscing! Wher semicolon i ene prt stamens the eer there wll ‘ot more oe ine a wl oe adnce.Sasequat peng omnes me ‘nel fer teste ite When a comma hc wl ae ave {nw tine bt wl vanes othe ea ab top wheat lh Ee Th ‘etal too s paces A emeat lane ean he cot 8d ‘nee tae lie. For example, RINE nae: FROID-REM acest Dats also canbe ott aprne: The mebodby whic tsi sampled pen on the eto BASIC eng edhe sept ah pace Oe ver ‘Scarf BASIC ered actually frm the iter so the data wold ‘aterigh positon onthe page This slp, ba sally red Most ‘ofthe lat vans f BASIC recopie the {oni er he stent ‘up othe pier, Chock your munal~and emer tu onthe it One ‘tap stents186 Choster11 Numerical Methods anc the Use of th Computer Loops “Thera many pes oops cmp ogra tha dos ume Bas, ‘om simple couig comps lal ees. Te ay of he compu 0 6 «sulin tha op beckon thems, do them qu, a hen to mae ‘Ss aot the aeons ix wt he compte howe re power ver ‘ingame calcul Before scosing various yp oops ets fst oder mor change i he nr fra af BASIC. In tee Tons of BASIC, eh ‘rent progres was cred and co serene al Ye be sm ‘ond the prim twill This mead ever lowed one jmp oo = op te Fert np we cmpcedWhie the co state ae ener Sse ‘gna nce ory ile olin he aoa of porate to be alowed, ‘sal slowot down be execu of he pon, Newer BASIC compe - ‘Sst ue of ao staterents te cnston of ogra, nd some Progra sr wil sly sug ht the sh of no stent = ogra gh oF ‘weak nin Ths newer form of BASIC th rogram tp el marco Te og of he rogram he rar which he progr exces) nee bal inode ou of program steps. This eqs ie wor eine inthe progam ‘Sigua eae program rane uch mere uc aks avant Te igh pda ener computes To state how the seed ofthe computer and th efciey ofthe program fot he eof computer ding actions, conser the fling personal ‘xample. This anor as writen pogams fo tlve Xeny-iitin eat Sect robin sig lr osu BASIC on what a costed sew" "negate compu hat ok fog a few seconds db oe eal At times the program equed 8 many #400 of hese caelions; so me wold ue inde dita and ten ae the computer fae dys nl competed al is ‘sons We considered ousles rate, sce dang te ae eens ‘ih acacultor weal have taken mons Wit ewe hiBspeel compu nd noe fiet popans the same calculations ne doe in 2 rstinn of second, ‘bel elton cae compete ines haat ou Tae pa Be a eran te fie ofthe progam sig extemey impos. FORNEXT Loops. Onc of te snp oops i FoR Wop ese sauly acount lop. Te progam eles uound th lop pasenibd unr a times, While neo, howeer ose doa large umer of things An example ‘of asinple coun ep | Executing thi le op wit ase the computer cata rom 20 Section 112 Programming e Computer 187 ovter example re ware ‘Tuco isa an impo deren betwen lbs and compte lope. The semen d= sages impos: compet ‘re des not seta a alga expres. nally op, ‘issn a a Aso toed nthe meray allocate fr 2 Wea th Stet 2 comes up. compat takes the ld 2 =) and as | toi pocingn pe Jan his ne ale ao ion th ry or ick tie te prosam els thogph he xp he compere the ae red inimer ana 08 paige 3 The Tre fo ws Notke tr ta he np couns frm Oto in ep of The abe of how ‘ve hangs by vaio oso packard. rr 10400, Sra) Als, 18d ial resto ale hr thn inte | ne is the gue oo of at beng aed tis poste wo put ops side loops. This process called ning or xampl,sppose we Wished To print ol te pone permatatins of er Indes rand 2 fom Oo We a Goths with esd et np, The separ:158 Chepter 11 Numeral ethos andthe Us fhe Computer WHILE-WEND Loops, Area loop sano tases th com paterto makes decison, Te Syaak of aro ep | ous (eatonanes ere wilt be executed mntil Sip te false) Annan oft op ‘hen sitio oa the BL lop ieee as longa n= ‘hos, Ale entering ae for xt, ue pte apport change ar. 1 $x ypein so" gov arte the oppor tchange he vals yout Inge, yoneithe pu he program cosine “oie ecnpcs fh oops wl pea ae te ehape as pas ot grams otis, DO-UNTILLoope, A ro-ar opis erst. fo. They © gxatemnte are wil bo aocuced ane BE So false? “hemor diferene between nor loop an 93-20 op stat inte [oc log th ssments between he and he Ge ae erected est onc, wherein the e- WP phe op wil ext pedal at MRD er ‘Siac Anctampleof 50-02 ops “Tee por oupue el eau 1, IE-THEN Logie IRTHENGELSE, An -ras-se sateen is one tht causes the cone ics dei whee sn expeson te fae, ut aie looping tate Sesion 112 Programming «Compute 169 ‘net ahve te deco is made ony oes, The ra it {UP bee se tre THM do Ekle (HLGE do ehie) “The pat este pol the 8 paris owed he semen simply cid rua sstamen Sone exempr of 1D eens foto: mat- imi ‘The rogram cpu Wook be 0) nas = BPiced mt a oely ltd whe re-em- meet Lom 1-25 BOD TP ute The ts Fs han ae ranching seen The genie vaya os Lie th s-mseae some the x5 opin A Bw chat ft ‘tenentss sown nig. II, Anexamgl of hws 08 stems Ineorinpat tbe type of canpound ~ ald or base?" sc, Une 10 eoeditnes PRDITTho of the soiuton 49 greater than 7. Specal Routines Truneating Numbers. Genel jt with cael, compe wl reson ue to more iia gees a ae ott ware Habe ees op da ares toy apes nate of span dg ndWo Choptert1 Numeric! Methods