Xử Lý Tín Hiệu Số - Vũ Văn Điền

MC LC
CHNG 1 : TN HIU V H THNG RI RC .......................................................... 4

1.1 M u .............................................................................................................................. 4
1.1.1 Phn loi tn hiu........................................................................................................ 4
1.1.2 X l tn hiu s (DSP- Digital Signal Processing) ................................................... 7
1.2 Tn hiu ri rc.................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.1 Biu din tn hiu ri rc............................................................................................ 7
1.2.2 Cc tn hiu ri rc..................................................................................................... 9
1.2.3 Cc php ton vi tn hiu ri rc ............................................................................ 13
1.3 H thng tuyn tnh bt bin ........................................................................................... 18
1.3.1 H thng tuyn tnh.................................................................................................. 19
1.3.2 H thng tuyn tnh bt bin .................................................................................... 21
1.3.3 H thng tuyn tnh bt bin v nhn qu................................................................ 26
1.3.4 H thng tuyn tnh bt bin nhn qu n nh ....................................................... 29
1.4 Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng .................................................................. 31
1.4.1 Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh ............................................................................. 31
1.4.2 Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng ........................................................... 32
1.4.3 H thng s quy(trong li ra c cc li ra).......................................................... 35
1.4.4 H thng s khng quy........................................................................................ 35
1.4.5 Cc phn t thc hin h thng bt bin.................................................................. 36
1.5 Tng quan cho ca cc tn hiu................................................................................... 38
1.5.1 Tng quan cho...................................................................................................... 38
1.5.2 Hm t tng quan .................................................................................................. 39
CHNG 2: BIU DIN H THNG V TN HIU RI RC.................................... 40
TRONG MIN Z..................................................................................................................... 42
2.1 M u ............................................................................................................................ 42
2.2 Bin i Z (ZT) ............................................................................................................... 42
2.2.1 nh ngha................................................................................................................ 42
2.2.2 S tn ti ca bin i z........................................................................................... 43
2.2.3 Mt vi bin i Z thng dng................................................................................. 48
2.3 Bin i Z ngc............................................................................................................. 48
2.3.1 Tnh trc tip tch phn bng l thuyt thng d ..................................................... 48
2.3.2 Phng php khai trin thnh chui ly tha .......................................................... 50
2.3.3 Phng php khai trin thnh tng ca cc phn thc ti gin................................ 51
2.4 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Z............................................................................................ 53

2.4.1 Tnh cht tuyn tnh ................................................................................................. 54
2.4.2 Tnh cht tr ............................................................................................................. 54
2.4.3 Tnh cht nhn vi hm m an ................................................................................. 55
2.4.4 o hm ca bin i Z ( tnh o hm ca n.x(n) ) ............................................... 56
2.4.5 Tch chp ca hai dy............................................................................................... 56
2.4.6 Tng quan ca hai tn hiu..................................................................................... 58
2.4.7 Dy lin hp phc .................................................................................................... 59
2.4.8 nh l gi tr ban u.............................................................................................. 59
2.4.9 Tch ca hai dy ....................................................................................................... 60
2.5 Biu din h thng ri rc trong min Z ......................................................................... 60
2.5.1 Hm truyn t ca h thng ri rc ........................................................................ 60
2.5.2 Hm truyn t ca mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c c trng bi phng
trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng.................................................................................. 60
2.5.3 Cc phn t thc hin h thng tuyn tnh bt bin................................................. 61
2.5.4 Phn tch h thng trong min Z.............................................................................. 63
2.5.5 Gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng nh bin i Z ........................... 64
2.6 n nh ca h thng ................................................................................................. 66
2.6.1 S n nh ca mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin..................................................... 66
2.6.2 S n nh ca mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin v nhn qu ................................ 66
2.6.3 Tiu chun n nh Jury........................................................................................... 67
CHNG 3: BIU DIN H THNG V TN HIU RI RC.................................... 70
TRONG MIN TN S LIN TC..................................................................................... 72
3.1 Bin i Fourier ca cc tn hiu ri rc ......................................................................... 72
3.1.1 nh ngha bin i Fourier (Fourier Transform )................................................... 72
3.1.2 S tn ti ca bin i Fourier................................................................................. 74
3.1.3 Bin i Fourier ngc (Inverse Fourier Transform) .............................................. 75
3.2 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Fourier .................................................................................. 77
3.2.1 Tnh cht tuyn tnh ................................................................................................. 77
3.2.2 Tnh cht tr ............................................................................................................. 78
3.2.3 Tnh cht tr tn s................................................................................................... 79
3.2.4 Tch chp ca hai dy............................................................................................... 80
3.2.5 Tnh cht i xng ................................................................................................... 81
3.2.6 Tng quan gia hai tn hiu ................................................................................... 81
3.2.7 Quan h Parseval...................................................................................................... 81

