You are on page 1of 4

GII TCH C BN

(N THI THC S TON HC)


GII HN CA DY S V HM S
PGS. TS L Hon Ha
Ngy 11 thng 10 nm 2004

Gii hn ca dy s

1.1

nh ngha

Cho (xn )n l dy s thc. Ta ni :


Dy (xn )n hi t v x (x hu hn) khi n , k hiu lim xn = x hay lim xn = x nu
n

vi mi  > 0, tn ti s t nhin n0 N sao cho vi mi n n0 th |xn x| < .


lim xn = x  > 0, n0 N : n n0 = |xn x| <  lim |xn x| = 0
Dy (xn )n tin ra + (theo t t ) nu vi mi A R, tn ti n0 N sao cho vi
mi n n0 th xn > A (theo th t xn < A).
Dy (xn )n phn k nu khng c lim xn hoc lim xn = + hoc lim xn = .
Nh vy vi mt dy (xn )n ch c hai trng hp : hoc (xn )n hi t hoc (xn )n phn k.

1.2

nh l c bn

1. Nu(xn )n l dy tng, b chn trn v a = sup{xn } th lim xn = a. Nu (xn )n l dy gim,


b chn di v b = inf{xn } th lim xn = b.
2. Gii hn kp : Gi s : an xn bn , n n0 v lim an = lim bn = a. Khi lim xn = a.
3. Tiu chun Cauchy :
(xn )n hi t  > 0, n0 N : n n0 , p N = |xn+p xn | < 

1.3

Cc gii hn c bn

1. lim

1
= 0, > 0
n

2. lim q n = 0, q, |q| < 1

3. lim n a = 1, a > 0
1

4. lim
5. lim

np = 1, p 0

np
= 0, a > 0, p
(1 + a)n

np
= 0, p
en
1
7. lim(1 + )n = e
n
1
8. lim(1 )n = e1
n
6. lim

lnp n
= 0, > 0, p
n
n
=e
10. lim
n
n!
9. lim

1.4

V d

1.4.1

V d 1

a n
a
) , yn = (1 + )n+1 , n N.
n
n
1. Chng minh : (xn )n l dy tng, (yn )n l dy gim.
Vi a > 0, cho xn = (1 +

2. Chng minh :(xn )n ,(yn )n hi t v lim xn = lim yn . t lim xn = lim yn = ea


Gii :
1. Trc tin ta chng minh : Vi 1, (1 + )n 1 + n, n N .
Bt ng thc ng vi n = 1. Gi s ng n n.
Khi , do 1 + 0 :
(1 + )n+1 = (1 + )n (1 + ) (1 + n)(1 + ) = 1 + (n + 1) + 2 1 + (n + 1)
Ta c, vi mi n N :
xn+1
=
xn

a n+1
a
)
1
+
a
a
n+1
n + 1 )n = (1 + a )(1
= (1 +
)(
)n
a n
a
n
+
1
n
+
1
(n
+
1)(n
+
a)
(1 + )
1+
n
n
a
na
a2
(1 +
)[1
]=1+
>1
n+1
(n + 1)(n + a)
(n + 1)2 (n + a)

(1 +

Vy (xn )n l dy tng.
Tng t :
a n+1
)
yn
a 1
a
n
=
= (1 +
) [1 +
]n+1
a
n+2
yn+1
n+1
n(n + 1 + a)
(1 +
)
n+1
a
(n + 1)a
(n + 1)a
(1
)(1 +
)1+
>1
n+1+a
n(n + 1 + a)
n(n + 1 + a)2
(1 +

Vy (yn )n l dy gim.
2

2. Ta c :
(1 + a) = x1 x2 ... xn yn ... y1 = (1 + a)2
Vy (xn )n l dy tng, b chn trn ; (yn )n l dy gim, b chn di, chng hi t. t
a
lim xn = lim yn = lim(1 + )n = ea
n
1.4.2

V d 2

Cho (xn )n nh bi : x1 =
chn trn. Tnh lim xn

2, xn+1 =

2 + xn , n N . Chng minh (xn )n l dy tng, b

Gii :
Ta c : xn 0, n v
xn+1 xn =

2 + xn xn 2
2 + xn xn =
2 + xn + xn

Tam thc bc hai 2 + xn xn 2 0 2 xn 2, n.

Bng quy np, ta c : x1 = 2 < 2. Gi s xn 2. Khi : xn+1 = 2 + xn 2


Vy (xn )n l dy tng, b chn trn nn (xn )n hi t.
t x = lim xn .

T ng thc xn+1 = 2 + xn , n N , cho n , ta c : x = 2 + x hay x2 x 2 = 0


Vy x = 2.
1.4.3
lim

V d 3
3n+1 [1 + (2/3 )n+1 ]
3n+1 + 2n
=
lim
=3
3n + 2n
3n [1 + (2/3 )n ]

1.4.4

V d 4

Tnh lim n an + bn + cn , a, b, c > 0.


Gi s a = max{a, b, c}. Ta c :
a

Vy lim

r
an + b n + c n = a

b
c
n
1 + ( )n + ( )n a 3
a
a

an + bn + cn = max{a, b, c}

1.4.5

V d 5

Tnh lim n n2 2n + 3n
n2
n2
Do lim
= 0 nn c n0 N sao cho
< 1, n n0 .
(3/2 )n
(3/2 )n
Vi n n0 , ta c :
s

n2
n
n
3 n2 2n + 3n = 3 n 1 +

3
2
n
(3/2 )

Do nh l gii hn kp lim n n2 2n + 3n = 3
3

1.4.6

V d 6

Tnh lim sin( n2 + 1)

0 | sin( n2 + 1)| = | sin ( n2 + 1 n)| = | sin(

)|
n2 + 1 + n
n2 + 1 + n

Vy lim sin( n2 + 1) = 0

BI TP
Tnh cc gii hn sau

1. lim( n2 + 5 n2 + 3)
2. lim

n sin n
n2 + 1

3. lim

an b n
, a, b > 0
an + b n

4. lim nq n , |q| < 1


5. lim

2n
2n
2.2...2.2
4
( HD:
=
)
n!
n!
1.2....(n 1).n
n

6. lim

n2
n!

7. Chng minh : 12 + 22 + ... + n2 =


12 + 22 + ... + n2
n3

8. Tnh lim n( n e 1)

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6

Tnh

HD : Dng th d (1) c bt ng thc : (1 +

1 n
1 n
) < e < (1
) , n
n
n1

9. Cho (xn )n nh bi : x1 = a, xn+1 = a + xn , n(a > 0)


Xt tnh n iu ca (xn )n v tnh lim xn (nu c).
n
10. Tnh lim n
2

n
ln n
)]
HD : n = exp[ n ln 2(1
n ln 2
2

lnn
Do lim
= 0 nn lim(ln n n ln 2) = . Suy ra vi mi A > 0, c n0 N sao
n ln 2
n
n
cho vi n n0 th n eA . Vy lim n = 0
2
2

You might also like