andthe Use of te Computer 7 “ty fe }O sot BASIC dst ve command ha willow yu to sae & mbt ‘pec mnt of places psn deca pit However tee os smple te ‘atic nt wil aloo od th istaed ere by x pectic xargs Sappoe ‘Renate alent =34,77267 the nearenbunde 2 pace Past ie dein point The progam eps todo tis ae “Teli bb she epi follows. The it sep takes abd mation ‘aby 0b gtyenen ar ose-vieet soo sere soe, Became be a ate. ‘net wil otauostaly usd upa sua, we do sri y ing 03 fwdace a ew x= 77, foro, este. 207, Net we we the ee) con ‘mundo change AI 19 an imoper As = D00(874.52671 = 3479 (ote Ht the Zs usp comma psa ues paste ein poi wit andng up “ual we did a by 1010 pode a ew a exressds he ears bude: Ai s3t7ario9=267 Ime had want cnrese ote newest 01, we wold Fst hve mie by 100) nd ten idea 100 athe nd Arrays. An ingoran programming reqienetformany sieatoape ca: ‘alas eth aby snr vrs, nthe eo ara in compte po ming ia wa to eet ha eure Te mcm uae sk ‘Salon ce dersnal syn 5) | to darsoa, (haa ‘tai bt lger mensional ray a rps. Th dimen of the ry invay pvonuing» stro inene of fit few xo te ropa [ised laws los oe copter oe ide men re a. The Section 12 Progamming «Comput 161 ‘ims ofan ay wi depend o the amour of emer inte cpa ince lps sea coseable umount Mos af te cmos vars cat te edt fempsFaumples of te sync a ALO), macreyalOOl, arene), {218,300,620} Tas we wd defn tex ny varies eda, Say, 20 pots ns zph hse weld beome-dinersiona aay), 120-We Sl int tee pis wih oop The prograuning steps ae Fora teodimensonl amy, we could we mst ops Sort Routine. Its sometimes fla rgeansto be blew aragea et f mabers in eter ncreasng or decreasing vals, Belo Isa sale te ostne ‘Ga wl anange seo ser arable a decesing ode With ie mod Heaton theron canbe made rng thee enraged Let same tdatwehie tof varies W, which arto dbus nd tha we wih twang hve arable devcnding oie The tn do es We wil eave exes for yout exhaled is tie, How wuld you ali the rouite io arage he Varies nace rer? ing Variables toa File, Saving variables wa fle is speie te sl of BASIC wed, Genel, he commands ae th ame, You sold eek162 Choptar11 Numa Mthods andthe Ute ofthe Computer he mena othe programing nguge being wed. FUTURERASIC Ite ‘eae ave varias Cran Leas ‘The fnt stein hei roi apes a pe fe wt te ae ge “Theron wl serch fol wih he pra for hee fl des ot est ts oun will st The espn ht this rnd fl pat {nd ot Ober eign 3" fring oy 0" fr ota aly a arpa (wich poston the poe athe en ofthe le. The “8 he ot stu isthe fe ID ne. Tas allows median one le De pened athe Same ime The 2c 4 steno nates hat te varies following Ie ea ‘serene ob wits oe. The ase semen coer le The ‘oie will svete 45 values of specif crs ia fle named yPe" {oder on he sk whee he program fou The Dn sates aces be ante ian aay “Toretnove dt from le, eesti nthe folder ta Roses po me le oes tot eas oF notte pre foie. he computer wind {tr with an eror semen To ev th da stein the be le the flow Ine sates ae ec we 150) (oes "a myst Wisanetines not pole ono how many vb ae oni ale and enor osu thr ana. To red le having on akon terotsored arable, wewe tbe war feo? sr e810 2) had oo. Ti wl ‘nth oie o hsp ein tele wl ra ou of ta, An expe me arts(251, 28) ‘RAD mb -6 AN Seaion 113 Programming ramen 163 er mncisE(entl $0) eso st a we ed ao he omer a ne abit with vy nmr Note hate varie sys ad nha ave be pu {fe Heung a ts 0 waement having cnt same fr asthe RD #2 Sumo When te Bleu otf vari, the as ary name wil eden ‘ated Now willbe kaowa ow many values ys ae a wee ine Nata tw aol fers he shoe snap When reading or i Ing sing vals rom tak iis cesar eaten gh (he ses auer of character tat il be a ay the Sting vables se). Te ‘youn is ed; einai, Int WRIZE ate he program wil rye ts Jeng forever sting varable weer ts edad orn When we rn thse a ‘sesbackino he program fromthe le, med ened healing ua pares. ‘ThecerremncaTe command wil stp the ang spaces fom thers. Forex sino routine werenved spaces forever mat) ey. etary, fer eal: hat oe ents) it 61/="AN adeno i ja)" Neier salle pes I weread ese bck rome le Wibou he [ATF cent jst) wile AD ond e162) wil be et The ‘Ste mncetmet wil dope ling pu ging 11 -AS and amelie 1113 PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES. nhs secon we shal conse a mumber of programming examples. Some of th Progra ar ite fa ements bat ht shold note thereon or ings eon, Most pepe o progam loking at oe ogra Yoo ‘howlexamie the programe hs section wh he eo pcking thts ed ‘xing arin pars propams tat yoo ae wig. For example, You wl se se rl seasons of ow nods our dt» poram ahs amr of er tips of oops aod they ud Plt props apt nde pas Th Stole qe geet and conmoe mst BASIC dec ‘Successive Approximations Letuc wits program ole Vin vn de Wal equton ing te method ‘econive appoimaton: The van dr Walt oqaice (+28) 0-myounr164 Choptor 1? Numer Method and tne Ute of he Comouter isc in volume, We can approxima alution to van der Weal equity “ppt the wl rom he unio snd slvig te euaton or Thi ves akr vn ET ‘This volume then sd as Vin the Wa em