3.2.8 Tch ca hai dy ....................................................................................................... 82
3.2.9 Vi phn trong min tn s ........................................................................................ 83
3.2.10 Tnh cht o bin s ............................................................................................. 83
3.3 So snh bin i Fourier v bin i Z ........................................................................... 84
3.3.1 Quan h gia bin i Fourier v bin i Z ........................................................... 84
3.3.2 nh gi hnh hc X(ejw) trn mt phng Z ............................................................. 85
3.4 Biu din h thng ri rc trong min tn s lin tc ..................................................... 86
3.4.1 p ng tn s ......................................................................................................... 86
3.4.2 Cc b lc s l tng.............................................................................................. 87
3.5 Ly mu tn hiu.............................................................................................................. 91
3.5.1 nh l ly mu........................................................................................................ 91
3.5.2 Tn s Nyquist ......................................................................................................... 93
CHNG 4: BIU DIN TN HIU V H THNG RI RC.................................... 94
TRONG MIN TN S RI RC....................................................................................... 95
4.1 M u ............................................................................................................................ 95
4.2 Bin i Fourier ri rc i vi cc tn hiu tun hon c chu k N .............................. 95
4.2.1 Cc nh ngha ......................................................................................................... 95
4.2.2 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Fourier ri rc i vi cc dy tun hon...................... 97
c chu k N ....................................................................................................................... 97
4.3 Bin i Fourier ri rc i vi cc dy khng tun hon c chiu di.......................... 99
hu hn.................................................................................................................................. 99
4.3.1 Cc nh ngha ......................................................................................................... 99
4.3.2 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Fourier ri rc i vi cc dy c chiu ...................... 100
di hu hn...................................................................................................................... 100
4.3.3 Khi phc bin i Z v bin i Fourier t DFT ................................................. 102
4.4 Bin i nhanh Fourier ri rc (FFT)............................................................................ 103
4.4.1 M u ................................................................................................................... 103
4.4.2 Thut ton FFT c s 2 phn chia theo thi gian................................................... 106
4.4.3 Thut ton FFT c s 2 phn chia theo tn s ....................................................... 110
4.4.4 Tnh FFT ngc ..................................................................................................... 111
CHNG 1 : TN HIU V H THNG RI RC

1.1 M u
1.1.1 Phn loi tn hiu
1.1.1.1 nh ngha tn hiu
Tn hiu l biu din vt l ca thng tin hay l mt biu hin ca tin tc.
V d:
- Cc tn hiu nhn thy l cc sng nh sng mang thng tin ti mt chng ta.
- Cc tn hiu nghe thy l cc s bin i ca p sut khng kh truyn thng
tin ti tai chng ta.
1.1.1.2 Biu din ton hc ca tn hiu
V mt ton hc, tn hiu c biu din bi hm ca mt hoc nhiu bin s
c lp.
V d : Ta c tn hiu microphone Sa(t) c biu din trn hnh 1.1
Sa(t)
t
0
Hnh 1.1 th biu din tn hiu microphone Sa(t)

T hnh 1.1 ta thy Sa(t) l hm mt bin s, bin s ny l thi gian t. V l hm
ca mt bin nn ta cn gi l tn hiu mt chiu.
1.1.1.3 Phn loi tn hiu

Chng ta chia tn hiu ra lm hai nhm ln: Tn hiu lin tc v tn hiu ri rc.
1.1.1.3.1 nh ngha tn hiu lin tc
Nu bin c lp ca s bin i ton hc ca mt tn hiu l lin tc, th tn
hiu c gi l tn hiu lin tc.
Nh vy theo nh ngha tn hiu lin tc, th t lin tc y c hiu l lin
tc theo bin s.
Nu da vo hm s, chng ta c th phn loi tn hiu lin tc ra lm hai loi:
-
Tn hiu tng t
Tn hiu lng t ha.
*) Tn hiu c gi l tn hiu tng t nu hm ca tn hiu lin tc l lin tc.

*) Tn hiu c gi l tn hiu lng t ha nu hm ca tn hiu lin tc l ri
rc.
Mi mc lng t c ch nh mt gi tr s 8 bit, kt hp 8 bit c 256 mc
hay gi tr. Qui c bit u tin dng nh du gi tr m hoc dng cho mu.
By bt cn li biu din cho ln; bit u tin ch na trn hay na di ca dy,
bit th hai ch phn t trn hay di, bit th 3 ch phn tm trn hay di v c th.
V d: Chng ta c hai tn hiu lin tc c bin s l thi gian t c biu din trn
hnh 1.2a l tn hiu tng t v hnh 1.2b l tn hiu lng t ha.
xa(t)
xa(t)
69
59
49
39
29
19
9
(a)
(b)
Hnh 1.2 th biu din tn hiu tng t v tn hiu lng t ha
1.1.1.3.2 nh ngha tn hiu ri rc

Nu tn hiu c biu din bi hm ca cc bin ri rc, th tn hiu c
gi l tn hiu ri rc.
Theo nh ngha th t ri rc y c hiu l ri rc theo bin s.
Nu da vo bin , chng ta cng c th phn loi tn hiu ri rc ra lm hai
loi :
-
Tn hiu ly mu
Tn hiu s
Tn hiu c gi l tn hiu ly mu nu hm ca tn hiu ri rc l lin tc

(khng c lng t ha)
Tn hiu c gi l tn hiu s nu hm ca tn hiu ri rc l ri rc. Nh vy
tn hiu s c gi l tn hiu ri rc ha c v bin s v bin . Cn tn hiu
tng t l tn hiu lin tc c v bin s v bin .
V d : Chng ta c hai tn hiu ri rc c bin s l thi gian t c biu din trn
hnh 1.3, thi gian t c ri rc ha vi chu k Ts. Hnh 1.3 (a) l tn hiu ly mu
v (b) l tn hiu s.
xd(n.Ts)
xs(n.Ts)
n.Ts
n.Ts
(a)
(b)
Hnh 1.3 th biu din tn hiu ly mu v tn hiu s
1.1.2 X l tn hiu s (DSP- Digital Signal Processing)

Ta c s tng qut ca h thng x l tn hiu (theo hnh 1.4):
Xa(t)
a qua
LPF
S&H
ADC
Xd(t)
Yd(t)
LPF
Ya(t)
DAC
DSP
Hnh 1.4 S tng qut ca h thng x l tn hiu

