Chng 1

S lc lch s pht trin ca mng my tnh

Vo gia nhng nm 50 khi nhng th h my tnh u tin c a vo hot ng
thc t vi nhng bng n in t th chng c kch thc rt cng knh v tn nhiu nng
lng. Hi vic nhp d liu vo cc my tnh c thng qua cc tm ba m ngi vit
chng trnh c l sn. Mi tm ba tng ng vi mt dng lnh m mi mt ct ca
n c cha tt c cc k t cn thit m ngi vit chng trnh phi c l vo k t mnh la
chn. Cc tm ba c a vo mt "thit b" gi l thit b c ba m qua cc thng tin
c a vo my tnh (hay cn gi l trung tm x l) v sau khi tnh ton kt qu s c
a ra my in. Nh vy cc thit b c ba v my in c th hin nh cc thit b vo ra
(I/O) i vi my tnh. Sau mt thi gian cc th h my mi c a vo hot ng trong
mt my tnh trung tm c th c ni vi nhiu thit b vo ra (I/O) m qua n c th thc
hin lin tc ht chng trnh ny n chng trnh khc.

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Cng vi s pht trin ca nhng ng dng trn my tnh cc phng php nng cao

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kh nng giao tip vi my tnh trung tm cng c u t nghin cu rt nhiu. Vo gia

nhng nm 60 mt s nh ch to my tnh nghin cu thnh cng nhng thit b truy cp

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t xa ti my tnh ca h. Mt trong nhng phng php thm nhp t xa c thc hin

bng vic ci t mt thit b u cui mt v tr cch xa trung tm tnh ton, thit b u cui

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ny c lin kt vi trung tm bng vic s dng ng dy in thoi v vi hai thit b x l

tn hiu (thng gi l Modem) gn hai u v tn hiu c truyn thay v trc tip th thng
qua dy in thoi.

Hnh 1.1. M hnh truy
n d liu t xa u tin

Nhng dng u tin ca thit b u cui bao gm my c ba, my in, thit b x l
tn hiu, cc thit b cm nhn. Vic lin kt t xa c th thc hin thng qua nhng vng
khc nhau v l nhng dng u tin ca h thng mng.

Trong lc a ra gii thiu nhng thit b u cui t xa, cc nh khoa hc trin khai
mt lot nhng thit b iu khin, nhng thit b u cui c bit cho php ngi s dng
nng cao c kh nng tng tc vi my tnh. Mt trong nhng sn phm quan trng l
h thng thit b u cui 3270 ca IBM. H thng bao gm cc mn hnh, cc h thng iu
khin, cc thit b truyn thng c lin kt vi cc trung tm tnh ton. H thng 3270 c
gii thiu vo nm 1971 v c s dng dng m rng kh nng tnh ton ca trung tm
my tnh ti cc vng xa. lm gim nhim v truyn thng ca my tnh trung tm v s
lng cc lin kt gia my tnh trung tm vi cc thit b u cui, IBM v cc cng ty my
tnh khc sn xut mt s cc thit b sau:
Thit b kim sot truyn thng: c nhim v nhn cc bit tn hiu t cc knh truyn
thng, gom chng li thnh cc byte d liu v chuyn nhm cc byte ti my tnh trung tm
x l, thit b ny cng thc hin cng vic ngc li chuyn tn hiu tr li ca my tnh
trung tm ti cc trm xa. Thit b trn cho php gim bt c thi gian x l trn my tnh
trung tm v xy dng cc thit b logic c trng.

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Thit b kim sot nhiu u cui: cho php cng mt lc kim sot nhiu thit b u

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cui. My tnh trung tm ch cn lin kt vi mt thit b nh vy l c th phc v cho tt c

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cc thit b u cui ang c gn vi thit b kim sot trn. iu ny c bit c ngha khi
thit b kim sot nm cch xa my tnh v ch cn s dng mt ng in thoi l c th

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phc v cho nhiu thit b u cui.

Hnh 1.2: M hnh trao i mng c a h th

ng 3270
Vo gia nhng nm 1970, cc thit b u cui s dng nhng phng php lin kt
qua ng cp nm trong mt khu vc c ra i. Vi nhng u im t nng cao tc
truyn d liu v qua kt hp c kh nng tnh ton ca cc my tnh li vi nhau.

thc hin vic nng cao kh nng tnh ton vi nhiu my tnh cc nh sn xut bt u xy
dng cc mng phc tp. Vo nhng nm 1980 cc h thng ng truyn tc cao
c thit lp Bc M v Chu u v t cng xut hin cc nh cung cp cc dnh v
truyn thng vi nhng ng truyn c tc cao hn nhiu ln so vi ng dy in thoi.
Vi nhng chi ph thu bao chp nhn c, ngi ta c th s dng c cc ng truyn
ny lin kt my tnh li vi nhau v bt u hnh thnh cc mng mt cch rng khp.
y cc nh cung cp dch v xy dng nhng ng truyn d liu lin kt gia cc thnh
ph v khu vc vi nhau v sau cung cp cc dch v truyn d liu cho nhng ngi xy
dng mng. Ngi xy dng mng lc ny s khng cn xy dng li ng truyn ca mnh
m ch cn s dng mt phn cc nng lc truyn thng ca cc nh cung cp.
Vo nm 1974 cng ty IBM gii thiu mt lot cc thit b u cui c ch to cho
lnh vc ngn hng v thng mi, thng qua cc dy cp mng cc thit b u cui c th
truy cp cng mt lc vo mt my tnh dng chung. Vi vic lin kt cc my tnh nm trong
mt khu vc nh nh mt ta nh hay l mt khu nh th tin chi ph cho cc thit b v phn

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mm l thp. T vic nghin cu kh nng s dng chung mi trng truyn thng v cc

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ti nguyn ca cc my tnh nhanh chng c u t.

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Vo nm 1977, cng ty Datapoint Corporation bt u bn h iu hnh mng ca

mnh l "Attached Resource Computer Network" (hay gi tt l Arcnet) ra th trng. Mng

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Arcnet cho php lin kt cc my tnh v cc trm u cui li bng dy cp mng, qua
tr thnh l h iu hnh mng cc b u tin.
T n nay c rt nhiu cng ty a ra cc sn phm ca mnh, c bit khi cc
my tnh c nhn c s dng mt cnh rng ri. Khi s lng my vi tnh trong mt vn
phng hay c quan c tng ln nhanh chng th vic kt ni chng tr nn v cng cn thit
v s mang li nhiu hiu qu cho ngi s dng.
Ngy nay vi mt lng ln v thng tin, nhu cu x l thng tin ngy cng cao. Mng
my tnh hin nay tr nn qu quen thuc i vi chng ta, trong mi lnh vc nh khoa hc,
qun s, quc phng, thng mi, dch v, gio dc... Hin nay nhiu ni mng tr thnh
mt nhu cu khng th thiu c. Ngi ta thy c vic kt ni cc my tnh thnh mng
cho chng ta nhng kh nng mi to ln nh:
S dng chung ti nguyn: Nhng ti nguyn ca mng (nh thit b, chng trnh, d
liu) khi c tr thnh cc ti nguyn chung th mi thnh vin ca mng u c th tip cn
c m khng quan tm ti nhng ti nguyn u.

Tng tin cy ca h thng: Ngi ta c th d dng bo tr my mc v lu tr

(backup) cc d liu chung v khi c trc trc trong h thng th chng c th c khi phc
nhanh chng. Trong trng hp c trc trc trn mt trm lm vic th ngi ta cng c th s
dng nhng trm khc thay th.
Nng cao cht lng v hiu qu khai thc thng tin: Khi thng tin c th c s dng
chung th n mang li cho ngi s dng kh nng t chc li cc cng vic vi nhng thay
i v cht nh:
p ng nhng nhu cu ca h thng ng dng kinh doanh hin i.
Cung cp s thng nht gia cc d liu.
Tng cng nng lc x l nh kt hp cc b phn phn tn.
Tng cng truy nhp ti cc dch v mng khc nhau ang c cung cp trn th
gii.
Vi nhu cu i hi ngy cng cao ca x hi nn vn k thut trong mng l mi
quan tm hng u ca cc nh tin hc. V d nh lm th no truy xut thng tin mt cch

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nhanh chng v ti u nht, trong khi vic x l thng tin trn mng qu nhiu i khi c th

4.

lm tc nghn trn mng v gy ra mt thng tin mt cch ng tic.

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Hin nay vic lm sao c c mt h thng mng chy tht tt, tht an ton vi li ch
kinh t cao ang rt c quan tm. Mt vn t ra c rt nhiu gii php v cng ngh,

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mt gii php c rt nhiu yu t cu thnh, trong mi yu t c nhiu cch la chn. Nh vy

a ra mt gii php hon chnh, ph hp th phi tri qua mt qu trnh chn lc da trn
nhng u im ca tng yu t, tng chi tit rt nh.
gii quyt mt vn phi da trn nhng yu cu t ra v da trn cng ngh
gii quyt. Nhng cng ngh cao nht cha chc l cng ngh tt nht, m cng ngh tt nht
l cng ngh ph hp nht.

Chng 2
Nhng khi nim c bn ca mng my tnh
Vi s pht trin ca khoa hc v k thut, hin nay cc mng my tnh pht trin
mt cch nhanh chng v a dng c v quy m, h iu hnh v ng dng. Do vy vic
nghin cu chng ngy cng tr nn phc tp. Tuy nhin cc mng my tnh cng c cng cc
im chung thng qua chng ta c th nh gi v phn loi chng.
I. nh ngha mng my tnh
Mng my tnh l mt tp hp cc my tnh c ni vi nhau bi ng truyn theo
mt cu trc no v thng qua cc my tnh trao i thng tin qua li cho nhau.
ng truyn l h thng cc thit b truyn dn c dy hay khng dy dng chuyn

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cc tn hiu in t t my tnh ny n my tnh khc. Cc tn hiu in t biu th cc gi

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tr d liu di dng cc xung nh phn (on - off). Tt c cc tn hiu c truyn gia cc my

tnh u thuc mt dng sng in t. Ty theo tn s ca sng in t c th dng cc ng

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truyn vt l khc nhau truyn cc tn hiu. y ng truyn c kt ni c th l dy

cp ng trc, cp xon, cp quang, dy in thoi, sng v tuyn ... Cc ng truyn d liu

ca mng my tnh.

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to nn cu trc ca mng. Hai khi nim ng truyn v cu trc l nhng c trng c bn

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4.
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Te

Hnh 2.1: Mt m hnh lin kt cc my tnh trong mng

Vi s trao i qua li gia my tnh ny vi my tnh khc phn bit mng my tnh
vi cc h thng thu pht mt chiu nh truyn hnh, pht thng tin t v tinh xung cc trm
thu th ng... v ti y ch c thng tin mt chiu t ni pht n ni thu m khng quan tm
n c bao nhiu ni thu, c thu tt hay khng.
c trng c bn ca ng truyn vt l l gii thng. Gii thng ca mt ng
chuyn chnh l o phm vi tn s m n c th p ng c. Tc truyn d liu trn
ng truyn cn c gi l thng lng ca ng truyn - thng c tnh bng s
lng bit c truyn i trong mt giy (Bps). Thng lng cn c o bng n v khc l
Baud (ly t tn nh bc hc - Emile Baudot). Baud biu th s lng thay i tn hiu trong mt
giy.
y Baud v Bps khng phi bao gi cng ng nht. V d: nu trn ng dy c 8
mc tn hiu khc nhau th mi mc tn hiu tng ng vi 3 bit hay l 1 Baud tng ng vi 3

bit. Ch khi c 2 mc tn hiu trong mi mc tn hiu tng ng vi 1 bit th 1 Baud mi

tng ng vi 1 bit.
II. Phn loi mng my tnh
Do hin nay mng my tnh c pht trin khp ni vi nhng ng dng ngy cng a
dng cho nn vic phn loi mng my tnh l mt vic rt phc tp. Ngi ta c th chia cc
mng my tnh theo khong cch a l ra lm hai loi: Mng din rng v Mng cc b.
Mng cc b (Local Area Networks - LAN) l mng c thit lp lin kt cc my
tnh trong mt khu vc nh trong mt to nh, mt khu nh.
Mng din rng (Wide Area Networks - WAN) l mng c thit lp lin kt cc
my tnh ca hai hay nhiu khu vc khc nhau nh gia cc thnh ph hay cc tnh.
S phn bit trn ch c tnh cht c l, cc phn bit trn cng tr nn kh xc nh
vi vic pht trin ca khoa hc v k thut cng nh cc phng tin truyn dn. Tuy nhin
vi s phn bit trn phng din a l a ti vic phn bit trong nhiu c tnh khc
nhau ca hai loi mng trn, vic nghin cu cc phn bit cho ta hiu r hn v cc loi

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mng.

4.

III. S phn bit gia mng cc b v mng din rng

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Mng cc b v mng din rng c th c phn bit bi: a phng hot ng, tc
ng truyn v t l li trn ng truyn, ch qun ca mng, ng i ca thng tin trn

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mng, dng chuyn giao thng tin.

a phng hot ng: Lin quan n khu vc a l th mng cc b s l mng lin

kt cc my tnh nm trong mt khu vc nh. Khu vc c th bao gm mt ta nh hay l
mt khu nh... iu hn ch bi khong cch ng dy cp c dng lin kt cc
my tnh ca mng cc b (Hn ch cn l hn ch ca kh nng k thut ca ng truyn
d liu). Ngc li mng din rng l mng c kh nng lin kt cc my tnh trong mt vng
rng ln nh l mt thnh ph, mt min, mt t nc, mng din rng c xy dng ni
hai hoc nhiu khu vc a l ring bit.
Tc ng truyn v t l li trn ng truyn: Do cc ng cp ca mng cc b
c xy dng trong mt khu vc nh cho nn n t b nh hng bi tc ng ca thin nhin
(nh l sm chp, nh sng...). iu cho php mng cc b c th truyn d liu vi tc
cao m ch chu mt t l li nh. Ngc li vi mng din rng do phi truyn nhng khong
cch kh xa vi nhng ng truyn dn di c khi ln ti hng ngn km. Do vy mng din
rng khng th truyn vi tc qu cao v khi t l li s tr nn kh chp nhn c.

Mng cc b thng c tc truyn d liu t 4 n 16 Mbps v t ti 100 Mbps nu

dng cp quang. Cn phn ln cc mng din rng cung cp ng truyn c tc thp hn
nhiu nh T1 vi 1.544 Mbps hay E1 vi 2.048 Mbps.
( y bps (Bit Per Second) l mt n v trong truyn thng tng ng vi 1 bit
c truyn trong mt giy, v d nh tc ng truyn l 1 Mbps tc l c th truyn ti a
1 Megabit trong 1 giy trn ng truyn ).
Thng thng trong mng cc b t l li trong truyn d liu vo khong 1/107-108 cn
trong mng din rng th t l vo khong 1/106 - 107
Ch qun v iu hnh ca mng: Do s phc tp trong vic xy dng, qun l, duy tr
cc ng truyn dn nn khi xy dng mng din rng ngi ta thng s dng cc ng
truyn c thu t cc cng ty vin thng hay cc nh cung cp dch v truyn s liu. Ty
theo cu trc ca mng nhng ng truyn thuc c quan qun l khc nhau nh cc nh
cung cp ng truyn ni ht, lin tnh, lin quc gia. Cc ng truyn phi tun th cc
quy nh ca chnh ph cc khu vc c ng dy i qua nh: tc , vic m ha.

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Cn i vi mng cc b th cng vic n gin hn nhiu, khi mt c quan ci t

4.

mng cc b th ton b mng s thuc quyn qun l ca c quan .

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ng i ca thng tin trn mng: Trong mng cc b thng tin c i theo con
ng xc nh bi cu trc ca mng. Khi ngi ta xc nh cu trc ca mng th thng tin

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s lun lun i theo cu trc xc nh . Cn vi mng din rng d liu cu trc c th

phc tp hn nhiu do vic s dng cc dch v truyn d liu. Trong qu trnh hot ng cc
im nt c th thay i ng i ca cc thng tin khi pht hin ra c trc trc trn ng
truyn hay khi pht hin c qu nhiu thng tin cn truyn gia hai im nt no . Trn mng
din rng thng tin c th c cc con ng i khc nhau, iu cho php c th s dng ti
a cc nng lc ca ng truyn hay nng cao iu kin an ton trong truyn d liu.
Dng chuyn giao thng tin: Phn ln cc mng din rng hin nay c pht trin cho
vic truyn ng thi trn ng truyn nhiu dng thng tin khc nhau nh: video, ting ni,
d liu... Trong khi cc mng cc b ch yu pht trin trong vic truyn d liu thng
thng. iu ny c th gii thch do vic truyn cc dng thng tin nh video, ting ni trong
mt khu vc nh t c quan tm hn nh khi truyn qua nhng khong cch ln.
Cc h thng mng hin nay ngy cng phc tp v cht lng, a dng v chng loi
v pht trin rt nhanh v cht. Trong s pht trin s lng nhng nh sn xut t phn
mm, phn cng my tnh, cc sn phm vin thng cng tng nhanh vi nhiu sn phm a
dng. Chnh v vy vai tr chun ha cng mang nhng ngha quan trng. Ti cc nc cc

c quan chun quc gia a ra cc nhng chun v phn cng v cc quy nh v giao tip
nhm gip cho cc nh sn xut c th lm ra cc sn phm c th kt ni vi cc sn phm
do hng khc sn xut.

Chng 3
M hnh truyn thng
I. S cn thit phi c m hnh truyn thng
mt mng my tnh tr mt mi trng truyn d liu th n cn phi c nhng yu

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t sau:

4.

Mi my tnh cn phi c mt a ch phn bit trn mng.

Vic chuyn d liu t my tnh ny n my tnh khc do mng thc hin thng qua

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nhng quy nh thng nht gi l giao thc ca mng.

Khi cc my tnh trao i d liu vi nhau th mt qu trnh truyn giao d liu c

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thc hin hon chnh. V d nh thc hin vic truyn mt file gia mt my tnh vi mt
my tnh khc cng c gn trn mt mng cc cng vic sau y phi c thc hin:
My tnh cn truyn cn bit a ch ca my nhn.
My tnh cn truyn phi xc nh c my tnh nhn sn sng nhn thng tin
Chng trnh gi file trn my truyn cn xc nh c rng chng trnh nhn file
trn my nhn sn sng tip nhn file.
Nu cu trc file trn hai my khng ging nhau th mt my phi lm nhim v chuyn
i file t dng ny sang dng kia.
Khi truyn file my tnh truyn cn thng bo cho mng bit a ch ca my nhn
cc thng tin c mng a ti ch.
iu trn cho thy gia hai my tnh c mt s phi hp hot ng mc
cao. By gi thay v chng ta xt c qu trnh trn nh l mt qu trnh chung th chng ta s
chia qu trnh trn ra thnh mt s cng on v mi cng on con hot ng mt cch c
lp vi nhau. y chng trnh truyn nhn file ca mi my tnh c chia thnh ba module

l: Module truyn v nhn File, Module truyn thng v Module tip cn mng. Hai module
tng ng s thc hin vic trao i vi nhau trong :
Module truyn v nhn file cn c thc hin tt c cc nhim v trong cc ng dng
truyn nhn file. V d: truyn nhn thng s v file, truyn nhn cc mu tin ca file, thc hin
chuyn i file sang cc dng khc nhau nu cn. Module truyn v nhn file khng cn thit
phi trc tip quan tm ti vic truyn d liu trn mng nh th no m nhim v c
giao cho Module truyn thng.
Module truyn thng quan tm ti vic cc my tnh ang hot ng v san sng trao
i thng tin vi nhau. N cn kim sot cc d liu sao cho nhng d liu ny c th trao i
mt cch chnh xc v an ton gia hai my tnh. iu c ngha l phi truyn file trn
nguyn tc m bo an ton cho d liu, tuy nhin y c th c mt vi mc an ton
khc nhau c dnh cho tng ng dng. y vic trao i d liu gia hai my tnh khng
ph thuc vo bn cht ca mng ang lin kt chng. Nhng yu cu lin quan n mng
c thc hin module th ba l module tip cn mng v nu mng thay i th ch c

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module tip cn mng b nh hng.

4.

Module tip cn mng c xy dng lin quan n cc quy cch giao tip vi mng v

tnh khc trong mng.

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ph thuc vo bn cht ca mng. N m bo vic truyn d liu t my tnh ny n my

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Nh vy thay v xt c qu trnh truyn file vi nhiu yu cu khc nhau nh mt tin

trnh phc tp th chng ta c th xt qu trnh vi nhiu tin trnh con phn bit da trn
vic trao i gia cc Module tng ng trong chng trnh truyn file. Cch ny cho php
chng ta phn tch k qu trnh file v d dng trong vic vit chng trnh.
Vic xt cc module mt cch c lp vi nhau nh vy cho php gim phc tp cho
vic thit k v ci t. Phng php ny c s dng rng ri trong vic xy dng mng v
cc chng trnh truyn thng v c gi l phng php phn tng (layer).
Nguyn tc ca phng php phn tng l:
Mi h thng thnh phn trong mng c xy dng nh mt cu trc nhiu tng v
u c cu trc ging nhau nh: s lng tng v chc nng ca mi tng.
Cc tng nm chng ln nhau, d liu c ch trao i trc tip gia hai tng k nhau
t tng trn xung tng di v ngc li.
Cng vi vic xc nh chc nng ca mi tng chng ta phi xc nh mi quan h
gia hai tng k nhau. D liu c truyn i t tng cao nht ca h thng truyn ln lt
n tng thp nht sau truyn qua ng ni vt l di dng cc bit ti tng thp nht ca

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h thng nhn, sau d liu c truyn ngc ln ln lt n tng cao nht ca h thng
nhn.
Ch c hai tng thp nht c lin kt vt l vi nhau cn cc tng trn cng th t ch c
cc lin kt logic vi nhau. Lin kt logic ca mt tng c thc hin thng qua cc tng di

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4.

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v phi tun theo nhng quy nh cht ch, cc quy nh c gi giao thc ca tng.

Hnh 3.1: M hnh phn tng g m N tng

II. M hnh truyn thng n gin 3 tng
Ni chung trong truyn thng c s tham gia ca cc thnh phn: cc chng trnh ng
dng, cc chng trnh truyn thng, cc my tnh v cc mng. Cc chng trnh ng dng l
cc chng trnh ca ngi s dng c thc hin trn my tnh v c th tham gia vo qu
trnh trao i thng tin gia hai my tnh. Trn mt my tnh vi h iu hnh a nhim (nh
Windows, UNIX) thng c thc hin ng thi nhiu ng dng trong c nhng ng
dng lin quan n mng v cc ng dng khc. Cc my tnh c ni vi mng v cc d
liu c trao i thng qua mng t my tnh ny n my tnh khc.
Vic gi d liu c thc hin gia mt ng dng vi mt ng dng khc trn hai my
tnh khc nhau thng qua mng c thc hin nh sau: ng dng gi chuyn d liu cho
chng trnh truyn thng trn my tnh ca n, chng trnh truyn thng s gi chng ti

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my tnh nhn. Chng trnh truyn thng trn my nhn s tip nhn d liu, kim tra n
trc khi chuyn giao cho ng dng ang ch d liu.
Vi m hnh truyn thng n gin ngi ta chia chng trnh truyn thng thnh ba
tng khng ph thuc vo nhau l: tng ng dng, tng chuyn vn v tng tip cn mng.
Tng tip cn mng lin quan ti vic trao i d liu gia my tnh v mng m n
c ni vo. d liu n c ch my tnh gi cn phi chuyn a ch ca my tnh
nhn cho mng v qua mng s chuyn cc thng tin ti ch. Ngoi ra my gi c th s
dng mt s phc v khc nhau m mng cung cp nh gi u tin, tc cao. Trong tng
ny c th c nhiu phn mm khc nhau c s dng ph thuc vo cc loi ca mng v d
nh mng chuyn mch, mng chuyn mch gi, mng cc b.
Tng truyn d liu thc hin qu trnh truyn thng khng lin quan ti mng v nm
trn tng tip cn mng. Tng truyn d liu khng quan tm ti bn cht cc ng dng ang
trao i d liu m quan tm ti lm sao cho cc d liu c trao i mt cch an ton. Tng
truyn d liu m bo cc d liu n c ch v n theo ng th t m chng c x

vn

l. Trong tng truyn d liu ngi ta phi c nhng c ch nhm m bo s chnh xc v

4.

r rng cc c ch ny khng ph thuc vo bn cht ca tng ng dng v chng s phc v

ch
2

cho tt c cc ng dng.

Tng ng dng s cha cc module phc v cho tt c nhng ng dng ca ngi s

khc nhau.

Te

dng. Vi cc loi ng dng khc nhau (nh l truyn file, truyn th mc) cn cc module

Hnh 3.2 M hnh truy
n thng 3 tng

Trong mt mng vi nhiu my tnh, mi my tnh mt hay nhiu ng dng thc hin
ng thi (Ti y ta xt trn mt my tnh trong mt thi im c th chy nhiu ng dng v
cc ng dng c th thc hin ng thi vic truyn d liu qua mng). Mt ng dng khi
cn truyn d liu qua mng cho mt ng dng khc cn phi gi 1 module tng ng dng ca

12

chng trnh truyn thng trn my ca mnh, ng thi ng dng kia cng s gi 1 module
tng ng dng trn my ca n. Hai module ng dng s lin kt vi nhau nhm thc hin cc
yu cu ca cc chng trnh ng dng.
Cc ng dng s trao i vi nhau thng qua mng, tuy nhin trong 1 thi im trn
mt my c th c nhiu ng dng cng hot ng v vic truyn thng c chnh xc th
cc ng dng trn mt my cn phi c mt a ch ring bit. R rng cn c hai lp a ch:
Mi my tnh trn mng cn c mt a ch mng ca mnh, hai my tnh trong cng mt
mng khng th c cng a ch, iu cho php mng c th truyn thng tin n tng my
tnh mt cch chnh xc.
Mi mt ng dng trn mt my tnh cn phi c a ch phn bit trong my tnh o. N
cho php tng truyn d liu giao d liu cho ng ng dng ang cn. a ch c gi l
im tip cn giao dch. iu cho thy mi mt ng dng s tip cn cc phc v ca tng
truyn d liu mt cch c lp.
Cc module cng mt tng trn hai my tnh khc nhau s trao i vi nhau mt cch

vn

cht ch theo cc qui tc xc nh trc c gi l giao thc. Mt giao thc c th hin

4.

mt cch chi tit bi cc chc nng cn phi thc hin nh cc gi tr kim tra li, vic nh

Te

ch
2

dng cc d liu, cc quy trnh cn phi thc hin trao i thng tin.

13

Hnh 3.3 V d m hnh truy
n thng n gin

Chng ta hy xt trong v d (nh hnh v trn): gi s c ng dng c im tip cn
giao dch 1 trn my tnh A mun gi thng tin cho mt ng dng khc trn my tnh B c im
tip cn giao dch 2. ng dng trn my tnh A chuyn cc thng tin xung tng truyn d liu
ca A vi yu cu gi chng cho im tip cn giao dch 2 trn my tnh B. Tng truyn d liu
my A s chuyn cc thng tin xung tng tip cn mng my A vi yu cu chuyn chng cho
my tnh B (Ch rng mng khng cn bit a ch ca im tip cn giao dch m ch cn bit
a ch ca my tnh B). thc hin qu trnh ny, cc thng tin kim sot cng s c
truyn cng vi d liu.
u tin khi ng dng 1 trn my A cn gi mt khi d liu n chuyn khi cho
tng vn chuyn. Tng vn chuyn c th chia khi ra thnh nhiu khi nh ph thuc vo
yu cu ca giao thc ca tng v ng gi chng thnh cc gi tin (packet). Mi mt gi tin s

vn

c b sung thm cc thng tin kim sot ca giao thc v c gi l phn u (Header)

4.

ca gi tin. Thng thng phn u ca gi tin cn c:

ch
2

a ch ca im tip cn giao dch ni n ( y l 3): khi tng vn chuyn ca my B

nhn c gi tin th n bit c ng dng no m n cn giao.

Te

S th t ca gi tin, khi tng vn chuyn chia mt khi d liu ra thnh nhiu gi tin th
n cn phi nh s th t cc gi tin . Nu chng i n ch nu sai th t th tng vn
chuyn ca my nhn c th pht hin v chnh li th t. Ngoi ra nu c li trn ng
truyn th tng vn chuyn ca my nhn s pht hin ra v yu cu gi li mt cch chnh xc.
M sa li: m bo cc d liu c nhn mt cch chnh xc th trn c s cc
d liu ca gi tin tng vn chuyn s tnh ra mt gi tr theo mt cng thc c sn v gi n i
trong phn u ca gi tin. Tng vn chuyn ni nhn thng qua gi tr xc nh c gi tin
c b li trn ng truyn hay khng.
Bc tip theo tng vn chuyn my A s chuyn tng gi tin v a ch ca my tnh
ch ( y l B) xung tng tip cn mng vi yu cu chuyn chng i. thc hin c
yu cu ny tng tip cn mng cng to cc gi tin ca mnh trc khi truyn qua mng. Ti
y giao thc ca tng tip cn mng s thm cc thng tin iu khin vo phn u ca gi tin
mng.

14

Hnh 3.4: M hnh thit lp gi tin

Trong phn u gi tin mng s bao gm a ch ca my tnh nhn, da trn a ch

vn

ny mng truyn gi tin ti ch. Ngoi ra c th c nhng thng s nh l mc u tin.

Nh vy thng qua m hnh truyn thng n gin chng ta cng c th thy c

ch
2

trong cng mt tng.

4.

phng thc hot ng ca cc my tnh trn mng, c th xy dng v thay i cc giao thc
III. Cc nhu cu v chun ha i vi mng

Te

Trong phn trn chng ta xem xt mt m hnh truyn thng n gin, trong thc t
vic phn chia cc tng nh trong m hnh trn thc s cha . Trn th gii hin c mt s
c quan nh chun, h a ra hng lot chun v mng tuy cc chun c tnh cht khuyn
ngh ch khng bt buc nhng chng rt c cc c quan chun quc gia coi trng.
Hai trong s cc c quan chun quc t l:
ISO (The International Standards Organization) - L t chc tiu chun quc t hot
ng di s bo tr ca Lin hp Quc vi thnh vin l cc c quan chun quc gia vi s
lng khong hn 100 thnh vin vi mc ch h tr s pht trin cc chun trn phm vi
ton th gii. Mt trong nhng thnh tu ca ISO trong lnh vc truyn thng l m hnh h
thng m (Open Systems Interconnection - gi tt l OSI).
CCITT (Commit Consultatif International pour le Telegraphe et la Tlphone) - T chc
t vn quc t v in tn v in thoi lm vic di s bo tr ca Lin Hip Quc c tr s
chnh ti Geneva - Thy s. Cc thnh vin ch yu l cc c quan bu chnh vin thng cc
quc gia. T chc ny c vai tr pht trin cc khuyn ngh trong cc lnh vc vin thng.

15

IV. Mt s m hnh chun ha

1. M hnh OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)
M hnh OSI l mt c s dnh cho vic chun ho cc h thng truyn thng, n c
nghin cu v xy dng bi ISO. Vic nghin cu v m hnh OSI c bt u ti ISO vo
nm 1971 vi mc tiu nhm ti vic ni kt cc sn phm ca cc hng sn xut khc nhau
v phi hp cc hot ng chun ho trong cc lnh vc vin thng v h thng thng tin. Theo
m hnh OSI chng trnh truyn thng c chia ra thnh 7 tng vi nhng chc nng phn
bit cho tng tng. Hai tng ng mc khi lin kt vi nhau phi s dng mt giao thc chung.
Trong m hnh OSI c hai loi giao thc chnh c p dng: giao thc c lin kt (connection
- oriented) v giao thc khng lin kt (connectionless)
Giao thc c lin kt: trc khi truyn d liu hai tng ng mc cn thit lp mt lin
kt logic v cc gi tin c trao i thng qua lin kt ny, vic c lin kt logic s nng cao
an ton trong truyn d liu.
Giao thc khng lin kt: trc khi truyn d liu khng thit lp lin kt logic v mi gi

4.

Nhim v ca cc tng trong m hnh OSI:

vn

tin c truyn c lp vi cc gi tin trc hoc sau n.

ch
2

Tng ng dng (Application layer): tng ng dng quy nh giao din gia ngi s
dng v mi trng OSI, n cung cp cc phng tin cho ngi s dng truy cp v s dng

Te

cc dch v c m hnh OSI.