ne ton oer hic gua is sced fora new soame W The pros ees wl he i Apprcabe chang in thea clita volume “The Program. We tip ur dtl chon ashes. Rca mth are aeons euch A Haement spate nes ah apt sane when he rogram a, The pat tment oe Neat we pero he cleulion. The ist lela fds the nial apr mae value of. Tents vale of Viscous wed 8 90 op ‘ee stihl he volume i wt sisi fee fm the revo Note To keep he oop ong, weet sting vale AS ES" AS oops 5 egal to = the lop wl ota o eet clung valones ‘om revit ones Eacine, wear gen an open change 36" ‘When we ate shed i e wish to cotine te loop, we pe ner "ys 0 "0" Hides nt mar whether we ype the "yee" of "0" in urease ower ase eter, beat he comand N= esata) alway ae a Be sing ‘Sebi bs upper When A comes "wee lop, Sgusmazsias) Sesion 113 Programming Examples 165 | FUTUREBASIC he tou progam wil okie his: ‘rogram to Cactate Volune fon van der Waa" Button eur trace wy hay to gat" osm FUTUREBASIC I gies that window be ces in nro pay he dua. Nova BASIC dss hve hs erent A dt nd np promt re ‘played to widow. Tesi of ie window, ven by (00) (409,200 080" Settee ogame’ coevenene Alo wibou Be st 60 sane efre 10 the rogram mil ot pate afr ispleying the “Pina luna" bo wl ead lowed ace he res Linear Regression On ofthe best mtd fr basing physi constant fom expesincta uver Isby the mel of leas gure. Atough ils metal ean be ed or cure ‘ake ore we bal cnr the mend ony er first-generation. Recl oot sper ht anc egnton ns hinge orm were ms the slope on nd ihe yinerep Let ws ase th for ve ‘ome 9) a seve of pints tere deviation rm nea co eperinee- feet ; ‘The sq his deviation 6, = $35 y= yf Boa) ~ 2b sem + 2nd166 Chapter Namo Maths nthe Ute of te Computer ‘nde ta spares dition the sm ft ages evans = Dane Del Lame Dab SLwis Dome DP “Te method fea suas regis ht th best tiie eas oh ‘hese opin bon inthe mina with pet © mand Ta a Sm = =? ‘Taking the ial eras weave B= -Sunt Dane + Dante a1) a -Dat Lim Llano ay "atone (13) ection can Be sled ite cosy form and sing Cramer’ rule To setup Egan (1.2) nd (U3) fr ‘Caner’ tate be oan at Dre» mSae +02 nS20+0S2=E% (ie tate 302 means we ad 2 foreach ata pin) Using Cram’ ae, we sett m= lEar ER" | 2 oy nate ma ond 0 ‘The Program. nthis rogram we Sul demonstrate wy ofitro- docing dst program. We pny inpting he ody aes The sada esl be uel ioe program as oe Sci aay, Rete Inos BASIC dls equi oe f pu Seo rye he epi of the Progam sng statement. Tsao te computa eee meme ere reer fle a Latuanrme tha we wleever need even 100 dso Sesion 113 Progamming samples 167 nth pros fer need te 2 teentcan away be changed. The ‘ny asl Bengt sil recs arabe, orotingt imeson an yw nol estima aut oF ence ersten om he cone ‘Te put sates es lows Poe ERDNS epee ay valans for cach poset. * De pat {DIP Inpat now point vaibes *:X15),¥!IT] "Thera sevea wei roaming ips ee et us ef we cn Son hes ‘ut We stip he maber of data ois one sap, Net ing a owt Toop. We iat ah ay va, eae he ie tenet te it Po Toop. Erething wi be = wil epee he seouon wl wet ‘ooethe hsrb atheereen oF 12 lint ep 10)" The ‘Somat pop el apn a wl om I fr ach anya, ee Ine an eo pug the ha, we cotn ual he data as been etre. We ow x nt aa oopto alow wa comest any fhe andy ves The xe Stine! ea te seen The rogram then il he wwe and ak wheter ase a he dat eves oa operant change ng “arable to v2. I ve ype "yee" swe wil xt ea Ibepand be program wll ont. Ie type anying xcept "ES be ogra Wiles ora pntber el threw ales randy The we oop ‘recy tiga pln ak bt We now ae aed with dt We ‘a const san potas We wih,160 Chapter !1-—_ Nuria Maths andthe Us of tha Computer “Tenet pat ofthe ora dls hte ae cling, Lt it We fist define sve sage precision varies 2s belig equal 20. Then ng a ot Top Fr th ta pins, we tein the sation od in (te detaraneoquied fora Cmere ra sltionosiceour gato fot ‘vad bh For example a Ace trough he opt ads ach ie for Mis 2 Geemins 5-2 Likewise, 1 deerines 52, and oon One te sus ae nermines, we cst he detent, Dy aD wich low ele lt ad Theol pram in FUTUREBASIC Is ‘rogran to Find Sart Seraight Line Tough Set of Fine peor 1, stance Sqincee Sezrminaeio 0,0)-100, 300) PnONt pst nase ot datapoints” ee Section 14 Numer inopaion 168 ingecisets| tine Trinsorrest TEU isoue point miner GDI rpue Bow point vans “pe I) Stasis yi Bere ay herent proce *rmt {11-4 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION InChape Swe defined te geome inerretatn of the define ep eee ‘esi he rs under he curve between he toner. Ter et ee ‘wo sao where ante negation nt pie, ad yet woul ef tow te area under 2 cre. Te fists whee be equation of he cave 90 own Inte css, some fr of gpl negation (esied ia Chapt 12) ‘canbe porn The cod cae were he auto th crve Kn te fanton cannot beige aay, sacha he function Ta ese ‘ses, one fom of monet aprotiatn the aes called guadrae can be ‘ed Age numberof ames! metodo pron have boon Sevens hd Imy ace we pray suede e compute Ini secon weskall cnr ‘ew of the more poplar methods. Integration bythe Trapezoid Method ‘On ofthe simplest an mt staghiforwar