Trong :
-
LPF: Low Pass Fillter (B lc thng thp).
S&H: Sample And Hold (ly v gi mu)
ADC: Analog Digital Converter (B chuyn i tn hiu tng t - s)
DAC: Digital Analog Converter (B chuyn i tn hiu s tng t)
* Nhn xt:
- Tn hiu tng t u vo c chuyn sang dng s nh mt h bin i tng
t - s ADC.
- Tn hiu tng t u ra c thit lp li nh h bin i s - tng t DAC.
Nh vy, tn hiu ca b bin i ADC l tn hiu s Xd(n), l tn hiu ca h
thng x l tn hiu s DSP, DSP lm nhim v x l tn hiu s Xd(n) v a ra tn
hiu s Yd(n).
1.2 Tn hiu ri rc
1.2.1 Biu din tn hiu ri rc
Tn hiu ri rc c hai loi :
- Tn hiu ly mu, k hiu l xs(nTs)
- Tn hiu s, k hiu l xs(nTs)
K hiu chung : x(nTs)
x(n)
x(n)
C ba cch biu din tn hiu ri rc hay dng l :

- Biu din bng biu thc ton hc
- Biu din bng th
- Biu din bng lit k cc phn t.
1.2.1.1 Biu din ton hc
Biu din ton hc
vi N1 n N2
vi n < 0
x(n) =
Vi: n, N1, N2 l nguyn (cn cc gi tr khng nguyn, ta khng xt)

V d: Hy cho cch biu din ton hc ca mt tn hiu ri rc no .
1
vi 0 n 3
x(n) =
0
vi n cn li
y N1 = 0, N2 = 3
Biu thc ton hc y l 1
1.2.1.2 Biu din bng th
tin minh ha mt cch trc quan, trong nhiu trng hp chng ta dng
th biu din tn hiu.
V d: Hy v th tn hiu ri rc trong v d trn
1
vi 0 n 3
x(n) =
x(n)
1
vi n cn li
n
-1 0
Hnh 1.5 Biu din tn hiu bng th
1.2.1.3 Biu din bng dy s

Chng ta biu din bng cch lit k cc gi tr ca x(n) thnh mt dy s nh
sau :
x(n)={, x(n-1), x(n), x(n-1), }
n
ch ra cc gi tr ca x(n) ti v tr th n, ta dng k hiu n , bi v khi dng
biu din ny ta khng bit u l x(n).
V d: Biu din dy sau bng cch lit k cc phn t
1
vi 0 n 3
vi n cn li
x(n) =
Gii :
x(n) = {, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,}
0
0 : ng rng x0 = 1
1.2.2 Cc tn hiu ri rc
1.2.2.1 Dy xung n v
K hiu: (n) (n l s nguyn )
Trong min n, dy xung n v c nh ngha nh sau :
(n) =
Khi n = 0
Khi n 0
V d : Biu din (n) (n-5) bng th
Gii :
- Vi (n):
1
- Vi (n-5):
n
-2 -1 0
Hnh 1.6 Biu din (n) v (n-5) bng th

M rng c dy xung n v (n - k) , vi k l hng s nguyn dng hoc m :
1
Khi n = k
Khi n k
(n k ) =
Trn hnh 1.6 l th ca cc dy xung n v (n - 5)

1.2.2.2 Dy nhy n v
Dy nhy n v c nh ngha nh sau trong min n :
1
u (n) =
0
Khi n 0
Khi n < 0
th ca dy u(n) c dng nh hnh v sau :

u(n)
1
....
n
-1 0
....
Hnh 1.7 biu din u(n) bng th

Tng qut, ta c:
1
u (n k ) =
0
Khi n k
Khi n < k
1
u (n + k ) =
0
Khi n k
Khi n < k
10
V d : Biu din u(n-2) v u(n+2) bng th
1
....
....
n
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 . . . .
n
-3 -2 -1 0 1 . . . .
Hnh 1.8 Biu din u(n-2) v u(n+2) bng th

1.2.2.3 Dy ch nht
Trong min n, dy ch nht c nh ngha nh sau:
1
rectN (n) =
0
0 n N 1
....
th ca rectN(n) c dng nh hnh bn :
-1 0 1 2 . . . .
(N-1)
M rng c dy ch nht rectN(n-k) vi k l s nguyn dng hoc m.
1
rectN (n k ) =
0
k n N + k 1
n
1
rectN (n + k ) =
0
k n N k 1
n
V d : Biu din rectN(n-2) v rectN(n+2) bng th
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Hnh 1.9 Biu din rectN(n-2) v rectN(n+2) bng th.
11
1.2.2.4 Dy m thc
Dy hm m thc c nh ngha nh sau trong min n :

an
vi n 0
v i n < 0
e(n) =
Dy ny tng hay gim ph thuc vo tham s a ln hn hay nh hn 1 nh trn
hnh 1.10 (a) v (b) trong v d di y :
e(n)
e(n)
0<a<1
(a)
a>1 (b)
Hnh 1.10 Dy m thc.

Ta thy, vi a > 1 th hm e(n) ng bin, cn vi 0 <a <1 th hm e(n) nghch
bin. Nu a <0 th hm e(n) l khng ng bin v cng khng nghch bin.
1.2.2.5 Dy hnh sin
Dy hm sin c dng nh sau :

2
x(n) = sin n = sin ( 0 n)
N
v i 0 =
2
N
Dy sin(0.n) l dy v hn, hai pha, l v phn i xng, lin tc, v tun hon
vi chu k N. th ca dy sin(0.n) hnh 1.11 di y :
0,95
0,59
-10
-5
-0,59
-0,95
Hnh 1.11 th dy sin(w0n) vi N=10
12
10
1.2.3 Cc php ton vi tn hiu ri rc

1.2.3.1 nh ngha dy tun hon (dy chu k)
Mt dy x(n) c gi l tun hon vi chu k N nu :

x(n) = x(n+N) = x(n+kN) vi n, k, N nguyn, N: chu k tun hon.
Ta k kiu dy tun hon nh sau : xp(n)
V d: Hy v mt dy tun hon vi chu k N=4
Gii :
Dy xp(n) cho trn hnh 1.11
xp(n)
n
0
Hnh 1.11 Biu din dy tun hon bng th.

