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M u
Trong cc k thi tuyn sinh sau i hc, i s tuyn tnh l mn c bn, l mn thi bt
buc i vi mi th sinh thi vo sau i hc ngnh ton - c th l cc chuyn ngnh : PPGD,
i s, Gii tch, Hnh hc.
Cc bi vit ny nhm cung cp cho cc bn c mt cch c h thng v chn lc cc kin
thc v k nng c bn nht ca mn hc i s tuyn tnh vi mc ch gip nhng ngi
d thi cc k tuyn sinh sau i hc ngnh ton c c s chun b ch ng, tch cc nht.
V l cc bi n tp vi s tit hn ch nn cc kin thc trnh by s c chn lc v
bm st theo cng n tp vo sau i hc. Tuy nhin, d dng hn cho bn c th t
cc vn c th thay i. Cng chnh bi cc l do trn cc bi vit ny khng th thay th
mt gio trnh i s tuyn tnh hon chnh. Bn c quan tm c th tham kho thm mt
s sch vit v i s tuyn tnh, chng hn :
1. Nguyn Vit ng - L Th Thin Hng ...
Ton cao cp Tp 2 - Nxb Gio dc 1998
2. Jean - Marie Monier.
i s 1 - Nxb Gio dc 2000
3. Ng Thc Lanh
i s tuyn tnh - Nxb i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip 1970
4. Bi Tng Tr.
i s tuyn tnh.
5. M Vinh Quang
Bi tp i s tuyn tnh.
Bi 1: NH THC
hiu c phn ny, ngi c cnphi nm c khi nim v ma trn v cc php
ton trn ma trn (php cng, tr, nhn hai ma trn). Cc khi nim trn kh n gin, ngi
c c th d dng tm c trong cc sch dn trn.
nh ngha nh thc
1.1
nh thc cp 2, 3
a11 a12
a21 a22
(1)
V d :
1 2 3
1 2 1
1 0 4
= [(1)(2).4 + 2.1.(1) + 1.0.3] [3.(2).(1) + 1.0.(1) + 2.1.4] = 8
f S3
1.2
nh thc cp n
A=
nh thc ( cp n) ca ma
det A =
2.1
Tnh cht 1
nh thc khng thay i qua php chuyn v, tc l : det At = detA (At : ma trn chuyn
v ca ma trn A)
V d :
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
1 4 7
= 2 5 8
3 6 9
2.2
Tnh cht 2
7 8 9
= 4 5 6
1 2 3
2.3
Tnh cht 3
1 2 3
= 2 2 1 3
6 4 9
2.4
Tnh cht 4
2.5
Tnh cht 5
nh thc s bng 0 nu :
1. C hai dng (hai ct) bng nhau hoc t l.
2. C mt dng (mt ct) l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc dng khc (ct khc).
2.6
Tnh cht 6
V d :
1 1 1 0
2 1
3 2
1 0
1 2
3 1
2 4
1
1 1
0 1
5
0
1
0
0
4 1
0
2
2
4
(L do: nhn dngmtvi (2) cng vo dng 2, nhn dng mt vi 1 cng vo dng 3, nhn
dngmtvi 3 cng vo dng 4).
tnh nh thc, ngoi vic s dng cc tnh cht trn ca nh thc ta cn rt hay s
dng nh l Laplace di y.
nh l Laplace
3.1
3.2
nh l Laplace
A=
... a1n
... a2n
..
..
.
.
... ain
..
..
.
.
... ann
Khi ta c :
1. Khai trin nh thc theo dng i
det A = ai1 .Ai1 + ai2 .Ai2 + ... + ain .Ain =
n
X
aik .Aik
k=1
n
X
akj .Akj
k=1
3.3
Tnh cht 1
Nu A l ma trn tam gic trn, (hoc tam gic di) th det A bng tch ca tt c cc
phn t trn ng cho chnh, tc l :
a11 0
0
...
0
a21 a22 0 ... 0
..
..
..
..
.. = a11 .a22 ...ann
.
.
.
.
.
an1 an2 an3 ... ann
3.4
Tnh cht 2
Cc v d v p dng
1 0
0 1
1 2
1 0
1 1
1 1
2
1
2 1
1
0
1
1
0
2
1
1
1
Ta chn ct 2 khai trin nhng trc khi khai trin, ta bin i nh thc nh sau :
nhn dng 2 vi (-2) cng vo dng 3. Nhn dng 2 vi (-1) cng vo dng 5. nh thc cho
s bng (Tnh cht 2.6 )
1 0
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
0 1
1
2
1
Khai trin theo ct 2 1 1 4 3
1 0 1 4
3
=
1
1
0
2
1 0
1
0
2
1
0
1
2
1 0
0 1
2
tnh nh thc cp 4, ta li chn dng 4 khai trin, trc khi khai trin ta li bin
i nh thc nh sau : nhn ct 1 vi (-1) ri cng vo ct 3, nhn ct 1 vi 2 ri cng vo
ct 4. nh thc cho s bng :
1
1
2
4
1 2 4
1 1 5 5 (Khai trin theo dng 4)
=
(1).(1)5 1 5 5 = 1
1
1
1 0
1
1 0
1
0
0 0
V d 2
1
0
x
0
Gii :
1 x x+2
(Khai trin theo dng 2 )
VT
=
(1)5 (x2 1) x 1 x 2
0 0 x100
(Khai trin theo dng 3)
2
100 1 x
=
(1 x ).x
= (1 x2 )2 .x100
x 1
Vy phng trnh cho tng ng vi (1 x2 )2 .x100 = 0 x = 0, x = 1
Bi Tp
1. Tnh
trong , , , l cc nghim ca phng trnh :x3 + px + q = 0
1
1
1
1
x x2 x3
2 4 8
=0
3 9 27
4 16 64
3. Chng minh :
a1 + b 1 b 1 + c 1 c 1 + a1
a2 + b 2 b 2 + c 2 c 2 + a2
a3 + b 3 b 3 + c 3 c 3 + a3
=0
4. Chng minh :
a2
b2
c2
d2
(a + 1)2
(b + 1)2
(c + 1)2
(d + 1)2
(a + 2)2
(b + 2)2
(c + 2)2
(d + 2)2
(a + 3)2
(b + 3)2
(c + 3)2
(d + 3)2
=0