Tng trnh by (Presentation layer): tng trnh by chuyn i cc thng tin t c php
ngi s dng sang c php truyn d liu, ngoi ra n c th nn d liu truyn v m ha
chng trc khi truyn bo mt.
Tng giao dch (Session layer): tng giao dch quy nh mt giao din ng dng cho
tng vn chuyn s dng. N xc lp nh xa gia cc tn t a ch, to ra cc tip xc ban
u gia cc my tnh khc nhau trn c s cc giao dch truyn thng. N t tn nht qun
cho mi thnh phn mun i thoi ring vi nhau.
Tng vn chuyn (Transport layer): tng vn chuyn xc nh a ch trn mng, cch
thc chuyn giao gi tin trn c s trc tip gia hai u mt (end-to-end). bo m c

16

vic truyn n nh trn mng tng vn chuyn thng nh s cc gi tin v m bo chng

chuyn theo th t.

Hnh 3.5: M hnh 7 tng OSI

Tng mng (Network layer): tng mng c nhim v xc nh vic chuyn hng, vch
ng cc gi tin trong mng, cc gi tin ny c th phi i qua nhiu chng trc khi n
c ch cui cng.
Tng lin kt d liu (Data link layer): tng lin kt d liu c nhim v xc nh c ch
truy nhp thng tin trn mng, cc dng thc chung trong cc gi tin, ng cc gi tin...
Tng vt l (Phisical layer): tng vt l cung cp phng thc truy cp vo ng
truyn vt l truyn cc dng Bit khng cu trc, ngoi ra n cung cp cc chun v in,
dy cp, u ni, k thut ni mch in, in p, tc cp truyn dn, giao din ni kt v
cc mc ni kt..
2. M hnh SNA (Systems Netword Architecture)

vn

Thng 9/1973, Hng IBM gii thiu mt kin trc mng my tnh SNA (System Network

4.

Architecture). n nm 1977 c 300 trm SNA c ci t. Cui nm 1978, s lng

ch
2

tng ln n 1250, ri c theo cho n nay c 20.000 trm SNA ang c hot ng.
Qua con s ny chng ta c th hnh dung c mc quan trng v tm nh hng ca

Te

SNA trn ton th gii.

Cn lu rng SNA khng l mt chun quc t chnh thc nh OSI nhng do vai tr to
ln ca hng IBM trn th trng CNTT nn SNA tr thnh mt loi chun thc t v kh ph
bin. SNA l mt c t gm rt nhiu ti liu m t kin trc ca mng x l d liu phn tn.
N nh ngha cc quy tc v cc giao thc cho s tng tc gia cc thnh phn (my tnh,
trm cui, phn mm) trong mng.
SNA c t chc xung quanh khi nim min (domain). Mt SNA domain l mt im
iu khin cc dch v h thng (Systems Services control point - SSCP) v n s iu khin tt
c cc ti nguyn , Cc ti nguyn y c th l cc n v vt l, cc n v logic, cc lin
kt d liu v cc thit b. C th v SSCP nh l "tri tim v khi c" ca SNA. N iu khin
SNA domain bng cch gi cc lnh ti mt n v vt l, n v vt l ny sau khi nhn c
lnh s qun l tt c cc ti nguyn trc tip vi n. n v vt l thc s l mt "i tc" ca
SSCP v cha mt tp con cc kh nng ca SSCP. Cc n v vt l m nhim vic qun l
ca mi nt SNA.

17

SNA phn bit gia cc nt min con (Subarea node) v cc nt ngoi vi (peripheral
node).
Mt nt min con c th dn ng cho d liu ca ngi s dng qua ton b mng.
N dng a ch mng v mt s hiu ng (router suember) xc nh ng truyn i ti
nt k tip trong mng.
Mt nt ngoi vi c tnh cc b hn. N khng dn ng gia cc nt min con. Cc
nt c ni v iu khin theo giao thc SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control). Mi nt
ngoi vi ch lin lc c vi nt min con m n ni vo.
Mng SNA da trn c ch phn tng, trc y th 2 h thng ngang hng khng
c trao i trc tip. Sau ny pht trin thnh SNA m rng: Lc ny hai tng ngang hng
nhau c th trao i trc tip. Vi 6 tng c tn gi v chc nng tt nh sau:
Tng qun tr chc nng SNA (SNA Function Manegement) Tng ny tht ra c th chia
tng ny lm hai tng nh sau:
Tng dch v giao tc (Transaction) cung cp cc dch v ng dng n ngi dng mt

vn

mng SNA. Nhng dch v nh : DIA cung cp cc ti liu phn b gia cc h thng vn

4.

phng, SNA DS (vn phng dch v phn phi) cho vic truyn thng bt ng b gia cc ng

ch
2

dng phn tn v h thng vn phng. Tng dch v giao tc cng cung cp cc dch v v cu
hnh, cc dch v qun l iu khin cc hot ng mng.

Te

Tng dch v trnh din (Presentation Services): tng ny th lin quan vi s hin th
cc ng dng, ngi s dng u cui v cc d liu h thng. Tng ny cng nh ngha cc
giao thc cho vic truyn thng gia cc chng trnh v iu khin truyn thng mc hi
thoi.
Tng kim sot lung d liu (Data flow control) tng ny cung cp cc dch v iu
khinlung lu thng cho cc phin t logic ny n n v logic khc (LU - LU). N thc hin
iu ny bng cch gn cc s trnh t, cc yu cu v p ng, thc hin cc giao thc yu
cu v p ng giao dch v hp tc gia cc giao dch gi v nhn. Ni chung n ym tr
phng thc khai thc hai chiu ng thi (Full duplex).
Tng kim sot truyn (Transmission control): Tng ny cung cp cc iu khin c bn
ca cc phn ti nguyn truyn trong mng, bng cch xc nh s trnh t nhn c, v qun
l vic theo di mc phin. Tng ny cng h tr cho vic m ha d liu v cung cp h thng
h tr cho cc nt ngoi vi.

18

Tng kim sot ng dn (Path control): Tng ny cung cp cc giao thc tm

ng cho mt gi tin qua mng SNA v kt ni vi cc mng SNA khc, ng thi n cng
kim sot cc ng truyn ny.
Tng kim sot lin kt d liu (Data Link Control): Tng ny cung cp cc giao thc
cho vic truyn cc gi tin thng qua ng truyn vt l gia hai node v cng cung cp cc
iu khin lu thng v phc hi li, cc h tr cho tng ny l cc giao thc SDLC,
System/370, X25, IEEE 802.2 v 802.5.
Tng kim sot vt l (Physical control): Tng ny cung cp mt giao din vt l cho bt
c mi trng truyn thng no m gn vi n. Tng no nh ngha cc c trng ca tn hiu

Te

ch
2

4.

vn

cn thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc ng ni vt l cho vic h tr kt ni.

Hnh 3.6: Tng ng cc tng cc kin trc SNI v OSI

19

vn
4.
ch
2

Chng 4

Te

M hnh kt ni cc h thng m
Open Systems Interconection
Vic nghin cu v OSI c bt u ti ISO vo nm 1971 vi cc mc tiu nhm ni
kt cc sn phm ca cc hng sn xut khc. u im chnh ca OSI l ch n ha hn
gii php cho vn truyn thng gia cc my tnh khng ging nhau. Hai h thng, d c
khc nhau u c th truyn thng vi nhau mt cc hiu qu nu chng m bo nhng iu
kin chung sau y:
Chng ci t cng mt tp cc chc nng truyn thng.
Cc chc nng c t chc thnh cng mt tp cc tng. cc tng ng mc phi
cung cp cc chc nng nh nhau.
Cc tng ng mc khi trao i vi nhau s dng chung mt giao thc
M hnh OSI tch cc mt khc nhau ca mt mng my tnh thnh by tng theo m
hnh phn tng. M hnh OSI l mt khung m cc tiu chun lp mng khc nhau c th khp
vo. M hnh OSI nh r cc mt no ca hot ng ca mng c th nhm n bi cc tiu

20

chun mng khc nhau. V vy, theo mt ngha no , m hnh OSI l mt loi tiu chun ca
cc chun.
I. Nguyn tc s dng khi nh ngha cc tng h thng m:
Sau y l cc nguyn tc m ISO quy nh dng trong qu trnh xy dng m hnh OSI
Khng nh ngha qu nhiu tng vic xc nh v ghp ni cc tng khng qu phc
tp.
To cc ranh gii cc tng sao cho vic gii thch cc phc v v s cc tng tc qua
li hai tng l nh nht.
To cc tng ring bit cho cc chc nng khc bit nhau hon ton v k thut s
dng hoc qu trnh thc hin.
Cc chc nng ging nhau c t trong cng mt tng.
La chn ranh gii cc tng ti cc im m nhng th nghim trong qu kh thnh
cng.

thc ca chng c th thay i trn mi hng.

vn

Cc chc nng c xc nh sao cho chng c th d dng xc nh li, v cc nghi

4.

To ranh gii cc tng m cn c nhng mc tru tng khc nhau trong vic

ch
2

s dng s liu.

Cho php thay i cc chc nng hoc giao thc trong tng khng nh hng n cc

Te

tng khc.

To cc ranh gii gia mi tng vi tng trn v di n.

II. Cc giao thc trong m hnh OSI

Trong m hnh OSI c hai loi giao thc chnh c p dng: giao thc c lin kt
(connection - oriented) v giao thc khng lin kt (connectionless).
Giao thc c lin kt: trc khi truyn d liu hai tng ng mc cn thit lp mt lin
kt logic v cc gi tin c trao i thng qua lin kt ny, vic c lin kt logic s nng cao
an ton trong truyn d liu.
Giao thc khng lin kt: trc khi truyn d liu khng thit lp lin kt logic v mi gi
tin c truyn c lp vi cc gi tin trc hoc sau n.
Nh vy vi giao thc c lin kt, qu trnh truyn thng phi gm 3 giai on phn bit:
Thit lp lin kt (logic): hai thc th ng mc hai h thng thng lng vi nhau
v tp cc tham s s s dng trong giai on sau (truyn d liu).

21

Truyn d liu: d liu c truyn vi cc c ch kim sot v qun l km theo (nh

kim sot li, kim sot lung d liu, ct/hp d liu...) tng cng tin cy v hiu qu
ca vic truyn d liu.
Hy b lin kt (logic): gii phng ti nguyn h thng c cp pht cho lin kt
dng cho lin kt khc.
i vi giao thc khng lin kt th ch c duy nht mt giai on truyn d liu m thi.
Gi tin ca giao thc: Gi tin (Packet) c hiu nh l mt n v thng tin dng trong
vic lin lc, chuyn giao d liu trong mng my tnh. Nhng thng ip (message) trao i
gia cc my tnh trong mng, c to dng thnh cc gi tin my ngun. V nhng gi tin
ny khi ch s c kt hp li thnh thng ip ban u. Mt gi tin c th cha ng cc

Te

ch
2

4.

vn

yu cu phc v, cc thng tin iu khin v d liu.

22

Hnh 4.1: Phng thc xc lp cc gi tin trong m hnh OSI

Trn quan im m hnh mng phn tng tng mi tng ch thc hin mt chc nng l
nhn d liu t tng bn trn chuyn giao xung cho tng bn di v ngc li. Chc
nng ny thc cht l gn thm v g b phn u (header) i vi cc gi tin trc khi
chuyn n i. Ni cch khc, tng gi tin bao gm phn u (header) v phn d liu. Khi i
n mt tng mi gi tin s c ng thm mt phn u khc v c xem nh l gi tin
ca tng mi, cng vic trn tip din cho ti khi gi tin c truyn ln ng dy mng
n bn nhn.
Ti bn nhn cc gi tin c g b phn u trn tng tng tng ng v y cng l
nguyn l ca bt c m hnh phn tng no.
Ch : Trong m hnh OSI phn kim li ca gi tin tng lin kt d liu t cui gi tin
III. Cc chc nng ch yu ca cc tng ca m hnh OSI.
Tng 1: Vt l (Physical)
Tng vt l (Physical layer) l tng di cng ca m hnh OSI l. N m t cc c

vn

trng vt l ca mng: Cc loi cp c dng ni cc thit b, cc loi u ni c dng ,

4.

cc dy cp c th di bao nhiu v.v... Mt khc cc tng vt l cung cp cc c trng in

ch
2

ca cc tn hiu c dng khi chuyn d liu trn cp t mt my ny n mt my khc

ca mng, k thut ni mch in, tc cp truyn dn.

Te

Tng vt l khng qui nh mt ngha no cho cc tn hiu ngoi cc gi tr nh phn

0 v 1. cc tng cao hn ca m hnh OSI ngha ca cc bit c truyn tng vt l s
c xc nh.

V d: Tiu chun Ethernet cho cp xon i 10 baseT nh r cc c trng in ca

cp xon i, kch thc v dng ca cc u ni, di ti a ca cp.
Khc vi cc tng khc, tng vt l l khng c gi tin ring v do vy khng c phn
u (header) cha thng tin iu khin, d liu c truyn i theo dng bit. Mt giao thc
tng vt l tn ti gia cc tng vt l quy nh v phng thc truyn (ng b, phi ng
b), tc truyn.
Cc giao thc c xy dng cho tng vt l c phn chia thnh phn chia thnh hai
loi giao thc s dng phng thc truyn thng d b (asynchronous) v phng thc truyn
thng ng b (synchronous).
Phng thc truyn d b: khng c mt tn hiu quy nh cho s ng b gia cc bit
gia my gi v my nhn, trong qu trnh gi tn hiu my gi s dng cc bit c bit
START v STOP c dng tch cc xu bit biu din cc k t trong dng d liu cn

23

truyn i. N cho php mt k t c truyn i bt k lc no m khng cn quan tm n cc

tn hiu ng b trc .
Phng thc truyn ng b: s dng phng thc truyn cn c ng b gia my
gi v my nhn, n chn cc k t c bit nh SYN (Synchronization), EOT (End Of
Transmission) hay n gin hn, mt ci "c " (flag) gia cc d liu ca my gi bo hiu
cho my nhn bit c d liu ang n hoc n.
Tng 2: Lin kt d liu (Data link)
Tng lin kt d liu (data link layer) l tng m ngha c gn cho cc bt
c truyn trn mng. Tng lin kt d liu phi quy nh c cc dng thc, kch thc,
a ch my gi v nhn ca mi gi tin c gi i. N phi xc nh c ch truy nhp thng
tin trn mng v phng tin gi mi gi tin sao cho n c a n cho ngi nhn nh.
Tng lin kt d liu c hai phng thc lin kt da trn cch kt ni cc my tnh,
l phng thc "mt im - mt im" v phng thc "mt im - nhiu im". Vi phng
thc "mt im - mt im" cc ng truyn ring bit c thit lp ni cc cp my tnh

Te

ch
2

4.

vn

li vi nhau. Phng thc "mt im - nhiu im " tt c cc my phn chia chung mt ng

truyn vt l.
Hnh 4.2: Cc ng truy
n kt n
i kiu "mt im - mt im" v "mt im - nhi
u im".

Tng lin kt d liu cng cung cp cch pht hin v sa li c bn m bo cho

d liu nhn c ging hon ton vi d liu gi i. Nu mt gi tin c li khng sa c,
tng lin kt d liu phi ch ra c cch thng bo cho ni gi bit gi tin c li n gi
li.
Cc giao thc tng lin kt d liu chia lm 2 loi chnh l cc giao thc hng k t v
cc giao thc hng bit. Cc giao thc hng k t c xy dng da trn cc k t c bit
ca mt b m chun no (nh ASCII hay EBCDIC), trong khi cc giao thc hng bit li
dng cc cu trc nh phn (xu bit) xy dng cc phn t ca giao thc (n v d liu, cc
th tc.) v khi nhn, d liu s c tip nhn ln lt tng bit mt.

24

Tng 3: Mng (Network)

Tng mng (network layer) nhm n vic kt ni cc mng vi nhau bng cch tm
ng (routing) cho cc gi tin t mt mng ny n mt mng khc. N xc nh vic chuyn
hng, vch ng cc gi tin trong mng, cc gi ny c th phi i qua nhiu chng trc
khi n c ch cui cng. N lun tm cc tuyn truyn thng khng tc nghn a cc
gi tin n ch.
Tng mng cung cc cc phng tin truyn cc gi tin qua mng, thm ch qua mt
mng ca mng (network of network). Bi vy n cn phi p ng vi nhiu kiu mng v
nhiu kiu dch v cung cp bi cc mng khc nhau. hai chc nng ch yu ca tng mng l
chn ng (routing) v chuyn tip (relaying). Tng mng l quan trng nht khi lin kt hai
loi mng khc nhau nh mng Ethernet vi mng Token Ring khi phi dng mt b tm
ng (quy nh bi tng mng) chuyn cc gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc v ngc
li.
i vi mt mng chuyn mch gi (packet - switched network) - gm tp hp cc nt

vn

chuyn mch gi ni vi nhau bi cc lin kt d liu. Cc gi d liu c truyn t mt h

4.

thng m ti mt h thng m khc trn mng phi c chuyn qua mt chui cc nt. Mi

ch
2

nt nhn gi d liu t mt ng vo (incoming link) ri chuyn tip n ti mt ng ra

(outgoing link) hng n ch ca d liu. Nh vy mi nt trung gian n phi thc hin cc

Te

chc nng chn ng v chuyn tip.

Vic chn ng l s la chn mt con ng truyn mt n v d liu (mt gi

tin chng hn) t trm ngun ti trm ch ca n. Mt k thut chn ng phi thc hin hai
chc nng chnh sau y:
Quyt nh chn ng ti u da trn cc thng tin c v mng ti thi im
thng qua nhng tiu chun ti u nht nh.
Cp nht cc thng tin v mng, tc l thng tin dng cho vic chn ng, trn mng
lun c s thay i thng xuyn nn vic cp nht l vic cn thit.

25

Hnh 4. 3: M hnh chuyn vn cc gi tin trong mng chuyn mch gi

Ngi ta c hai phng thc p ng cho vic chn ng l phng thc x l tp
trung v x l ti ch.
Phng thc chn ng x l tp trung c c trng bi s tn ti ca mt (hoc
vi) trung tm iu khin mng, chng thc hin vic lp ra cc bng ng i ti tng thi
im cho cc nt v sau gi cc bng chn ng ti tng nt dc theo con ng
c chn . Thng tin tng th ca mng cn dng cho vic chn ng ch cn cp nhp
v c ct gi ti trung tm iu khin mng.
Phng thc chn ng x l ti ch c c trng bi vic chn ng c thc
hin ti mi nt ca mng. Trong tng thi im, mi nt phi duy tr cc thng tin ca mng v
t xy dng bng chn ng cho mnh. Nh vy cc thng tin tng th ca mng cn dng
cho vic chn ng cn cp nhp v c ct gi ti mi nt.

Trng thi ca ng truyn.

ch
2

Mc lu thng trn mi ng.

4.

Thi gian tr khi truyn trn mi ng dn.

vn

Thng thng cc thng tin c o lng v s dng cho vic chn ng bao gm:

Cc ti nguyn kh dng ca mng.

Te

Khi c s thay i trn mng (v d thay i v cu trc ca mng do s c ti mt vi

nt, phc hi ca mt nt mng, ni thm mt nt mi... hoc thay i v mc lu thng)
cc thng tin trn cn c cp nht vo cc c s d liu v trng thi ca mng.
Hin nay khi nhu cu truyn thng a phng tin (tch hp d liu vn bn, ho,
hnh nh, m thanh) ngy cng pht trin i hi cc cng ngh truyn dn tc cao nn vic
pht trin cc h thng chn ng tc cao ang rt c quan tm.
Tng 4: Vn chuyn (Transport)
Tng vn chuyn cung cp cc chc nng cn thit gia tng mng v cc tng trn. n
l tng cao nht c lin quan n cc giao thc trao i d liu gia cc h thng m. N cng
cc tng di cung cp cho ngi s dng cc phc v vn chuyn.
Tng vn chuyn (transport layer) l tng c s m mt my tnh ca mng chia
s thng tin vi mt my khc. Tng vn chuyn ng nht mi trm bng mt a ch duy nht
v qun l s kt ni gia cc trm. Tng vn chuyn cng chia cc gi tin ln thnh cc gi tin
nh hn trc khi gi i. Thng thng tng vn chuyn nh s cc gi tin v m bo chng
chuyn theo ng th t.

26

Tng vn chuyn l tng cui cng chu trch nhim v mc an ton trong truyn d
liu nn giao thc tng vn chuyn ph thuc rt nhiu vo bn cht ca tng mng. Ngi ta
chia giao thc tng mng thnh cc loi sau:
Mng loi A: C t sut li v s c c bo hiu chp nhn c (tc l cht lng
chp nhn c). Cc gi tin c gi thit l khng b mt. Tng vn chuyn khng cn cung
cp cc dch v phc hi hoc sp xp th t li.
Mng loi B: C t sut li chp nhn c nhng t sut s c c bo hiu li khng
chp nhn c. Tng giao vn phi c kh nng phc hi li khi xy ra s c.
Mng loi C: C t sut li khng chp nhn c (khng tin cy) hay l giao thc
khng lin kt. Tng giao vn phi c kh nng phc hi li khi xy ra li v sp xp li th t
cc gi tin.
Trn c s loi giao thc tng mng chng ta c 5 lp giao thc tng vn chuyn l:
Giao thc lp 0 (Simple Class - lp n gin): cung cp cc kh nng rt n gin
thit lp lin kt, truyn d liu v hy b lin kt trn mng "c lin kt" loi A. N c kh nng

vn

pht hin v bo hiu cc li nhng khng c kh nng phc hi.

4.

Giao thc lp 1 (Basic Error Recovery Class - Lp phc hi li c bn) dng vi cc

ch
2

loi mng B, y cc gi tin (TPDU) c nh s. Ngoi ra giao thc cn c kh nng bo

nhn cho ni gi v truyn d liu khn. So vi giao thc lp 0 giao thc lp 1 c thm kh

Te

nng phc hi li.

Giao thc lp 2 (Multiplexing Class - lp dn knh) l mt ci tin ca lp 0 cho php

dn mt s lin kt chuyn vn vo mt lin kt mng duy nht, ng thi c th kim sot
lung d liu trnh tc nghn. Giao thc lp 2 khng c kh nng pht hin v phc hi li.
Do vy n cn t trn mt tng mng loi A.
Giao thc lp 3 (Error Recovery and Multiplexing Class - lp phc hi li c bn v dn
knh) l s m rng giao thc lp 2 vi kh nng pht hin v phc hi li, n cn t trn mt
tng mng loi B.
Giao thc lp 4 (Error Detection and Recovery Class - Lp pht hin v phc hi li) l
lp c hu ht cc chc nng ca cc lp trc v cn b sung thm mt s kh nng khc
kim sot vic truyn d liu.
Tng 5: Giao dch (Session)
Tng giao dch (session layer) thit lp "cc giao dch" gia cc trm trn mng, n t
tn nht qun cho mi thnh phn mun i thoi vi nhau v lp nh xa gia cc tn vi a

27

ch ca chng. Mt giao dch phi c thit lp trc khi d liu c truyn trn mng, tng
giao dch m bo cho cc giao dch c thit lp v duy tr theo ng qui nh.
Tng giao dch cn cung cp cho ngi s dng cc chc nng cn thit qun tr
cc giao dnh ng dng ca h, c th l:
iu phi vic trao i d liu gia cc ng dng bng cch thit lp v gii phng (mt
cch lgic) cc phin (hay cn gi l cc hi thoi - dialogues)
Cung cp cc im ng b kim sot vic trao i d liu.
p t cc qui tc cho cc tng tc gia cc ng dng ca ngi s dng.
Cung cp c ch "ly lt" (nm quyn) trong qu trnh trao i d liu.
Trong trng hp mng l hai chiu lun phin th ny sinh vn : hai ngi s dng
lun phin phi "ly lt" truyn d liu. Tng giao dch duy tr tng tc lun phin bng
cch bo cho mi ngi s dng khi n lt h c truyn d liu. Vn ng b ha
trong tng giao dch cng c thc hin nh c ch kim tra/phc hi, dch v ny cho php
ngi s dng xc nh cc im ng b ha trong dng d liu ang chuyn vn v khi cn

vn

thit c th khi phc vic hi thoi bt u t mt trong cc im

4.

mt thi im ch c mt ngi s dng quyn c bit c gi cc dch v nht

ch
2

nh ca tng giao dch, vic phn b cc quyn ny thng qua trao i th bi (token). V d:
Ai c c token s c quyn truyn d liu, v khi ngi gi token trao token cho ngi khc

Te

thi cng c ngha trao quyn truyn d liu cho ngi .

Tng giao dch c cc hm c bn sau:
Give Token cho php ngi s dng chuyn mt token cho mt ngi s dng khc
ca mt lin kt giao dch.
Please Token cho php mt ngi s dng cha c token c th yu cu token .
Give Control dng chuyn tt c cc token t mt ngi s dng sang mt ngi
sdng khc.
Tng 6: Trnh by (Presentation)
Trong giao tip gia cc ng dng thng qua mng vi cng mt d liu c th c
nhiu cch biu din khc nhau. Thng thng dng biu din dng bi ng dng ngun v
dng biu din dng bi ng dng ch c th khc nhau do cc ng dng c chy trn cc
h thng hon ton khc nhau (nh h my Intel v h my Motorola). Tng trnh by
(Presentation layer) phi chu trch nhim chuyn i d liu gi i trn mng t mt loi biu
din ny sang mt loi khc. t c iu n cung cp mt dng biu din chung dng

28

 truyn thng v cho php chuyn i t dng biu din cc b sang biu din chung v
ngc li.
Tng trnh by cng c th c dng k thut m ha xo trn cc d liu trc khi
c truyn i v gii m u n bo mt. Ngoi ra tng biu din cng c th dng cc
k thut nn sao cho ch cn mt t byte d liu th hin thng tin khi n c truyn trn
mng, u nhn, tng trnh by bung tr li c d liu ban u.
Tng 7: ng dng (Application)
Tng ng dng (Application layer) l tng cao nht ca m hnh OSI, n xc nh giao
din gia ngi s dng v mi trng OSI v gii quyt cc k thut m cc chng trnh
ng dng dng giao tip vi mng.
cung cp phng tin truy nhp mi trng OSI cho cc tin trnh ng dng, Ngi
ta thit lp cc thc th ng dng (AE), cc thc th ng dng s gi n cc phn t dch v
ng dng (Application Service Element - vit tt l ASE) ca chng. Mi thc th ng dng c
th gm mt hoc nhiu cc phn t dch v ng dng. Cc phn t dch v ng dng c

vn

phi hp trong mi trng ca thc th ng dng thng qua cc lin kt (association) gi l i

4.

tng lin kt n (Single Association Object - vit tt l SAO). SAO iu khin vic truyn

ch
2

thng trong sut vng i ca lin kt cho php tun t ha cc s kin n t cc ASE

Te

thnh t ca n.

Chng 5
Cc c tnh k thut ca mng cc b
Trn thc t mng cc b l mt h thng truyn d liu gia cc my tnh vi mt
khong cch tng i hp, iu cho php c nhng la chn a dng v thit b . Tuy
nhin nhng la chn a dng ny li b hn ch bi cc c tnh k thut ca mng cc b,
l tp hp cc quy tc chun c quy c m tt c cc thc th tham gia truyn thng
trn mng phi tun theo m bo cho mng hot ng tt. Cc c tnh chnh ca mng
cc b m chng ta ni ti sau y l:
Cu trc ca mng (hay topology ca mng m qua th hin cch ni cc mng my
tnh vi nhau ra sao).

29

Cc nghi thc truyn d liu trn mng (cc th tc hng dn trm lm vic lm th
no v lc no c th thm nhp vo ng dy cp gi cc gi thng tin ).
Cc loi ng truyn v cc chun ca chng .
Cc phng thc tn hiu
I. Cu trc ca mng (Topology)
Hnh trng ca mng cc b th hin qua cu trc hay hnh dng hnh hc cu cc
ng dy cp mng dng lin kt cc my tnh thuc mng vi nhau. Cc mng cc b
thng hot ng da trn cu trc nh san lin kt cc my tnh v cc thit b c lin
quan.
Trc ht chng ta xem xt hai phng thc ni mng ch yu c s dng trong
vic lin kt cc my tnh l "mt im - mt im" v "mt im - nhiu im ".
Vi phng thc "mt im - mt im" cc ng truyn ring bit c thit lp
ni cc cp my tnh li vi nhau. Mi my tnh c th truyn v nhn trc tip d liu hoc c
th lm trung gian nh lu tr nhng d liu m n nhn c ri sau chuyn tip d liu i

vn

cho mt my khc d liu t ti ch.

4.

Theo phng thc "mt im - nhiu im " tt c cc trm phn chia chung mt ng

ch
2

truyn vt l. D liu c gi i t mt my tnh s c th c tip nhn bi tt c cc my

tnh cn li, bi vy cn ch ra i ch ch ca d liu mi my tnh cn c vo kim tra

Te

xem d liu c phi dnh cho mnh khng nu ng th nhn cn nu khng th b qua.

Hnh 5.1: Cc phng thc lin kt mng

Ty theo cu trc ca mi mng chng s thuc vo mt trong hai phng thc ni
mng v mi phng thc ni mng s c nhng yu cu khc nhau v phn cng v phn
mm.

30

II. Nhng cu trc chnh ca mng cc b

1. Dng ng thng (Bus)
Trong dng ng thng cc my tnh u c ni vo mt ng dy truyn chnh
(bus). ng truyn chnh ny c gii hn hai u bi mt loi u ni c bit gi l
terminator (dng nhn bit l u cui kt thc ng truyn ti y). Mi trm c ni
vo bus qua mt u ni ch T (T_connector) hoc mt b thu pht (transceiver). Khi mt trm
truyn d liu, tn hiu c truyn trn c hai chiu ca ng truyn theo tng gi mt, mi
gi u phi mang a ch trm ch. Cc trm khi thy d liu i qua nhn ly, kim tra, nu
ng vi a ch ca mnh th n nhn ly cn nu khng phi th b qua.
Sau y l vi thng s k thut ca topology bus. Theo chun IEEE 802.3 (cho mng
cc b) vi cch t tn qui c theo thng s: tc truyn tnh hiu (1,10 hoc 100 Mb/s);
BASE (nu l Baseband) hoc BROAD (nu l Broadband).
10BASE5: Dng cp ng trc ng knh ln (10mm) vi tr khng 50 Ohm, tc 10
Mb/s, phm vi tn hiu 500m/segment, c ti a 100 trm, khong cch gia 2 tranceiver ti

vn

thiu 2,5m (Phng n ny cn gi l Thick Ethernet hay Thicknet)

4.

10BASE2: tng t nh Thicknet nhng dng cp ng trc nh (RG 58A), c th chy

thiu l 0,5m.

ch
2

vi khong cch 185m, s trm ti a trong 1 segment l 30, khong cch gia hai my ti

Te

Dng kt ni ny c u im l t tn dy cp, tc truyn d liu cao tuy nhin nu

lu lng truyn tng cao th d gy ch tc v nu c trc trc trn hnh lang chnh th kh
pht hin ra.

Hin nay cc mng s dng hnh dng ng thng l mng Ethernet v G-net.

2. Dng vng trn (Ring)

Cc my tnh c lin kt vi nhau thnh mt vng trn theo phng thc "mt im mt im ", qua mi mt trm c th nhn v truyn d liu theo vng mt chiu v d liu
c truyn theo tng gi mt. Mi gi d liu u c mang a ch trm ch, mi trm khi
nhn c mt gi d liu n kim tra nu ng vi a ch ca mnh th n nhn ly cn nu
khng phi th n s pht li cho trm k tip, c nh vy gi d liu i c n ch. Vi
dng kt ni ny c u im l khng tn nhiu dy cp, tc truyn d liu cao, khng gy
ch tc tuy nhin cc giao thc truyn d liu phc tp v nu c trc trc trn mt trm th
cng nh hng n ton mng.

31

Hin nay cc mng s dng hnh dng vng trn l mng Tocken ring ca IBM.
3. Dng hnh sao (Star)
dng hnh sao, tt c cc trm c ni vo mt thit b trung tm c nhim v nhn
tn hiu t cc trm v chuyn tn hiu n trm ch vi phng thc kt ni l phng thc
"mt im - mt im ". Thit b trung tm hot ng ging nh mt tng i cho php thc
hin vic nhn v truyn d liu t trm ny ti cc trm khc. Ty theo yu cu truyn thng
trong mng , thit b trung tm c th l mt b chuyn mch (switch), mt b chn ng
(router) hoc n gin l mt b phn knh (Hub). C nhiu cng ra v mi cng ni vi mt
my. Theo chun IEEE 802.3 m hnh dng Star thng dng:
10BASE-T: dng cp UTP, tc 10 Mb/s, khong cch t thit b trung tm ti trm ti
a l 100m.
100BASE-T tng t nh 10BASE-T nhng tc cao hn 100 Mb/s.
u v khuyt im
u im: Vi dng kt ni ny c u im l khng ng hay ch tc trn ng

vn

truyn, lp t n gin, d dng cu hnh li (thm, bt trm). Nu c trc trc trn mt trm

4.

th cng khng gy nh hng n ton mng qua d dng kim sot v khc phc s c.

ch
2

Nhc im: di ng truyn ni mt trm vi thit b trung tm b hn ch (trong

vng 100 m vi cng ngh hin i) tn ng dy cp nhiu, tc truyn d liu khng cao.