1.2.3.2 nh ngha dy c chiu di hu hn
Mt dy x(n) xc nh vi mt s hu hn mu th c gi l dy c chiu di
hu hn (chiu di ca dy tnh bng s mu c gi tr khc 0)
V d: Tnh chiu di ca cc dy s (hay cc tn hiu ri rc)
- L[(n)] = 1
- L[u(n)] = [0,+ ] =
- L[rectN(n)] = [0,N-1] = N
- L[x(n)] = [-,+] =
- L[e(n)] =
13
1.2.3.3 Nng lng v cng sut ca dy

1.2.3.3.1 Nng lng ca dy
- i vi tn hiu s x(n) mt pha hu hn c di N:
N 1
Ex =
x (n )
n=0
- i vi tn hiu s x(n) hai pha hu hn c di (2N + 1):

N
Ex =
x(n )
n= N
- i vi tn hiu s x(n) mt pha v hn:
Ex =
x(n)
n=0
- i vi tn hiu s x(n) hai pha v hn:
Ex =
x(n)
n =
V d 1: Tnh nng lng ca cc dy sau:

a.x1(n) = rect3(n)
b.
1
x 2 ( n ) = 2 u ( n )
Gii: a. Ta c:
x1
x1 ( n )
n =
rect
(n )
3
=1+1+1= 3
n=0
n =
b. Ta c:
E x2
x2 (n)
n =
v :
n=0
n =
1
u (n)
2
1
=
n=0
1
( a < 1)
1 a
14
1
=
n=0
1
1
1
4
4
3
1.2.3.3.2 Cng sut trung bnh ca dy
Cng sut trung bnh Px ca tn hiu s x(n) c tnh nh sau:

- i vi tn hiu s x(n) mt pha hu hn c di N:
Ex
Px =
N 1
x (n)
= x 2 (n)
n=0
- i vi tn hiu s x(n) hai pha hu hn c di (2N + 1):

Px =
Ex
(2 N + 1)
x(n)
(2 N + 1)
= x 2 (n)
n= N
- i vi tn hiu s x(n) mt pha v hn:

Ex
1 N1
2
Px = Lim
= Lim
x(n) = x2 (n)
N N
N N n=0
- i vi tn hiu s x(n) hai pha v hn:

Px = Lim
N
Ex
(2N + 1)
= Lim
N
x(n)
(2N + 1)
= x 2 (n)
n= N
V d: Tnh nng lng v cng sut trung bnh ca cc dy tn hiu sau:
x ( n ) = 2 u ( n 1)
b. x ( n ) = u ( n 3) u ( n + 3) + rect
a.
(n)
Gii:
a.Nng lng v cng sut trung bnh ca dy tn hiu x1(n) c tnh nh sau:
x1
n =
Px 1 = lim
x1 ( n )
| 2 n u ( n 1) |2 =
4n =
n =1
n =
N
E x1
1
= lim
x1 ( n )
2 * N + 1 N 2 * N + 1 n= N
N
1
1
1 4N
n
= lim
4 = lim
=
N 2 * N + 1
N 2 * N + 1 1 4
n =1
= lim
4 N * ln 4
=
6
15
b. Ta c:
x (n) = u(n 3) u(n + 3) + rect (n) = rect (n + 3) + rect (n)

3
Nng lng v cng sut trung bnh ca dy tn hiu x2(n) l:
E x2 =
x2 (n)
| rect
n =
2
( n + 3 ) + rect 3 ( n ) | 2 =
n =
rect 6 ( n + 3 ) + rect 3 ( n )
= 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 = 15
n = 3
15
E x2
P
= lim
= lim
=0
x2
N 2* N +1 N 2* N +1
1.2.3.4 Cc php ton i vi tn hiu ri

1.2.3.4.1 Php cng hai tn hiu
Tng ca hai dy thu c l mt dy bng cch cng i mt gi tr mu ca

cc phn t c cng tr s ca bin c lp.
V d: Cho hai dy x1(n) = rect3(n-1) v x2(n) = rect2(n-2)
Tm v v x3(n) = x1(n)+x2(n)
Gii :
- V x1(n) :
x(n)
1
n
0
- V x2(n) :
16
x(n)
1
n
0
V x3(n) :
x3(n)
2
n
1
Hnh 1.12 th biu din cc tn hiu x1(n), x2(n) v x3(n)

1.2.3.4.2 Php nhn hai tn hiu
Tch ca hai dy thu c l mt dy thu c bng cch em nhn tng ng

cc phn t c cng tr s ca bin c lp.
V d : Cho hai dy s x1(n) v x2(n) nh v d trn
Tnh x3(n) = x1(n).x2(n)