methods finer ives dvd Ing he neal ence it of mgraon nt nabs feel dvs ‘nd he ending vial lines om he bcs of te snot som the\ 1), | i aw 112 teenie 7 . ‘rod me ‘carve, Te pots where se Hes inert he curve re connected ste by Stag ies foming a sof wapean as shen ie Fg 12 The vm of he “caf te apetons closely appoints the aea nde the cue. ‘he sea oa taper Le +, here es te wih of the Base n.d ae the eng af tah set we ase iat y= / epee the ‘Shuto of he care, bene tex og fh ages A= faslfind + S00 uy “The sum of theres ft agen eageiis 20, fon ay ‘We se tet when cre vd io neva et ede he come betwen wen is anas[2e fey sroreraserevele] ar “The Program. Let wow cone «program to demi the dite ‘ecg ane a using the wapezid method. Note hat mast BASIC iets eqie anges to be Soaion 1-4 Num negation 171 expres an. The FUTUREBASIC program ‘Peogean for munerical_Setegeation ving the teapeoia nathot ‘een, enetad nepaon By eget ted 8) evrresse sey hey £9 en; Using 109 tera he rogram produces value forthe a 1998 hat is vey ‘lo oth acta ae Integration by Simpson's Rule ‘The tapeasd mete approximates he ae nde carey sumo apes ‘Tha she ptt of merecboa between the eile adhe ce econ eed by sept ines, Modan te tapeznid meted consent ok ow 0 ‘ert apo otha ey more ley apposite th sap of the cue The Simpsons ule msl pao or second dereegatons cae he top each segment. Without oa, Sion le for fore sation ‘tepals segment ie A= & [p04 $09 +4[ 100+ fort Feel] salpen+ feast socal}72 Chapter 11 Nuria Matos andthe Us fhe Compute 1, Sy te se ‘Note at ch) ae aerate besnen bing mip by andy 2. Apo am io pyaar the mega sng Simpson's ra wil be ery sh ‘rien forte wap mato. Monte Carlo Method ‘TheMowte Ciro meio ine meh of mami grin ht i bsesng more and mor popu as computer teem faster Tin these de ve ung the Mote Caro method. te ares question cramcribeaty aca se ‘fn valor shown n Fp (1-3 The it detuned wheter pm Ge) Tandon sen with al sone o blo tec ad within the ‘ore imegraon zd. The pct ta pon ale belo the cave ea {othe pumber of pot tat atl fal belo the crv, vided he tt ‘ero pn inte mes Y AX The nue the caret ‘Arca Probl Toa etnguar ae ¥ AX “This mao wos well provided ge suber General hous of pit eid. Becase of the ge suber of cleultons hat ms be ered te ‘pend amputer bcos an portant pu of he dson Mtr th ‘thd f numeral inepton, ‘The Program. ‘Tie pinay par ofa progam opr mel ne teton aig the Mone Cao mathe saranda amber ener, Most des SEBASICave ome typ of andam mune geet Soe ee anger ne ter gents and some ar pew unk number pene case ete rer the sane ea “ander” mts each ne hy at a FUTURES BASIC, thecommand ec tte begins fhe program lhe oper © see computers hook "sete atdba sua generate Ins Way 9m Set of and uber gnc enchime the nom uber mera ed, ) | | | Section 114 Numi ntepraion 178 ‘The commando stv he ann uber gener 80 (apr). The gener ‘ac wll everson negro Io pr. Fr example "Te program oupu woulbe sina to ‘You shoud eet your programming manual to see Bow your parila anon sumer gente operat “As tbe reviows cass, a program integrate fenton mesic ang ‘he Mone Caro medodcanoc te writen exe ina gone erm sce he fe ‘ion has tobe writen no the program ech ine As. the nso interaon nd {hess of he ccumarbed oa rat be for exc ecto ieee thy ‘Buta geod msn of he progam general ennugh ob eared ove fe eo ran to progam In FUTUKEBASIC progam to tga sfuncton such ss = fe incase eric sing he Mate Caso metho olows. Noe hat the ins of aga ‘inate O1 1571 72nd) and that be rca ale of ssi 371) 1000 (The fet the ae en te asim val 9 ccna) 00 ‘ropean 9 Integrate a Ranctien Minercally Unig Sha once em (0606) SeLORT/SD)4 Uhe will plok a nencntapee value fren © yang ‘ante vil plok a nonincegery value fren 07A Chapter 11 Murasa Method ain Ute of he Compute RUI"7rees any hey 0 end” dum’ ‘he tl suber of pons in he ccamsrted se cosen oe 1.0. ‘Tiss pp rn- op. Fach oi given ack! ad yn! found fom he rnb nomber geno A cease se of 2.0 200 vl on tly suru he sinewave rm fo 2. Te fist ce tent chk Seif hese! alae within he mit of iepation It th progr cl Itsy vale, The cued ta choca tose ifthe yee le bore rel thse y vale falls below he ee vas, Bt point es nthe ea Under tec ans come Aer he ep is complet coe ale rep Sethe tal amber of entre se Fro hth ea Andere cue can be determined. This prog, wh 10.00 pick, es an e- ‘ged ea LOD, which sch to teal we, 115 ROOTS TO EQUATIONS lwhaper2 we dsr ig the moto polyoma pets gph. Be fore dcssng neil methods fo ering Ue ts ees, ne hold ot here avery fst te loco nthd ting eet, ‘Tisoo very cleat ands eset raping meted. May inputs ‘Sheets wl perfor he stan math goons found nea tions. To adhe ots toanegiaton y= fs singly pet ns erie of ls od Jet pratt oi thing Lok ortho vas whee valet changes ‘gn The vals of shouldbe lose othe 00s of the equa Ths proces a beused withthe arercl meds eerie Blow wo eine aes “Tove several ner metodo ings foto some et ‘tan ters We sal ose nly two methods in socom Tose inetd {ore compte selon re refed he reas ed ath ol he cat ‘Method of “Rogula