NET ca Novell.

Te

Hin nay cc mng s dng hnh dng hnh sao l mng STARLAN ca AT&T v S-

32

Hnh 5.2 : Cc loi cu trc chnh c a mng cc b.

Vng Trn

Hnh sao

ng

Tt cho trng hp mng nh

Tt cho trng hp mng c s

hin nay mng sao l cch tt

dng

v mng c giao thng thp v

trm t hot ng vi tc

nht cho trng hp phi tch

lu lng d liu thp

cao,khng cch nhau xa lm hoc

hp

mng c lu lng d liu phn b

hiuting.Cc mng n thoi

4.

ch
2

Tng i khng phc tp

phc
tp

liu

tn

khng u.

cng cng c cu trc ny

i hi thit b tng i phc tp

Mng sao c xem l kh

Te

vn

ng thng

.Mt khc vic a thng ip i

phc tp . Cc trm c ni

trn tuyn l n gin, v ch c 1

vi thit b trung tm v ln

con ng, trm pht ch cn bit

lt hot ng nh thit b

a ch ca trm nhn , cc thng

trung tm hoc ni c ti

tin dn ng khc th khng

cc dy dn truyn t xa

cn thit
Hiu

Rt tt di ti thp c th

C hiu qu trong trng hp

Tt cho trng hp ti va tuy

sut

gim hiu sut rt mau khi ti

lng lu thng cao v kh n nh

nhin kch thc v kh nng ,

tng

nh s tng chm thi gian tr v

suy ra hiu sut ca mng ph

s xung cp so vi cc mng

thuc trc tip vo sc mnh

khc

ca thit b trung tm.

Tng

Tng i thp c bit do

Phi d tr gp i ngun lc hoc

Tng ph rt cao khi lm nhim

ph

nhiu thit b pht trin ha

phi c 1 phng thc thay th khi

v ca thit b trung tm, thit

chnh v bn sm phm th

1 nt khng hot ng nu vn

b trung tm khng c

trng .S d tha knh truyn

mun mng hot ng bnh thng

dng vo vic khc .S lng

33

c khuyn gim bt nguy

dy ring cng nhiu.

c xut hin s c trn mng

Nguy

Mt trm b hng khng nh

Mt trm b hng c th nh hng

tin cy ca h thng ph

hng n c mng. Tuy nhin

n c h thng v cc trm phc

thuc vo thit b trung tm,

mng s c nguy c b tn hi

thuc vo nhau. Tm 1 repeater

.nu b hng th mng ngng

khi s c trn ng dy dn

hng rt kh ,v li vic sa cha

hot ng S ngng hot

chnh hoc c vn vi tuyn.

thng hay dng mu mo xc nh

ng ti thit b trung tm

Vn trn rt kh xc nh

im hng trn mng c a bn

thng khng nh hdng

c li rt d sa cha

rng rt kh

n ton b h thng .

Kh

Vic thm v nh hnh li mng

Tng i d thm v bt cc trm

Kh nng m rng hn ch, a

nng

ny rt d.Tuy nhin vic kt

lm vic m khng phi ni kt

s cc thit b trung tm ch

ni gia cc my tnh v thit b

nhiu cho mi thay i Gi thnh

chu ng ni 1 s nht nh

rng

ca cc hng khc nhau kh c

cho vic thay i tng i thp

lin kt. S hn ch v tc
truyn d liu v bng tn

cng a ch v d liu

thng c i hi mi

Te

ch
2

4.

vn

th v chng phi c th nhn

ngi s dng. Cc hn ch
ny gip cho cc chc nng x
l trung tm khng b qu ti
bi tc thu np ti ti cng
truyn v gi thnh mi cng
truyn ca thit b trung tm
thp .

Hnh 6.4 : Bng so snh tnh nng gia cc cu trc c a mng LAN
III. Phng thc truyn tn hiu
Thng thng c hai phng thc truyn tn hiu trong mng cc b l dng bng tn
c s (baseband) v bng tn rng (broadband). S khc nhau ch yu gia hai phng thc
truyn tn hiu ny l bng tng c s ch chp nhn mt knh d liu duy nht trong khi bng
rng c th chp nhn ng thi hai hoc nhiu knh truyn thng cng phn chia gii thng
ca ng truyn.
Hu ht cc mng cc b s dng phng thc bng tn c s. Vi phng thc
truyn tn hiu ny ny tn hiu c th c truyn i di c hai dng: tng t (analog) hoc
s (digital). Phng thc truyn bng tn rng chia gii thng (tn s) ca ng truyn thnh
nhiu gii tn con trong mi di tn con cung cp mt knh truyn d liu tch bit nh

34

s dng mt cp modem c bit gi l b gii / iu bin RF cai qun vic bin i cc tn

hiu s thnh tn hiu tng t c tn s v tuyn (RF) bng k thut ghp knh.
IV. Cc giao thc truy cp ng truyn trn mng LAN
truyn c d liu trn mng ngi ta phi c cc th tc nhm hng dn cc
my tnh ca mng lm th no v lc no c th thm nhp vo ng dy cp gi cc gi
d kin. V d nh i vi cc dng bus v ring th ch c mt ng truyn duy nht ni cc
trm vi nhau, cho nn cn phi c cc quy tc chung cho tt c cc trm ni vo mng
m bo rng ng truyn c truy nhp v s dng mt cch hp l.
C nhiu giao thc khc nhau truy nhp ng truyn vt l nhng phn thnh hai
loi: cc giao thc truy nhp ngu nhin v cc giao thc truy nhp c iu khin.
1. Giao thc chuyn mch (yu cu v chp nhn)
Giao thc chuyn mch l loi giao thc hot ng theo cch thc sau: mt my tnh
ca mng khi cn c th pht tn hiu thm nhp vo mng, nu vo lc ny ng cp khng

vn

bn th mch iu khin s cho trm ny thm nhp vo ng cp cn nu ng cp ang

4.

bn, ngha l ang c giao lu gia cc trm khc, th vic thm nhp s b t chi.

ch
2

2. Giao thc ng dy a truy cp vi cm nhn va chm (Carrier Sense Multiple

Access with Collision Detection hay CSMA/CD )

Te

Giao thc ng dy a truy cp cho php nhiu trm thm nhp cng mt lc vo
mng, giao thc ny thng dng trong s mng dng ng thng. Mi trm u c th
c truy nhp vo ng dy chung mt cch ngu nhin v do vy c th dn n xung t
(hai hoc nhiu trm ng thi cng truyn d liu). Cc trm phi kim tra ng truyn gi
d liu i qua c phi ca n hay khng. Khi mt trm mun truyn d liu n phi kim tra
ng truyn xem c rnh hay khng gi gi d liu ca, nu ng truyn ang bn trm
phi ch i ch c truyn khi thy ng truyn rnh. Nu cng mt lc c hai trm cng
s dng ng truyn th giao thc phi pht hin iu ny v cc trm phi ngng thm nhp,
ch i ln sau cc thi gian ngu nhin khc nhau.
Khi ng cp ang bn trm phi ch i theo mt trong ba phng thc sau:
Trm tm ch i mt thi gian ngu nhin no ri li bt u kim tra ng
truyn.
Trm tip tc kim tra ng truyn n khi ng truyn rnh th truyn d liu i.
Trm tip tc kim tra ng truynn khi ng truyn rnh th truyn d liu i vi
xc sut p xc nh trc (0 < p < 1).

35

Ti y phng thc 1 c hiu qu trong vic trnh xung t v hai trm cn truyn khi
thy ng truyn bn s cng rt lui v ch i trong cc thi gian ngu nhin khc nhau.
Ngc li phng thc 2 c gng gim thi gian trng ca ng truyn bng cc cho php
trm c th truyn ngay sau khi mt cuc truyn kt thc song nu lc c thm mt trm
khc ang i th kh nng xy ra xung t l rt cao. Phng thc 3 vi gi tr p phi la chn
hp l c th ti thiu ha c kh nng xung t ln thi gian trng ca ng truyn.
Khi lu lng cc gi d liu cn di chuyn trn mng qu cao, th vic ng c th
xy ra vi s lng ln c gy tc nghn ng truyn dn n lm chm tc truyn tin ca
h thng.
3. Giao thc dng th bi vng (Token ring)
y l giao thc truy nhp c iu khin ch yu dng k thut chuyn th bi (token)
cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn tc l quyn c truyn d liu i. Th bi ay
l mt n v d liu c bit, c kch thc v ni dung (gm cc thng tin iu khin) c
quy nh ring cho mi giao thc. Theo giao thc dng th bi vng trong ng cp lin tc c

vn

mt th bi chy quanh trong mng Th bi l mt n v d liu c bit trong c mt bit

4.

biu din trng thi s dng ca n (bn hoc ri). Mt trm mun truyn d liu th phi i

ch
2

n khi nhn c mt th bi rnh. Khi trm s i bit trng thi ca th bi thnh bn, np
gi d liu c km theo a ch ni nhn vo th bi v truyn i theo chiu ca vng.

Te

V th bi chy vng quang trong mng kn v ch c mt th nn vic ng d liu

khng th xy ra, do vy hiu sut truyn d liu ca mng khng thay i.
Trong cc giao thc ny cn gii quyt hai vn c th dn n ph v h thng. Mt
l vic mt th bi lm cho trn vng khng cn th bi lu chuyn na. Hai l mt th bi bn
lu chuyn khng dng trn vng.
4. Giao thc dung th bi cho dng ng thng (Token bus)
y l giao thc truy nhp c iu khin trong cp pht quyn truy nhp ng
truyn cho cc trm ang c nhu cu truyn d liu, mt th bi c lu chuyn trn mt
vng logic thit lp bi cc trm . Khi mt trm c th bi th n c quyn s dng ng
truyn trong mt thi gian xc nh trc. Khi ht d liu hoc ht thi on cho php, trm
chuyn th bi n trm tip theo trong vng logic.
Nh vy trong mng phi thit lp c vng logic (hay cn gi l vng o) bao gm
cc trm ang hot ng ni trong mng c xc nh v tr theo mt chui th t m trm
cui cng ca chui s tip lin sau bi trm u tin. Mi trm c bit a ch ca cc trm
k trc v sau n trong th t ca cc trm trn vng logic c th c lp vi th t vt l.

36

Cng vi vic thit lp vng th giao thc phi lun lun theo di s thay i theo trng thi
thc t ca mng.
V. ng cp truyn mng
ng cp truyn mng l c s h tng ca mt h thng mng, nn n rt quan
trng v nh hng rt nhiu n kh nng hot ng ca mng. Hin nay ngi ta thng
dng 3 loi dy cp l cp xon cp, cp ng trc v cp quang.
1. Cp xon cp
y l loi cp gm hai ng dy dn ng c xon vo nhau nhm lm gim
nhiu in t gy ra bi mi trng xung quanh v gia chng vi nhau.
Hin nay c hai loi cp xon l cp c bc kim loi ( STP - Shield Twisted Pair) v cp
khng bc kim loi (UTP -Unshield Twisted Pair).
Cp c bc kim loi (STP): Lp bc bn ngoi c tc dng chng nhiu in t, c loi
c mt i giy xon vo nhau v c loi c nhiu i giy xon vi nhau.
Cp khng bc kim loi (UTP): Tnh tng t nh STP nhng km hn v kh nng

vn

chng nhiu v suy hao v khng c v bc.

4.

STP v UTP c cc loi (Category - Cat) thng dng:

thp (nh hn 4Mb/s).

ch
2

Loi 1 & 2 (Cat 1 & Cat 2): Thng dng cho truyn thoi v nhng ng truyn tc

in thoi.

Te

Loi 3 (Cat 3): tc truyn d liu khong 16 Mb/s , n l chun cho hu ht cc mng
Loi 4 (Cat 4): Thch hp cho ng truyn 20Mb/s.
Loi 5 (Cat 5): Thch hp cho ng truyn 100Mb/s.
Loi 6 (Cat 6): Thch hp cho ng truyn 300Mb/s.
y l loi cp r, d ci t tuy nhin n d b nh hng ca mi trng.
2. Cp ng trc
Cp ng trc c hai ng dy dn v chng c cng mt trc chung, mt dy dn
trung tm (thng l dy ng cng) ng dy cn li to thnh ng ng bao xung quanh
dy dn trung tm (dy dn ny c th l dy bn kim loi v v n c chc nng chng nhiu
nn cn gi l lp bc kim). Gia hai dy dn trn c mt lp cch ly, v bn ngoi cng l lp
v plastic bo v cp.

37

Cc loi cp

Dy xon cp

Cp ng trc

Cp ng trc dy

Cp quang

Bng ng, c 4

Bng ng, 2 dy,

Bng ng, 2 dy, ng

v 25 cp dy

ng knh 5mm

knh 10mm

BNC

N-series

ST

100m

185m

500m

1000m

30

100

Khng

4.

mng

Khng

Chng nhiu

Tt

Tt

Rt tt

Hon ton

Bo mt

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Hon ton

tin cy

Tt

Trung bnh

Tt

Tt

Lp t

D dng

Trung bnh

Kh

Kh

Khc phc li

Tt

Tt

Qun l

D dng

Kh

Kh

Trung bnh

Chi ph cho 1

Rt thp

Thp

Trung bnh

Cao

ng backbone

ng backbone trong t

ng

mng

trong t mng hoc cc

Chi tit

Thy tinh, 2 si

(loi 3, 4, 5)
Loi kt ni

RJ-25 hoc 50pin telco

Chiu di
on ti a
S u ni ti

Chy 10

vn

a trn 1 on

Mbit/s
Chy 100

Te

ch
2

Mbit/s

trm
ng dng tt

nht

Workgroup

thng

backbone

di

ta nh

Hnh 5.3: Tnh nng k thut c a mt s

loi cp mng
Cp ng trc c suy hao t hn so vi cc loi cp ng khc (v d nh cp xon
i) do t b nh hng ca mi trng. Cc mng cc b s dng cp ng trc c th c kch
thc trong phm vi vi ngn mt, cp ng trc c s dng nhiu trong cc mng dng
ng thng. Hai loi cp thng c s dng l cp ng trc mng v cp ng trc dy

38

trong ng knh cp ng trc mng l 0,25 inch, cp ng trc dy l 0,5 inch. C hai loi
cp u lm vic cng tc nhng cp ng trc mng c hao suy tn hiu ln hn
Hin nay c cp ng trc sau:
RG -58,50 ohm: dng cho mng Thin Ethernet
RG -59,75 ohm: dng cho truyn hnh cp
RG -62,93 ohm: dng cho mng ARCnet
Cc mng cc b thng s dng cp ng trc c di thng t 2,5 - 10 Mb/s, cp
ng trc c suy hao t hn so vi cc loi cp ng khc v n c lp v bc bn ngoi,
di thng thng ca mt on cp ni trong mng l 200m, thng s dng cho dng Bus.
3. Cp si quang (Fiber - Optic Cable)
Cp si quang bao gm mt dy dn trung tm (l mt hoc mt b si thy tinh c th
truyn dn tn hiu quang) c bc mt lp v bc c tc dng phn x cc tn hiu tr li
gim s mt mt tn hiu. Bn ngoi cng l lp v plastic bo v cp. Nh vy cp si
quang khng truyn dn cc tn hiu in m ch truyn cc tn hiu quang (cc tn hiu d liu

vn

phi c chuyn i thnh cc tn hiu quang v khi nhn chng s li c chuyn i tr li

4.

thnh tn hiu in).

ch
2

Cp quang c ng knh t 8.3 - 100 micron, Do ng knh li si thu tinh c kch

thc rt nh nn rt kh khn cho vic u ni, n cn cng ngh c bit vi k thut cao i

Te

hi chi ph cao.

Di thng ca cp quang c th ln ti hng Gbps v cho php khong cch i cp kh

xa do suy hao tn hiu trn cp rt thp. Ngoi ra, v cp si quang khng dng tn hiu in
t truyn d liu nn n hon ton khng b nh hng ca nhiu in t v tn hiu truyn
khng th b pht hin v thu trm bi cc thit b in t ca ngi khc.
Ch tr nhc im kh lp t v gi thnh cn cao , nhn chung cp quang thch hp
cho mi mng hin nay v sau ny.
4. Cc yu cu cho mt h thng cp
An ton, thm m: tt c cc dy mng phi c bao bc cn thn, cch xa cc ngun
in, cc my c kh nng pht sng trnh trng hp b nhiu. Cc u ni phi m bo
cht lng, trnh tnh trng h thng mng b chp chn.
ng chun: h thng cp phi thc hin ng chun, m bo cho kh nng nng cp
sau ny cng nh d dng cho vic kt ni cc thit b khc nhau ca cc nh sn xut khc
nhau. Tiu chun quc t dng cho cc h thng mng hin nay l EIA/TIA 568B.

39

Tit kim v "linh hot" (flexible): h thng cp phi c thit k sao cho kinh t nht,
d dng trong vic di chuyn cc trm lm vic v c kh nng m rng sau ny.

Chng 6
Cc thit b lin kt mng
I. Repeater (B tip sc)
Repeater l loi thit b phn cng n gin nht trong cc thit b lin kt mng, n
c hot ng trong tng vt l ca m hnh h thng m OSI. Repeater dng ni 2 mng
ging nhau hoc cc phn mt mng cng c mt nghi thc v mt cu hnh. Khi Repeater

ch
2

4.

vn

nhn c mt tn hiu t mt pha ca mng th n s pht tip vo pha kia ca mng.

Te

Hnh 6.1: M hnh lin kt mng c a Repeater.

Repeater khng c x l tn hiu m n ch loi b cc tn hiu mo, nhiu, khuch i
tn hiu b suy hao (v c pht vi khong cch xa) v khi phc li tn hiu ban u.
Vic s dng Repeater lm tng thm chiu di ca mng.

40

Hnh 6.2: Hot ng c a b tip sc trong m hnh OSI

Hin nay c hai loi Repeater ang c s dng l Repeater in v Repeater in
quang.
Repeater in ni vi ng dy in c hai pha ca n, n nhn tn hiu in t
mt pha v pht li v pha kia. Khi mt mng s dng Repeater in ni cc phn ca
mng li th c th lm tng khong cch ca mng, nhng khong cch lun b hn ch bi
mt khong cch ti a do tr ca tn hiu. V d vi mng s dng cp ng trc 50 th
khong cch ti a l 2.8 km, khong cch khng th ko thm cho d s dng thm
Repeater.
Repeater in quang lin kt vi mt u cp quang v mt u l cp in, n chuyn
mt tn hiu in t cp in ra tn hiu quang pht trn cp quang v ngc li. Vic s
dng Repeater in quang cng lm tng thm chiu di ca mng.
Vic s dng Repeater khng thay i ni dung cc tn hin i qua nn n ch c

vn

dng ni hai mng c cng giao thc truyn thng (nh hai mng Ethernet hay hai mng

4.

Token ring) nhng khng th ni hai mng c giao thc truyn thng khc nhau (nh mt mng

ch
2

Ethernet v mt mng Token ring). Thm na Repeater khng lm thay i khi lng chuyn
vn trn mng nn vic s dng khng tnh ton n trn mng ln s hn ch hiu nng ca
vi tc ca mng.
II. Bridge (Cu ni)

Te

mng. Khi la chn s dng Repeater cn ch la chn loi c tc chuyn vn ph hp

Bridge l mt thit b c x l dng ni hai mng ging nhau hoc khc nhau, n c
th c dng vi cc mng c cc giao thc khc nhau. Cu ni hot ng trn tng lin kt
d liu nn khng nh b tip sc phi pht li tt c nhng g n nhn c th cu ni c
c cc gi tin ca tng lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI v x l chng trc khi quyt nh
c chuyn i hay khng.
Khi nhn c cc gi tin Bridge chn lc v ch chuyn nhng gi tin m n thy cn
thit. iu ny lm cho Bridge tr nn c ch khi ni mt vi mng vi nhau v cho php n
hot ng mt cch mm do.
thc hin c iu ny trong Bridge mi u kt ni c mt bng cc a ch cc
trm c kt ni vo pha , khi hot ng cu ni xem xt mi gi tin n nhn c bng
cch c a ch ca ni gi v nhn v da trn bng a ch pha nhn c gi tin n quyt
nh gi gi tin hay khng v b xung bng a ch.

41

vn
4.

ch
2

Hnh 6.3: Hot ng c a Bridge

Khi c a ch ni gi Bridge kim tra xem trong bng a ch ca phn mng nhn

Te

c gi tin c a ch hay khng, nu khng c th Bridge t ng b xung bng a ch (c

ch c gi l t hc ca cu ni).

Khi c a ch ni nhn Bridge kim tra xem trong bng a ch ca phn mng nhn
c gi tin c a ch hay khng, nu c th Bridge s cho rng l gi tin ni b thuc
phn mng m gi tin n nn khng chuyn gi tin i, nu ngc li th Bridge mi chuyn
sang pha bn kia. y chng ta thy mt trm khng cn thit chuyn thng tin trn ton
mng m ch trn phn mng c trm nhn m thi.

42

Hnh 6.4: Hot ng c a Bridge trong m hnh OSI

nh gi mt Bridge ngi ta a ra hai khi nim : Lc v chuyn vn. Qu trnh
x l mi gi tin c gi l qu trnh lc trong tc lc th hin trc tip kh nng hot
ng ca Bridge. Tc chuyn vn c th hin s gi tin/giy trong th hin kh nng
ca Bridge chuyn cc gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc.
Hin nay c hai loi Bridge ang c s dng l Bridge vn chuyn v Bridge bin
dch. Bridge vn chuyn dng ni hai mng cc b cng s dng mt giao thc truyn thng
ca tng lin kt d liu, tuy nhin mi mng c th s dng loi dy ni khc nhau. Bridge vn
chuyn khng c kh nng thay i cu trc cc gi tin m n nhn c m ch quan tm ti
vic xem xt v chuyn vn gi tin i.
Bridge bin dch dng ni hai mng cc b c giao thc khc nhau n c kh nng
chuyn mt gi tin thuc mng ny sang gi tin thuc mng kia trc khi chuyn qua
V d : Bridge bin dch ni mt mng Ethernet v mt mng Token ring. Khi Cu ni

vn

thc hin nh mt nt token ring trn mng Token ring v mt nt Enthernet trn mng

4.

Ethernet. Cu ni c th chuyn mt gi tin theo chun ang s dng trn mng Enthernet

ch
2

sang chun ang s dng trn mng Token ring.

Tuy nhin ch y cu ni khng th chia mt gi tin ra lm nhiu gi tin cho nn

Te

phi hn ch kch thc ti a cc gi tin ph hp vi c hai mng. V d nh kch thc ti a

ca gi tin trn mng Ethernet l 1500 bytes v trn mng Token ring l 6000 bytes do vy nu
mt trm trn mng token ring gi mt gi tin cho trm trn mng Ethernet vi kch thc ln
hn 1500 bytes th khi qua cu ni s lng byte d s b cht b.

43

Hnh 6.5: V d v
Bridge bin dch

Ngi ta s dng Bridge trong cc trng hp sau :
M rng mng hin ti khi t ti khong cch ti a do Bridge sau khi s l gi tin
pht li gi tin trn phn mng cn li nn tn hiu tt hn b tip sc.
Gim bt tc nghn mng khi c qu nhiu trm bng cch s dng Bridge, khi
chng ta chia mng ra thnh nhiu phn bng cc Bridge, cc gi tin trong ni b tng phn
mng s khng c php qua phn mng khc.
ni cc mng c giao thc khc nhau.
Mt vi Bridge cn c kh nng la chn i tng vn chuyn. N c th ch chuyn
vn nhng gi tin ca nhng a ch xc nh. V d : cho php gi tin ca my A, B qua Bridge

Te

ch
2

4.

vn

1, gi tin ca my C, D qua Bridge 2.

Hnh 6.6 : Lin kt mng vi 2 Bridge

Mt s Bridge c ch to thnh mt b ring bit, ch cn ni dy v bt. Cc Bridge
khc ch to nh card chuyn dng cm vo my tnh, khi trn my tnh s s dng phn
mm Bridge. Vic kt hp phn mm vi phn cng cho php uyn chuyn hn trong hot
ng ca Bridge.
III. Router (B tm ng)
Router l mt thit b hot ng trn tng mng, n c th tm c ng i tt nht
cho cc gi tin qua nhiu kt ni i t trm gi thuc mng u n trm nhn thuc mng
cui. Router c th c s dng trong vic ni nhiu mng vi nhau v cho php cc gi tin
c th i theo nhiu ng khc nhau ti ch.

44

vn
4.
ch
2
Te
Hnh 6.7: Hot ng c a Router.
Khc vi Bridge hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn Bridge phi x l mi gi tin
trn ng truyn th Router c a ch ring bit v n ch tip nhn v x l cc gi tin gi n
n m thi. Khi mt trm mun gi gi tin qua Router th n phi gi gi tin vi a ch trc tip
ca Router (Trong gi tin phi cha cc thng tin khc v ch n) v khi gi tin n Router
th Router mi x l v gi tip.
Khi x l mt gi tin Router phi tm c ng i ca gi tin qua mng. lm c
iu Router phi tm c ng i tt nht trong mng da trn cc thng tin n c v
mng, thng thng trn mi Router c mt bng ch ng (Router table). Da trn d liu v
Router gn v cc mng trong lin mng, Router tnh c bng ch ng (Router table)
ti u da trn mt thut ton xc nh trc.

45

Ngi ta phn chia Router thnh hai loi l Router c ph thuc giao thc (The protocol
dependent routers) v Router khng ph thuc vo giao thc (The protocol independent router)
da vo phng thc x l cc gi tin khi qua Router.
Router c ph thuc giao thc: Ch thc hin vic tm ng v truyn gi tin t mng
ny sang mng khc ch khng chuyn i phng cch ng gi ca gi tin cho nn c hai
mng phi dng chung mt giao thc truyn thng.
Router khng ph thuc vo giao thc: c th lin kt cc mng dng giao thc truyn
thng khc nhau v c th chuyn i gi tin ca giao thc ny sang gi tin ca giao thc kia,
Router cng chp nhn kch thc cc gi tin khc nhau (Router c th chia nh mt gi tin

Te

ch
2

4.

vn

ln thnh nhiu gi tin nh trc truyn trn mng).

Hnh 6.8: Hot ng c a Router trong m hnh OSI

ngn chn vic mt mt s liu Router cn nhn bit c ng no c th
chuyn vn v ngng chuyn vn khi ng b tc.
Cc l do s dng Router :
Router c cc phn mm lc u vit hn l Bridge do cc gi tin mun i qua Router
cn phi gi trc tip n n nn gim c s lng gi tin qua n. Router thng c s
dng trong khi ni cc mng thng qua cc ng dy thu bao t tin do n khng truyn d
ln ng truyn.
Router c th dng trong mt lin mng c nhiu vng, mi vng c giao thc ring bit.

46

Router c th xc nh c ng i an ton v tt nht trong mng nn an ton

ca thng tin c m bo hn.
Trong mt mng phc hp khi cc gi tin lun chuyn cc ng c th gy nn tnh

Te

c tc nghn.

ch
2

4.

vn

trng tc nghn ca mng th cc Router c th c ci t cc phng thc nhm trnh

Hnh 6.9: V d v
bng ch ng (Routing table) c a Router.

Cc phng thc hot ng ca Router
l phng thc m mt Router c th ni vi cc Router khc qua chia s
thng tin v mng hin co. Cc chng trnh chy trn Router lun xy dng bng ch ng
qua vic trao i cc thng tin vi cc Router khc.
Phng thc vc t khong cch : mi Router lun lun truyn i thng tin v bng ch
ng ca mnh trn mng, thng qua cc Router khc s cp nht ln bng ch ng ca
mnh.
Phng thc trng thi tnh : Router ch truyn cc thng bo khi c pht hin c s
thay i trong mng vch khi cc Routerkhc cp nht li bng ch ng, thng tin
truyn i khi thng l thng tin v ng truyn.
Mt s giao thc hot ng chnh ca Router

47

RIP(Routing Information Protocol) c pht trin bi Xerox Network system v s

dng SPX/IPX v TCP/IP. RIP hot ng theo phng thc vc t khong cch.
NLSP (Netware Link Service Protocol) c pht trin bi Novell dng thay th RIP
hot ng theo phng thc vct khong cch, mi Router c bit cu trc ca mng v
vic truyn cc bng ch ng gim i..
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) l mt phn ca TCP/IP vi phng thc trng thi
tnh, trong c xt ti u tin, gi ng truyn, mt truyn thng...
OSPF-IS (Open System Interconnection Intermediate System to Intermediate System) l
mt phn ca TCP/IP vi phng thc trng thi tnh, trong c xt ti u tin, gi ng
truyn, mt truyn thng...
IV. Gateway (cng ni)
Gateway dng kt ni cc mng khng thun nht chng hn nh cc mng cc b
v cc mng my tnh ln (Mainframe), do cc mng hon ton khng thun nht nn vic
chuyn i thc hin trn c 7 tng ca h thng m OSI. Thng c s dng ni cc mng

vn

LAN vo my tnh ln. Gateway c cc giao thc xc nh trc thng l nhiu giao thc, mt

Te

ch
2

trn cc my tnh hoc thit b chuyn bit.

4.

Gateway a giao thc thng c ch to nh cc Card c cha cc b x l ring v ci t

Hnh 6.10: Hot ng c a Gateway trong m hnh OSI

Hot ng ca Gateway thng thng phc tp hn l Router nn thng sut ca n
thng chm hn v thng khng dng ni mng LAN -LAN.
V. Hub (B tp trung)

48

Hub thng c dng ni mng, thng qua nhng u cm ca n ngi ta lin

kt vi cc my tnh di dng hnh sao.
Ngi ta phn bit cc Hub thnh 3 loi nh sau sau :
Hub b ng (Passive Hub) : Hub b ng khng cha cc linh kin in t v cng
khng x l cc tn hiu d liu, n c chc nng duy nht l t hp cc tn hiu t mt s
on cp mng. Khong cch gia mt my tnh v Hub khng th ln hn mt na khong
cch ti a cho php gia 2 my tnh trn mng (v d khong cch ti a cho php gia 2 my
tnh ca mng l 200m th khong cch ti a gia mt my tnh v hub l 100m). Cc mng
ARCnet thng dng Hub b ng.
Hub ch ng (Active Hub) : Hub ch ng c cc linh kin in t c th khuych i
v x l cc tn hiu in t truyn gia cc thit b ca mng. Qa trnh x l tn hiu c gi
l ti sinh tn hiu, n lm cho tn hiu tr nn tt hn, t nhy cm vi li do vy khong cch
gia cc thit b c th tng ln. Tuy nhin nhng u im cng ko theo gi thnh ca Hub
ch ng cao hn nhiu so vi Hub b ng. Cc mng Token ring c xu hng dng Hub ch

vn

ng.

4.

Hub thng minh (Intelligent Hub): cng l Hub ch ng nhng c thm cc chc nng

ch
2

mi so vi loi trc, n c th c b vi x l ca mnh v b nh m qua n khng ch cho

php iu khin hot ng thng qua cc chng trnh qun tr mng m n c th hot ng

Te

nh b tm ng hay mt cu ni. N c th cho php tm ng cho gi tin rt nhanh trn

cc cng ca n, thay v pht li gi tin trn mi cng th n c th chuyn mch pht trn
mt cng c th ni ti trm ch.