Gii : V x3(n)
x(n)
n
1
Hnh 1.13 th biu din x3(n)
17
1.2.3.4.3 Php nhn tn hiu vi mt hng s
Tch ca mt dy vi mt hng s l mt dy nhn c bng cch nhn tt c

cc gi tr mu ca dy vi chnh mt hng s .
V d: cho x1(n) = rect3(n-1), tm x2(n) = 2.x1(n)
Gii :
1
v i 1 n 3
vi n cn li
x1(n) = rect3(n-1) =
vi 1 n 3
vi n cn li
x2(n) = 2.x1(n) = 2.rect3(n-1) =
1.2.3.4.4 Php tr (dch)
Dy y(n) c gi l tr dch lp li ca x(n) nu y(n) = x(n-n0) vi mi n, n0

nguyn.
V d :
1-
n
4
vi 1 n 3
Cho x1(n) =
0
vi n cn li
Tm y(n) = x(n-2) = ?
Gii :
n2
1
y (n = x(n 2) =
4
0
3 n 5
n
*)Nhn xt: Qua v d trn ta thy, khi tn hiu x(n) b tr i 2 mu trong min thi
gian th th ca hm y(n) = x(n-2) s dch chuyn sang phi 2 mu. Tng qut, ta
c khi tn hiu b tr i n0(n0>0) mu trong min thi gian th th ca n b dch
sang phi n0 mu, nu n0 < 0 th th ca n li dch chuyn sang tri i n0 mu.
18
1.3 H thng tuyn tnh bt bin

1.3.1 H thng tuyn tnh
1.3.1.1 nh ngha
K hiu h thng:
Dy vo
Dy ra
H thng
x(n)
y(n)
- Dy vo c gi l dy kch thch (hoc kch thch).

- Dy ra c gi l dy p ng.
1.3.1.2 c trng ca h thng
Mt h thng x l s c c trng bi ton t T, ton t T lm nhim v

bin i dy vo thnh dy ra.
K hiu: T[x(n)] = y(n) hoc x(n) y(n)

Ta c th biu din h thng bng s :
x(n)
y(n)
1.3.1.3 H thng tuyn tnh
Mt h thng c gi l tuyn tnh nu ton t T ca n tha mn nguyn l

xp chng, tc l :
T[a.x1(n) + b.x2(n)] = a.T[x1(n)] + b.T[x2(n)] = a.y1(n) + b.y2(n)
Vi mi a,b l hng s.
Trong : - y1(n) l p ng ca kch thch x1(n)
- y2(n) l p ng ca kch thch x2(n)
Ta xt 2 trng hp:
+Nu a = b = 1 th T[x1(n) + x2(n)] = T[x1(n)] + T[x2(n)] = y1(n) + y2(n)
=>H thng tuyn tnh c tnh t hp
+Nu b = 0 th T[a.x1(n)] = a.T[x1(n)] = a. y1(n)
=>H thng tuyn tnh c tnh t l.
Vy h thng tuyn tnh va c tnh t hp, va c tnh t l.
19
V d : Kim tra tnh cht tuyn tnh ca cc h thng sau :
a. T[x(n)] = 2. x(n)
b. T[x(n)] = x2(n)
c. T[x(n)] = n.x(n)
d. T[x(n)] = 4.x(n) + 3
Gii:
a. T[x(n)] = 2. x(n)
T[a.x1(n) + b.x2(n)] = 2(a.x1(n) +b.x2(n)) = a.2.x1(n) + b.2.x2(n)
= a.T[x1(n)] + b.T[x2(n)] (tha mn nguyn l xp chng)

Vy h thng l tuyn tnh
b. T[x(n)] = x2(n)
Ta c: T[a.x(n) + b.x(n)] = [a.x1(n) + b.x2(n)]2
= a2.x21(n) + b2.x22 (n) + 2.a.x1(n).b.x2(n)
a.T[x1(n)] + b.T[x2(n)]
(khng tha mn nguyn l xp chng)

Vy h thng khng phi l h thng tuyn tnh.
c. T[x(n)] = n.x(n)
Ta c: T[a.x1(n) + b.x2(n)] = n.(a.x1(n)+b.x2(n)) = a.n.x1(n) + b.n.x2(n)
= a.T[x1(n)] + b.T[x2(n)]
(tha mn nguyn l xp chng)
Vy h thng cho l h thng tuyn tnh.
d. T[x(n)] = 4.x(n) + 3
Ta c: T[a.x1(n) + b.x2(n)] = 4.(a.x1(n) + b.x2(n)) + 3
= 4.a.x1(n) + 3.a +4.b.x2(n) + 3.b +3 3.a 3.b
= a.( 4.x1(n) + 3) + b.( 4.x2(n) + 3) + 3 - 3.a 3.b
= a.T[x1(n)] + b.T[x2(n)] + 3 3.a -3.b
a.T[x1(n)] + b.T[x2(n)] (vi a = 1, b = 1 chng hn)
(Khng tha mn nguyn l xp chng)

Vy h thng cho khng phi l h thng tuyn tnh.
20
1.3.1.4 p ng xung ca h thng tuyn tnh
Mt dy bt k x(n) c th c biu din tng qut nh sau :
Gi s ta c mt h thng tuyn tnh c c trng bi ton t T (T tha mn

nguyn l xp chng), ta c th vit :
y(n) = T[x(n)] = T x(k ). (n k ) =

k =
x(k ).T [ (n k )]
T [ x(k ). (n k )]
k =
(v x(k) c lp vi n)
k =
t h(n-k) = hk(n) = T[ (n k ) ]
x(k ).h(n k )
Chng ta c : y(n) =
k =
p ng hk(n) c gi l p ng xung ca h thng. V hk(n) c trng hon
ton cho mt h thng tuyn tnh.
1.3.2 H thng tuyn tnh bt bin