Fast” ‘Te mah of Repl Fal” sa bod of fig aro 1 am equation (a pint wrth phy = fs) cameras) by anos spproinons Tisha ‘Woks well in onncon wath and refer: fhe papal eho. To also, say are sled rom pap on ear seo the nd ‘he conesping yates ae esormined. Is eae ded ot en eter seproimaon Be mote aeabar Section 115 Rootetoqustions 178 whee _ Waals! nT ind an "Te proces is comin etl no eter chinge in he va aie witha he ese member of sigan gees, example Find otto eatin yx." at — 24 toe iy equen town a Fig. 29) Lat, 0746 andy, = 00628. (3045) 07461 = Tash + 85) ‘Ascend apron with. = O4TTB andy, = 1.45» aly ge an 0mm; x 45400072 = 0472 ‘Newton Raphson Method ‘The Newtn Rapioa meth sted on the pei hat line dawn ange o ave desctibes yy =) a hepa wi ner he ans pot at= Ing vale closer © te ot han Ts sedi 1-4. The slope of « Ue tangeninscuve at eit eden ya) dds From he age Ye) =n = ay Forte Nevtop Rapon method 0 wor its neces that be ree con ‘wage oath twins esable aber of trons. Tis Scent always (Scr nat some cass we athe proces actly verge fom he roe. Torthisceon itis avinbeo putin ay computer program tang his method ‘coat th wil stomatal mint te progam fer sm eon ter cen ae en ed Example Find the ott polyol y 4.8 Se near wert deerme 13 P= AP ASE 6176 Chapter 11 Nuraria Method andthe Use ofthe Computer 1 Romie seit teen yo Seton “Te ft apposition sx = 25, y= 8.188, 9° = ~3728. Note at be aoe te ml ges is egtve, Egon (U9) must be ode = {5 yes) Mereore == 28 Us this ale fri he seco Prono, we obtain r= 2.16, Unig hale fr xin te hl ap ton, we obain x'= 210. Farber approximations 6 not ge preciay, ‘SUGGESTED READING 1 Bate, an La So Kat, Cla Pe Hn Sie 2. Donn he Conger nd hairy, NH Peo, en Paco CA, 2 my Pt Co Mena: i, ot 4 Tine Ds nr ree Clea, hod Pre eS eke Ne PROBLEMS ‘experimen! us pois ee apt 2. Wises gam fi tet Safad deer cin yma heer Seta dau pt tym tent af est nes Te devon er ech i staan ernie sing re sities ean a tna eomena nm onan 10)— Ft Reston Wnescoopat epi al oe l/s 004= Lisa Dot Riorehe dts Bae Gace nr anger aaa 4 Ung yn py ape cl wea ope ‘see ie ig Sap Ty Your ogra on ome cos ‘Sten beincpand ea y= 1 Une ts Mens Cra med erie te rl Compare or mer ted wg e apel ed Sip' 6 ieee towing ig he rapes met Sng ath Mone Cao eto sn conus xs your anes aa 4 sin as, fate wo [Pme of ae Wiese ote nt of an ganas the met Regal Fa” ies ropa te tt qn ig eRe Raton Inte pgm or lasing Vande Wa tn en pons (bers Sucenive Ape” abcono Seni) pope ‘Sey gy emo th Na pts ‘iy are te pono ae st. aad 10, Themoteta uty Cf hermes fund tenets 2K 9 1K ob o [ite Gomer) TH Gem) A 16a ™ 1628 »178 Chopter11 Numero Mtn ant ine Use of ne Corner nde hrge th eal fiver 20K 1 IK ig eee, “ fae 1 Tei cp Gf plain tin tn pete mK Gem) TH) ae » nde chp th py of plat ta sn K 6 OK wing Spe’ le, sso [Sar 12, Fm ecm ge te papery 1.0 Hace AGC, WS Amer Choc mie reine aie msi = sf" Ser 12 Mathematical Methods in the Laboratory 124 INTRODUCTION. Mos psa coamiuy laboratory experiments cece wih measure ‘Theres bse dfecce, however, eveen experimen perford he de” grant level and oe pred in physi hems esearch boris. At {Gc trans lev ces prt eagerieats Ct hve akan coe, ‘Geely hs eprint have been performed many dines over x suber of years by numerous soe. In seu barre, he er ba, seats ‘Sal pefrm eptients on knowns. Tee ate no kao nso rom ‘wont steer cena San te conect nero a experimental ese tert sei hee sb as pefomed te measurement corey. Ths senor {aot for tafe phys chemise, who hope somedy fo come profit searches 1 af to deri th ef ofthe expermel dat One ‘un way to help determin he aly experimen Us tom he ‘experienc more tt nce I sknown Dl hes mesure adem a ‘nc terest caer rund some average ae. We sl ein he et esx "eo ta i experiment eter cr bee 1 ep dtrnine the probably st The average ae i "ee" value, elo gia itis, bower tus ese ‘ew simple roby theory. v980 Chapter 12 Mathematica! Method inthe Laboratory 122 PROBABILITY “Te probly any tem having specie characte is te umber at ‘thing th character vide yt al mnie f fens nthe en Ferexampl fe id are orang 0 apes, 40 ages being ta 10 es ing gente probation ren spl fom be er ing neven dtuton) ‘Let ela this dfiton of probably to x ype sre of measure sents. Sopp th we measure on ea lnc th mas ack Sena {tha we perm is measurement ovr an ovr ors of 30 neste nti camps we ar going toss ha ste maf th cl os nt. -shnge pieces doa beak of. or des he Bok eto ang ‘ome also fasta a poi al he meses rend over lte nge an ‘fe wouldnt probaly oe if wees ond abort bance The ea ee ‘O-menioreren ested Tole 12. These da la eo os aps Peta ‘Note tath ener shape fhe rags does et degedon bth, /N splat versa m, We fd, were, tthe shape of raph parc ei fh bar, does depend on the rence cn te nated ales sm Ficexample if we tod mes the mas the nearest 0.05 gre rte tan © ‘he eaest 00 gs the sOmemremene wold ave een sted one eta in rm 8100 8.870 an overt 7 dts ot age Dat Seharto bread “Torna the grips mare compara, the, espa nm N) ether rN ves Sacha graph silted mn Fig 122 Siete