49

Chng 7
Giao thc TCP/IP
Giao thc TCP/IP c pht trin t mng ARPANET v Internet v c dng nh

vn

giao thc mng v vn chuyn trn mng Internet. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) l giao

4.

thc thuc tng vn chuyn v IP (Internet Protocol) l giao thc thuc tng mng ca m hnh

tnh v cc mng.

ch
2

OSI. H giao thc TCP/IP hin nay l giao thc c s dng rng ri nht lin kt cc my
Hin nay cc my tnh ca hu ht cc mng c th s dng giao thc TCP/IP lin

Te

kt vi nhau thng qua nhiu h thng mng vi k thut khc nhau. Giao thc TCP/IP thc
cht l mt h giao thc cho php cc h thng mng cng lm vic vi nhau thng qua vic
cung cp phng tin truyn thng lin mng.
I. Giao thc IP
1. Tng qut
Nhim v chnh ca giao thc IP l cung cp kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh lin
kt mng truyn d liu, vai tr ca IP l vai tr ca giao thc tng mng trong m hnh OSI.
Giao thc IP l mt giao thc kiu khng lin kt (connectionlees) c ngha l khng cn c giai
on thit lp lin kt trc khi truyn d liu.
S a ch ha nh danh cc trm (host) trong lin mng c gi l a ch IP 32
bits (32 bit IP address). Mi giao din trong 1 my c h tr giao thc IP u phi c gn 1
a ch IP (mt my tnh c th gn vi nhiu mng do vy c th c nhiu a ch IP). a ch IP
gm 2 phn: a ch mng (netid) v a ch my (hostid). Mi a ch IP c di 32 bits c
tch thnh 4 vng (mi vng 1 byte), c th biu th di dng thp phn, bt phn, thp lc
phn hay nh phn. Cch vit ph bin nht l dng k php thp phn c du chm (dotted

50

decimal notation) tch cc vng. Mc ch ca a ch IP l nh danh duy nht cho mt

my tnh bt k trn lin mng.
Do t chc v ln ca cc mng con (subnet) ca lin mng c th khc nhau,
ngi ta chia cc a ch IP thnh 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D v E. Trong lp A, B, C cha a
ch c th gn c. Lp D dnh ring cho lp k thut multicasting. Lp E c dnh nhng
ng dng trong tng lai.
Netid trong a ch mng dng nhn dng tng mng ring bit. Cc mng lin kt
phi c a ch mng (netid) ring cho mi mng. y cc bit u tin ca byte u tin c
dng nh danh lp a ch (0 - lp A, 10 - lp B, 110 - lp C, 1110 - lp D v 11110 - lp E).
y ta xt cu trc ca cc lp a ch c th gn c l lp A, lp B, lp C
Cu trc ca cc a ch IP nh sau:
Mng lp A: a ch mng (netid) l 1 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 3 byte.
Mng lp B: a ch mng (netid) l 2 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 2 byte.
Mng lp C: a ch mng (netid) l 3 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 1 byte.

4.

c dng cho cc mng c s trm cc ln.

vn

Lp A cho php nh danh ti 126 mng, vi ti a 16 triu host trn mi mng. Lp ny

ch
2

Lp B cho php nh danh ti 16384 mng, vi ti a 65534 host trn mi mng.

Lp C cho php nh danh ti 2 triu mng, vi ti a 254 host trn mi mng. Lp ny

Te

c dng cho cc mng c t trm.

Hnh 7.1: Cu trc cc lp a ch IP

Mt s a ch c tnh cht c bit: Mt a ch c hostid = 0 c dng hng ti
mng nh danh bi vng netid. Ngc li, mt a ch c vng hostid gm ton s 1 c
dng hng ti tt c cc host ni vo mng netid, v nu vng netid cng gm ton s 1
th n hng ti tt c cc host trong lin mng

51

Hnh 7.2: V d cu trc cc lp a ch IP

Cn lu rng cc a ch IP c dng nh danh cc host v mng tng mng
ca m hnh OSI, v chng khng phi l cc a ch vt l (hay a ch MAC) ca cc trm trn
mt mng cc b (Ethernet, Token Ring.).
Trong nhiu trng hp, mt mng c th c chia thnh nhiu mng con (subnet),
lc c th a thm cc vng subnetid nh danh cc mng con. Vng subnetid c ly
t vng hostid, c th i vi lp A, B, C nh v d sau:

vn

Hnh 7.3: V d a ch khi b sung vng subnetid

Te

ch
2

4.

n v d liu dng trong IP c gi l gi tin (datagram), c khun dng

Hnh 7.4: Dng thc c a gi tin IP

ngha ca thng s nh sau:
VER (4 bits): ch version hin hnh ca giao thc IP hin c ci t, Vic c ch s
version cho php c cc trao i gia cc h thng s dng version c v h thng s dng
version mi.
IHL (4 bits): ch di phn u (Internet header Length) ca gi tin datagram, tnh theo
n v t ( 32 bits). Trng ny bt but phi c v phn u IP c th c di thay i ty .
di ti thiu l 5 t (20 bytes), di ti a l 15 t hay l 60 bytes.
Type of service (8 bits): c t cc tham s v dch v nhm thng bo cho mng bit
dch v no m gi tin mun c s dng, chng hn u tin, thi hn chm tr, nng sut
truyn v tin cy. Hnh sau cho bit ngh ca trng 8 bits ny.

52

Precedence (3 bit): ch th v quyn u tin gi datagram, n c gi tr t 0 (gi tin bnh

thng) n 7 (gi tin kim sot mng).
D (Delay) (1 bit): ch tr yu cu trong
D = 0 gi tin c tr bnh thng
D = 1 gi tin tr thp
T (Throughput) (1 bit): ch thng lng yu cu s dng truyn gi tin vi la
chn truyn trn ng thng sut thp hay ng thng sut cao.
T = 0 thng lng bnh thng v
T = 1 thng lng cao
R (Reliability) (1 bit): ch tin cy yu cu

vn

R = 0 tin cy bnh thng

R = 1 tin cy cao

4.

Total Length (16 bits): ch di ton b gi tin, k c phn u tnh theo n v byte

ch
2

vi chiu di ti a l 65535 bytes. Hin nay gii hn trn l rt ln nhng trong tng lai vi
nhng mng Gigabit th cc gi tin c kch thc ln l cn thit.

Te

Identification (16 bits): cng vi cc tham s khc (nh Source Address v Destination
Address) tham s ny dng nh danh duy nht cho mt datagram trong khong thi gian n
vn cn trn lin mng.

Flags (3 bits): lin quan n s phn on (fragment) cc datagram, Cc gi tin khi i

trn ng i c th b phn thnh nhiu gi tin nh, trong trng hp b phn on th trng
Flags c dng iu khin phn on v ti lp ghp b d liu. Ty theo gi tr ca Flags s
c ngha l gi tin s khng phn on, c th phn on hay l gi tin phn on cui cng.
Trng Fragment Offset cho bit v tr d liu thuc phn on tng ng vi on bt u
ca gi d liu gc. ngha c th ca trng Flags l:

53

bit 0: reserved - cha s dng, lun ly gi tr 0.

bit 1: (DF) = 0 (May Fragment) = 1 (Don't Fragment)
bit 2: (MF) = 0 (Last Fragment) = 1 (More Fragments)
Fragment Offset (13 bits): ch v tr ca on (fragment) trong datagram tnh theo n
v 8 bytes, c ngha l phn d liu mi gi tin (tr gi tin cui cng) phi cha mt vng d liu
c di l bi s ca 8 bytes. iu ny c ngha l phi nhn gi tr ca Fragment offset vi
8 tnh ra lch byte.
Time to Live (8 bits): qui nh thi gian tn ti (tnh bng giy) ca gi tin trong mng
trnh tnh trng mt gi tin b qun trn mng. Thi gian ny c cho bi trm gi v c
gim i (thng qui c l 1 n v) khi datagram i qua mi router ca lin mng. Thi lng
ny gim xung ti mi router vi mc ch gii hn thi gian tn ti ca cc gi tin v kt thc
nhng ln lp li v hn trn mng. Sau y l 1 s iu cn lu v trng Time To Live:
Nt trung gian ca mng khng c gi 1 gi tin m trng ny c gi tr= 0.

vn

Mt giao thc c th n nh Time To Live thc hin cuc ra tm ti nguyn trn

4.

mng trong phm vi m rng.

ch
2

Mt gi tr c nh ti thiu phi ln cho mng hot ng tt.

Protocol (8 bits): ch giao thc tng trn k tip s nhn vng d liu trm ch (hin

Te

ti thng l TCP hoc UDP c ci t trn IP). V d: TCP c gi tr trng Protocol l 6,

UDP c gi tr trng Protocol l 17

Header Checksum (16 bits): M kim sot li ca header gi tin IP.

Source Address (32 bits): a ch ca my ngun.
Destination Address (32 bits): a ch ca my ch
Options ( di thay i): khai bo cc la chn do ngi gi yu cu (tu theo tng
chng trnh).
Padding ( di thay i): Vng m, c dng m bo cho phn header lun kt
thc mt mc 32 bits.
Data ( di thay i): Trn mt mng cc b nh vy, hai trm ch c th lin lc vi
nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l ca nhau. Nh vy vn t ra l phi thc hin nh x
gia a ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt l (48 bits) ca mt trm.
2. Cc giao thc trong mng IP

54

 mng vi giao thc IP hot ng c tt ngi ta cn mt s giao thc b sung,

cc giao thc ny u khng phi l b phn ca giao thc IP v giao thc IP s dng n
chng khi cn.
Giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): y cn lu rng cc a ch IP c
dng nh danh cc host v mng tng mng ca m hnh OSI, v chng khng phi l
cc a ch vt l (hay a ch MAC) ca cc trm trn mt mng cc b (Ethernet, Token
Ring.). Trn mt mng cc b hai trm ch c th lin lc vi nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l
ca nhau. Nh vy vn t ra l phi tm c nh x gia a ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt
l ca mt trm. Giao thc ARP c xy dng tm a ch vt l t a ch IP khi cn
thit.
Giao thc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol): L giao thc ngc vi giao
thc ARP. Giao thc RARP c dng tm a ch IP t a ch vt l.
Giao thc ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Giao thc ny thc hin truyn
cc thng bo iu khin (bo co v cc tnh trng cc li trn mng.) gia cc gateway hoc

vn

mt nt ca lin mng. Tnh trng li c th l: mt gi tin IP khng th ti ch ca n, hoc

4.

mt router khng b nh m lu v chuyn mt gi tin IP, Mt thng bo ICMP c

ch
2

to v chuyn cho IP. IP s "bc" (encapsulate) thng bo vi mt IP header v truyn n

cho router hoc trm ch.

Te

3. Cc bc hot ng ca giao thc IP

Khi giao thc IP c khi ng n tr thnh mt thc th tn ti trong my tnh v bt

u thc hin nhng chc nng ca mnh, lc thc th IP l cu thnh ca tng mng, nhn
yu cu t cc tng trn n v gi yu cu xung cc tng di n.
i vi thc th IP my ngun, khi nhn c mt yu cu gi t tng trn, n thc
hin cc bc sau y:
To mt IP datagram da trn tham s nhn c.
Tnh checksum v ghp vo header ca gi tin.
Ra quyt nh chn ng: hoc l trm ch nm trn cng mng hoc mt gateway
s c chn cho chng tip theo.
Chuyn gi tin xung tng di truyn qua mng.
i vi router, khi nhn c mt gi tin i qua, n thc hin cc ng tc sau:
1) Tnh chesksum, nu sai th loi b gi tin.
2) Gim gi tr tham s Time - to Live. nu thi gian ht th loi b gi tin.
3) Ra quyt nh chn ng.

55

4) Phn on gi tin, nu cn.

5) Kin to li IP header, bao gm gi tr mi ca cc vng Time - to -Live,
Fragmentation v Checksum.
6) Chuyn datagram xung tng di chuyn qua mng.
Cui cng khi mt datagram nhn bi mt thc th IP trm ch, n s thc hin bi
cc cng vic sau:
1) Tnh checksum. Nu sai th loi b gi tin.
2) Tp hp cc on ca gi tin (nu c phn on)
3) Chuyn d liu v cc tham s iu khin ln tng trn.
II. Giao thc iu khin truyn d liu TCP
TCP l mt giao thc "c lin kt" (connection - oriented), ngha l cn phi thit lp lin
kt gia hai thc th TCP trc khi chng trao i d liu vi nhau. Mt tin trnh ng dng
trong mt my tnh truy nhp vo cc dch v ca giao thc TCP thng qua mt cng (port) ca

Te

ch
2

4.

vn

TCP. S hiu cng TCP c th hin bi 2 bytes.

Hnh 7.5: Cng truy nhp dch v TCP

Mt cng TCP kt hp vi a ch IP to thnh mt u ni TCP/IP (socket) duy nht
trong lin mng. Dch v TCP c cung cp nh mt lin kt logic gia mt cp u ni
TCP/IP. Mt u ni TCP/IP c th tham gia nhiu lin kt vi cc u ni TCP/IP xa khc
nhau. Trc khi truyn d liu gia 2 trm cn phi thit lp mt lin kt TCP gia chng v
khi khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu th lin kt s c gii phng.

56

Cc thc th ca tng trn s dng giao thc TCP thng qua cc hm gi (function
calls) trong c cc hm yu cu yu cu, tr li. Trong mi hm cn c cc tham s
dnh cho vic trao i d liu.
Cc bc thc hin thit lp mt lin kt TCP/IP: Thit lp mt lin kt mi c th
c m theo mt trong 2 phng thc: ch ng (active) hoc b ng (passive).
Phng thc b ng, ngi s dng yu cu TCP ch i mt yu cu lin kt gi n
t xa thng qua mt u ni TCP/IP (ti ch). Ngi s dng dng hm passive Open c khai
bo cng TCP v cc thng s khc (mc u tin, mc an ton)
Vi phng thc ch ng, ngi s dng yu cu TCP m mt lin kt vi mt mt
u ni TCP/IP xa. Lin kt s c xc lp nu c mt hm Passive Open tng ng
c thc hin ti u ni TCP/IP xa .
Bng lit k mt vi cng TCP ph bin.
S hiu cng

M t
Reserved

Remote job entry

Echo

Discard

Te

11

ch
2

4.

vn

Systat

13

Daytime

15

Nestat

17

Quotd (quote odd day

20

ftp-data

21

ftp (control)

23

Telnet

25

SMTP

37

Time

53

Name Server

102

ISO - TSAP

103

X.400

104

X.400 Sending

57

111

Sun RPC

139

Net BIOS Session source

160 - 223

Reserved

Khi ngi s dng gi i mt yu cu m lin kt s c nhn hai thng s tr li t

TCP.
Thng s Open ID c TCP tr li ngay lp tc gn cho mt lin kt cc b (local
connection name) cho lin kt c yu cu. Thng s ny v sau c dng tham chiu
ti lin kt . (Trong trng hp nu TCP khng th thit lp c lin kt yu cu th n phi
gi tham s Open Failure thng bo.)
Khi TCP thit lp c lin kt yu cu n gi tham s Open Sucsess c dng
thng bo lin kt c thit lp thnh cng. Thng bo ny dc chuyn n trong c hai
trng hp b ng v ch ng. Sau khi mt lin kt c m, vic truyn d liu trn lin kt
c th c thc hin.

vn

Cc bc thc hin khi truyn v nhn d liu: Sau khi xc lp c lin kt ngi s

4.

dng gi v nhn d liu. Vic gi v nhn d liu thng qua cc hm Send v receive.
Hm Send: D liu c gi xung TCP theo cc khi (block). Khi nhn c mt khi

ch
2

d liu, TCP s lu tr trong b m (buffer). Nu c PUSH c dng th ton b d liu

trong b m c gi, k c khi d liu mi n s c gi i. Ngc li c PUSH khng

Te

c dng th d liu c gi li trong b m v s gi i khi c c hi thch hp (chng

hn ch thm d liu na gi i vi hiu qu hn).
Hm reveive: trm ch d liu s c TCP lu trong b m gn vi mi lin kt.
Nu d liu c nh du vi mt c PUSH th ton b d liu trong b m (k c cc d
liu c lu t trc) s c chuyn ln cho ngi s dng. Cn nu d liu n khng
c nh du vi c PUSH th TCP ch ti khi thch hp mi chuyn d liu vi mc tiu
tng hiu qu h thng.
Ni chung vic nhn v giao d liu cho ngi s dng ch ca TCP ph thuc vo
vic ci t c th. Trng hp cn chuyn gp d liu cho ngi s dng th c th dng c
URGENT v nh du d liu bng bit URG bo cho ngi s dng cn phi s l khn
cp d liu .
Cc bc thc hin khi ng mt lin kt: Vic ng mt lin kt khi khng cn thit
c thc hin theo mt trong hai cch: dng hm Close hoc dng hm Abort.
Hm Close: yu cu ng lin kt mt cch bnh thng. C ngha l vic truyn d liu
trn lin kt hon tt. Khi nhn c mt hm Close TCP s truyn i tt c d liu cn

58

trong b m thng bo rng n ng lin kt. Lu rng khi mt ngi s dng gi i mt

hm Close th n vn phi tip tc nhn d liu n trn lin kt cho n khi TCP bo
cho pha bn kia bit v vic ng lin kt v chuyn giao ht tt c d liu cho ngi s dng
ca mnh.
Hm Abort: Ngi s dng c th ng mt lin kt bt v s khng chp nhn d liu
qua lin kt na. Do vy d liu c th b mt i khi ang c truyn i. TCP bo cho TCP
xa bit rng lin kt c hy b v TCP xa s thng bo cho ngi s dng ca mnh.
Mt s hm khc ca TCP:
Hm Status: cho php ngi s dng yu cu cho bit trng thi ca mt lin kt c
th, khi TCP cung cp thng tin cho ngi s dng.
Hm Error: thng bo cho ngi s dng TCP v cc yu cu dch v bt hp l lin
quan n mt lin kt c tn cho trc hoc v cc li lin quan n mi trng.
n v d liu s dng trong TCP c gi l segment (on d liu), c cc tham s

Te

ch
2

4.

vn

vi ngha nh sau:

Hnh 7.5: Dng thc c a segment TCP

Source Por (16 bits): S hiu cng TCP ca trm ngun.
Destination Port (16 bit): S hiu cng TCP ca trm ch.
Sequence Number (32 bit): s hiu ca byte u tin ca segment tr khi bit SYN c
thit lp. Ny bit SYN c thit lp th Sequence Number l s hiu tun t khi u (ISN) v
byte d liu u tin l ISN+1.
Acknowledgment Number (32 bit): s hiu ca segment tip theo m trm ngun ang
ch nhn. Ngm bo nhn tt (cc) segment m trm ch gi cho trm ngun.

59

Data offset (4 bit): s lng bi ca 32 bit (32 bit words) trong TCP header (tham s ny
ch ra v tr bt u ca ngun d liu).
Reserved (6 bit): dnh dng trong tng lai
Control bit (cc bit iu khin):
URG: Vng con tr khn (Ucgent Poiter) c hiu lc.
ACK: Vng bo nhn (ACK number) c hiu lc.
PSH: Chc nng PUSH.
RST: Khi ng li (reset) lin kt.
SYN: ng b ha s hiu tun t (sequence number).
FIN: Khng cn d liu t trm ngun.
Window (16 bit): cp pht credit kim sot ngun d liu (c ch ca s). y chnh
l s lng cc byte d liu, bt u t byte c ch ra trong vng ACK number, m trm
ngun san sng nhn.
Checksum (16 bit): m kim sot li cho ton b segment (header + data)

vn

Urgemt Poiter (16 bit): con tr ny tr ti s hiu tun t ca byte i theo sau d liu

4.

khn. Vng ny ch c hiu lc khi bit URG c thit lp.

vng TCP data trong mt segment.

ch
2

Options ( di thay i): khai bo cc option ca TCP, trong c di ti a ca

Te

Paddinh ( di thay i): phn chn thm vo header m bo phn header lun
kt thc mt mc 32 bit. Phn thm ny gm ton s 0.
TCP data ( di thay i): cha d liu ca tng trn, c di ti a ngm nh l 536
byte. Gi tr ny c th iu chnh bng cch khai bo trong vng options.
III. Giao thc UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) l giao thc theo phng thc khng lin kt c s
dng thay th cho TCP trn IP theo yu cu ca tng ng dng. Khc vi TCP, UDP khng
c cc chc nng thit lp v kt thc lin kt. Tng t nh IP, n cng khng cung cp c
ch bo nhn (acknowledgment), khng sp xp tun t cc gi tin (datagram) n v c th
dn n tnh trng mt hoc trng d liu m khng c c ch thng bo li cho ngi gi.
Qua ta thy UDP cung cp cc dch v vn chuyn khng tin cy nh trong TCP.
Khun dng UDP datagram c m t vi cc vng tham s n gin hn nhiu so
vi TCP segment.

60

Hnh 7.7: Dng thc c a gi tin UDP

UDP cng cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu cng (port number) nh danh
duy nht cho cc ng dng chy trn mt trm ca mng. Do t chc nng phc tp nn UDP
thng c xu th hot ng nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng c dng cho cc ng khng

Te

ch
2

4.

vn

i hi tin cy cao trong giao vn.

61

vn
4.
ch
2
Te
Hnh 7.8: M hnh quan h h giao thc TCP/IP

62

Chng 8
Cc dch v ca mng din rng (WAN)
Hin nay trn th gii c nhiu dch v dnh cho vic chuyn thng tin t khu vc ny
sang khu vc khc nhm lin kt cc mng LAN ca cc khu vc khc nhau li. c c
nhng lin kt nh vy ngi ta thng s dng cc dch v ca cc mng din rng. Hin nay
trong khi giao thc truyn thng c bn ca LAN l Ethernet, Token Ring th giao thc dng
tng ni cc LAN thng thng da trn chun TCP/IP. Ngy nay khi cc dng kt ni c xu
hng ngy cng a dng v phn tn cho nn cc mng WAN ang thin v truyn theo n
v tp tin thay v truyn mt ln x l.
C nhiu cch phn loi mng din rng, y nu phn loi theo phng php truyn
thng tin th c th chia thnh 3 loi mng nh sau:
Mng chuyn mch (Circuit Swiching Network)
Mng thu bao (Leased lines Network)

vn

Mng chuyn gi tin (Packet Switching Network)

4.

I. Mng chuyn mch (Circuit Swiching Network)

thc hin c vic lin kt gia hai im nt, mt ng ni gia im nt ny v

Te

chuyn mch.

ch
2

im nt kia c thit lp trong mng th hin di dng cuc gi thng qua cc thit b

Hnh 8.1: M hnh mng chuyn mch

Mt v d ca mng chuyn mch l hot ng ca mng in thoi, cc thu bao khi
bit s ca nhau c th gi cho nhau v c mt ng ni vt l tm thi c thit lp gia
hai thu bao.

63

Vi m hnh ny mi ng u c th mt ng bt k khc, thng qua nhng

ng ni v cc thit b chuyn dng ngi ta c th lin kt mt ng tm thi t ni gi
ti ni nhn mt ng ni vt l, ng ni trn duy tr trong sut phin lm vic v ch gii
phng sau khi phin lm vic kt thc. thc hin mt phin lm vic cn c cc th tc y
cho vic thit lp lin kt trong c vic thng bo cho mng bit a ch ca nt nhn.
Hin nay c 2 loi mng chuyn mch l chuyn mch tng t (analog) v chuyn
mch s (digital)
Chuyn mch tng t (Analog): Vic chuyn d liu qua mng chuyn mch tng t
c thc hin qua mng in thoi. Cc trm s dng mt thit b c tn l modem, thit b
ny s chuyn cc tn hiu s t my tnh sao tn hiu tun t c tr truyn i trn mng in

4.

vn

thoi v ngc li.

Hnh 8.2: M hnh chuyn mch tng t

ch
2

Khi s dng ng truyn in thoi truyn s liu th cc chun ca modem v cc

tnh cht ca n s quyt nh tc ca ng truyn. Cng vi cc k thut chuyn i tn

Loi

Te

hiu cc tnh nng mi nh nn tn hiu cho php nng tc truyn d liu ln rt cao.
Tc (bps)

Loi nn

Tc thc t (bps)

2400 - 3600

Bell 212A

1200

CCITT V22

1200

CCITT V22 bis

2400

MNP Class 5

CCITT V32

9600

MNP Class 5, 9600 - 19200

V42 bis

CCITT V32 bis

14400

MNP Class 5, 14400 - 33600

V42 bis
Hnh 8.3: Bng k thut modem

Cc k thut nn thng dng l MNP Class 5 v V42 bis, MNP Class 5 cho php nn
vi t l 1.5:1 v V42 bis nn vi t l 2:1. Tuy nhin trn thc t t l nn c th thay i da
vo dng d liu c truyn.

64

Chuyn mch s (Digital): ng truyn chuyn mch s ln u tin c AT&T thiu

vo cui 1980 khi AT&T gii thiu mng chuyn mch s Acnet vi ng truyn 56 kbs. Vic
s dng ng chuyn mch s cng i hi s dng thit b phc v truyn d liu s (Data
Service Unit - DSU) vo v tr modem trong chuyn mch tng t. Thit b phc v truyn d
liu s c nhim v chuyn cc tn hiu s n chiu (unipolar) t my tnh ra thnh tn hiu s
hai chiu (bipolar) truyn trn ng truyn.

Hnh 8.3: M hnh chuyn mch s

Mng chuyn mch s cho php ngi s dng nng cao tc truyn ( y do khc
bit gia k thut truyn s v k thut truyn tng t nn hiu nng ca truyn mch s cao
hn nhiu so vi truyn tng t cho d cng tc ), an ton.

vn

Vo nm 1991 AT&T gii thiu mng chuyn mch s c tc 384 Kbps. Ngi ta c

4.

th dng mng chuyn mch s to cc lin kt gia cc mng LAN v lm cc ng

ch
2

truyn d phng.
II. Mng thu bao (Leased line Network)

Te

Vi k thut chuyn mch gia cc nt ca mng (tng t hoc s) c mt s lng

ln ng dy truyn d liu, vi mi ng dy trong mt thi im ch c nhiu nht mt
phin giao dch, khi s lng cc trm s dng tng cao ngi ta nhn thy vic s dng mng
chuyn mch tr nn khng kinh t. gim bt s lng cc ng dy kt ni gia cc nt
mng ngi ta a ra mt k thut gi l ghp knh.

65

Hnh 8.4: M hnh ghp knh

M hnh c m t nh sau: ti mt nt ngi ta tp hp cc tn hiu trn ca
nhiu ngi s dng ghp li truyn trn mt knh ni duy nht n cc nt khc, ti nt
cui ngi ta phn knh ghp ra thnh cc knh ring bit v truyn ti cc ngi nhn.
C hai phng thc ghp knh chnh l ghp knh theo tn s v ghp knh theo thi
gian, hai phng thc ny tng ng vi mng thu bao tun t v mng thu bao k thut
s. trong thi gian hin nay mng thu bao k thut s s dng k thut ghp knh theo thi
gian vi ng truyn T ang c s dng ngy mt rng ri v dn dn thay th mng thu
bao tun t.
1. Phng thc ghp knh theo tn s
s dng phng thc ghp knh theo tn s gia cc nt ca mng c lin kt
bi ng truyn bng tn rng. Bng tn ny c chia thnh nhiu knh con c phn bit
bi tn s khc nhau. Khi truyn d liu, mi knh truyn t ngi s dng n nt s c
chuyn thnh mt knh con vi tn s xc nh v c truyn thng qua b ghp knh n

vn

nt cui v ti y n c tch ra thnh knh ring bit truyn ti ngi nhn. Theo cc

4.

chun ca CCITT c cc phng thc ghp knh cho php ghp 12, 60, 300 knh n.

ch
2

Ngi ta c th dng ng thu bao tun t (Analog) ni gia my ca ngi s dng

ti nt mng thu bao gn nht. Khi my ca ngi s dng gi d liu th knh d liu c

Te

ghp vi cc knh khc v truyn trn ng truyn ti nt ch v c phn ra thnh knh

ring bit trc khi gi ti my ca ngi s dng. ng ni gia my trm ca ngi s
dng ti nt mng thu bao cng ging nh mng chuyn mch tun t s dng ng dy
in thoi vi cc k thut chuyn i tn hiu nh V22, V22 bis, V32, V32 bis, cc k thut nn
V42 bis, MNP class 5.
2.Phng thc ghp knh theo thi gian:
Khc vi phng thc ghp knh theo tn s, phng thc ghp knh theo thi gian
chia mt chu k thi gian hot ng ca ng truyn trc thnh nhiu khong nh v mi
knh tuyn d liu c mt khong. Sau khi ghp knh li thnh mt knh chung d liu
c truyn i tng t nh phng thc ghp knh theo tn s. Ngi ta dng ng thu
bao l ng truyn k thut s ni gia my ca ngi s dng ti nt mng thu bao gn
nht.
Hin nay ngi ta c cc ng truyn thu bao nh sau :
ng T1 vi tc 1.544 Mbps n bao gm 24 knh vp tc 64 kbps v 8000 bits
iu khin trong 1 giy.

66

III. Mng chuyn gi tin (Packet Switching NetWork)

Mng chuyn mch gi hot ng theo nguyn tc sau : Khi mt trm trn mng cn gi
d liu n cn phi ng d liu thnh tng gi tin, cc gi tin c i trn mng t nt ny
ti nt khc ti khi n c ch. Do vic s dng k thut trn nn khi mt trm khng gi tin
th mi ti nguyn ca mng s dnh cho cc trm khc, do vy mng tit kim c cc ti
nguyn v c th s dng chng mt cch tt nht.
Ngi ta chia cc phng thc chuyn mch gi ra lm 2 phng thc:
Phng thc chuyn mch gi theo s ri rc.
Phng thc chuyn mch gi theo ng i xc nh.
Vi phng thc chuyn mch gi theo s ri rc cc gi tin c chuyn i trn
mng mt cch c lp, mi gi tin u c mang a ch n i gi v ni nhn. Mi nt trong
mng khi tip nhn gi tin s quyt nh xenm ng i ca gi tin ph thuc vo thut ton tm
ng ti nt v nhng thng tin v mng m nt c. Vic truyn theo phng thc ny cho
ta s mm do nht nh do ng i vi mi gi tin tr nn mm do tuy nhin iu ny yu

Te

ch
2

4.

vn

cu mt s lng tnh ton rt ln ti mi nt nn hin nay phn ln cc mng chuyn sang

dng phng chuyn mch gi theo ng i xc nh.

Hnh 8.5: V d phng thc s ri rc.

Phng thc chuyn mch gi theo ng i xc nh:
Trc khi truyn d liu mt ng i (hay cn gi l ng i o) c thit lp gia
trm gi v trm nhn thng qua cc nt ca mng. ng i trn mang s hiu phn bit vi
cc ng i khc, sau cc gi tin c gi i theo ng thit lp ti ch, cc gi
tin mang s hiu c ng o c th c nhn bit khi qua cc nt. iu ny khin cho
vic tnh ton ng i cho phin lin lc ch cn thc hin mt ln.

67

vn

4.

Hnh 8.6: V d phng thc ng i xc nh

ch
2

1. Mng X25

c CCITT cng b ln u tin vo 1970 lc lnh vc vin thng ln u tin tham

Te

gia vo th gii truyn d liu vi cc c tnh:

X25 cung cp quy trnh kim sot lung gia cc u cui em li cht lng ng
truyn cao cho d cht lng ng dy truyn khng cao.
X25 c thit k cho c truyn thng chuyn mch ln truyn thng kiu im ni
im.
c quan tm v tham gia nhanh chng trn ton cu.
Trong X25 c chc nng dn knh (multiplexing) i vi lin kt logic (virtual circuits) ch
lm nhim v kim sot li cho cc frame i qua. iu ny lm tng phc tp trong vic phi
hp cc th tc gia hai tng k nhau, dn n thng lng b hn ch do tng ph x l mi
gi tin tng ln. X25 kim tra li ti mi nt trc khi truyn tip, iu ny lm cho ng truyn
ch cht lng rt cao gn nh phi li. Tuy nhin do vy khi lng tch ton ti mi nt kh
ln, i vi nhng ng truyn ca nhng nm 1970 th iu l cn thit nhng hin nay
khi k thut truyn dn t c nhng tin b rt cao th vic tr nn lng ph
2. Mng Frame Relay

68

Mi gi tin trong mng gi l Frame, do vy mng gi l Frame relay. c im khc

bit gia mng Frame Relay v mng X25 mng Frame Relay l ch kim tra li ti hai trm gi
v trm nhn cn trong qu trnh chuyn vn qua cc nt trung gian gi tin s khng c kim
li na. Do vy thi gian x l trn mi nt nhanh hn, tuy nhin khi c li th gi tin phi c
pht li t trm u. Vi an ton cao ca ng truyn hin nay th chi ph vic pht li
ch chim mt t l nh nu so vi khi lng tnh ton c gim i ti cc nt nn mng
Frame Relay tit kim c ti nguyn ca mng hn so vi mng X25.
Frame relay khng ch l mt k thut m cn l th hin mt phng php t chc
mi. Vi nguyn l l truyn mch gi nhng cc thao tc kim sot gia cc u cui gim
ng k K thut Frame Relay cho php thng lung ti a t ti 2Mbps v hin nay n ang
cung cp cc gii php tng ni cc mng cc b LAN trong mt kin trc xng sng to
nn mi trng cho ng dng multimedia.
3. Mng ATM (Cell relay)
Hin nay k thut Cell Relay da trn phng thc truyn thng khng ng b (ATM)

vn

c th cho php thng lng hng trm Mbps. n v d liu dng trong ATM c gi l t

4.

bo (cell). cc t bo trong ATM c di c nh l 53 bytes, trong 5 bytes dnh cho phn

ch
2

cha thng tin iu khin (cell header) v 48 bytes cha d liu ca tng trn.
Trong k thut ATM, cc t bo cha cc kiu d liu khc nhau c ghp knh ti

Te

mt ng dn chung c gi l ng dn o (virtual path). Trong ng dn o c th

gm nhiu knh o (virtual chanell) khc nhau, mi knh o c s dng bi mt ng dung
no ti mt thi im.