1.3.2.1 nh ngha :
Mt h thng c gi l bt bin theo thi gian nu cc tc ng vo, ra ca n

khng thay i theo thi gian.
Mt h thng l mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin nu tha mn hai iu kin sau :
- H thng l tuyn tnh.
- Nu li vo ca h thng l x(n), ta c li ra l y(n) th vi li vo l x(n-k),
ta thu c li ra l y(n-k), hay T[x(n-k)] = y(n-k) nu T[x(n)] = y(n)
V d: Hy xt cc h thng sau c phi l tuyn tnh,bt bin theo n hay khng ?
1.T[x(n)] = 2.x(n)
2. T[x(n)] = n.x(n) (vi n z)
Gii :
1.T[x(n)] = 2.x(n)
- Kim tra tnh cht tuyn tnh:
T[a.x1(n) + b.x2(n)] = 2.[a.x1(n) + b.x2(n)] = a.2.x1(n) +b.2.x2(n)
21
= a.T[x1(n)] + b.T[x2(n)] (tha mn nguyn l xp chng)

H thng l tuyn tnh.
- Kim tra tnh cht bt bin:
Ta c: y(n) = T[x(n)] = 2.x(n)

y(n-k) = 2.x(n-k)
M T[x(n-k)] = 2.x(n-k)
y(n-k) = T[x(n-k)]
H thng cho l h thng bt bin.
Vy h thng l tuyn tnh bt bin.

2. T[x(n)] = n.x(n)
- Kim tra tnh cht tuyn tnh:
T[a.x1(n) + b.x2(n)] = n.[a.x1(n) +b.x2(n)] = a.n.x1(n) + b.n.x2(n)
= a.T[x1(n)] + b.T[x2(n)]
H thng l tuyn tnh.
- Kim tra tnh cht bt bin:
Ta c: y(n) = T[x(n)] = n.x(n)

y(n-k) = (n-k).x(n-k)
m T[x(n-k)] = n.x(n-k)
y(n-k) # T[x(n-k)]
H thng khng phi l h thng bt bin.
Vy h thng cho l h thng tuyn tnh nhng khng bt bin.

1.3.2.2 Cng thc tnh tch chp
Khi h thng ca chng ta l h thng tuyn tnh v bt bin, th ta c quan h :

T[ (n) ] = h(n)
T[ ( n k ) ] = h(n-k) =hk(n)
y(n) =
x(k ).h(n k )
k =
Nh vy, hk(n) l p ng xung ca h thng tuyn tnh. Cn h(n) l p ng

xung ca h thng tuyn tnh bt bin. Lc ny, h(n) s khng ph thuc vo k, tc
l nu bin l thi gian th mi thi im khc nhau, p ng xung ca h thng
22
tuyn tnh bt bin lun l h(n). n y th ta c th ni rng p ng xung h(n) s

c trng hon ton cho mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin
x(n)
y(n)
h(n)
V ta c quan h : y(n) =
x(k ).h(n k ) = x(n)*h(n)
(1)
k =
(1) l cng thc tnh tch chp ca x(n) v h(n), tch chp c k hiu bng du *
* Ch : Tch chp ny ch ng vi h thng tuyn tnh bt bin, v n c nh
ngha ch cho h thng ny.
V d: Cho h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c: x(n) = rect3(n) v
n
1
h(n) = 2
0
0n2
n
Tm p ng ra y(n) ca h thng trn.

Gii :
Ta c: y(n) = x(n)*h(n) =
x(k ).h(n k )
k =
1
0
0k 2
x(k) = rect3(k) =
y(n) =
h(n k ) = h(n) + h(n-1) + h(n-2)

k =0
nk
1
2
0
M: h(n k ) =
0 n k 2 k n k + 2 0 n 4( 0 k 2)
n
Vi n < 0 hoc n > 4 th h(n - k) = 0 (0 k 2) y(n) = 0

Ta ch cn tnh y(n) vi 0 n 4
+ Vi n = 0 th y(0) =
h(k ) = h(0) + h(-1) + h(-2) =1 + 0 + 0 = 1

k =0
+ Vi n = 1 th y(1) = h(-1) + h(0) + h(1) = 0 + 1 +1/2 = 3/2
23
+ Vi n = 2 th y(2) = h(2) + h(1) + h(0) = 3/2

+ Vi n = 3 th y(3) = h(3) +h(2) + h(1) =1/2
+Vi n = 4 th y(4) = 0
3
2
3
2
1
2
Vy y(n) = (n) + ( ). (n 1) + ( ). (n 2) + ( ). (n 3)
1.3.2.3 Cc tnh cht ca tch chp
Tch chp c cc tnh cht nh sau:

- Tnh cht giao hon :
y(n) =x(n) * h(n)

x(n)
y(n)
h(n)
h(n)
x(n)
y(n)
Chng minh:
Ta c : x(n) * h(n) =
x(k ).h(n k )
k =
t m = n k k = n m
Vi k = - m +
Vi k = + m
m =
m =
x(n m).h(m) = h(m).x(n m) = h(n) * x(n)
x(n) * h(n) =
Vy y(n) = x(n) * h(n) = h(n) * x(n)

-Tnh cht kt hp:
y(n) = x(n) * [h1(n) * h2(n)] = [x(n) * h1(n)] * h2(n)

y(n)
h1(n)
x(n)
h2(n)
y1
h1(n)*h2(n)
y(n)
x(n)
Chng minh :
y(n) = x(n)*[h1(n)*h2(n)] =
x(k ).[h2(n k ) * h1(n k )]

k =
24
x(k ).[ h 2(l ).h1(n k l )] =
k =
l =
[ x(k ).h1(n k l )].h2(l )

l = k =
[ x(n l ) * h(n l )].h2(l )
l =
h2.[ x(n l ) * h1(n l )]

l =
= h2(n) * [x(n) * h1(n)] = [x(n) * h1(n)] * h2(n)