sap oh rap alone depends on mes low Ants approach snd prey ea Peay Foye Meret Dine nears eg ened ner of essen, NH, wean wie mide ZEN Gn Wae ‘er dusth mane f meses ingen man m+ de Teac on? in emesis ine. 22 tsi tr eon =Pm) cy Fe t22 Dain sma ving ein Rh‘2 Chapter 2 Mather! Mathoda inthe Laboratory tt epee a my mane wl ig tn sind top meee saan og nb eee ‘Sint ohana dey a mes eee iu (tie pry =A (8) an Pind 22 ‘nt tn i te opens ei ‘asm poy er ee aes Sohn es Feiss eer Bey sneakers heen 123 EXPERIMENTAL ERRORS ‘Let ws sow ete wt we found in the previous ston Lo expect err. AF ‘wesaideale when snesuementie mage mr than on, el seater sat Srwvergeormean vale We cae dese he ean ae ao} Tm as “his sater is ew ees wo pee Fema Theis eof ee calle ra stm ero ne he at ha ais ing evs hee its inthe precio which they cn ead The cond pe of enor cle fem rand do sich bigs as nelbe srentn, an fimtimerand 0, ‘Wis osteo discus te anon eras asain with metic, Invealty we cual determine wat hey aly se Wein, however conser ow fareach measured value fom he mean vale We i ths evn rom sem calleda eda os nam ap, Whe re only dom eos tn re munkof meat a ‘ako, tb suemeats sha fons aml dbo sive che J ‘rbd in th revous ecu. We wl tow at eng thse ones be men ale ite fe vale witha higher esi than a) snl ee eee teonieed ae mainly sytem et, no Sau! beset of dt can cm: Pensa for thn When the rr re ty rndoe arose roi ‘Stems ena te neces wea th btgnee hcp tc toy pee ane sat ‘Seva nem rants Pactra ee Secion 123 pwrinenatErro 18S eB Hepa ion ‘Beige uncon, plone afuncion of sual athe han meas vale as he fo ron ee as) wheres aparanser own asthe soda rr etme standonddeation Inter ofthe ead, th nda ero ha her ‘Noe tte probaly thar slepe meacreen wil ave 3 devin fm he men Teg nth ange tween rad + i PO) dr atta th ae Saletan of wi shown in Fig 23. Sice hole uot he robe Iii tac curve mast epee the post of ding the enor ng be ‘eee ~aoan 0, and hs it be OD eI, we can te Ponte «an ution (12-7 he normalaton quince ters ha his ier ‘nema o wnt. we ae th hoger ina single estrone a the ese tal ett tee, thn the roa ta easreme wl hve 50 ‘ned wih tan ee orgs than ound be of he tal ren wer ‘the pobbliy curve lsd in Fig. 123, ‘Of the many Epes of parame eed wo expres uncer dt rom ‘oc haptic eo ete at pop The babe er fed a Inpevalve sucha he prebbiiy thc nero mesurnent chosen fandon" 186 Chop 12 Mathematics! Methods inthe Laboratory wb es than gous oto taille poeta g Tt thre Ifa Sos pei hat theme vl be face ange fom 04 Sted ath [lvoe oo) ‘This ira, wich can cvs by mest fs, ies the following ex reson ote prolerar of snge mest = 001555, Dor = 08780 as Lets evaluate he sad eer and probable ear forte dit sve “Title 121 The mean ale ofthe 0 ewsareet 8.8 Using th vale, ad 182 50 esl fom he determine Sx = 0.002, ges 406% = 0008 Avot ofthe vous prunes commonly wey shemiss oss the ‘aii ofa measurement ele the average cor FLh 219) [ss advanage stats much aie cba tha te sanded evation potable eo ‘We ai above at when enon re rmny anders thee vl teat vane wth higher reso he of single ester We fd tat the cour sociated wit te en vale, 2 vey proper te eq root te mumbe of measurement ake om ait aay “Tos he rb eo ote men o-ass fy anny Anping thisuaton othe st fd given above, mend | Secion 124 Propegstion of rors 85 Hence, ese that while any single neasuemeat in fe sees selabe te 001g, ‘herein ale har are 6 0001p = 88000018 12-4 PROPAGATION OF ERRORS _Expeimens in physica chemistry racy involve dec measurement f the py ‘eal proper ingueion For example in ore determine the dest ofan jc, ‘we coal mesure th aes the ale fe Object ot en the th ens in any cases we even dono esse value fe bet ‘ex Tus, nenperiens sich tse eof are asecael With heed "alos be mas andthe elu, nd wo with he ens Ye i would be wel 0 oom th iby of ny. given sei erin thea nd volun ‘Suppose dat sone pil pope Pie uncon of several measrble games Pe fannrd 24) Farber suppose that cach these ques, mensred one or amber of ies 9 determine sean vale as an er Qasocied witht Let, be he pobable ener soled wih, Qe ie rae ene aes with ands0 on Wess ‘Chapter hac any sl change nthe vals a change in P gventy the equation 2) aso ara (*D)ons (Zone caw ‘Lets sume ha esl changes in te vrs he probable ewes ia tese ‘arable Hence, he probable enor nF can expres as irl i where the pi derives ae erated a the mea ahs fhe vais re ‘eid mor han one. "Welindtowever tt Egan 12-15) des ot tk iat account haemo Ina series of vbr cd tocol ech er ot I we gure Equa (12 18), ‘webu he uation BY 0 +--42(H) (Z)oer+ ee + cag a (%) Fe) a+ (2416)186 Chupter12 Neh! Method inthe Laboratory Becta robe ersten o cance ach eer ou, he xestterms i Eqn ion (12-16) vans, ging te eton @- (faye oe a any(5 ‘wher cach til deste tala th meant x aries ate mend ‘ne thn one auton (12-17 allows 5 propagates toh te aston’ ‘edo caleat the fl ek “outer iste the sof Egon (12-1, cose the lowing exam le, Sippte we mee temas il deere by 10 plete slg ‘Speed weighing ttle abd ab analy bale Leto axe hate pole