ATM kt hp nhng c tnh tt nht ca dng chuyn mch lin tc v dng chuyn
mch gi, n c th kt hp di thng linh hot v kh nng chuyn tip cao tc v c kh nng
qun l ng thi d liu s, ting ni, hnh nh v multimedia tng tc.
Mc tiu ca k thut ATM l nhm cung cp mt mng dn knh, v chuyn mch tc
cao, tr nh dp ng cho cc dng truyn thng a phng tin (multimecdia)
Chuyn mch cell cn thit cho vic cung cp cc kt ni i hi bng thng cao, tnh
trng tt nghn thp, h tr cho lp dch v tch hp lu thng d liu m thanh hnh nh. c
tnh tc cao l c tnh ni bt nht ca ATM.
ATM s dng c cu chuyn mch c bit: ma trn nh phn cc thnh t chuyn
mch (a matrix of binary switching elements) vn hnh lu thng. Kh nng v hng
(scalability) l mt c tnh ca c cu chuyn mch ATM. c tnh ny tng phn trc tip
vi nhng g din ra khi cc trm cui c thm vo mt thit b lin mng nh router. Cc

69

router c nng sut tng c nh c chia cho cc trm cui c kt ni vi chng. Khi s
lng trm cui gia tng, nng sut ca router tng thch cho trm cui thu nh li. Khi c
cu ATM m rng, mi thit b thu trm cui, bng con ng ca chnh n i qua b chuyn
mch bng cch cho mi trm cui bng thng ch nh. Bng thng rng c ch nh ca
ATM vi c tnh c th xc nhn khin n tr thnh mt k thut tuyt ho dng cho bt k ni
no trong mng cc b ca doanh nghip.
Nh tn gi ca n ch r, k thut ATM s dng phng php truyn khng ng b
(asynchronouns) cc t bo t ngun ti ch ca chng. Trong khi , tng vt l ngi ta
c th s dng cc k thut truyn thng ng b nh SDH (hoc SONET).
Nhn thc c v tr cha th thay th c (t nht cho n nhng nm u ca th
k 21) ca k thut ATM, hu ht cc hng khng l v my tnh v truyn thng nh IBM, ATT,
Digital, Hewlett - Packard, Cisco Systems, Cabletron, Bay Network,... u ang quan tm c
bit n dng sn phm hng n ATM ca mnh tung ra th trng. C th k ra y mt
s sn phm nh DEC 900 Multiwitch, IBM 8250 hub, Cisco 7000 rounter, Cablectron, ATM

vn

module for MMAC hub.

4.

Nhn chung th trng ATM si ng do nhu cu thc s ca cc ng dng a phng

ch
2

tin. S nhp cuc ngy mt ng ca cc hng sn xut lm gim ng k gi bn ca cc

sn phm loi ny, t cng m rng thm th trng. Ngay Vit Nam, cc d n ln v

tng lai.

Te

mng tin hc u c thit k vi h tng chp nhn c vi cng ngh ATM trong

70

Chng 9
V d mt s mng LAN v WAN
Hin nay trn th gii c rt nhiu mng my tnh, chng c s dng phc v cho
nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh nghin cu khoa hc, truyn d liu, kinh doanh. V vy nn cc
mng ny cng rt a dng v chng loi. Trong phn ny ta xem xt mt s mng LAN v
WAN thng dng.

vn

I. Mng Novell NetWare

4.

c a ra bi hng Novell t nhng nm 80 v c s dng nhiu trong cc

mng cc b vi s lng c tnh hin nay vo khong 50 -60%. H iu hnh mng Novell

ch
2

NetWare l mt h iu hnh c an ton cao c bit l vi cc mng c nhiu ngi s

dng. H iu hnh mng Netware kh phc tp lp t v qun l nhng n l mt h iu

Te

hnh mng ang c dng ph bin nht hin nay. H iu hnh mng Novell NetWare c
thit k nh mt h thng mng client-server trong cc my tnh c chia thnh hai loi:
Nhng my tnh cung cp ti nguyn cho mng gi l server hay cn gi l my ch
mng.
My s dng ti nguyn mng gi l clients hay cn gi l trm lm vic.
Cc server (File server) ca Netware khng chy DOS m bn thn Netware l mt h
iu hnh cho server iu gii phng Netware ra khi nhng hn ch ca DOS. Server
ca Netware dng mt cu trc hiu qu hn DOS t chc cc tp tin v th mc, vi
Netware, chng ta c th chia mi a thnh mt hoc nhiu tp a (volumes), tng t nh
cc a logic ca DOS. Cc tp a ca Novell c tn ch khng phi l ch ci. Tuy nhin,
truy cp mt tp a ca Netware t mt trm lm vic chy DOS, mt ch ci c gn
cho tp a.
Vi cc h iu hnh Netware 3.x v 4.x cc server phi c dnh ring, trong
chng ta khng th dng mt file server lm thm vic ca Workstation, tuy iu tn km
hn v phi mua mt my tnh lm server nhng n c hiu qu hn v my tnh server c

71

th tp trung phc v mng. Cn vi Netware 2.x th c th la chn trong mt file server

c th lm vic nh mt Workstation nh hai tin trnh Server v Workstation tch ti nhau
hon ton.
Cc trm lm vic trn mt mng Netware c th l cc my tnh DOS, chy OS/2 hoc
cc my Macintosh. Nu mng va c my PC v Macintosh th Netware c th l s la chn
tt.
Tt c cc phin bn ca Netware u c c trng c gi l tnh chu ng sai hng
ca h (System Fault Tolerance SFT) c thit k gi cho mng vn chy ngay c khi
phn cng c sai hng.
NetWare l mt h iu hnh nhng khng phi l mt h iu hnh a nng m tp
trung ch yu cho cc ng dng truy xut ti nguyn trn mng, n c mt tp hp xc nh
san cc dch v dnh cho ngi s dng. Ti y Novell NetWare c mt h thng cc yu
cu v tr li m Client v Server u hiu, n bao gm:
Nhm chng trnh trn my ngi dng: H iu hnh trm, cc giao din cho php

vn

nhi s dng chi xut cc ti nguyn ca mng nh l cc ti nguyn ca my cc b,

4.

chng trnh truyn s liu qua mng.

ch
2

H iu hnh trn my my ch: Chng trnh thc hin t DOS, Lu cc thng s ca

DOS, chuyn CPU ca server qua ch protectied mode, qun l vic s dng ti nguyn ca

Te

mng cho ngi s dng.

Cc tin ch trn mng: dnh cho ngi s dng v ngi qun tr mng.
Novell NetWare h tr cc giao thc c bn sau:
Giao thc truy xut (Access Protocol) (Ethernet, Token Ring, ARCnet, ProNET-10,
FDDI)
Giao thc trao i gi tin trn mng (Internet Packet Exchange -IPX)
Giao thc thng tin tm ng (Routing Information Protocol - RIP)
Giao thc thng bo dch v (Sevice Advertising Protocol - SAP)
Giao thc nhn NetWare (NetWare Core Protocol - NCP) cho php ngi dng truy
xut vo file server
Do nhu cu cn thch nghi vi nhiu kiu mng v d dng nng cp v qun l,
Novell NetWare cng c chia thnh nhiu tng giao thc tng t cu trc 7 tng cu h
thng m OSI.

72

vn
4.
ch
2
Te
Hnh 9.1: Cu trc c a H i
u hnh Novell NetWare
II. Mng Windows NT
Mng dng h iu hnh Windows NT c a ra bi hng Microsoft vi phin bn
mi nht hin nay l Windows NT 5.0, cm t windows NT c hiu l cng ngh mng trong
mi trng Windows (Windows Network Technology). Hin mng Windows NT ang c
nh gi cao v c ua vo s dng ngy mt nhiu. Windows NT l mt h iu hnh a
nhim, a x l vi a ch 32 bit b nh. Ngoi vic ym tr cc ng dng DOS, Windows 3.x,
Win32 GUI v cc ng dng da trn k t, Windows NT cn bao gm cc thnh phn mng,
c ch an ton, cc cng c qun tr c kh nng mng din rng, cc phn mm truy cp t
xa. Windows NT cho php kt ni vi my tnh ln, mini v my Mac.

73

H iu hnh mng Windows NT c th chay trn my c mt CPU cng nh nhiu

CPU. H iu hnh mng cn c a vo k thut gng a qua s dng tt h thng
nhiu a nng cao nng lc hot ng. H iu hnh mng Windows NT m bo trnh c
nhng ngi khng c php vo trong h thng hoc thm nhp vo cc file v chng
trnh trn a cng. H iu hnh mng Windows NT cung cp cc cng c thit lp cc lp
quyn dnh cho nhiu nhim v khc nhau lm cho php xy dng h thng an ton mt cch
mm do. Windows NT c thit k dnh cho gii php nhm (Workgroup) khi bn mun c
kim sot nhiu hn i vi mng ngang hng (nh Windows For Workgroup, LANtastic hay
Novell lite). Ngoi ra chc nng mi ca Windows NT server l m hnh vng (Domain) c

Te

ch
2

4.

vn

thit lp cho cc mng ln vi kh nng kt ni cc mng ton x nghip hay lin kt cc kt

ni mng vi cc mng khc v nhng cng c cn thit iu hnh.

Hnh 9.2: Cu trc c a H i
u hnh Windows NT

III. Mng Apple talk
Vo u nhng nm 1980, khi cng ty my tnh Apple chun b gii thiu my tnh
Macintosh, cc k s Apple thy rng mng s tr nn rt cn thit. H mun rng mng
MAC cng l mt bc tin m trong cuc cch mng v giao din thn thin ngi dng do
Apple khi xng. Vi nh nh vy, Apple xy dng mt giao thc mng cho h my
Macintosh, v tch hp giao thc trn vo my tnh bn. Cu trc mng mi do Apple xy
dng c gi l Apple Talk.
Mc d Apple Talk l giao thc mng c quyn ca Apple, nhng Apple cng n
hnh nhiu ti liu v Apple Talk trong c gng khuyn khch cc nh sn xut phn mm khc

74

pht trin trn Apple Talk. Ngy nay c nhiu sn phm thng mi trn nn Apple Talk nh
ca Novell, Microsoft.
Ban u AppleTalk ch ci t trn h thng cp ring ca hng l LocalTalk v c
phm vi ng dng rt hn ch. Phin bn u ca Apple Talk c thit k cho nhm ngi
dng cc b hay c gi l Apple Talk phase 1. Sau khi tung ra th trng 5 nm, s ngi
dng vt qu 1,5 triu ngi ci t, Apple nhn thy nhng nhm ngi dng ln
vt qu gii hn ca Apple Talk phase 1, nn h nng cp giao thc. Giao thc c
ci tin c bit di ci tn Apple Talk phase 2, ci tin kh nng tm ng ca Apple Talk

Te

ch
2

4.

vn

v cho php Apple Talk chy trn nhng mng ln hn.

Hnh 9.3: Cu trc c a H i
u hnh Appletalk

Hng Apple thit k Apple Talk c lp vi tng lin kt d liu. Apple h tr nhiu loi
ci t ca tng lin kt d liu, bao gm Ethernet, Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface

75

(FDDI), v Local Talk. Trn Apple Talk, Apple xem Ethernet nh ethertalk, Token Ring nh
tokentalk, v FDDI nh fdditalk.
Cc giao thc chnh ca mng AppleTalk:
LLAP (Local Talk Link Access) l giao thc do Apple pht trin hot ng vi cp
ring ca hng (cng c gi l LocalTalk) d trn cp xon i bc kim (STP), thch hp
vi cc mng nh, hiu nng thp. Tc ti a l 230,4 Kb/s v khong cch cc an cp c
di gii hn l 300m, s lng trm ti a l 32.
ELAP (Ethertalk Link Access) v TLAP (tokentalk Link Access) l cc giao thc cho
php s dng cc mng vt l tng ng l Ethernet v Token Ring.
AARP (AppleTalk Addresss Resolution Protocol) l cc giao thc cho php nh x gia
cc a ch vt l ca Ethernet v Token Ring, l giao din gia cc tng cao ca AppleTalk vi
cc tng vt l ca Ethernet v Token Ring.
DDP (Datagram Delivery Protocol) l giao thc tng Mng cung cp dch v theo
phng thc khng lin kt gia 2 sockets ( ch 1 a ch dch v; mt t hp ca a ch thit

vn

b, a ch mng v socket s nh danh 1 cch duy nht cho mi tin trnh). DDP thc hin

4.

chc nng chn ng (routing) da trn cc bng chn ng cho RTMP bo tr.

ch
2

RTMP (Routing Table Maintenance protocol) cung cp cho DDP thng tin chn ng
trn phng php vector khong cch tng t nh RIP (Routing Information Protocol) dng

Te

trong Netware IPX/SPX.

NBP (Naming Binding Protocol): cho php nh danh cc thit b bi cc tn lgic (ngoi
i ch ca chng). Cc tn ny n du i ch tng thp i vi ngi s dng v i vi cc
tng cao hn.
ATP (AppleTalk Transaction Protocol) l giao thc thc tng vn chuyn hot ng vi
phng thc khng lin kt. Dich v vn chuyn ny c cung cp thng qua mt h thng
cc thng bo nhn v truyn li. tin cy ca ATP d trn cc thao tc (transaction) (mt
thao tc bao gm mt cp cc thao tc hi-p).
ASP (AppleTalk Section Protocol) l giao thc tng giao dch ca AppleTalk, cho php
thit lp, duy tr v hy b cc phin lin lc gia ngi yu cu dch v v ngi cung cp
dch v.
ADSP (AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol) l mt giao thc ph c tng vn chuyn v
tng giao dch, c th thay cho nhm giao thc dng vi ATP.

76

ZIP (Zone Information Protocol) l giao thc c chc nng t chc cc thit b thnh cc
vng (zone) lm gim phc tp ca 1 mng bng cch gii hn s tng tc ca ngi
s dng vo ng cc thit b m anh ta cn.
PAP (Printer Access protocol) cng l 1 giao thc ca tng giao dch tng t nh
ASP. N khng ch cung cp cc dch v in nh tn gi m cn ym tr cc kiu lin kt gia
ngi yu cu v ngi cung cp dch v.
AFP (AppleTalk Filling Protocol) l giao thc cung cp dch v File v m nhn vic
chuyn i c php d liu, bo v an ton d liu (tng t tng trnh by trong m hnh OSI).
IV. Mng Arpanet
y l mng c thit lp ti M vo gia nhng nm 60 khi b quc phng M mun
c mt mng dng ra lnh v kim sot m c kh nng sng cn cao trong trng hp c
chin tranh ht nhn. Nhng mng s dng ng in thoi thng thng vo lc t ra
khng an ton khi m mt ng dy hay mt tng i b ph hy cng c th dn n mi
cuc ni chuyn hay lin lc thng qua n b gin on, vic cn i khi dn n ct ri lin

vn

lc.

4.

lm c iu ny khi b quc phng M a ra chng trnh ARPA (Advanced

l ca khi b quc phng M.

ch
2

Research Projects Agency) vi s tham gia ca nhiu trng i hc v cng ty di s qun

Te

Vo u nhng nm 1960 nhng tung ch yu ca chuyn mch gi c Paul

Baran cng b v sau khi tham kho nhiu chuyn gia th chng trnh ARPA quyt nh mng
tng lai ca khi b quc phng M s l mng chuyn mch gi v n bao gm mt mng lin
kt v cc trm (host). Mng lin kt bao gm cc my tnh dng lin kt cc ng truyn
d liu c gi l cc im trung chuyn thng tin (IMP - Interface Message Processor).
Mt IMP s c lin kt vi t nht l hai IMP khc vi an ton cao, cc thng tin
c chuyn trn mng lin kt di dng cc gi d liu tch ri, c ngha l khi c mt s
ng v nt b ph hy th cc gi tin t ng c chuyn theo nhng ng khc. Mi nt
mt my tnh ca h thng bao gm mt trm c c kt ni vi mt IMP trn mng, n gi
thng tin ca mnh n IMP ri sau IMP s phn gi, ri ln lt gi cc gi tin theo
nhng ng m n la chn n ch.
Thng 10 nm 1968 ARPA quyt nh la chn hng BBN mt hng t vn ti
Cambridge, Massachsetts lm tng thu. Lc BBN la chon my DDP-316 lm IMP, cc
IMP c ni vi ng thu bao 56 Kbps t cc cng ty in thoi. Phn mm c chia lm
hai phn: phn lin kt mng v phn cho nt, vi phn mm cho lin kt mng bao gm phn

77

mm ti cc IMP u cui v cc IMP trung gian, cc giao thc lin kt IMP vi kh nng m
bo an ton cao.
Phn mm ti nt bao gm phn mm danh cho vic lin kt gia nt vi IMP, cc giao

Te

ch
2

4.

vn

thc gia cc nt vi nhau trong qu trnh truyn d liu.

Hnh 9.4: Cu trc ban u c a mng ARPANET

Vo thng 10 nm 1969 mng ARPANET bt u c a vo hot ng th nghim
vi 4 nt l nhng trng i hc v trung tm nghin cu tham gia chnh vo d n, mng
pht trin rt nhanh n thng 3 nm 1971 c 15 nt v thng 9 nm 1972 c ti 35 nt.
Cc ci tin tip theo cho php nhiu trm c th lin kt vi mt IMP do vy s tit kim ti

78

nguyn v mt trm c th lin kt vi nhiu IMP nhm trnh vic IMP h hng lm gin on
lin lc.
Cng vi vic pht trin cc nt ARPA cng dnh ngn khon cho pht trin cc mng
truyn d liu dng k thut v tinh v dng k thut radio. iu cho php thit lp cc nt
ti nhng im cc khong cch rt xa. V cc giao thc truyn thng th sau khi thy rng cc
giao thc ca mnh khng chy c trn nhiu lin kt mng vo nm 1974 ARPA u t
nghin cu h giao thc TCP/IP v da trn hp ng gia BBN v Trng i hc tng hp
Berkeley - California cc nh nghin cu ca trng i hc vit rt nhiu phn mm,
chng trnh qun tr trn c h iu hnh UNIX. Da trn cc phn mm mi v truyn
thng trn c s TCP/IP cho php d dnh lin kt cc mng LAN vo mng ARPANET.
Vo nm 1983 khi mng hot ng n ng th phn quc phng ca mng (gm khong
160 IMP vi 110 IMP ti nc M v 50 IMP nc ngoi, hng trm nt) c tch ra thnh
mng MILNETv phn cn li vn tip tc hot ng nh l mt mng nghin cu.
Trong nhng nm 1980 khi c nhiu mng LAN c ni vo ARPANET gim vic

vn

tm kim a ch trn mng ngi ta chia vng cc my tnh a tn cc my vo a ch IP v

4.

xy dng h qun tr c s phn tn cc tn cc trm ca mng H c s d liu gi l

ch
2

DNS (Domain Naming System) trong c chc mi thng tin lin quan n tn cc trm.
Vo nm 1990 vi s pht trin ca nhiu mng khc m ARPANET l khi xng th

nay.
V. Mng NFSNET

Te

ARPANET kt thc hot ng ca mnh, tuy nhin MILNET vn hot ng cho n ngy

Vo cui nhng nm 1970 khi Qu khoa hc quc gia Hoa k (NFS - The U.S. National
Science Foundation) thy c s thu ht ca ARPANET trong nghin cu khoa hc m qua
cc nh khoa hc c th chia s thng tin hay cng nhau nghin cu cc n. Tuy nhin
vic s dng ARPANET cn thng qua b quc phng M vi nhiu hn ch v nhiu c s
nghin cu khoa hc khng c kh nng . iu khin NFS thit lp mt mng o c tn l
CSNET trong s dng cc my tnh ti cng ty BBN cho php cc nh nghin cu c th kt
ni vo tip tc ni vi mng ARPANET hay gi th in t cho nhau. Vo nm 1984 NFS
bt u nghin cu ti vic thit lp mt mng tc cao dnh cho cc nhm nghin cu khoa
hc nhm thay th mng ARPANET, bc u NFS quyt nh xy dng c ng trc
truyn s liu ni 6 my tnh ln (Supercomputer) ti 6 trung tm my tnh. Ti mi trung tm
my tnh ln ti y c ni vi mt my mini loi LSI-11 v cc my mini c ni vi nhau
bng ng thu bao 56 Kbps tng t nh k thut s dng mng ARPANET. ng

79

thi NFS cng cung cp ngn khon cho khong 20 mng vng lin kt vi cc my tnh ln
trn v qua ti cc my tnh ln khc. Ton b mng bao gm mng trc v cc mng vng
c gi l NFSNET, mng NFS c c kt ni vi mng ARPANET.
Mng NFS c pht trin rt nhanh, sau mt thi gian hot ng ng trc chnh
c thay th bng ng cp quang 448 Kbps v cc my IBM RS6000 c s dng lm
cng vic kt ni. n nm 1990 ng trc c nng ln n 1.5 Mbps.
Vi vic pht trin rt nhanh v NFS thy rng chnh quyn khng c kh nng tip tc
ti tr nhng do cc cng ty kinh doanh khng th s dng mng NFSNET (do bin cm theo
lut) nn NFS ym tr cc cng ty MERIT, MCI, IBM thnh lp mt cng ty khng sinh li
(nonprofit corporation) c tn l ANS (Advanced Networks and Services) nhm pht trin vic
kinh doanh ha mng. ASN tip nhn mng NFSNET v bt u nng cp ng trc ln t
1.5 Mbps ln 45 Mbps thnh lp mng ANSNET.
Vo nm 1995 khi cc cng ty cung cp dch v lin kt pht trin khp ni th mng
trc ANSNET khng cn cn thit na v ANSNET c bn cho cng ty America Online. Hin

vn

nay cc mng vng ca NFS mua cc dch v truyn d liu lin kt vi nhau, mng NFS

4.

ang s dng dch v ca 4 mng truyn d liu l PacBell, Ameritech, MFS, Sprint m qua

ch
2

cc mng vng NFS c th la chn kt ni vi nhau.

VI. Mng Internet

Te

Cng vi s pht trin ca NFSNET v ARPANET nht l khi giao thc TCP/IP tr
thnh giao thc chnh thc duy nht trn cc mng trn th s lng cc mng, nt mun
tham gia kt ni vo hai mng trn tng ln rt nhanh. Rt nhiu cc mng vng c kt
ni vi nhau v cn lin kt vi cc mng Canada, chu Au.
Vo khong gia nhng nm 1980 ngi ta bt u thy c s hnh thnh ca mt
h thng lin mng ln m sau ny c gi l Internet. S pht trin ca Internet c tnh
theo cp s nhn, nu nh nm 1990 c khong 200.000 my tnh vi 3.000 mng con th nm
1992 c khong 1.000.000 my tnh c kt ni, n nm 1995 c hng trm mng cp
vng, chc ngn mng con v nhiu triu my tnh. Rt nhiu mng ln ang hot ng cng
c kt ni vo Internet nh cc mng SPAN, NASA network, HEPNET, BITNET, IBM
network, EARN. Vic lin kt cc mng c thc hin thng qua rt nhiu ng ni c tc
rt cao.
Hin nay mt my tnh c gi l thnh vin ca Internet nu my tnh c giao thc
truyn d liu TCP/IP, c mt a ch IP trn mng v n c th gi cc gi tin IP n tt c cc
my tnh khc trn mng Internet.

80

Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp thng qua mt nh cung cp dch v Internet ngi
s dng kt ni my ca mnh vi my ch ca nh phc v v c cung cp mt a ch tm
thi trc khi khai thc cc ti nguyn ca Internet. My tnh ca ngi c th gi cc gi
tin cho cc my khc bng a ch tm thi v a ch s tr li cho nh cung cp khi kt
thc lin lc. V my tnh ca ngi s dng trong thi gian lin kt vi Internet cng c mt
a ch IP nn ngi ta vn coi my tnh l thnh vin ca Internet.
Vo nm 1992 cng ng Internet ra i nhm thc y s pht trin ca Internet v
iu hnh n. Hin nay Internet c 5 dch v chnh:
Th in t (Email): y l dch v c t khi mng ARPANET mi c thit lp, n
cho php gi v nhn th in t cho mi thnh vin khc trong mng.
Thng tin mi (News): Cc vn thi s c chuyn thnh cc din n cho php
mi ngi quan tm c th trao i cc thng tin cho nhau, hin nay hin nay c hng nghn
di n v mi mt trn Internet.
ng nhp t xa (Remote Login): Bng cc chng trnh nh Telnet, Rlogin ngi s

vn

dng c th t mt trm ca Internet ng nhp (logon) vo mt trm khc nu nh ngi

4.

c ng k trn my tnh kia.

ch
2

Chuyn file (File transfer): Bng chng trnh FTP ngi s dng c th chp cc file
t mt my tnh trn mng Internet ti mt my tnh khc. Ngi ta c th chp nhiu phn

Te

mm, c s d liu, bi bo bng cch trn.

81

Dch v WWW (World Wide Web): WWW l mt dch v c bit cung cp thng tin t
xa trn mng Internet. Cc tp tin siu vn bn c lu tr trn my ch s cung cp cc
thng tin v dn ng trn mng cho php ngi s dng d dng Truy cp cc tp tin vn

Te

ch
2

4.

vn

bn, ha, m thanh.

Hnh 9.5: V d mt trang Web cho php d dng khai thc cc trang Web khc
Ngi s dng nhn c thng tin di dng cc trang vn bn, mt trang l mt n
th nm trong my chu. y l dch v ang mang li sc thu ht to ln cho mng Internet,
chng ta c th xy dng cc trang Web bng ngn ng HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
vi nhiu dng phong ph nh vn bn, hnh v, video, ting ni v c th c cc kt ni vi
cc trang Web khc. Khi cc trang c t trn cc my ch Web th thng qua Internet
ngi ta c th xem c s th hin ca cc trang Web trn v c th xem cc trang web
khc m n ch n.

82

Cc phn mm thng dng c s dng hin nay xy dng v duyt cc trang

Web l Mosaic, Navigator ca Netscape, Internet Explorer ca Microsoft, Web Access ca

Te

ch
2

4.

vn

Novell.

Chng 10 :
83

Gii thiu v h iu hnh mng Windows NT

I. Th no l mt h iu hnh mng
Vi vic ghp ni cc my tnh thnh mng th cn thit phi c mt h thng phn
mm c chc nng qun l ti nguyn, tnh ton v x l truy nhp mt cch thng nht trn
mng, h nh vy c gi l h iu hnh mng. Mi ti nguyn ca mng nh tp, a, thit
b ngoi vi c qun l bi mt tin trnh nht nh v h iu hnh mng iu khin s tng
tc gia cc tin trnh v truy cp ti cc tin trnh .
Cn c vo vic truy nhp ti nguyn trn mng ngi ta chia cc thc th trong mng
thnh hai loi ch v khch, trong my khch (Client) truy nhp c vo ti nguyn ca
mng nhng khng chia s ti nguyn ca n vi mng, cn my ch (Server) l my tnh nm
trn mng v chia s ti nguyn ca n vi cc ngi dng mng.
Hin nay cc h iu hnh mng thng c chia lm hai loi l h iu hnh mng
ngang hng (Peer-to-peer) v h iu hnh mng phn bit (client/server).

vn

Vi h iu hnh mng ngang hng mi my tnh trn mng c th va ng vai tr ch

ln khch tc l chng va c th s dng ti nguyn ca mng ln chia s ti nguyn ca n

4.

cho mng, v d: LANtastic ca Artisoft, NetWare lite ca Novell, Windows (for Workgroup, 95,

ch
2

NT Client) ca Microsoft.

Vi h iu hnh mng phn bit cc my tnh c phn bit ch v khch, trong

Te

my ch mng (Server) gi vai tr ch v cc my cho ngi s dng gi vai tr khch (cc

trm). Khi c nhu cu truy nhp ti nguyn trn mng cc trm to ra cc yu cu v gi chng
ti my ch sau my ch thc hin v gi tr li. V d cc h iu hnh mng phn bit:
Novell Netware, LAN Manager ca Microsoft, Windows NT Server ca Microsoft, LAN Server
ca IBM, Vines ca Banyan System vi server dng h iu hnh Unix.
II. H iu hnh mng Windows NT
Windows NT l h iu hnh mng cao cp ca hng Microsoft. Phin bn u c tn l
Windows NT 3.1 pht hnh nm 1993, v phin bn server l Windows NT Advanced Server
(trc l LAN Manager for NT). Nm 1994 phin bn Windows NT Server v Windows NT
Workstation version 3.5 c pht hnh. Tip theo ra i cc bn version 3.51. Cc phin
bn workstation c s dng thnh lp mng ngang hng; cn cc bn server dnh cho qun
l file tp trung, in n v chia s cc ng dng.
Nm 1995, Windows NT Workstation v Windows NT Server version 4.0 ra i kt
hp shell ca ngi anh em Windows 95 ni ting pht hnh trc khng lu (trc y

84

shell ca Windows NT ging shell ca Windows 3.1) kt hp c giao din quen thuc, d
s dng ca Windows 95 v s mnh m, an ton, bo mt cao ca Windows NT.
Windows NT c hai bn m n i i vi hai cch tip cn mng khc nhau. Hai bn
ny gi l Windows NT Workstation v Windows NT server. Vi h iu hnh chun ca NT ta
c th xy dng mng ngang hng, my ch mng v mi cng c qun tr cn thit cho mt
my ch mng ngoi ra cn c th c nhiu gii php v xy dng mng din rng. C hai bn
Windows NT station v Windows NT server cng c xy dng trn c s nhn NT chung v
cc giao din v c hai cng c nhng c trng an ton theo tiu chun C2. Windows NT
Wordstation c s dng kt ni nhng nhm ngi s dng nh, thng cng lm vic
trong mt vn phng. Tuy nhin vi Windows NT server ta c c mt kh nng chng hng
hc cao, nhng kh nng cung cp dch v mng ln v nhng la chon kt ni khc nhau,
Windows NT Server khng hn ch v s ngi c th thm nhp vo mng.
Vi Windows NT ta cng c nhng cng c qun tr t xa vo mng m c th thc
hin c vic qun tr t nhng my tnh xa. N thch hp vi tt c cc s mng BUS,

vn

STAR, RING v hn hp.

4.

Windows NT l h iu hnh c sc mnh cng nghip u tin cho s lng khng l

ch
2

cc my tnh IBM compatible. Windows NT l mt h iu hnh thc s dnh cho ngi s

dng, cc c quan, cc cng ty x nghip. Windows NT l mt h iu hnh a nhim, a x l

Te

vi a ch 32 bit b nh. N ym tr cc ng dng DOS, Windows, Win32 GUI v cc ng

dng da trn k t. Windows NT server l mt h iu hnh mng hon chnh, n nhanh
chng c tha nhn l mt trong nhng h iu hnh tt nht hin nay v:
L h iu hnh mng p ng tt c cc giao thc truyn thng ph dng nht. Ngoi
ra n va cho php giao lu gia cc my trong mng, va cho php truy nhp t xa, cho php
truyn file v.v... Windows NT l h iu hnh va p ng cho mng cc b (LAN) va p
ng cho mng din rng (WAN) nh Intranet, Internet.
Windows NT server hn hn cc h iu hnh khc bi tnh mm do, a dng trong
qun l. N va cho php qun l mng theo m hnh mng phn bit (Clien/Server), va cho
php qun l theo m hnh mng ngang hng (peer to peer).
Windows NT server p ng tt nht cc dch v vin thng, mt dch v c s dng
rng ri trong tng lai.
Windows NT server ci t n gin, nh nhng v iu quan trng nht l n tng
thch vi hu nh tt c cc h mng, n khng i hi ngi ta phi thay i nhng g c.

85

Cho php dng cc dch v truy cp t xa (Remote access service - RAS), c kh nng
php v n 64 cng truy nhp t xa (trong Lan manager 16 cng).
p ng cho c cc my trm Macintosh ni vi Windows NT server.
Windows NT ym tr mi nghi thc mng chun nh NetBUEI, IPX/SPX, TCP/IP v cc
nghi thc khc. Windows NT cng tng thch vi nhng mng thng dng hin nay nh
Novell NetWare, Banyan VINES, v Microsoft LAN Manager. i vi mng ln v kh nng
thm nhp t xa sn phm Windows NT Server cng cng cp cc chc nng b xung nhu kh
nng kt ni vi my tnh ln v my MAC.
III. Cu trc ca h iu hnh Windows NT
Windows NT c thit k s dng cch tip cn theo n th (modular). Cc n th
khc nhau (cn c gi l cc b phn, thnh phn) ca Windows NT c trnh by trong
hnh 1 Cc b phn ca Windows NT c th chy di hai ch : User (ngi s dng) v
Kernel (ct li ca h iu hnh). Khi mt thnh phn ca h iu hnh chy di ct li ca h

qut ton b ti nguyn trn h thng my tnh.

vn

iu hnh (Kernel), n truy cp y cc ch th my cho b x l v c th truy cp tng

4.