Vy y(n) = x(n) * [h1(n) * h2(n)] = [x(n) * h1(n)] * h2(n)
Ngoi ra, theo hnh v ta c :
y1 = x(n) * h1(n)
y(n) = y1 * h2(n) =[x(n) * h1(n)] * h2(n)
= x(n) * [h1(n) * h2(n)] = x(n) * h(n)
h(n) = h1(n) * h2(n) = h2(n) * h1(n)
T ta c nhn xt: Khi mc ni tip hai h thng c p ng xung l h1(n) v

h2(n) th ta c mt h thng tng ng c p ng xung l h(n) = h1(n)*h2(n)
-Tnh cht phn phi:
y(n) = x(n) * [h1(n) + h2(n)] = x(n) * h1(n) + x(n) * h2(n)

h1(n)
x(n)
y(n)
y(n)
x(n)
h1(n)+h2(n)
h2(n)
Chng minh :
Ta c : y(n) = x(n) * [h1(n) + h2(n)] =
x(k ).[h1(n k ) + h2(n k )]

k =
[ x(k ).h1(n k ) + x(k ).h2(n k )]

k =
k =
k =
x(k ).h1(n k ) + x(k ).h2(n k )
= x(n) *h1(n) + x(n) * h2(n)

Vy y(n) = x(n) * [h1(n) +h2(n)] = x(n) *h1(n) + x(n) * h(n)
Khi mc ni song song hai h thng c p ng xung l h1(n) v h2(n) th ta
c mt h thng tng ng c p ng xung l h(n)= h1(n)+h2(n)
25
V d: Gi s, ta c hai h thng c p ng xung ln lt l h1(n) v h2(n) mc ni

tip vi nhau vi: h1(n) = u(n), h2(n) = rect4(n).
Tm p ng xung h(n) ca h thng tng qut.
Gii:
V hai h thng c p ng xung ln lt l h1(n) v h2(n) mc ni tip vi nhau
h (k ).h (n k )
nn: h(n) = h1 (n) h2 (n) = h2 (n) * h1 (n) =
k =
1
0
0k 3
M: h2 (k ) = rect4 (k ) =
h(n) = h1 (n k ) = h1 (n) + h1 (n 1) + h1 (n 2) + h1 (n 3)
k =0
= u (n) + u (n 1) + u (n 2) + u (n 3)
1
2
=3
4
n=0
n =1
n=2
n3
n
1.3.3 H thng tuyn tnh bt bin v nhn qu

1.3.3.1 nh ngha
Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c gi l nhn qu nu p ng ra ca n

thi im bt k n = n0 hon ton c lp vi kch thch ca n cc thi im l
n > n0 ( tng lai).
H thng nhn qu lun tha mn iu kin :
Nu : Kch thch x(n) = 0 vi mi n < k
Th : p ng y(n) = 0 vi mi n < k
1.3.3.2 p ng xung ca h thng tuyn tnh bt bin nhn qu

nh l : Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c gi l nhn qu khi v ch khi
p ng xung h(n) ca n tha mn iu kin sau :
h(n) = 0 vi n < 0 (1.1)

- Chng minh iu kin cn : Ta cn chng minh, nu h thng l tuyn tnh bt
bin th p ng xung h(n) tha mn iu kin: h(n) = 0 vi mi n < 0
Xt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin nhn qu vi kch thch cc kch thch l:
26
x1(n) v x2(n).
Vi gi thit rng: x1(n) = x2(n) vi n < n0 (n0 l mt hng s) v
x1(n) # x2(n) vi n n0
Hai p ng ra ca h thng tuyn tnh bt bin :
y1(n) =
y2(n) =
n 0 1
k =
k =
k =n 0
n 0 1
k =
k =
k =n0
x1(k ).h(n k ) =
x1(k ).h(n k ) +
x1(k ).h(n k )
x2(k ).h(n k ) = x2(k ).h(n k ) + x 2(k ).h(n k )
y(n) = y1(n) y2(n) =
n 0 1
k =
k =n0
[ x1(k ) x2(k )].h(n k ) + [ x1(k ) x2(k )].h(n k )
V x1(n) = x2(n) vi mi n < n0, nn [x1(k) x2(k)] = 0 vi mi k < n0
[ x (k ) x (k )].h(n k )
Nn y(n) = y1(n) y2(n) =
(1.2)
k =n 0
Do h thng l nhn qu , nn nu x1(n) x2(n) = 0 vi mi n < n0

Th ta c : y(n) = y1(n) y2(n) = 0 vi mi n < n0
(1.3)
V x1(k) x2(k) vi mi k n0 nn (1.2) ch ng vi (1.3) nu :

h(n - k) = 0 vi mi k n0
(1.4)
t m = n k, khi vi k n0 v n < n0, th m = n k < 0, nn ta c th
vit (1.4) di dng : h(m) = 0 vi m < 0

V m cng l s nguyn nn c th i li bin m thnh bin n :
h(n) = 0 vi n < 0.
y cng chnh l (1.4), iu kin cn ca nh l c chng minh.
- Chng minh iu kin : Ta cn chng minh, nu h thng l tuyn tnh bt

bin c p ng xung h(n) = 0 vi mi n < 0, th h thng l nhn qu.
V p ng xung h(n) = 0 vi mi n < 0 nn p ng ra ca h thng l y(n) =
h(n) * x(n) = 0 vi mi n < 0. Nu chng minh c x(n) = 0 vi mi n < 0, th theo
iu kin (3) h thng tuyn tnh bt bin l nhn qu.
V h(k) = 0 vi mi k < 0 nn ta c :
y(n) =
k =
k =0
h(k ).x(n k ) = h(k ).x(n k )
27
(1.5)
V c y(n) = 0 vi mi n < 0, trong khi h(k) 0 vi mi k 0, nn (1.5) ch

ng nu x(n - k) = 0 vi mi n < 0 v mi k 0
(1.6)
t m = n k, khi vi mi n < 0 v k 0, th m = n k < 0, nn ta c th
vit li (1.6) di dng : x(m) = 0 vi mi m < 0

V m cng l s nguyn nn ta c th i li bin m thnh n :
x(n) = 0 vi mi n < 0
iu kin ca nh l c chng mnh.
Nh vy, nh l c chng minh.