Cerrina mss teres on rca 40.05 Anette Imus ofthe eighiag betes 199314 0.0903 and tha te mas oe weighing ow a gu 281038 0.005 g The mas oftheir 1) my 28.1088 ~ 19.9816 = 41728 Since the mss fhe iu aot messed ety, emus tempo sl erin th mus fhe liu ng Equation (12-7), n= ((G) eb. Rm (&)-" = (&) 0, = OWT OOF 0.0007 y= 817400007 Neth teenie the rat fhe iia hn he rhe ae fate pla iu and inh ms ofthe Botte. Ti exon sin he ae ‘fe iid was oud ty perorlng vo measurement othe lace On he tt ante erin thea of eg ethan hes of ees inthe ms sf te ote ls gud and mass of ttle Ti sows hat eet ld ‘tie and tnd cael sich he oa. Section 125 Preparation of Grphe 07 "We now determine te densty of he gl by aig the mass be vot ‘ums Las assume hen the 10m pipe 0 9 Th nay of he quid 2-5 = tor =08rT24 Whi sth ori he deny? oom many signin gee we ii a expressing he densi? Using Baton (12-17, bane (2) e+) ae Qo= | Oi = @ on |(}) em omy rm Goo, n= [(ig) ewe (AY one = some 00, ‘Teen tens ote isi can Be expressed as De 0si7 £0002 5/01 125 PREPARATION OF GRAPHS ‘We saw in Chapter 2th on fhe mos ef! wat play the dependence of ‘one fcton upon anaherso sea graph, Many eomputer seats ave ‘let rpg pb, ad you we encouraged tue them whenever posible {Gompater methods we dscssed in Chop 1) Howeve, In uy ita You sil wil hae tw epre gph "Fo seach," aed in digs, yu shold xe he Taowing appreach atstatwitha goo grade of ps ape Engng ph er dived 10 % 10 toe center abe for meat ysl che perimeter yes of gph paper. nh as emg (ne ai ie, om xs Toga) an ll et se guts alo seal (Choon sue set of connate sen snd dw hve inover Bs preety ‘ete gap ppe Besta easy mut pd nub be advises lbag each [hc ant to chnse score oes tha the data does not fhe pag Label ‘Sebatisandinclage the nit of he masized aloes in preter abel rena an), Vee 7 CO). Mis cata sen ola ie at| 162 Chuptar12 Matha! Methods inthe Laboratory ” o eet Gopi pom ty ute pi: Wert tmp ces ong ce ge op vi te dasabeing pled fr example, Pressure versus Volume for CO, Gas, Srtorthe gut of theca ing plate or example ink =~ RT +n ‘The expres ones be ltd on he rp apr wing shar, Ie pense pa Cite each oi fr lay estrarywchos the ‘Seafihe reorepreseathe teeta inte experinetal ahs ower, Isootalays conenien). ‘Once the of ports ben plate, yout mat decide ho te shoul ‘comes together is amp Zor he nexperenced stadt to cnet the ‘ont opetr Dy a ee of Sort Salght ines (allow the es) shown in Fig Ins) Yu at kop in ming oever tat experimental Sa orally oe ‘into ee, te dt points shou conic by sig a sma cue Tough hom. Ths sha be does by seching hy rough te pins wit "haa oni Do ote he cores fehand I eet fp speed {obelacar ater sinphedeto dw ele te sts opposed ll anacaye, ‘es French cre pie device conning oral ep cves teat be Sed ars temple snot cesta ut he curve pss though alle point. i ‘moe iportunt athe crve follow smowhly he en fhe ps sadn Fig 124) Donte idee you se nots wiht carve Once tratcrve as een an hohe post then you my race over cre Wah ‘nt api ting the stig oF Foch curve aes the pecile ines wih softer Some brary xs suggest a psig the cres rough hcl, bat ony op to thes ere, nee crew scree experi pot 12-6 TANGENTS AND AREAS ‘We fin ta many expeinet in pyle regu ws extrac informe ‘on ote specs Motor, tis ot anys possible plot ain ach Seaton 128 Tangortsand Avees 189 | 2 Corn at ay mt ed ‘ay tat sigh ie wi rest (which, of coune, would mae the determination | tthe lope vey easy). Real atthe slope a curve wap he Spe fine | dawotangento the curve tat point te atone fe cure is known, we can ‘termine cope om sist erative, theequton ts nt known en ta ‘enim be costed or determine vme nme ed wg comput | Rumer mebods ate desea Chapter 11) ‘One method of sonsracing tangent 1 eres i know a he method of ‘hone Wa compa: placed a tpn in icon om eer, sie of 0 ‘srvoneier sic of he pon shown a Fig 12'S Ne dra chr hough he Imeeton of te ars wth toe cre ond encod te chords al hy ies. Tne rn ‘ro ineneston ota share othe pit tho na ypc of he tngent te crv a at oi Tralsomay te ecesay nsome exprnetstodetemie grape ewes under cues, Generally. isis es In pecrocpy experiments Wh be i tes of arpa nex gel to te ae nde te carve Its commony done in fs chemaiorpy se, whee the aude the chomatogrpic peak ely ‘oportona tothe amount of sebsance aig te peak. Thee we sever ep thle nay dots One meh own a the Riemann sm approximation 0 ‘Sid teres intsasees of etn sessing 126 and mess ro cach rectangle ecules ae chosen so th hes nga es ave the carve aproicutsy ea the small ingle esr bow he ctr “nother met whichis ie cst one caret stot he te tamaine mass a ela tae en ths an compared oe Is of iowa exon tesa oper Fr hs mebed © work spor tent hata god def graph pape baving a wir tikes, be ws “Aah neh for demining the reser curve too spline, imoraent igus give tot when the pcre mechanical hk ‘Mout be boundaries of he ea, Altough hs eed ast set very acura Iftar tke deteine i smal180 Chopter12 Mather! Mthogs nthe Laboratory Mee t26, enti aet fron Pci ce one Soci utter Noviaceme oo san ‘erp er ea ‘oem uuarnecine Many commer intrmects tt spay dam papi sch mages reson pectomses, hve Duin clei grat ht wil stomatal {ve theares unde cos 4s mer and ere april stuesttion bess ont ere, he tk oF myn te Gat rode by the seston ssllbesome easier PROBLEMS. 