Trong Windows NT: Executive Services, Kernel v HAL chy di ch ct li ca h

ch
2

iu hnh.

H thng con (Subsystem) Win 32 v cc h thng con v mi trng, chng hn nh

Te

DOS/Win 16.0S/2 v h thng con POSIX chy di ch user. Bng cch t cc h thng
con ny trong ch user, cc nh thit k Windows NT c th hiu chnh chng d dng hn
m khng cn thay i cc thnh phn c thit k chy di ch Kernel.

86

vn
4.
ch
2

Hnh 10.1: Cu trc Windows NT

Te

Cc lp chnh ca h iu hnh WINDOWS NT SERVER gm:

Lp phn cng tru t ng (Hardware Astraction Layer - HAL): L phn cng my
tnh m ct li ca h iu hnh (Kernel) c th c ghi vo giao din phn cng o, thay v
vo phn cng my tnh thc s. Phn ln ct li ca h iu hnh s dng HAL truy cp
cc ti nguyn my tnh. iu ny c ngha l ct li ca h iu hnh v tt c cc thnh phn
khc ph thuc vo ct li c th d dng xut (Ported) thng qua Microsoft n cc nn (
Platform ) phn cng khc. Mt thnh phn nh trong ct li ca h iu hnh, cng nh b
qun l Nhp / Xut truy cp phn cng my tnh trc tip m khng cn bao gm HAL.
Lp Kernel c
t li c a h i
u hnh): Cung cp cc chc nng h iu hnh c bn
c s dng bi cc thnh phn thc thi khc. Thnh phn Kernel tng i nh v cung cp
cc thnh phn ct yu cho nhng chc nng ca h iu hnh. Kernel ch yu chu trch
nhim qun l lung, qun l phn cng v ng b a s l.
Cc thnh phn Executive: L cc thnh phn h iu hnh ch Kernel thi hnh
cc dch v nh :
Qun l i tng (object manager)

87

Bo mt (security reference monitor)

Qun l tin trnh (process manager)
Qun l b nh o (virtual memory manager)
Th tc cc b gi tin ch, v qun tr nhp/xut (I/O Manager)
IV.C ch qun l ca Windows NT
1. Qun l
i t ng (Object Manager):
Tt c ti nguyn ca h iu hnh c thc thi nh cc i tng. Mt i tng l
mt i din tru tng ca mt ti nguyn. N m t trng thi bn trong v cc tham s ca
ti nguyn v tp hp cc phng thc (method) c th c s dng truy cp v iu
khin i tng.
V d mt i tng tp tin s c mt tn tp tin, thng tin trng thi trn file v danh
sch cc phng thc, nh to, m,ng v xa, i tng m t cc thao tc c th c
thc hin trn i tng file.
Bng cch x l ton b ti nguyn nh i tng Windows NT c th thc hin cc

vn

phng thc ging nhau nh: to i tng, bo v i tng, gim st vic s dng i

4.

tng (Client object) gim st nhng ti nguyn c s dng bi mt i tng.

ch
2

Vic qun l i tng (Object Manager) cung cp mt h thng t tn phn cp cho

tt c cc i tng trong h thng. Do , tn i tng tn ti nh mt phn ca khng gian

Te

tn ton cc v c s dng theo di vic to v s dng i tng.

Sau y l mt s v d ca loi i tng Windows NT :
i tng Directory (th mc).
i tng File (tp tin).
i tng kiu object.
i tng Process (tin trnh).
i tng thread (lung).
i tng Section and segment (m t b nh).
i tng Port (cng).
i tng Semaphore v bin c.
i tng lin kt Symbolic (k hiu).
2. C ch bo mt (SRM - Security Reference Monitor):
c s dng thc hin vn an ninh trong h thng Windows NT. Cc yu cu
to mt i tng phi c chuyn qua SRM quyt nh vic truy cp ti nguyn c cho

88

php hay khng. SRM lm vic vi h thng con bo mt trong ch user. H thng con ny
c s dng xc nhn user login vo h thng Windows NT.
kim sot vic truy cp, mi i tng Windows NT c mt danh sch an ton
(Access Control List - ACL). Danh sch an ton ca mi i tng gm nhng phn t ring
bit gi l Access Control Entry (ACE). Mi ACE cha mt SecurityID (SID: s hiu an ton)
ca ngi s dng hoc nhm. Mt SID l mt s bn trong s dng vi my tnh Windows NT
m t mt ngi s dng hoc mt nhm duy nht gia cc my tnh Windows NT.
Ngoi SID, ACE cha mt danh sch cc hnh ng (action) c cho php hoc b t
chi ca mt user hoc mt nhm. Khi ngi s dng ng nhp vo mng Windows NT, sau
khi vic nhn dng thnh cng, mt Security Access Token (SAT) c to cho ngi dng .
SAT cha SID ca ngi dng v SID ca tt c cc nhm ngi dng thuc mng Windows
NT. Sau SAT hot ng nh mt "passcard" (th chuyn) cho phin lm vic ca ngi
dng v c s dng kim tra tt c hot ng ca ngi dng.
Khi ngi dng tham gia mng truy cp mt i tng, Security Reference Monitor kim

vn

tra b m t bo mt ca i tng xem SID lit k trong SAT c ph hp vi gi tr trong ACE

Te

ch
2

4.

khng. Nu ph hp, cc quyn v an ninh c lit trong ACE p dng cho ngi dng .

Hnh 10.2: V d v
danh sch an ton (Access Control List).

3. Qun l nhp / xut (I/O Manager) :
Chu trch nhim cho ton b cc chc nng nhp / xut trong h iu hnh Windows
NT. I/O Manager lin lc vi trnh iu khin ca cc thit b khc nhau.
4. I/O Manager:
Ss dng mt kin trc lp cho cc trnh iu khin. Mi b phn iu khin trong lp
ny thc hin mt chc nng c xc nh r. Phng php tip cn ny cho php mt thnh
phn iu khin c thay th d dng m khng nh hng phn cn li ca cc b phn
iu khin.

89

Hnh 10.3:Cc trnh i
u khin thit b theo lp c a I / O Manager

V. Cc c ch bo v d liu trong Windows NT
C ch bo v d liu ca Windows NT gi l fault tolerance, n cho php h thng kh

vn

nng tip tc lm vic v bo ton d liu ca h thng trong trng hp mt phn ca h

thng c s c hng hc sai lch. Trong Windows NT c ch fault tolerance bao gm cc bin

ch
2

Chng cp in bt thng.

4.

php sau:

Cung cp kh nng bo v h thng a (fault tolerance disk subsystem).

Te

Cung cp kh nng sao chp d phng (backup) t bng t.

Kh nng bo v h thng a ca Windows NT l RAID (vit tt ca Redundant Array
of Inexpensiredisk). Thc cht RAID l mt lot cc bin php bo v h thng a. Cc bin
php trong RIAD c chia thnh 6 mc sau:
Mc 0: y l mc ng vi bin php chia nh a (disk striping). Thc cht ni dung
ca bin php ny l phn chia d liu thnh khi v sau sp xp cc khi d liu theo th
t trong tt c cc a thnh 1 mng.
Mc 1: Mc ny ng vi bin php disk Mirroring, bin php ny cho php to ra 2 a
ging nhau. Nu trong qu trnh vn hnh mng mt a c s c th h thng s dng d liu
ca a kia.
Mc 2: Mc ny ng vi bin php phn chia nh a bng cch phn chia cc file
thnh cc byte v sp xp cc byte sang nhiu a. Mc ny s dng m sa sai (error
correcting code) trong qu trnh phn chia a. Ni chung bin php dng mc ny tt hn
bin php dng trong mc 1.

90

Mc 3: Mc ny s dng bin php ging mc 2. Tuy nhin m sa sai (error

correction code) ch s dng cho mt a. Khng p dng cho nhiu a nh mc 2. Ngi ta
thng dng mc ny truy nhp vo mt s t file c dung tch ln.
Mc 4: Mc ny s dng bin php ging mc 2 v 3 nhng bng phng php
phn chia a thnh cc khi ln. Ging nh mc 3 tt c cc m sa sai (error correction
code) c hgi vo mt a v tch khi khi d liu.
Mc 5: Trong mc ny ngi ta s dng bin php phn chia a thnh tng phn gi
l Striping with party. Bin php s dng mc ny tng t nh c 4, s liu c phn nh
thnh cc khi ln v sau ghi vo tt c cc a. Cc thng tin (party Infomation) c coi
nh cc d liu dng tm thi (data redundancy).
Ngoi ra chng ta cn c th p dng cc bin php bo v d liu trong Windows NT:
Bin php Disk mirroring: Disk mirroring l cch sao tm (redundant) li a hoc
partition. Bin php ny bo v d liu trnh cc s c bng cch da ra ch thng xuyn
backup a hoc partition. Hnh di ch ra cch dng bin php Mirroring:

vn

Disk Duplexing: Bin php dng a kp (Disk Duplexing) tng t nh disk mirroring

4.

ch khc l chng dng 2 disk controler. Diu ny cho thn h nng bo v khi controler ca

ch
2

mt a c s c. Trong khi bin php Mirror khng th khc phc c tnh hung ny.
Mirror Set: Cc partition hoc a trong ch Mirror c to ra bng cch lp sao li

Te

partition hoc a trn a khc cng mt tn a c gn cho c 2 partition. Ta c th dng

establish Mirror trong menu Fault tolerance. Nu a hoc partition trong ch Mirror b li th
ch Mirror cn phi ngt thc hin ch sao chp d phng vo mt a ring. Sau
sao backup tr li.
VI. Gii thiu v hot ng ca Windows NT Server
Khi chng ta khi ng Windows NT Server hp Begin logon s hin ra, server ch i
chng ta bm Ctrl+Alt +Del c th tip tc hot ng. y c im khc vi cc h iu
hnh DOS, Windows 95 l t hp Ctrl+Alt +Del khng phi l khi ng li my. Trong trng
hp ny Windows NT loi b mi chng trnh Virus hay khng c php ang hot ng trc
khi bc vo lm vic.

91

Hnh 10.4: Thng bo gia nhp mng

Lc ny chng ta s thy hp Logon Information xut hin v yu cu chng ta phi
nh ng tn v mt khu th mi c ng nhp vo Server. Nu l ngi dng mi th
phi c ngi qun tr khai bo tn v mt khu trc khi ng nhp..

vn

Hnh 10.5: Mn hnh gia nhp mng

4.

Cng ging nh mn hnh nn ca h iu hnh Windows 95 khi mun thc hin cc

Te

ch
2

trnh, gi cc menu h thng chng ta dng nt Start cui mn hnh

Hnh 10.6: im kh"i u c a Windows

Trc mun kt thc chng trnh v tt my chng ta phi bm phm Start ri chn
ShutDown, mn hnh kt thc s hin ra cho chng ta la chon cng yu cu v tt hay khi
ng li.

92

Hnh 10.7: Mn hnh thot kh#i Windows

Chng 11
H thng qun l ca mng Windows NT
Cc mng my tnh hin nay c thit k rt a dng v ang thc hin nhng ng
dng trn nhiu lnh vc ca i sng x hi. iu c ngha l cc thng tin lu tr trn
mng v cc thng tin truyn giao trn mng ngy cng mang nhiu gi tr c ngha sng cn.
Do vy nhng ngi qun tr mng ngy cng phi quan tm n vic bo v cc ti nguyn
ca mnh.
Vic bo v an ton l qu trnh bo v mng khi b xm nhp hoc mt mt, khi thit

vn

k cc h iu hnh mng ngi ta phi xy dng mt h thng qun l nhiu tng v linh hot

4.

gip cho ngi qun tr mng c th thc hin nhng phng n v qun l t n gin mc
thp cho n phc tp mc cao trong nhng mng c nhiu ngi tham gia. Thng qua

ch
2

nhng cng c qun tr c xy dng san ngi qun tr c th xy dng nhng c ch

v an ton ph hp vi c quan ca mnh.

Te

Thng thng h thng mng c nhng mc qun l chnh sau:

Mc qun l vic thm nhp mng (Login/Password): Mc qun l vic thm nhp
mng (Login/Password) xc nh nhng ai v lc no c th vo mng. i vi ngi qun tr
v ngi s dng mng, mc an ton ny dng nh kh n gin m theo mi ngi s
dng (ngi s dng) c mt tn login v mt khu duy nht.
Mc qun l trong vic qun l s dng cc ti nguyn ca mng: Kim sot
nhng ti nguyn no m ngi s dng c php truy cp, s dng v s dng nh th
no.
Mc qun l vi th mc v file: Mc an ton ca file kim sot nhng file v th
mc no ngi s dng c dng trn mng v c s dng mc no
Mc qun l vic iu khin File Server: Mc an ton trn my ch kim sot ai c
th c thc hin cc thao tc trn my ch nh bt, tt, chy cc chng trnh khc. Ngi
ta cn c c ch nh mt khu bo v.

93

I. Qun l cc ti nguyn trong mng

Nh chng ta bit, mng LAN cung cp cc dch v theo hai cch: qua cch chia s
ti nguyn theo nguyn tc ngang hng v thng qua nhng my ch trung tm. D bt c
phng php no c s dng, vn cn phi gii quyt l l gip ngi s dng xc nh
c cc ti nguyn c san u c th s dng.
Cc k thut sau y c s dng t chc ti nguyn mng my tnh:
1. Qun l n l tng my ch (Stand-alone Services)
Vi cch qun l ny trong mng LAN thng ch c mt vi my ch, mi my ch s
qun l ti nguyn ca mnh, mi ngi s dng mun thm nhp nhng ti nguyn ca my
ch no th phi khai bo v chu s qun l ca my ch . M hnh trn ph hp vi nhng
mng nh vi t my ch v khi c trc trc trn mt my ch th ton mng vn hot ng.
Cng v trong mng LAN ch c t my ch, do ngi s dng khng my kh khn tm
cc tp tin, my in v cc ti nguyn khc ca mng (plotter, CDRom, modem...).

vn

Vic t chc nh vy khng cn nhng dch v qun l ti nguyn phc tp. Tuy nhin

4.

khi trong mng c t hai my ch tr ln vn tr nn phc tp hn v mi my ch ring l

ch
2

gi ring bng danh sch cc ngi s dng v ti nguyn ca mnh. Khi mi ngi s
dng phi to lp v bo tr ti khon ca mnh hai my ch khc nhau mi c th ng nhp

Te

(logon) v truy xut n cc my ch ny. Ngoi ra vic xc nh v tr ca cc ti nguyn trong

mng cng rt kh khn khi mng c qui m ln.
2. Qun l theo dch v th mc (Directory Services)
H thng cc dch v th mc cho php lm vic vi mng nh l mt h thng thng
nht, ti nguyn mng c nhm li mt cch logic d tm hn. Gii php ny c th c
dng cho nhng mng ln. y thay v phi ng nhp vo nhiu my ch, ngi s dng
ch cn ng nhp vo mng v c cc dch v th mc cp quyn truy cp n ti nguyn
mng, cho d c cung cp bi bt k my ch no.
Ngi qun tr mng ch cn thc hin cng vic ca mnh ti mt trm trn mng mc
d cc im nt ca n c th nm trn c th gii. H iu hnh Netware 4.x cung cp dch v
ni ting v y u th cnh tranh ny vi tn gi Netware Directory Services (NDS).
Gii php ny thch hp vi nhng mng ln. Cc thng tin ca NDS c t trong
mt h thng c s d liu ng b, rng khp c gi l DIB (Data Information Base). C
s d liu trn qun l cc d liu di dng cc i tng phn bit trn ton mng. Cc nh
ngha i tng s c t trn cc tp tin ring ca mt s my ch c bit, mi i tng

94

c cc tnh cht v gi tr ca mi tnh cht. i tng bao hm tt c nhng g c tn phn

bit nh Ngi s dng, File server, Print server, group. Mi loi i tng c nhng tnh cht
khc nhau v d nh i tng Ngi s dng c tnh cht v nhm m ngi s dng
thuc, cn nhm c cc tnh cht v ngi s dng m nhm cha.
Vic thit lp cc dch v nh vy cn c lp k hoch, thit k rt cn thn, lin
quan n tt c cc n v phng ban c lin quan. Loi mng ny c khuyt im l vic thit
k, thit lp mng rt phc tp, mt nhiu thi gian nn khng thch hp cho cc mng nh.
3. Qun l theo nhm (Workgroup)
Cc nhm lm vic lm vic theo tng ngc li vi cc dch v th mc. Nhm lm
vic da trn nguyn tc mng ngang hng (peer-to-peer network), cc ngi s dng chia s
ti nguyn trn my tnh ca mnh vi nhng ngi khc, my no cng va l ch (server)
va l khch (client). Ngi s dng c th cho php cc ngi s dng khc s dng tp tin,
my in, modem... ca mnh, v n lt mnh c th s dng cc ti nguyn c cc ngi
s dng khc chia s trn mng. Mi c nhn ngi s dng qun l vic chia s ti nguyn

vn

trn my ca mnh bng cch xc nh ci g s c chia s v ai s c quyn truy cp. Mng

4.

ny hot ng n gin: sau khi logon vo, ngi s dng c th duyt (browse) tm cc ti

ch
2

nguyn c san trn mng.

Workgroup l nhm logic cc my tnh v cc ti nguyn ca chng ni vi nhau trn

Te

mng m cc my tnh trong cng mt nhm c th cung cp ti nguyn cho nhau. Mi my

tnh trong mt workgroup duy tr chnh sch bo mt v CSDL qun l ti khon bo mt SAM
(Security Account Manager) ring mi my. Do qun tr workgroup bao gm vic qun tr
CSDL ti khon bo mt trn mi my tnh mt cch ring l, mang tnh cc b, phn tn. iu
ny r rng rt phin phc v c th khng th lm c i vi mt mng rt ln.
Nhng workgroup cng c im l n gin, tin li v chia s ti nguyn hiu qu, do
thch hp vi cc mng nh, gm cc nhm ngi s dng tng t nhau.
Tuy nhin Workgroup da trn c s mng ngang hng (peer-to-peer), nn c hai tr
ngi i vi cc mng ln nh sau:
i vi mng ln, c qu nhiu ti nguyn c san trn mng lm cho cc ngi s
dng kh xc nh chng khai thc.
Ngi s dng mun chia s ti nguyn thng s dng mt cch d hn chia s
ti nguyn ch vi mt s hn ch ngi s dng khc.
in hnh cho loi mng ny l Windws for Workgroups, LANtastic, LAN Manager...
Window 95, Windows NT Workstation.

95

4. Qun l theo vng (Domain)

Domain mn tng t th mc v nhm lm vic. Ging nh mt workgroup,
domain c th c qun tr bng hn hp cc bin php qun l tp trung v a phng.
Domain l mt tp hp cc my tnh dng chung mt nguyn tc bo mt v CSDL ti khon
ngi dng (ngi s dng account). Nhng ti khon ngi dng v nguyn tc an ton c
th c nhn thy khi thuc vo mt CSDL chung v c tp trung.
Ging nh mt th mc, mt domain t chc ti nguyn ca mt vi my ch vo mt
c cu qun tr. Ngi s dng c cp quyn logon vo domain ch khng phi vo tng
my ch ring l. Ngoi ra, v domain iu khin ti nguyn ca mt s my ch, nn vic qun
l cc ti khon ca ngi s dng c tp trung v do tr nn d dng hn l phi qun
l mt mng vi nhiu my ch c lp.
Cc my ch trong mt domain cung cp dch v cho cc ngi s dng. Mt ngi s
dng khi logon vo domain th c th truy cp n tt c ti nguyn thuc domain m h c
cp quyn truy cp. H c th d tm (browse) cc ti nguyn ca domain ging nh trong mt

vn

workgroup, nhng n an ton, bo mt hn.

4.

xy dng mng da trn domain, ta phi c t nht mt my Windows NT Server

ch
2

trn mng. Mt my tnh Windows NT c th thuc vo mt workgroup hoc mt domain,

nhng khng th ng thi thuc c hai. M hnh domain c thit lp cho cc mng ln vi

Te

kh nng kt ni cc mng ton x nghip hay lin kt cc kt ni mng vi cc mng khc v

nhng cng c cn thit iu hnh.

Vic nhm nhng ngi s dng mng v ti nguyn trn mng thnh domain c li ch
sau:
M s ca ngi s dng c qun l tp trung mt ni trong mt c s d liu ca
my ch, do vy qun l cht ch hn.
Cc ngun ti nguyn cc b c nhm vo trong mt domain nn d khai thc hn.
Qun l theo Workgroup v domain l hai m hnh m Windows NT la chn. S khc nhau
cn bn gia Workgroup v domain l trong mt domain phi c t nht mt my ch (my ch)
v ti nguyn ngi s dng phi c qun l bi my ch .
II. H thng qun l trn H iu hnh mng Windows NT Server
Windows NT cung cp nhng chc nng tun theo chun C2 (chun v an ton quc
t) trong Windows NT m bo trnh c nhng ngi khng c php vo trong h
thng hoc thm nhp vo cc file v chng trnh trn a cng. Ngi ta khng th thm
nhp vo c nu khng c mt khu ng. v qua bo v c cc file. Windows NT

96

cung cp cng c xy dng cc lp quyn dnh cho nhiu nhim v khc nhau nhm xy
dng h thng an ton mt cch mm do.
Nhiu ngi s dng c th c quyn vo mt my ch Windows NT. Mt ti khon ca
ngi s dng trn my bao gm tn, mt khu v nhiu tnh cht c cho bi ngi qun tr
mng. Ngi s dng c th che cc th mc hay file ca mnh t nhng ngi khc v ci
t cc thng s ca File manager, Programe Manager, Control Panel mt cch ph hp.
Khi ngi dng thm nhp vo h thng th t ng khi ng mi thng s c
lu tr t trc. Nu ngi s dng c quyn cao hn th h c th chia s hoc ngng cc ti
nguyn ang dng chung trn mng nh my in hay file hoc h c th thay i quyn ca
nhng ngi dng mng khc khi thm nhp vo mng.
1. M hnh Workgroup (nhm) ca mng Windows NT
Mi ngi truy cp vo mng Windows NT t chc theo m hnh Workgroup cn phi
ng k:
Tn vo mng

vn

Mt khu vo mng

4.

Da vo tn v mt khu cho, Windows NT cung cp cho ngi mt s gi l m s

ch
2

ca ngi s dng (user account). M s ny c lu d trong c s d liu l h thng

qun tr ti nguyn (SAM - Security Account Manager database). H thng qun tr ti nguyn

Te

dng m bo an ton v ti nguyn trn mng. Ngi vo mng mun truy nhp vo ti
nguyn phi qua s kim duyt ca h thng qun tr ti nguyn. Trong m hnh Workgroup
mi my trm c mt ngun ti nguyn tng ng vi mt h thng qun tr ti nguyn bo v
n.
Ch : Mi ngi khai thc mng phi nh nhiu m s, v ng vi mi my trm c
mt h thng qun tr ti nguyn ring ca n.
2. M hnh vng (Domain)
Domain l mt khi nim rt c bn trong Windows NT server, n l ht nhn t
chc cc mng c quy m ln.
Mi ngi tham gia trong Domain cn phi ng k thng tin sau:
Tn Domain
Tn ngi s dng
Mt khu
Cc thng tin ny c lu my ch di dng mt m s, gi l ti khon ngi s
dng (user account) v cc m s ca ngi s dng trong mt domain c t chc thnh

97

mt c s d liu trn my ch. Khi ngi s dng mun truy nhp vo mt Domain ngi
phi chn tn Domain trong hp thoi trn my trm. My trm s chuyn cc thng tin v h
thng qun tr ti nguyn (SAM - Security Account Manager database) ca Domain kim tra.
Khi h thng qun tr ti nguyn trn my ch s kim tra cc thng tin ny, nu kt qu
kim tra l ng, ngi khai thc mi c quyn truy nhp vo ti nguyn ca Domain.
Mt my Windows NT m khng tham gia vo mt Domain c nhc im sau:
My trm ch c th cung cp cc m s c to ra trn n. Nu my ny b h hng
th nhng ngi khai thc mng khng th truy nhp bng m s ca h. Nu my ny nm
trong mt Domain no th cc m s ny cn c lu trong SAM ca mt Domain trn my
My ch.
Qua my trm khng tham gia vo Domain, ngi khai thc mng khng th truy nhp
vo ti nguyn ca Domain, mc d m s ca ca ngi ny c trong SAM ca Domain
Trong mt Domain thng c cc loi my thc hin nhng cng vic sau:
Primary domain Controller (PDC), bao gi cng phi c qun tr h thng cc ngi

vn

s dng v cc ti khon trong Domain (h thng ny gi l c s d liu SAM - Security

4.

Account Manager ca Domain). SAM trn my ch c thit k nh h thng kim sot

ch
2

Domain. Trong mt Domain ch c duy nht mt PDC.

Ngoi ra h thng cn c mt hay nhiu my lm Backup Domain Controller (BDC). Cc

Te

BDC c th dng thay th cho my PDC trong trng hp cn thit, chng hn my PDC b h
Ngi qun tr Domain ch cn to ti khon ngi s dng (user account) ch mt ln trn my
Primary Domain Controller, thng tin c t dng copy n cc my Backup Domain
Controller.
3. M hnh quan h gia cc Domain trong mng Windows NT
Trong mt mng c th c nhiu Domain nhng mt my tnh Windows NT l thnh vin
ca ch mt domain ti mi thi im. Tuy nhin, c mt vi trng hp i khi chng ta cn
truy cp ti nguyn trong nhng domain khc, l c iu ny h iu hnh Windows NT
server cho php gia cc Domain c th tn ti mt quan h gi l quan h tin cy (trust
relationship). Chng ta c th s dng quan h tin cy gia cc Domain cho php ngi dng
trn mt Domain truy cp ti nguyn trong Domain khc.
Hai Domain A, B gi l quan h tin cy (trust relationship) m trong Domain A tin cy
Domain B nu gia chng c mt mi lin kt sao cho ngi khai thc mng ca Domain B c
th truy nhp vo Domain A t mt my trm trong Domain B.

98

T gc ca ngi qun tr mng mc ch ca vic thit lp quan h tin cy gia cc

Domain l lm cho vic qun l mng tr ln n gin hn bng cch kt hp cc Domain vo
mt n v qun l. Trong quan h tin cy cc Domain c chia ra nh sau:
Domain c tin cy (trusted domain)
Domain tin cy (trusting domain)
Mt Domain l loi ny hoc loi kia thng thng ph thuc vo n cha m s ca
ngi s dng (ngi s dng account) hay ch cha ti nguyn (resource)
Domain tin cy (trusting domain) l Domain cha ti nguyn.
Domain c tin cy (trusted domain) l Domain cha m s ngi s dng.
Khi ngi s dng truy nhp t mt my trm trong Domain tin cy (trusting domain)
vo Domain c tin cy (trusted domain) th qu trnh kim sot din ra nh sau:
Ngi s dng phi cho m s (m s ny ng vi tn, mt khu, tn domain cn truy
nhp)
M s c chuyn v my ch ca Domain tin cy.

vn

My ch ca Domain tin cy chuyn m s ny sang Domain c tin cy.

4.

Kt qu kim tra ca my ch trong Domain c tin cy din ra theo qu trnh ngc li

ch
2

y chng ta ch :

Vic lin kt gia cc Domain khng c tnh bc cu.

Te

Thng qua vic thit lp mi quan h tin tng, chng ta c th s dng mt ti khon
truy xut n nhiu ti nguyn ca nhiu Domain. C th qun tr nhiu Domain t mt v tr
tp trung.

Hnh 11.1: M hnh tin cy c a cc Domain trong mng Windows NT

99

4. Nhm (group) trong Windows NT

Trong mng Windows NT khi nim nhm (group) l mt trong nhng khi nim quan
trng i vi cng vic qun l, iu hnh mng Windows NT. Nhm lm cho vic khai thc ti
nguyn c d dng thun li v n gin ha vic qun tr. Mi nhm c ng k bi mt
ti khon (group account) v c cc thnh vin ca n. Cc quyn c gn cho nhm s
t ng gn cho cc ngi s dng l thnh vin ca nhm. Cc tin li ca nhm nh sau:
Quyn c th c gn cho, hoc hy i trn mi thnh vin ca nhm.
Khi mt ngi s dng b loi ra khi nhm, th t ng b mt cc quyn c cp
khi cn trong nhm.
Trong mng Windows NT ngi ta phn bit phn bit hai loi nhm l nhm ton cc
(global group) v nhm cc b (local group).
5. Nhm ton cc (global group)
Nhm ton cc cn c gi l nhm vng (domain group). Thnh vin ca nhm l
cc ngi dng cp vng (domain user). H ngc li vi ngi dng cc b (local user) l

vn

ngi c phm vi gii hn trong my tnh m h c xc nh. Thnh vin ca nhm ton cc

4.

c php chuyn ra ngoi (export) mt Domain khc. Phm vi ca nhm ton cc l ton b

ch
2

vng trn user dc xc nh, v thy c t bt k my tnh NT no trong vng .

Quyn c th c gn cho nhm ton cc cho cc ti nguyn trn mt my NT Server hay NT

Te

Workstation trong vng.

Cc ti khon nhm ton cc c lu PDC (Primary DomainController) ca Domain,

v c sao lu n cc BDC (Backup Domain Controller) trong Domain .
Nhm ton cc c nhng c trng sau:
Thnh vin ca nhm phi l cc ngi s dng ca domain (domain user account).
Nhm ton cc c th c gn quyn cho ti nguyn bt k trong vng m chng
c xc nh.
Nhm ton cc c th c gn quyn n cc ti nguyn trong vng khc vi vng
chng c xc nh khi quan h tin cy (trust relationship) gia cc vng c hiu lc.
Cc thnh vin ca nhm ton cc c th s dng ngun ti nguyn trong vng bt k
m nhm ton cc c quyn.
Nhm ton cc ch cha m s ca ngi s dng trong Domain ca n. N khng th
cha cc nhm cc b v nhm ton cc khc.
6. Nhm cc b (local group)

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Nhm cc b, tri li, c gn quyn cho ngun ti nguyn trn my NT m n c

xc nh. Nu my NT l mt phn ca vng, th tin cho vic gn quyn, mt nhm cc b
c th cha cc ti khon ngi dng cp vng (domain user account) v cc nhm ton cc
trong Domain , ni my tnh NT l thnh vin, hoc nhng ngi dng t Domain c tin
cy. Cc ngi dng cp vng (domain user) c th c gn quyn truy cp n ti nguyn
bt k trong Domain .
Nu Windows NT computer khng ni vi mng th cc thnh vin trong local group c
th c gn quyn truy xut n ti nguyn trn my tnh m trong cc thnh vin c
to ra cn nu Windows NT computer ni vo mng th tin li cho vic phn quyn th
ngi qun tr mng c th a global group v domain user vo trong local group .
C hai loi nhm cc b: nhm cc b trm lm vic (workstation local group) v
nhm cc b vng (domain local group). Mt mng lm vic theo c ch vng bao gm c
Windows NT Server v Windows NT Workstation vic hiu r s khc nhau gia hai loi nhm
cc b l rt quan trng.

vn

a. Nhm cc b trm lm vic (Workstation local group):

4.

Nhm cc b trm lm vic hin din trn Windows NT Workstation trn chng c

ch
2

to ra. Chng c cha trong d liu SAM lu tr trn Windows NT Workstation. Mt ngi
dng cc b c to ra bng cng c User Manager ca Windows NT Workstation (khc vi

Te

cng c User Manager for Domains trn Windows NT Server) c th c quan h thnh vin ch
trong nhm cc b ca trm lm vic . Mt nhm cc b trong mt trm lm vic ch c th
c dng trn my tnh trn nhm c to ra, v khng th lm vic rn bt k my
Windows NT no khc.
Nhm cc b trm lm vic c th cha:
Cc ti khon ngi dng cc b t trm lm vic trn n c xc nh.
Cc ti khon ngi dng cp vng (domain user account) v cc nhm ton cc t
vng trong h c xc nh.
Cc ti khon ngi dng cp vng (domain user account) v cc nhm ton cc t cc
vng c y quyn.
b. Nhm cc b vng (Domain local group):
Nhm cc b vng hot ng trn Windows NT Server mc vng, v c to ra
bng User Manager for Domains (trn Windows NT Server). Cc nhm cc b vng ch c th
hin hu trn my Windows NT Server to ra n. Do , cc nhm cc b vng c th dng
truy cp ngun ti nguyn trn my tnh Windows NT Server trong vng , m khng dng

101

truy cp ngun ti nguyn trn my tnh Windows NT Workstation trong vng ny. Nhm cc b
vng khng th c gn quyn trn b iu khin khng c cp vng, thm ch c cc my
ch.
III. Cc m hnh Domain trong mng Windows NT
Windows NT my ch cung cp 4 kiu t chc domain gi tt l cc m hnh domain
(domain models). Di y l 4 m hnh t chc ca n:
1. M hnh Domain n (single domain)
M hnh domain n l m hnh trong mng ch c mt domain. M hnh ny thch hp
cho mng t ngi khai thc, cn qun l tp trung. M hnh n ni chung tng t nh m
hnh workgroup, trong m hnh ny ngi s dng c th xem xt, khai thc ti nguyn theo c
m hnh workgroup v m hnh domain.
Loi m hnh ny khng c cc quan h y quyn v ch c mt domain duy nht,
domain ny cng cha CSDL SAM cho ton b mng v vic qun tr mng c th thc hin t
mt v tr trung tm.

vn

Cc ti khon ngi dng trong vng (domain user account) v ti khon nhm trong

4.

vng (domain group acconunt) c th c xy dng v c cc quyn truy cp ti nguyn

tnh trong vng.

ch
2

c gn trn cc nhm v ngi dng ring r v c mt phm vi bao gm tt c cc my vi

cch tt hn so vi Workgroup.

Te

Trong m hnh Domain n vn an ton d liu, qun l h thng c xem xt mt

2. M hnh Domain chnh (Master domain)
M hnh Domain chnh c th c s dng cho cc c quan khi h mun t chc
mng thnh nhiu Domain ti nguyn (Resource domain) nhng vn c nhng tin li trong
vic qun l tp trung. Bng cch phn chia ti nguyn mng vo nhiu Domain, chng ta s
tin t chc v qun l mt lng ti nguyn ln. Mt Domain ch (master domain) c s
dng h tr vic qun tr tp trung m trong tt c m s ca ngi s dng v m s
cc nhm ton cc (global group) trn mng c lu gi.
c im ca m hnh domain chnh :
M hnh Master Domain l m hnh c nhiu Domain, trong c 1 Domain l Domain
chnh (premery domain). M hnh ny thch hp cho mng c s ngi dng khng qu ln,
nhng cn phi phn chia thnh cc n v nh hn nhng vic qun l c tin hnh tp
trung.

102

Trong m hnh ny tt c m s ca ngi khai thc mng v m s ca cc nhm ton

cc (global group) u cha trn server trn Domain chnh.
Trong m hnh ny tt c cc khc Domain u tin cy vi Domain chnh.

Hnh 11.2: M hnh Domain chnh

vn

Trong m hnh ny m s ca ngi s dng qun l tp trung v cc nhm ton cc

nh hn c th qun l bi tng Domain.

4.

ch cn xc nh mt ln trong Domain chnh. Ti nguyn c nhm logic thnh cc n v

ch
2

M hnh Domain chnh l m hnh qun l tp trung v vy chin lc pht trin mng
cn da vo cc nhm cc b v cc nhm ton cc.

Te

M hnh ny khng nhng qun l tp trung cc m s ca ngi s dng m cn cung

cp cc dch v nh ci t phn mm, sao chp backup cho tt c cc my ch trn mng.
Tuy nhin m hnh ny c nhc im c th gy n tc nu c qu nhiu nhm v
nhiu ngi dng v cc nhm cc b cn phi xc nh trong mi Domain m chng c s
dng.
3. M hnh nhiu Domain chnh (muliple master domain)
M hnh nhiu Domain chnh (muliple master domain) c th c s dng cho cc t
chc c nhiu khu vc v mi khu vc c nhiu b phn. Trong nhiu mng kiu nh vy, b
phn iu hnh ring bit cho mi khu vc mun qun l tp trung cc ti nguyn mng trong
khu vc. Chng ta xy dng mt Domain ch (master domain) cho mi khu vc v chia cc ti
nguyn trong mi khu vc thnh nhiu Domain ti nguyn (resoure domain) ring bit.
Trn m hnh ny tn ti cc quan h sau:
Mi Domain chnh quan h tin cy hai chiu vi cc domain chnh khc. iu ny cho
php mi Domain chnh c th qun l cc domain chnh khc.

103

Cc Domain khng phi l chnh khng c m s ca ngi s dng m ch cung cp

ti nguyn trn mng.
Cc Domain khng phi l chnh tin cy i vi tt c cc Domain chnh. Nh iu ny
mi m s ca ngi s dng s c s dng trn tt c cc Domain chnh v c c
quyn truy nhp vo ti nguyn trong cc ti nguyn trn cc Domain khc ca mng.
Bng cch phn chia ti nguyn mng thnh nhiu Domain, chng ta c nhiu thun li
trong vic t chc qun l mt s lng ln cc ti nguyn trong cc n v ph hp.
M hnh nhiu Domain chnh c u im i vi mng nhiu ngi dng trong cc
ti nguyn c nhm mt cch logic theo cng vic. Tuy nhin cc nhm cc b v ton cc

4.

vn

phi xc nh nhiu ln v m s ca ngi s dng phi cha nhiu Domain chnh .

ch
2

Hnh 11.3: M hnh nhi
u Domain chnh

4. M hnh tin cy hon ton (complete trust)

Te

M hnh tin cy hon ton l m hnh m trong mi Domain l quan h tin cy 2

chiu vi cc Domain khc. Vi m hnh ny, ngi s dng c th truy nhp vo bt k
Domain no trn mng t mt my trm no .
M hnh ny c th p dng vi qui m mng ty v ph hp cho cc c quan khng
c nhm qun tr tp trung, n cho php khng hn ch s ngi khai thc mng v s nhm.
Mi b phn trong n v c th kim sot c m s ca ngi s dng cng nh ti nguyn
ca b phn mnh trong ti nguyn v m s ngi s dng c nhm thnh mt Domain.

104

Hnh 11.4: M hnh nhi
u M hnh tin cy hon ton

IV. Cc mt hn ch ca nhng m hnh Domain
M hnh vng c mt s k h v cu trc. Nhng hn ch v domain c tho lun
y nhm mc ch gip bn thit k mng chnh xc v hon ho.
Domain NT n iu theo ngha l khng c cch no din t quan h phn cp hoc
nhm ti nguyn trong mt vng n. Ngi dng c th s dng nhng quyn c y thc
th hin cc quan h gia nhng vng, nhng y l quan h s dng v khng thch hp cho
vic t chc mng da trn phm vi a l, ti nguyn s hu, logic hoc nn tng s t
chc.
M hnh vng Domain chnh duy nht theo Microsoft thch hp cho cc mng t hn
40.000 ngi dng v nhm. Khi s ngi dng v nhm tng ln, s quan h y quyn v chi
ph qun l quan h cng tng. Ni cch khc chi ph qun l mng c th tng bt thnh lnh
khi kch thc mng tng.

vn

Ngi dng phi cn trng v k h ca quan h y quyn - c bit quan h y quyn

4.

hai chiu. Nu khng cn thn trong vic gn cc quan h y quyn v khng c k hoch
hn ch ca m hnh i km.

ch
2

ng n, ngi s dng c th kt thc bng mt m hnh y quyn trn vn, vi tt c nhng

Te

Ngoi ra c mt nguy c thc s s xy ra l ngi ci t mng c th ci t mt

mng hot ng tt trong thi gian ngn cn khi mng hot ng di hn ny s ny sinh vn
v mt chnh sch l ai y quyn cho ai.

105

vn
4.
ch
2

Chng 12

Te

Ci t, qun tr, s dng mng Windows NT

I. Ci t h iu hnh mng Windows NT server
Trc khi ci t mng Windows NT th cng ging nh ci cc h iu hnh khc
chng ta phi cm card mng vo my, thit lp mng v m bo n c hot ng tt. Khi
ci chng ta c th s dng phn mm trn a CD ROM (nu my ca chng ta l PC th
chng ta s dng th mc I386) hoc chng ta chp th mc I386 ln a cng trc khi ci
t. ci t Windows NT ta v trong th mc I386 v chy lnh "WINNT"
Ch trong trng hp ny chng trnh s yu cu chun b 3 a mm loi 1.44Mb
ci cc chng trnh khi ng cn thit v trong qu trnh ci t cc a mm trn s
c s dng. Nu ta khng mun th thc hin lnh "WINNT /B" v phi ch ng dn ca
chng trnh ngun nh d:\I386.
Yu cu v phn cng cho vic ci t windows NT
Thit b phn

Yu cu

cng

106

Processor

Intel 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, nhng h thng chy trn RISC (Ex: MIPS
R4x00, DEC s Alpha AXP). Windows NT h tr ln n 4 CPU Mode
Symmetriccal Multi-Processing

Display device

VGA hay nhng thit b c phn gii cao hn

Hard disk

Ti thiu phi c 110 MB Hard Disk cn trng trong sut qu trnh ci t

Floppy disk

31/2 inch hay 51/4 inch

CD-ROM

CD-ROM drive hay a CD-ROM m ta c th truy xut c thng qua

ng mng

Network

Mt hay nhiu card mng, card mng khng c cng c nhng chc

adapter

nng mng s khng c

Memory

NT khuyn co t nht phi c 16 MB Ram cho c hai h thng chy trn

Intel v RISC

vn

Khi ci t chng ta tun theo nhng yu cu ca chng trnh i hi, mt im quan

trng l Windows NT lun lun thng bo v ch dn cho ngi ci t khi cn phi thc hin

4.

mt im g. Sau y l tm tt cc bc ci t chnh :

ch
2

1) Boot my bng ia Windows NT setup hay dng lnh WINNT /B t th mc I386 trn
a CD-ROM. Nu ci UPGRATE dng lnh WINNT32

trnh Setup nhn din ra

Te

2) Xc nh li hay nu cn thit thay i cc thnh phn Hardware v Software m qu

3) Chn Partition m h iu hnh Windows NT s c ci t ln. Phi quyt nh
vic file h thng s c nh dng theo kiu no FAT hay NTFS
4) Format bng Partition la chn
5) Chn la th mc m cc file ca h iu hnh Windows NT s c ci t ln
6) Nhp vo tn v cng ty
7) Chn License Mode. Chn Per server hay Per seat
8) Nhp vo tn my tnh v tn ny phi l duy nht
9) Quyt nh vai tr ca file server trn mng (Primary Domain Controller, Back Up
Domain Controller, Stand-Alone Server)
10) Nhp Password cho ngi qun tr mng Administrator
11) La chn Option to ra cc a Emergency Repair Disk
12) Chn cc thnh phn install nh l: Accessibility Option, Accessories,
Communication, Games, Microsoft Exchace, And Multimedia

107

13) Quyt nh kiu kt ni my tnh vo mng (kt ni bng ng dy mng hay bng
remote access)
14) Chn Install Microsoft Internet Information Server
15) Quyt nh phng php d tm card mng (autodetect hay manual). Mt s crad
mng nh Xircom Credit Card v Xircom Pocket Ethernet ch c th dng phng php manual
16) La chn phng thc truyn trn mng network protocol (TCP/IP Protocol, Nwlink
IPX/SPX Compatible Transport v Netbeui Protocol)
17) Chn l cc dnh v trn mng. Cc dch v nh l Microsoft Internet Information
server, RPC Configuration, Netbios Interface, Workstation, Server.
18) Nhp vo c thng s ca card mng nh IRQ, a ch IO port, DMA.
19) Nu chn Nwlink IPX/SPX hay TCP/IP Tranposrt Protocol th phi nh cu hnh cho
chng
20) Nu chn Primary Domain Controller th phi nhp tn Computer v tn ca Domain
m PDC s qun l.

vn

21) Nu ci Internet Information Server th phi nh cu hnh cho n

4.

22) Chn Date/Time.

ch
2

23) Chn ch mn hnh

24) To a Emergency Repair Disk

Te

Khi ci t Windows NT ch nhng im sau:

La chn khun dng ca h thng sp xp file trn a trong Windows NT cho php
chng ta la chn thay i sang h thng sp xp file ca NT (NTFS) hoc duy tr h thng sp
xp file c ca DOS (FAT). H thng sp xp file ca NT c tn l NTFS - New Technology File
System c nhng u im nh nh chp nhn tn file di ti 256 k t, n c m bo an ton
trn my ch bng cch khng cho nhng ngi khng c thm quyn vt qua khi h khi
ng my ch bng a mm.
La chn s ngi ti a c th thm nhp vo h thng cng mt lc (Windows NT
khng hn ch s ngi ti a vo trong mng tuy nhin m bo s dng ti nguyn hp
l chng ta phi quy nh s ngi ti a c th vo mt lc)
La chn kim my ch, Windows NT cho php chng ta la chn 3 kiu my ch:
Primary Domain Controller: trong trng hp mng s dng qun tr theo vng th mi
vng phi c duy nht mt my ch lm nhim v trn. v trn s lu d tr c s d liu
qun tr vng (SAM) v h thng qun tr hot ng khi mng hot ng

108

Backup Domain Controller: trong trng hp mng s dng qun tr theo vng, ngoi
my ch kiu Primary Domain Controller c th c mt vi my ch la chn kiu ny v trn
s lu d tr c s d liu qun tr vng (SAM) v c s dng khi my ch Primary
Domain Controller c tr trc.
Stand - Alone Server: trong trng hp mng s dng qun tr theo nhm th my ch
phi la chn kiu ny, ngoi ra trong trng hp mng s dng qun tr theo vng my ch
c th la chon ny khi trong mng c my ch Primary Domain Controller. Trong trng

Te

ch
2

4.

vn

hp ny trn my ch khng c s d liu qun tr Domain.

BNG SO SNH GIA FAT V NTFS

FEATURE
File Name

FAT

NTFS

8 cng 3 k t m rng ch c 255 k t, 16 bit unicode cho

php c mt du chm

php c nhiu du chm

Maximum Path Name

64

Khng gii hn

File Size

232 bytes

2 64 byte

Partition

2 32 bytes

2 64 byte

Directory

Khng c sp xp

Theo cu trc B-Tree

Attribute

C mt vi bit c

Tt c cc thng tin bao gm

c d liu u c thuc tnh

109

Cho php bo mt v th Khng

mc v file ngay trong kiu

Format
Gii php thit k

n gin

Truy xut nhanh vi kh

nng bo mt v phc hi

La chn loi card mng, ngt, a ch port ca card mng.

La chn cc giao thc truyn thng cho h thng mng nh trong hp Windows NT

Te

ch
2

4.

vn

Server setup

Hnh 12.1: Chn la giao thc truy
n thng

Giao thc TCP/IP: Nu ta mun kt ni Windows NT vi Internet hay vi cc my chy

trn h iu hnh Unix th phi chn TCP/IP Protocol. (C th chn la giao thc ny sau khi
ci t xong Windows NT ).
Giao thc NetBEUI: L giao thc gc ca Windows NT. Nu File server kt ni vi cc
my con trn mng m s dng giao thc NetBEUI th phi chn giao thc ny.
Giao thc IPX/SPX: L giao thc c dng cho nhng ng dng chy trn Netware.
La chn tn vng m my ch tham gia, nu my ch l Primary Domain Controller th
mt vng mi c thit lp, nu khng th tn vng phi l mt vng c.

110

II. Qun tr mng Windows NT

Ngi qun tr mng Windows NT c cc cng c c th kim sot mt cch chnh xc
i vi vic thm nhp vo file v th mc ca cc ngi s dng. Windows NT a vo mt
lot cc cng c gip ta qun l my tnh. Mun dng cng c ny, ta nhp nt Start, tr vo

Te

ch
2

4.

vn

mc program v sau chn menu Administrative Tool (Common) nh hnh sau.

Hnh 12.2: Cc cng c qun tr mng trong Windows NT Server

s dng bt k mt cng c no trong Administrative Tool, ta u phi vo mng vi
quyn ca ngi qun tr mng.

Tm tt cc cng c ca ngi qun tr mng

Biu tng

Menu

ngha

Administrative

Cng c ny gip ta thc hin cng vic mt cch d dng. ta c th dng

Wizards

n thm mt m s mi ca ngi s dng, t ch an ton cho cc

file, folder, cc folder dng chung, to, sa cc nhm ngi s dng v
kim tra tnh ng n ca sn phm ci t (license).

111

Backup

L cng c dng sao chp d phng cc thng tin trn my tnh vo

bng t phng s c.

Disk

L cng c cho php qun l ti nguyn trn a. Dng cng c ny to

Administrator

ra cc thay i trn a cng hoc bng partition trn a cng np thm.

Event Viewer

Trong Windows NT, mt s kin l mt bin c quan trng no xy ra

trong h thng hoc trong chng trnh m n yuu cu phi c lu .
Cng c ny lu ta v cc s kin trong khi vo mng.

License

Cng c ny cho php ta kim tra license trn cc trm v trn cc server.

Manager
Network Client Network Client Administraor: S dng Network Client Administraor ci
Administrator

t (Install) hay cp nht (update network client) cho cc my trm.

Performance

L cng c phn nh qu trnh thc hin trn my tnh ca ta v cc my

Monitor

tnh khc trn mng.

ngi s dng, ci t m s ca ngi s dng, mn hnh ca nhng

my truy nhp t xa.

4.

Admin

vn

Remote Access Dng cng c ny kim tra qu trnh nhp t xa vp server, xem xt

Dng cng c ny hin danh sch cc my trm, cc server trong

Manager

Domain.

System Policy

Cho ta kh nng kim tra vic ci t mi trng s dng trong Windows

Editor

NT v Windows 95. Cng c ny thay i cch ci t v ng k ngi s

Te

ch
2

Server

dng no c th lm cng vic thay i ny.

User Manager

Cng c ny cho php ta thit lp, xa cc m s ca ngi s dng khi

for Domains

domain. Vi cng c ny, ta c th t phng n an ton, thm m s

ca ngi s dng vo nhm.

Windows NT

Hin th cc thng tin v ti nguyn ca my tnh.

Diagnostics

Ngi s dng trong mng c to ra bi ngi qun tr mng, mi ngi s dng c

ti khon (account) ring ca tng ngi v nhng ti khon ny cng do ngi qun tr mng
to ra c th bao gm cc gii hn :
Gii hn c a Login: Ngi qun tr mng c th kim sot xem ngi s dng c th
thm nhp vo mng nh th no. y ngi s dng c th c t cho mt thi hn

112

nht nh th phi thay mt khu v kch thc ti thiu ca mt khu v c th t thay mt

khu hay khng.
Hn ch v
thi gian: Ngi qun tr mng c th hn ch ngi s dng thm nhp
vo trong mng trong nhng khong thi gian nht nh trong mt ngy. iu c th hn
ch vic vo trong mng trong nhng khong thi gian kh kim sot c nh l bui ti, gi
ngh v.v. Khi ngi s dng ang chy trong mng m n thi gian hn ch th h s c
nhn thng bo l cn phi ra khi mng. Nu h b ra ngai tai thng bo th s t ng b
a ra khi mng.
Hn ch v
a ch: Ngi qun tr mng c th xc nh nhng a ch m ngi s
dng c php thm nhp. iu c th hn ch ngi s dng vo trong mng bng my
ca ngi khc. lm c iu ny ngi qun tr mng cn phi bit a ch mng v m
s ca card mng trn trm. a ch mng l a ch ca phn mm mng v c cho khi m
giao thc mng c lin kt vi chng trng qun l card mng, M s ca thit b phn
cng l m s ca bn thn card mng khi c ch to v khi ngi qun tr mng s la

vn

chn nhng chng no m ngi s dng c php dng.

4.

Quy
n c a ngi s$ dng: xc nh c quyn hn ca ngi s dng trn

Khai bo ngi s dng:

ch
2

mng chng ta phi la chn nhm vi nhng quyn nh trc.

Te

1) Login vo mng bng tn administrator

2) Chn Start, chn Program, chn Administrator Tool, chn Users Manager for Domain
s thy xut hin mn hnh User Manager
3) Chn User, New User. Hp hi thoi New User s xut hin:

113

vn

4.

Hnh 12.3: Thm mt ngi s$ dng vo h th

ng
4) Nhp vo thng tin v ngi s dng cn to nh yu cu (tn trong mc Name, tn

ch
2

y trong mc Fullname, li m t v ngi s dng trong mc Description, mt khu

trong mc Password v Confirm Password)

Te

5) a ngi s dng mi to vo mt nhm no ph hp vi yu cu ca ngi

s dng o. thc hin iu ny chn Groups, mn hnh Group memberships s hin ra.
rng user mi ban u l thnh vin ca Domain users. Chn nhm m mun ngi s dng
mi to c tham gia v bm nt Add. Ta c th chn nhiu nhm cng lc
6) thay i thi gian c php vo mng ca ngi s dng th t mn hnh New
User chn nt Hours. Mn hnh Logon Hour s xut hin di hnh thc thi kha biu trong
tun. Sau ta c th chn ngy no, gi no trong tun m user c php login vo
mng bng cch cho ngi sng nhng v tr trong thi kha biu v chn nt Allow hoc
Disallow.

114

Hnh 12.4:Nhm lm vic

vn

7) gii hn trm lm vic i vi ngi s dng chn nt Logon To. Mn hnh Logon

4.

Worstation s xut hin. gii hn ngi s dng ch c th vo mng t workstation no ta

g tn ca workstation vo cc c nh s t 1 n 8 v nhn OK.

ch
2

8) nh ngy ht hn c vo mng ca ngi s dng chn nt Account. Khung

hi thoi Account information s hin ra ta c th nh ngy ht hn. Ban u th account

Te

khng bao gi ht hn. Nu mun set ngy ht hn th vo trng End of.

9) to mi trng lm vic cho tng ngi s dng trn mng ta bm nt Profile.
Mn hnh User Environment Profile s hin ra ta c th s dng mc ny to Profile cho
tng user v home directory cho tng ngi s dng.
10) Sau bm OK lu cc thng tin ca ngi s dng .
11) i vi nhng ngi s dng c san ngi iu hnh c th s dng cng c
User Manager for Domains thay i, b xung, la chn nhng c tnh trn.
2. Quyn ca ngi s dng trong Windows NT
Mi mt ngi s dng mun ng nhp vo trong mng cn phi c khai bo tn v
mt mt khu ring. Ch khi ngi s dng vo ng tn v mt khu ca mnh th h mi thm
nhp vo trong mng. Tuy nhin ngi c th khai thc c mng thi ngi phi c
cc quyn. Trong Windows NT c nhng khi nim v quyn nh sau:
Permission (quy
n truy cp): L quyn ca ngi s dng v nhm trn th mc
hoc file. Ngi qun tr mng c th cho php ngi s dng hay nhm c php c
(Read), ghi (Write), xa (Delete) hoc thay i (Modify) file hay th mc no .

115

User right (quy
n ngi dng): tc l quyn ca ngi s dng trn mng,
quyn ny khc vi quyn ca ngi s dng trn th mc hay file. Cc ngi s dng ny c
th khng h c bt c mt quyn hn no trn th mc hay file m ch c nhng quyn v d
nh tt (shutting down) h thng, back up v hi phc d liu. Nh vy cc ngi s dng ny
s thuc v mt trong nhng Domain Local Group (v d: nu ngi s dng c quyn
Backup data th ngi s dng ny s thuc v nhm Backup Operators )
Bilt-in capabilities (kh nng thit lp): tc l kh nng c san ca ngi s dng,
kh nng khng th thay i c.
Trong mng Windows NT c cc quyn ngi dng (User right) sau:
Log on locally: ngi s dng c th c truy nhp t my ch.
Shutdown the system: ngi s dng c th shutdows h thng trc tip t my ch.
Access this computer from network: cho php truy nhp no ti nguyn ca ngi
s dng ang phn quyn t my khc trn mng (c th truy nhp t my Client vo ngi s
dng ny).

vn

Backup file and Directories: c quyn lu tr cc file v th mc.

4.

Restorre file and directories: c quyn phc hi li cc file v th mc t lu tr.

ch
2

Change the system time: c quyn thay i ng h ca h thng.

Force shutdown from a remote system: ngi s dng ny c th shutdows h thng

Te

t xa.

Load and unload device drivers: cho php np hay khng chng trnh iu khin
a.

Manager auditting and security log: quyn truy xut m s (accound) v s an ton
khi truy nhp mng.
Take ownership of files or other obiects: dnh cho cc quan h ring ca cc file v
cc i tng khc (them cc thnh phn, i tng khc).
Ngi iu hnh c th s dng cng c User Manager for Domains thay i, b
xung, la chn nhng quyn trn cho ngi s dng.
Ngoi ra trong mng Windows NT c cc kh nng thit lp (Bilt-in capabilities) sau:
Create and manage users: to v qun l ti khon ngi dng.
Create and manage global group: To v qun l nhm ton cc
Create and manage local groups: To v qun l nhm cc b.
Assign user rights: cho php gn quyn cho ngi dng.

116

Manage and auditing of system events: Qun l v kim nh cc s kin ca h

thng.
Lock Server: Cho php kha my ch.
Override lock of server: Cho php m kha my ch.
Format server s hard drive: Cho php Format li a my ch.
Create common program group: Cho php to ra cc nhm chng trnh chung.
Keep local profile: Duy tr cc h lu tr cc b.
Share and stop share directories: Chia s v ngng chia s cc th mc.
Share and stop share printer: Chia s v ngng chia s my in.
3. To nhm (Group) trong Windows NT:
Ngi qun tr mng c th to ra cc nhm vi cng c User Manager for Domain nh
sau:
To nhm ton cc:
1) Login vo mng vi tn

Te

ch
2

4.

vn

2) Khi ng User Manager for Domain. Mn hnh User Manager for Domain s hin ln

3) to nhm mi chn User, New Global Group. Mn hnh New Global Group xut hin

Hnh 12.5: Thm mt nhm ton cc mi

Trong mn hnh New Global Group nhp va tn ca nhm trong mc Group Name
v li m t v nhm trong mc Description.
4) Sau khi han thnh chn OK kt thc
To cc b (Local Group):

117

1) Login vo mng vi tn Administrator

2) Khi ng User Manager for Domain. Mn hnh User Manager for Domain s hin ln
3) to Local Group mi chn User, New local Group. Mn hnh New local Group xut
hin
4) Trong mn hnh New Global Group nhp tn ca nhm trong mc Group Name v li
m t v nhm trong mc Description. Ta c th click vo nt Show Full Names hin

ch
2

4.

vn

th tn y ca cc nhm thnh vin.

Te

Hnh 12.6: Thm mt nhm cc b mi

5) thm thnh vin vo trong local group ta chn nt Add. Mn hnh sau s hin ln

118

vn
4.
ch
2

Hnh 12.7: Thm mt thnh vin vo nhm

k ra cc thnh vin mi:

Te

6) Sau khi thm cc thnh vin vo ri chn nt OK th mn hnh New Local Group s lit

7) Chn OK lu Local Group

4. Cc nhm to san trong Windows NT

Khi ci t mt mng Windows NT c nhng nhm cc b v nhm ton cc (Domain)
c thit lp san, ngi qun tr c th cho ngi s dng tham gia vo cc nhm v nh
vy h c c cc quyn mt cch d dng.
Cc nhm to san trong Windows NT:
Adminintrator Group: nhng thnh vin nm trong nhm ny c th thc hin hu ht
cc chc nng qun l trn Domain . Nhng chc nng qun l ny bao gm to, xa, qun
l local group, global group, gn quyn cho users, qun l vic chia s ti nguyn trn mng,
ci t h iu hnh, format i cng ca my ch.
Backup Operator: Nhng thnh vin no c a vo nhm ny c th login vo
my ch thc hin vic Back up v phc hi d liu. Nhng users thuc nhm ny c th

119

thc hin vic back up v hi phc d liu ngay khi h khng c quyn read/ write trn th mc
hoc file cn back up. Ngai ra nhm ny c c th shutdown h thng.
Account Operator: Nhng thnh vin nm trong nhm ny c th to, xa, v qun l
hu ht cc users v nhm trn mng nhng h khng c kh nng gn quyn cho users.
Guest: Nhng users nm trong nhm ny b gii hn quyn h ch c quyn truy xut
vo mng thi ngoi ra khng cn quyn g khc
Print operator: Nhng thnh vin trong nhm ny c th qun l my in mng nh to
print server, share (a mt ti nguyn no ln mng cho mi ngi thy s dng) my
in, stop share my in .
Server operator: Nhng thnh vin nm trong nhm ny c nhiu quyn ging nh
nhng users nm trong nhm Admintrator nhng h khng th qun l vic bo mt trn
server. H c th share, stop share ma in, th mc v file, format i cng, h cng c th
back up v restore d liu, shutdown h thng. Nhng h khng th start hay stop cc dch v
trong mmg

vn

Domain Administrator: y l global group v l thnh vin ca administrator local

4.

group n cha user administrator.

ch
2

Domain Users: Khi mt ngi s dng mi c to ra th ngi s dng nm trong

nhm domain users.

Te

Domain Guest: Domain ny lc u tin cha domain users Domain ny b qun l bi

Administrator v Account operator.

120

Sau y l bng phn quyn (user rights) i vi cc nhm c to trn

User

Adminis

Server

Account

Print

Backup

Every

Rights

-trator

Operator

Operator

Operator

Operator

one

Log on Localy

Network access to

Users

Guest

this computer
Manage Auditing

and security log

Change the

system time
X

Back up files nd
Directory
Restore files and

Te

system

ch
2

down from remote

4.

system
Force the system

vn

Shut down the

directory
Load and Unload

device drivers
Add workstation to

domain

121

Kh nng c thit lp san (Built-in capabilities) ca cc nhm:

Built-in capabilities

Create and manage

Adminis

Server

Account

Print

Backup

Every

-trator

Operator

Opertor

Operator

Operator

one

Users

Guest

users
Create and manage
global group
Create and manage

Manage and audit ing of

4.

Assign user rights

vn

local groups

Override lock of server

Format server s hard

drive
Create common

Te

Lock Server

ch
2

system events

Keep local profile

Share and stop share

program group
X

directories
Share and stop share

printer

5. User profile trong Windows NT

Khi mt ngi thm nhp vo mng th User Profiles ca ngi l file cha thng tin
v mi trng lm vic. Khi ngi s dng to ra cc thay i i vi mi trng th nhng
thay i ny c ghi vo profile v ln truy nhp sau mi trng mi c s dng. cc

122

my workstation, cc profile c t ng to ra cho ngi s dng, ngi qun tr mng

khng c vai tr trong cng vic ny.
Khi ngi s dng ra khi mng (log off) h thng s ghi li cc thng s thay i,
nhng thng s c th l: my c ni mng hay khng, cc nhm chng trnh ang qun
l, kch thc windows, hnh thc mn hnh.
Cc profile cc b khng nh hng m my khc. Trn my ch c th to ra cc
profile cho ngi s dng cc trm nu ngi s dng c m s Domain v profile ca h
cha trn server. Mt profile chun trn server c th dng cho cc my trm windows NT.
Tnh cc b v tn gi ca profile tng ng m s ngi s dng, mi ngi s dng ch c 1
profile.
Trong Domain c hai kiu profile, kiu profile c nhn (Profile personal) v kiu profile
chun (Profile Mandatory). Mi kiu c profile ng vi file c i chun l URS v MAN
Profile c nhn (Profile personal): Vi profile c nhn, trong mi ca lm vic, ngi
s dng c th to ra nhng thay i i vi mi trng lm vic. Nu ngi s dng c profile

vn

cc nhn l profile chun trn server th nhng thay i ny c ghi li to ra mi trng

4.

mi trong ca lm vic sau. Cc profiel c nhn thng trng vi tn ngi s dng.

ch
2

Mandatory Profile (Profile chun): khi ngi s dng c Mandatory Profile th mi

thay i v mi trng trong mt ca lm vic s khng c ghi li cho ca sau. Mandatory
Profile c 3 li ch chnh l:

Te

Profile co ch cho vic kim tra qu trnh truy nhp vo mi trng.

Bo m cho ngi s dng vo my trm c mi trng nh nhau mi khi h vo
mng.
Ngi qun tr c th to ra mi trng lm vic ging nhau cho nhiu ngi s dng,
bng cch to ra Profile chung cho nhm nhng ngi s dng.
Nh Profile tnh an ton trn mng cao hn, bi v ngi s dng khng th ty tin
thay i mi trng lm vic. H ch c thay i mi trng nu h c php.
Trong Windows NT c 1 Profile h thng mc nh, cn gi l Profile h thng chun.
Profile ny dng xc nh mi trng lm vic ca my ch, n khng cho php ngi s
dng truy nhp vo. Chng hn Profile h thng qui nh ch mn hnh, ch nn, ch
ghi mn hnh.
Mun to ra hoc thay i User Profile, chng trnh tin ch User Profile Editor s gip
chng ta lm cng vic ny. Mi ln Profile c to ra ta c th dng User manager Profile for
Domain gn Profile cho ngi s dng hoc nhm nhng ngi s dng. Khi Profile

123

c gn cho m s ca ngi s dng th Profile ch c sa 1 ln v s nhn thy nhng

thay i ny ln vo mng sau.