1. 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Tabinanwgrls 205 1m. footer den Lamar seM TRANSFORMATION OF V? TO SPHERICAL POLAR, ‘COORDINATES. ‘The Laplace at let i in Canon watt ‘ecm an on nem ois om Canin per a e rd 6 sagen “Tofino ee ety wna ‘opens Transformation of W*toSphaca Polar Coordinate 207 wore Fate Tobie cond vv of he pis, a pe ic pert lnc amen at wenn es 9 raps cos I ay er 9H avenge frp Tew (a) tt fe ei | eats _ antcorvente 8 itbens P oatetoune tg TE ig es cotgante® _snvanteots 3 2 ingesegaate 3" anges 8 ewe ee ont, eet aoa ne asewtee Sn2 sintcotsinty sndcond 1 cco pane 2 ag a pcoto a, de gete anoaonnty 9 TW a sneered 2 saeens Fiat 99 eae BS 408, singcospeae Eco ome 3 sony exp, Pet eo 48 (te ati ae IV STIRLING'S APPROXIMATION “Twonow many aa of ye chemi a pty ah elie me t= €QK3)--08 =) awn te 08 Tas sw. ean ht login of Int tal na np + toma Soe Go vis ey ls oe, hs mato cept yt a sama: [eae way Aopondi lV Sting’: Appeenimation 208 ih hn imp rs ie tawizatas aff ewan 48 oy ower is onch agen wes te Mts ta —W frbee avs) ution (5) to Siig aprons cn wd pointe oN ‘hae ners cea eigen pointing pray aig ‘alr canbe ond ung oc Th apc whey pe en Sg ore vaan()" wo hcp mee Dg ein ae 2) forte 8 an, 7 Btn 4) ee i rae es {estecnmparete aif Egan 1), 15) 9) pointe sive fr 6 The vr 2 1 Egan per ae Fanless 5 eran nn per prion fr = 27 Toe Egon 9 pes fr) 1 = 10 Chay oan er al ob (8 egancon pe bebe ol As pea mich ep hee eens ‘ro letr nl ee echt sai ce ely pena he ber oe ‘See ins mascot, 10 llega rece w Egon 13).Answers os Tee 1 Ss 6 aaa 2 hagiaaee, ee ome Hee 0 Stem eae © amet gam © as, Odeoope somes 8 lonrajse Of eiite mtorcrse ome {b tae ‘onapren7 1 de (0 ae 5 ope {0 ee 19 seam 18 Seen ‘9 comet © oe (6 comeget Soot(9 om 1 Smee oo cose. s309 ( Climeaesa ‘sot ae tsi of 8 aerate ton ‘tie econo 38 ‘che ocean 4 ‘Modan spe sin 3 ‘ea ea 9 8 ay eons 92,199 Bales eg 3 © Cot ‘Som 3-89 mnt ‘ime Srectmcnea, 3 Cc cgi seman 12-191 Sancta ogden 2 rutin colt td mame kt, 16 Scmprion en Index Comes pg eon 8 cops me eo cman (00 comes ree comer i mo 9 Secrest eon cer, mca Beanies, 3 ‘woamenoul? Sis 1 "tate oe en 5 ‘oman eonzd Comet tems cme treats, 2 on pa US eit he oro ae poe ‘estat to ecto tv aati 38 ‘Steen over 8 ‘lho 36 ‘Pia ethane Seca, ‘ran pepetee! ‘stan sape 8 eer oo 21 ie ee 20-5. Dicer pe 93 ‘shana ine Sina ‘ead re sot ch 74 ‘ye yom saan: ‘nad Lager peo ome Lager peoi Feito 9 guerra Leen bn ‘paca ns ln, 4 pn to 78 son 5 Dieta he ene ‘Coren crdnae Seta st ‘ere rcs § ‘ee ine, deen et ‘ecto, 9 al. Datei etnies 31 inti event re 5 fino Decree orp 8 e giao 18 ee ae in aoe an a ae coe ie ———— on = es eoaaensana aan ace ae mee ml =a So, ones — a eas Index ler ao compe eect ‘eto ‘ie ‘Ge psron of 187I 28 nee bedes 8 het of eat squares, 15 ae” Newoon-Rapbsow metho, 175 “preparation of, 187 Integrating fates, 73,87 Nea eat Pec =e " ina | pen i 8 Hemiteeian operat. 40 Lone ‘Monie Caro method, 172 teenie pet sea Spot fone ayn ogi Maal seep is ‘man ota ea ns New Ron 75 ‘coi caer Ropes Homogeneous logarchns, 25, ara wetconeageece 9; " : ° 1 x oes ‘mor we _— | “th SS oon fe enti, Sa — L Socbodspndtm nest Stel ta ae aie tenis cere LgmgPetod et eta. 28 Scie 8 Serres ansea9 “ice mip. 47 an corer pis Larsson eS ue sone cpa ‘Sommer fount ‘Rowocese59 Framerate Sem ni ‘Sees ieStpaeme peenied eal ts reser Tamera Seis Sige a terest es San ow Pw LE Stent e ae i iin ‘stor ets er ca atin 2 ono | Luan Sion Ste ba Tene 38 Sipe entre tiers Se Pn te ‘wn 18 Simone 03 titres ar dt 1-18 cream! wer iy ‘sian 4 ee ee ‘Sencoet 8 ei Soeace Lope | ee Rat dt oe ve acerca Fe dee Sti i aan Scfo'setipmn cmon | NESTS Rta og Rn om ta Src ‘Sie NOSE tc Sianor Pees sion omc Somme ie | Mee aimee "ryan 192 geometric imerpreaton of, 99-63 ‘eationship to natural, 27 i ‘ote coon, <5 “indefinite, able of, 192 _eeneel groper of, 26-25 N a ‘in, 61-63. 85, power, 25 : Neco ese mai oer a ma et ‘eal, 25 sein 208 nanos iae tli den 180 Pty age 2 asin nese 84 ‘oyna 1 a unt guton Se Seon dere nts 16 Caan Se Fn, a ade ea. 23,29 iedom ere 1 tat Retna So Cain Rec re oquation, 70 Rea 18 Revere proven Se Rave rind rae It=8 Rewer Za itl pers 12-148 "uonhipw sym, 1-18 s See protic 16 ‘Stonddepne equate 18 “eg uns og 8 Spe 15.08 Sear equine 2 ‘Stadt opty Sern fut 7 Seis toe eso Si For ‘a Marler Sem Ser aba ets She fie nn 8 Sano ogg space resang,2 Spa po ate, 5-2 ice vote some. seme ‘hsm ean © Suse mar 21 Sin psi, 208 Sanh 12 Petite pas Se Line Stconne apes, 16,176 7 Tet dein ple dation 188 ‘pylrste 1 ‘Pua ra Se Dewi at “ranma core unten Tepe pol sorts, 8-167 testa pl eons 26 ‘naperad etd, ‘gone v aed “ose 16 cet v ‘cel cage fant peice 13 Indo 227 operat S156 Secret I Septemone 18 ‘meu 12 See ‘esr mip ‘wine Senet eine “semen uns yin expecta unos, 8 ‘fete ncn