Chng 13 :
Qun l v khai thc File, th mc trong mng Windows NT
Trong s cc ti nguyn ca mng chia s cho ngi s dng thng tin lu tr trn a
cng ca cc my ch l ti nguyn quan trng nht. Khng phi ngu nhin m ci tn "File
server" tr nn rt quen thuc vi nhng ngi dng mng ging nh "Network server". Tuy
nhin lm sao c th s dng, qun l cc ti nguyn mt cch tt nht Windows NT
cung cp cho chng ta mt c ch qun l v phng thc khai thc. Thng thng chng ta

vn

phi khai bo cc ti nguyn trc khi chng c ngi s dng khai thc. Ngoi ra ngi s

4.

dng cng c cung cp quyn s dng mt cch ph hp.

I. C ch an ton ca File v th mc trong Windows NT

ch
2

Qu trnh truy cp tp tin (File ho%c th mc) trong Windows NT: Khi mt ngi s
dng mun truy cp mt tp tin th tt c cc thng tin v phng thc phc hi giao dch v

Te

phc hi giao dch khi b li s c ng k bi Log File Server. Nu giao dch thnh cng, tp
tin s truy xut c, ngc li giao dch sc phc hi. Nu c li trong qu trnh giao
dch, tin trnh giao dch s kt thc.
Vic truy xut tp tin (File hoc th mc) c qun l thng qua cc quyn truy cp
(right), quyn s quyt nh ai c th truy xut v truy xut n tp tin vi mc gii
hn no. Nhng Quyn l Read, Execute, Delete, Write, Set Permission, Take Ownership.
Trong :
Read (R): c c d liu, cc thuc tnh, ch quyn ca tp tin.
Execute (X): c chy tp tin.
Write (W): c php ghi hay thay i thuc tnh.
Delete (D): c php xa tp tin.
Set Permission (P): c php thay i quyn hn ca tp tin.
Take Ownership (O): c t quyn ch s hu ca tp tin.
Bng tm tt cc mc cho php

124

Permission

Read

Change

Full Control
Special Access

No Access

m bo an ton khi truy xut n tp tin (File v th mc), chng ta c th gn

nhiu mc truy cp (permission) khc nhau n cc tp tin thng qua cc quyn c gn trn
tp tin. C 5 mc truy cp c nh ngha trc lin quan n vic truy xut tp tin (File v
th mc) l: No Access, Read, Change, FullControl, Special Access. Special Access c to
bi ngi qun tr cho bt c vic chn t s kt hp ca R, X, W, D, P, O. Nhng ngi c
quyn hn Full Control, P, O th h c quyn thay i vic gn cc quyn hn cho Special
Access.

vn

Khi mt ngi qun tr mng nh dng mt partition trong Windows NT, h thng s

4.

mc nh c cp cho quyn Full Control ti partition cho nhm Everyone. iu ny c ngha

ch
2

khng hn ch truy xut ca tt c ngi dng.

Ty thuc trn yu cu bo mt cho cc tp ngi qun l s cn nhc vic xa b

Te

nhm Everyone trong danh sch cc quyn hn sau khi nh dng hay hn ch nhm Everyone
vi quyn Read. Nu s hn ch ny l cn thit, ngi qun tr nn cp quyn hn Full
Control cho nhm Administrators ti partition gc.
y quyn truy cp c gn cho ngi s dng v nhm ngi s dng do vy
quyn truy cp ca mt ngi s dng c tnh bi quyn hn ngi v cc nhm m
ngi l thnh vin. Khi ngi dng truy xut ti nguyn, cc quyn hn ca ngi dng
c tnh theo li sau:
Nhng quyn hn ca ng dng v cc nhm trng nhau.
Nu mt trong nhng quyn l No Access th quyn hn chung l No Access.
Nu nhng quyn hn yu cu c lit k khng r rng trong danh sch cc
quyn hn, yu cu truy xut ny l khng chp nhn.
Mt ngi s dng thuc hai nhm, nu mt nhm quyn hn ca ngi dng l No
Access, n lun c lit k u tin trong danh sch Access Control List.

125

Quyn s hu ca cc tp tin: Ngi to ra tp tin c th cho cc nhm khc hay

ngi dng khc kh nng lm quyn s hu. Administrator lun c kh nng lm quyn s
hu ca cc tp tin.
Nu thnh vin ca nhm Administrator c quyn s hu mt tp tin th nhm nhng
Aministrator tr thnh ch nhn. Nu ngi dng khng phi l thnh vin ca nhm
Administrator c quyn s hu th ch ngi dng l ch nhn.
Nhng ch nhn ca tp tin c quyn iu khin ca tp tin v c th lun lun thay
i cc quyn hn. Trong File Manager, di Security Menu, sau khi xut hin hp thoi
Owner, chng ta la chn tp tin, ch nhn hin thi v nhn nt Take Ownership, cho php
lp quyn s hu nu c cp quyn .
c quyn s hu mt tp tin chng ta cn mt trong nhng iu kin sau:
C quyn Full Control.
C nhng quyn Special Access bao gm Take Ownership.
L thnh vin ca nhm Administrator.

vn

II. Cc thuc tnh ca File v th mc

4.

Archive: Thuc tnh ny c gn bi h iu hnh ch nh rng mt File c sa

ch
2

i t khi n c Backup. Cc phn mm Backup thng xa thuc tnh lu tr . Thuc

tnh lu tr ny c th ch nh cc File c thay i khi thc thi vic Backup.

Te

Compress: Ch nh rng cc File hay cc th mc c nn hay nn c nn.

Thng s ny ch c s dng trn cc partition loi NTFS.
Hidden: Cc File v cc th mc c thuc tnh ny thng khng xut hin trong cc
danh sch th mc.
Read Only: Cc File v cc th mc c thuc tnh ny s khng th b xa hay sa i.
System: Cc File thng c cho thuc tnh ny bi h iu hnh hay bi chng
trnh OS setup. Thuc tnh ny t khi c sa i bi ngi qun tr mng hay bi cc User.
Ngoi ra cc File h thng v cc th mc cn c c hai thuc tnh ch c v n.
Lu : Vic gn thuc tnh nn cho cc File hay th mc m ta mun Windows NT nn
s xy ra trong ch ngm (background). Vic nn ny lm gim vng khng gian i m File
chim ch. C mt vi thao tc chu vic x l chm v cc File nn phi c gii nn trc
khi s dng. Tuy nhin vic nn File thng xy ra thng xuyn nh l cc File d liu qu
ln m c nhiu ngi dng chia s.

126

III. Chia s Th mc trn mng

Khng c mt ngi s dng no c th truy xut cc File hay th mc trn mng bng
cch ng nhp vo mng khi khng c mt th mc no c chia s.
Vic chia s ny s lm vic vi bng FAT v NTFS file system. nng cao kh nng
an ton cho vic chia s, chng ta cn phi gn cc mc truy cp cho File v Th mc.
Khi chng ta chia s mt th mc, th chng ta s chia s tt c cc File v cc Th
mc con. Nu cn thit phi hn ch vic truy xut ti mt phn ca cy th mc, chng ta phi
s dng vic cp cc quyn cho mt user hay mt nhm i vi cc Th mc v cc File .
chia s mt Th mc, ta phi Login nh mt thnh vin ca nhm qun tr mng hay
nhm iu hnh server.
Tt c cc th tc chia s th mc c thc thi trong Windows NT Explorer.
chia s mt th mc ta phi thc hin cc bc sau:
Right-click ln Th mc trong Windows NT Explorer. Hin ra menu

4.

Chn Sharing tab hin ra hp i thoi sau:

vn

Click Properties trong Menu. Hin ra hp i thoi sau:

ch
2

Chn Shared As kch hot vic chia s.

a mt tn cn chia s vo hp Share name. Mc nhin tn Th mc c chn s

Te

hin ra. a dng ghi ch lin quan n vic chia s th mc vo hp Comment

Thit lp gii hn s lng cc user bng cch g mt con s vo hp Allow
Nu mun hn ch vic truy xut th click Permissions button.
Click OK.
Sau khi mt th mc c chia s Icon cho th mc c 1 bn tay ch nh rng th
mc c chia s.
Nu chng ta mun thm mt chia s mi vi cng mt th mc c chia s (c
th vi hai chia s c hai quyn truy cp khc nhau), ta thc hin cc bc sau:
Right-click vo th mc c chia s trong Windows NT Explorer.
Click Properties trong Menu rt gn, hin ra hp i thoi Properties
Click Sharing tab.
Click button New Share to mt s chia s mi, hin ra hp i thoi sau
Mi ln to mt s chia s chng ta phi a mt tn mi cng nh nhng li ch thch
vic chia s s cho ai s dng.

127

IV. Thit lp quyn truy cp cho mt ngi s dng hay mt nhm

thit lp cc quyn truy cp i vi mt th mc c chia s cho mt ngi s
dng hay mt nhm ta thc hin:
Right-click ln th mc trong Windows NT Explorer.
Click Properties trong menu rt gn.
Chn Sharing tab hin cc tnh cht ca th mc
Click button Permissions trong sharing tab . Hin ra Ca s The Access Through
Share Permissions.
Chn button Add, hin ra ca s Add User and group.
Chn mt tn trong hp Names v click button Add. Kt qu l tn c a vo
hp Add Names.
Chn quyn truy xut trong hp Type of Access cho cc tn chn .
Click button OK.
Khi chng ta to mt s chia s mi, quyn truy cp mc nhin cho nhm Everyone l

vn

y (Full Control). Gi s rng chng ta s gn gi tr mc nhin ny cho quyn truy cp

4.

ca th mc v File. Khi cn thit s hn ch vic truy xut ti th mc .

ch
2

y c mt vi ch :

Cc ngi s dng thng ch c quyn c trong cc th mc cha cc chng

Te

trnh ng dng v h khng cn phi sa i cc File.

Trong mt vi trng hp, cc chng trnh ng dng i hi cc user chia s mt th
mc cho cc File tm thi. Nu th mc nm trong cng th mc cha trnh ng dng,
chng ta c th cho php user to hay xa cc File trong th mc bng vic gn quyn
Change.
Thng thng cc ngi s dng cn quyn Change trong bt k th mc no cha
cc Files d liu v ch trong cc th mc c nhn ca ho l c y cc quyn truy cp.
sa i cc quyn truy cp i vi mt th mc c chia s ta thc hin:
Right-click ln th mc c chia s trong Windows NT Explorer.
Click Properties
Click Sharing tab.
Click button Permissions hin ra ca s Access Through Share Permissions sau:
Chn 1 tn trong hp Name
Chn mt quyn khc trong hp Type of Access m ta mun gn.
Click OK.

128

Thng qua vic chia s mt th mc cho mt user hay mt nhm cng gp phn vo
vic bo m an ton cho mt th mc khng cho user khc hay nhm khc truy xut th mc
.
V. S dng cc th mc mng
Mun s dng cc th mc mng th trc ht th mc c cho php chia s,
chng ta phi lin kt th mc mng vi tn mt ch ci tng ng nh mt tn a mng
(E,F ,G ,H I,...). Sau khi th mc c chia s kt ni vi k t i mng ngi dng c
th truy cp th mc c chia s, cc th mc v file con ca n nh l n ang trn my
tnh ca mnh .
C th dng Network Neighborhood thc hin cng vic trn nh sau :
Click p trn Network Neighborhood m trnh duyt mng.
Duyt qua Network Neighborhood tm ni mun lin kt.
Click phi vo th mc c chia s m chng ta mun truy cp v chn Map Network

vn

Drive trong thc n Options ta thy hp Map Network Drive hin ra

4.

Trong trng Drive ca hp thoi Map Network Drive, chn i mng chng mun lin

ch
2

kt vi th mc chia s.

Nu thy cn, chn Path v g vo tn theo tng qut UNC (Universal Naming

Te

Convention - xem cu trc phn di) sa li ng dn ti ti nguyn c chia s.

(Vic ny ch thc hin khi s dng Network Neighborhood.)
Nu chng ta khng c quyn truy cp vo ti nguyn chia s trn nhng trong
cng v ngi dng khc th chng ta c quyn truy cp, trong trng hp hy g tn
ngi dng vo trng Connect As.
Kch hot hp kim tra Reconnect at Logon nu mun lin kt lu di, l loi kt ni
c phc hi mi ln ch ta ng nhp vo mng.
Chn OK lu cc thng tin trn.
Ngoi ra ta c th dng lnh NET USE thc hin cc cng vic trn.
Lnh NET USE dng Universal Naming Convention (UNC) truy cp cc ti nguyn
dng chung. Tn UNC bt u bng mt du phn cch t bit \\, du ny ch s bt u ca
tn UNC (tn UNC c dng "\\computer_name\share_name[\sub_directory]". NET USE c
dng truy cp mt ngun ti nguyn dng chung. Lnh NET USE dng b hng dn
mng (Network Redirector) trn my tnh NT thit lp s ni kt dng ngun ti nguyn
chung.

129

Chng ta c th xem ai dng cc file dng chung khi ta ang xem trng thi ca mt file
dng chung, File Manager s cung cp cho ta cc thng tin bng dng chn Properties trong
thc n File
mc

Ni dung

Total Opens

Tng s cc user ang lm vic vi file

Total Locks

Tng s cc kha trn file

Open By

Tn ca ngi dng m file

For

Loi truy xut m ngi dng m file

Locks

Mt s kha m ngi dng t trn file

File ID

Con s nhn din ca file

Khi chng ta dng Windows Explorer xem cc ti nguyn chng ta c th cc a

vn

mng xut hin v cho chng ta khai thc.

4.

Chng 14 :

ch
2

S dng my in trong mng Windows NT

Hin nay my in trn mng cng l mt ti nguyn vic chia s ca mng cho ngi s

Te

dng. Tuy cc my in ang ngy cng r i nhng vi nhu cu v cht lng ang ngy mt
cao th vic chia s cc my in t tin trn mng vn ang cn thit. Windows NT l mt h
iu hnh mng m bt k my tnh Windows NT no cng c th cung cp cc dch v in n
cho ngi s dng trong mng.
Khi chia s mt my in trn mng (cho nhiu ngi c th cng s dng) chng ta cn
phi gii quyt nhng vn sau :
My in khng lm c 2 vic mt lc, nu phi nhn cng mt lc th s c va chm,
do vy mng phi c c ch sp xp cng vic sao cho my in c th thc hin mt cch ln
lt cc cng vic in.
Cc cng vic in c thc hin bi nhng ngi s dng khc nhau c th cn nhng
mc u tin khc nhau v h thng quan l in cn c kh nng thc hin iu ny.
I. C ch in trong mng Windows NT
Thng thng my in mng c qun l thng qua mt my ch m trn thc hin
nhim v qun l cc cng vic in, my ch thng c gi l my ch in (Print server) v
chy chng trnh qun l in. Windows NT cho php ci t my in ti bt c u trn mng,

130

mi mt my c ci t Windows NT u c th thc hin nhim v my ch in. N c th qun

l my in gn trc tip vo n hay mt my in gn vo my khc trn mng.
gii quyt nhng vn t ra vi cng vic in trn mng Windows NT s dng k
thut gi l Spooling m ch yu nh sau:
Khi ngi s dng quyt nh thc hin mt cng vic in th cng vic in khng trc
tip gi ra my in m n c t trong mt file ti my ch in. y vic thc hin ging nh
hng i rp ht, n l mt vng lu tr cc cng vic in v c nhim v ngn chn xung t
khi cc user chi xut ng thi ra my in.
My ch in duy tr cc hng i ct gi cc cng vic in v a chng ti my in
ngay khi c th. Trong khi ngi s dng c th lm tip cng vic ngay khi cng vic in
c ct vo hng i.
Khi my in rnh my ch in s chuyn ln lt cc cng vic in ang ng i trong
hng ti my in. Ti y my ch in phi c mt kh nng lu tr d liu ln c th lu tr
nhiu cng vic in mt lc v cn phi c kh nng p ng nhng yu cu a dng ca cc

vn

cng vic in.

4.

gii quyt vn ny sinh vi my in trong mng Windows NT tin hnh phn bit

ch
2

gia my in vt l gi l Printing device v mt thc th logic ca my in gi l logic printer.

My in logic c s dng kim sot cc tc v sau y :

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Cng vic in c gi i u.
Cng vic in n gi i khi no.

Th t u tin ca cc tc v in.

Ngi s dng in ra spool thng qua vic in ra my in logic, h s dng my in logic

nh l my in ang c gn l my ca h nhng thc s cc d liu c in ra my in logic
c chuyn cho mng v qua n my ch in trc khi c a ra my in mng.
My ch in s lin kt cc my in logic vi my in vt l, n phi m bo cc cng vic
in phi c a ng n my in vt l. Ti y c 3 trng hp c th i vi mi quan h
gia my in logic v my in vt l
Mt my in logic lin kt vi mt my in vt l.
Nhiu my in logic lin kt vi mt my in vt l.
Mt my in logic lin kt vi nhiu my in vt l.
Nu Server cha ci t my in logic, ta phi ci t my in logic tng ng vi mt
my in thc t cho Server. Vo menu Start, chn Settings, chn Printers, chn Add Printer
nh:

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Hp sau hp hi thoi Add printer winzar hin ra

Chn My Computer nu my in ca chng ta khng c card mng v c ni trc tip
vo Server.
Chn Network printer server nu my in ca chng ta ni trc tip vo mng.
Chn Next, chn cng ni vi my in (thng l LPT1). Chn tn hng sn xut v loi
my in ta ang dng, chn Next, ta phi tr li thm vi cu hi ph nh ta c mun in trang
test khng? C mun t my in ny l ngm nh khng?
Sau khi ci t, chng ta s thy xut hin thm biu tng my in m va c ci t
trong khung my in. Chng ta phi cho php dng chung my in nybng cch la chn my in
Trong khung Printers
Ta nhp chut phi vo tn my in , chn Sharing nh hnh sau:
Khung Printer properties hin ra cho chng ta nhp cc thng s nh: tn my in logic
(Share namem), cc tnh cht khc nh v an ton. m chng ta mun khi phc v mng.
Cui cng chn OK, lc ny, ta s thy di biu tng my in c bn tay chng

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t my in ny c php dng chung. Nu trn Server ci t nhiu loi my in vi nhiu

4.

ch khc nhau, ta c th chn my in ngm nh bng cch nh du vo mc Set As

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Default.

my trm c th in c qua Server, nu cha ci t chng ta phi ci my in nh

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sau: nhp p vo tn Server c ni vi my in, khung Shared Printers s hin ra danh sch
cc my in ci trn Server, chng ta chn tn my in cn ni ri bm OK.
Quay tr li khung mn hnh Print Manager chng ta nhn thy thng bo my in ny c
php s dng. Thot ra khi Print Manager v chng ta c th in qua my in mng trn bt c
mt phn mm no trn Windows nh Winword, Excel, v.v...
Bt k my tnh Windows NT c th c cu hnh nh l mt print server. Tuy nhin ch c
nhng ngi l thnh vin ca nhng nhm sau y mi c quyn to ra cc my in:
Administrator (NT Worstation and Server).
Server Operator (NT Server).
Print Operator (NT Server).
Power Users (NT Worstation).
II. Bo mt ca my in
Windows NT c cc mc bo mt trong in n nh sau:
Quyn s hu my in (Ownership) : ngi s dng to ra mt my in chnh l ngi
ch s hu my in v c ton quyn trn tt c cc thuc tnh ca my in logic. Ngi ch

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s hu my in c th gn quyn cho nhng ngi dng khc qun l ti liu hay ton quyn
iu khin vic in n. Mt ngi s dng c ton quyn th h ton quyn s hu my in logic
.
Qun l thuc tnh my in (Permissions): quyn qun l my in bao gm 4 quyn
sau:
No access: khng c php truy cp.
Print: in
Manage document: qun l vn bn, c kh nng thc hin cc thao tc: iu khin
khi t ti liu, Ngng, phc hi, khi ng li,v xa cc ti liu.
Full control: ton quyn iu khin, thc hin cc quyn qun l ti liu v cc quyn
sau y:
Thay i trt t in n ti liu.
Ngng, tng hp li,che du cc my in logic.
Thay i thuc tnh ca my in logic.

4.

Thay i quyn ca my in logic

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Hy cc my in logic.

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C th xem ti liu my in logic v qun l chng theo nhiu cch. Ngi s dng
lun qun l c tt c cc ti liu m h to ra. qun l c cc ti liu ca cc ngi

Administrator.
Server Operator

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s dng khc, phi l ngi ch s hu ca my in logic hay l thnh vin ca cc nhm:

Print operator.
Bt k mt my in no cng c th lm vic trong mi trng mng nhng iu quan
trng l xem xt chu k lm vic (duty cycle) ca my in. Ngha l phi xem xt s lng
trang in ti a m my in c th in ra trong mt khong thi gian nht nh.
Cc my in c thit k cho mng thng c chu k lm vic (duty cycle) cao. Cc
my in c th gn vo bt c ni u trn mng. Cng vic in khng ph thuc vo cc thit b
phn cng hay cc thit b kt ni m do c qun l bi mt print server v d liu c
chuyn vn trn mng.

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vn
4.
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Chng 15 :

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Cc dch v mng ca Windows NT Server

Cng nh cc h iu hnh khc Windows NT cng c nhng u, khuyt im ca n,
tuy nhin Windows NT hin nay chinh phc c nhiu ngi dng vi nhng u im khng
th chi ci. L h iu hnh mng cho php t chc qun l mt cch ch ng theo nhiu m
hnh khc nhau: peer-to-peer, clien/server. N thch hp vi tt c cc kin trc mng hin nay
nh: hnh sao (start), ng thng (bus), vng (ring) v phc hp. N c mt s c tnh u
vit bo m thc hin cng lc nhiu chng trnh m khng b li. Bn thn Windows NT p
ng c hu ht cc giao thc ph bin nht trn mng v cng h tr c rt nhiu nhng
dch v truyn thng trn mng. N va p ng c cho mng cc b (LAN) v cho c mng
din rng (WAN).
Windows NT cho php dng giao thc Windows NT TCP/IP, vn l mt giao thc c
s dng rt ph bin trn hu ht cc mng din rng v trn Internet. Giao thc TCP/IP dng
tt cho nhiu dch v mng trn mi trng Windows NT.
I. Internet Information Server (IIS)

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Internet Information Server l mt ng dng chy trn Windows NT, tch hp cht vi
Windows NT, khi ci t IIS, IIS c a thm vo tin ch mn hnh kim sot (Performance
monitor) mt s mc nh thng k s lng truy cp, s trang truy cp. Vic kim tra ngi
dng truy cp cng da trn c ch qun l ngi s dng ca Windows NT. Sau khi ci t
IIS, trong th mc InetSrv s c cc th mc gc tng ng cho tng dch v chn ci t.
IIS bao gm 3 dch v: World Wide Web (WWW), chuyn file (FTP - File Transfer Protocol) v
Gopher. C 3 dch v ny u s dng kt ni theo giao thc TCP/IP.
1. Ci t dch v Internet Information Server
Khi ci t h iu hnh Windows NT n phn mng Windows NT s hi chng ta xem
c ci t dch v Internet Information Server hay khng vi hp hi thoi
thc hin vic ci t chng ta Click vo phm Next v H thng s bt u ci t
cc dch v Internet Information Server.
2. Cc dch v trong IIS
a. WWW (World Wide Web) :

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L mt trong nhng dch v chnh trn Internet cho php ngi s dng xem thng tin

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thc HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol).

4.

mt cch d dng, sinh ng. D liu chuyn gia Web Server v Web Client thng qua nghi
Ngi qun tr c th xem cc thng tin nh cc ngi dng truy cp, cc trang

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c truy cp, cc yu cu c chp nhn, cc yu cu b t chi. thng qua cc file c th

c lu di dng c s d liu.
b. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

S dng giao thc TCP chuyn file gia 2 my v cng hot ng theo m hnh
Client/Server, khi nhn c yu cu t client, u tin FTP Server s kim tra tnh hp l ca
ngi dng thng qua tn v mt m. Nu hp l, FTP Server s kim tra quyn ngi dng
trn tp tin hay th mc c xc nh trn FTP Server. Nu hp l v h thng file l NTFS th
s c thm kim tra mc th mc, tp tin theo NTFS. Sau khi tt c hp l, ngi dng s
c quyn tng ng trn tp tin, th mc .
s dng FTP c nhiu cch:
S dng Web Browser.
S dng Command line.
S dng t <Run> command trong Windows.
c. Gopher

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L mt dch v s dng giao din menu Gopher Client tm v chuyn bt k thng tin
no m Gopher Server c cu hnh. Gopher cng s dng kt ni theo giao thc TCP/IP.
II. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) :
Trong mt mng my tnh, vic cp cc a ch IP tnh c nh cho cc host s dn n
tnh trng lng ph a ch IP, v trong cng mt lc khng phi cc host hot ng ng thi vi
nhau, do vy s c mt s a ch IP b tha. khc phc tnh trng , dch v DHCP a ra
cp pht cc a ch IP ng trong mng.
Trong mng my tnh NT khi mt my pht ra yu cu v cc thng tin ca TCPIP th
gi l DHCP client, cn cc my cung cp thng tin ca TCPIP gi l DHCP server. Cc my
DHCP server bt buc phi l Windows NT server.
Cch cp pht a ch IP trong DHCP: Mt user khi log on vo mng, n cn xin cp 1 a ch
IP, theo 4 bc sau :
Gi thng bo n tt c cc DHCP server yu cu c cp a ch.
Tt c cc DHCP server gi tr li a ch s cp n cho user .

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User chn 1 a ch trong s cc a ch, gi thng bo n server c a ch c chn.

4.

Server c chn gi thng bo khng nh n user m n cp a ch.

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Qun tr cc a ch IP ca DHCP server: Server qun tr a ch thng qua thi gian

Gn th cng.
Gn t ng.
Gn ng .

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thu bao a ch (lease duration). C ba phng php gn a ch IP cho cc Worstation :

Trong phng php gn a ch IP th cng th a ch IP ca DHCP client c gn th

cng bi ngi qun l mng ti DHCP server v DHCP c s dng chuyn ti DHCP
client gi tr a ch IP m c nh bi ngi qun tr mng
Trong phng php gn a ch IP t ng DHCP client c gn a ch IP khi ln u
tin n ni vo mng. a ch IP c gn bng phng php ny s c gn vnh vin cho
DHCP client v a ch ny s khng bao gi uc s dng bi mt DHCP client khc
Trong phng php gn a ch IP ng th DHCP server gn a ch IP cho DHCP
client tm thi. Sau a ch IP ny s c DHCP client s dng trong mt thi gian c
bit. n khi thi gian ny ht hn th a ch IP ny s b xa mt. Sau nu DHCP client cn
ni kt vo mng th n s c cp mt a ch IP khc
Phng php gn a ch IP ng ny c bit hu hiu i vi nhng DHCP client ch
cn a ch IP tm thi kt ni vo mng. V d mt tnh hung trn mng c 300 users v

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s dng subnet l lp C. iu ny cho php trn mng c 253 nodes trn mng. Bi v mi
computer ni kt vo mng s dng TCP/IP cn c mt a ch IP duy nht do tt c 300
computer khng th ng thi ni kt vo mng. V vy nu ta s dng phng php ny ta c
th s dng li nhng IP m c gii phng t cc DHCP client khc.
Ci t DHCP ch c th ci trn Windows NT server m khng th ci trn Client. Cc
bc thc hin nh sau:
Login vo Server vi tn Administrator .
Click hai ln vo icon Network . Ta s thy hp hi thoi Network dialog box
Chn tab service v click vo nt Add .
Ta s thy mt lot cc service ca Windows NT server nm trong hp hi thoi Select
Network Service. Chn Microsoft DHCP server t danh sch cc service c lit k pha
di v nhn OK v thc hin cc yu cu tip theo ca Windows NT.
cp nht v khai thc DHCP server chng ta chn mc DHCP manager trong
Netwrok Administrator Tools.

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III. Dch v Domain Name Service (DNS)

4.

Hin nay trong mng Internet s lng cc nt (host) ln ti hng triu nn chng ta

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khng th nh ht a ch IP c, Mi host ngoi a ch IP cn c mt ci tn phn bit, DNS

l 1 c s d liu phn tn cung cp nh x t tn host n a ch IP. Khi a ra 1 tn host,

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DNS server s tr v a ch IP hay 1 s thng tin ca host . iu ny cho php ngi qun
l mng d dng trong vic chn tn cho host ca mnh
DNS server c dng trong cc trng hp sau :
Chng ta mun c 1 tn domain ring trn Interner c th to, tch ri cc domain
con bn trong n.
Chng ta cn 1 dch v DNS iu khin cc b nhm tng tnh linh hot cho domain
cc b ca bn.
Chng ta cn mt bc tng la bo v khng cho ngi ngoi thm nhp vo h
thng mng ni b ca mnh
C th qun l trc tip bng cc trnh son tho text to v sa i cc file hoc
dng DNS manager to v qun l cc i tng ca DNS nh: Servers, Zone, Cc mu tin,
cc Domains, Tch hp vi Win, .
Ci t DNS ch c th ci trn Windows NT server m khng th ci trn Client. Cc
bc thc hin nh sau:
Login vo Server vi tn Administrator.

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Click hai ln vo icon Network. Ta s thy hp hi thoi Network dialog box tng t
nh trn v la chn Microsoft DNS Server.
cp nht v khai thc DNS server chng ta chn mc DNS manager trong Netwrok
Administrator Tools. Hp hi thoi sau y s hin ra
Mi mt tp hp thng tin cha trong DNS database c coi nh l Resourse
record. Nhng Resourse record cn thit s c lit k di y:
Tn Record

M t

A (Address)

Dn ng mt tn host computer hay tn ca mt thit b mng

khc trn mng ti mt a ch IP trong DNS zone
To mt tn Alias cho tn mt host computer trn mng

MX ()

nh ngha mt s trao i mail cho host computer

NS (name server)

nh ngha tn server DNS cho DNS domain

PTR (Pointer)

Dn ng mt a ch IP n tn host trong DNS server zone

SOA (Start of authority)

Hin th rng tn server DNS ny th cha nhng thng tin tt nht

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CNAME ()

4.

IV. Remote Access Service (RAS)

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Ngoi nhng lin kt ti ch vi mng cc b (LAN) cc ni kt t xa vo mng LAN

hin ang l nhng yu cu cn thit ca ngi s dng. Vic lin kt cho php mt my t

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xa nh ca mt ngi s dng ti nh c th qua ng dy in thoi thm nhp vo mt

mng LAN v s dng ti nguyn ca n. Cch thng dng nht hin nay l dng modem c
th truyn trn ng dy in thoi.

Windows NT cung cp Dch v Remote access Service cho php cc my trm c th

ni vi ti nguyn ca Windows NT server thng qua ng dy in thoi. RAS cho php
truyn ni vi cc server, iu hnh cc user v cc server, thc hin cc chng trnh khai
thc s liu, thit lp s an ton trn mng. .
My trm c th c ni vi server c dch v RAS thng qua modem hoc pull
modem, cable null modem (RS232) hoc X.25 network.
Khi ci t dch v RAS, cn phi m bo quyn truy nhp t xa cho ngi s dng
bng tin ch remote access amind gn quyn hoc c th ng k ngi s dng remote
access server. RAS cng c c ch m bo an ton cho ti nguyn bng cch kim sot cc
yu t sau: quyn s dng, kim tra m s, xc nhn ngi s dng, ng k s dng ti
nguyn v xc nhn quyn gi li.

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 ci t RAS chng ta la chn yu cu hp Windows NT server setup hin ra lc ci

t h iu hnh Windows NT.
Vi RAS tt c cc ng dng u thc hin trn my t xa, thay v kt ni vi mng
thng qua card mng v ng dy mng th my xa s lin kt qua modem ti mt RAS
Server. Tt c d liu cn thit c truyn qua ng in thoi, mc d tc truyn qua
modem chm hn so vi qua card mng nhng vi nhng tc v ca LAN khng phi bao gi
d liu cng truyn nhiu.
Vi nhng kh nng to ln ca mnh trong cc dch v mng, h iu hnh Windows NT
l mt trong nhng h iu hnh mng tt nht hin nay. H iu hnh Windows NT va cho
php giao lu gia cc my trong mng, va cho php truy nhp t xa, cho php truyn file,
va p ng cho mng cc b (LAN) va p ng cho mng din rng (WAN) nh Intranet,
Internet. Vi nhng kh nng nh vy hin nay h iu hnh Windows NT c nhng v tr

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4.

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vng chc trong vic cung cp cc gii php mng trn th gii.

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