V d : Cho hai h thng
y1(n) = T[x(n)] = x(n+1) + x(n) + x(n-1)

y2(n) = T[x(n)] = x(n) + x(n-1)
Xt tnh cht nhn qu ca hai h thng tuyn tnh bt bin trn.
Gii :
h(n) l li ra ca h thng khi li vo l dy xung n v (n)
Ta c : h1(n) = T[ (n) ] = (n + 1) + (n) + (n 1)
Do h1(-1) = 1 0 nn h thng tuyn tnh bt bin khng nhn qu
h2(n) = T2[ (n) ] = (n) + (n 1)
Do h2(n) = 0 vi mi n < 0. Vy h thng l tuyn tnh bt bin, nhn qu.
1.3.3.3 Dy nhn qu
Dy x(n) c gi l nhn qu, nu x(n) = 0 vi mi n < 0

Gi s ta c mt h thng tuyn tnh nhn qu v li vo x(n) l mt dy nhn
qu th u ra c tnh nh sau :
y(n) = x(n) * h(n) =
x(k ).h(n k ) =
k =
h(k ).x(n k )
k =
Do x(k) = 0 vi mi k < 0
Nn y(n) =
x(k ).h(n k ) , m h(n - k) = 0 khi n k < 0
k>n
k =
Vy ta c cng thc tnh : y(n) =
k =0
k =0
x(k ).h(n k ) = h(k ).x(n k )
V d: cho h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c h(n) v x(n) nh sau:
28
1 n

h(n) = 2
0
2 n
x( n ) =
0
n0
n
n0
n
Tnh y(n) = ?
Gii:
V x(n) v h(n) u l nhn qu, nn ta c:
n
n
k 1
y (n) = x(k ).h(n k ) = (2 ) .
2
k =0
k =0
n
nk
1
=
2
n n
k =0
n+1
1 1 4
=
( n 0)
2 1 4
1.3.3.4 Tn hiu v h thng phn nhn qu
Mt h thng c gi l phn nhn qu nu h(n) ca n tha mn h(n) = 0 vi

mi n > 0.
Mt dy x(n) c gi l phn nhn qu nu x(n) = 0 vi mi n > 0
V d : H thng no l phn nhn qu trong cc h thng c h(n) di y:
(1) h1(n) = (n + 1) + (n + 2) + (n + 3)
( 2) h2(n) = (n 2) + (n 1) + (n)
Gii:
(1) h1(n) = 0 vi mi n > 0, nn h thng l phn nhn qu.
(2) h2(n) = 0 vi mi n < 0, nn h thng l nhn qu.
1.3.4 H thng tuyn tnh bt bin nhn qu n nh

1.3.4.1 nh ngha
Mt h thng c gi l n nh nu ng vi dy vo gii hn, ta c dy ra gii

hn, ngha l :
|x(n)| < vi mi n th |y(n)| < vi mi n.
V d: Cho hai h thng : h1(n) = rect4(n), h2(n) = u(n), gi s li vo ca hai h
thng l x(n) = u(n). Hy xt s n nh ca hai h thng trn.
Gii:
Ta c:
1
0
x(n) = u(n) =
n0
n
29
|x(n)| < vi mi n (v x(n) = 0 hoc n = 1)
Ta s tm li ra ca h1(n), h2(n) ri da vo nh ngha kt lun

Ta c : y1(n) = x(n) * h1(n) =
x(k ).h (n k )
1
k =
k =0
k =0
h1 (k ).x(n k ) = x(n k )
= x(n) + x(n - 1) + x(n - 2) + x(n - 3)

= u(n) + u(n-1) + u(n-2) + u(n-3)
y1(-1) = x(-1) + x(-2) + x(-3) + x(-4) = 0
y1(0) = x(0) + x(-1) + x(-2) + x(-3) = 1
y1(1) = x(1) + x(0) + x(-1) + x(-2) = 2
y1(2) = 3
y1(3) = 4
y1(n) = 4 vi mi n 4
Nh vy : |y(n)| < vi mi n
h1(n) = rect4(n) l p ng xung ca mt thng n nh.
Vi h2(n) = u(n), ta thy x(n) nhn qu, chiu di v hn v h2(n) nhn qu chiu
di v hn.
n
x(k ).h (n k ) = n + 1
y2(n) = x(n) * h2(n) =
k =0
y2(n) khi n
Vy ng vi x(n) gii hn, ta c y2(n) khng gii hn H thng khng n nh.

1.3.4.2 nh l
Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin l n nh khi v ch khi p ng xung h(n) ca

n c S =
| h(n) | <
n =
V d: Cho mt h thng c h(n) = 3.u(n). Hy xt s n nh ca h thng .
Gii:
Ta c: S =
n =
n =
n=0
| h(n) | = | 3.u(n) | = | 3 | =
H thng l khng n nh.
30
1.4 Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng

1.4.1 Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh
Ta c th biu din mt h thng tuyn tnh bng phng trnh sai phn tuyn
tnh . Phng trnh ny th hin mi quan h gia tn hiu ra v tn hiu vo hay
mi quan h gia dy vo v dy ra. Dng tng qut ca phng trnh sai phn
tuyn tnh:
N
ak.y(n - k) = br.x(n - r)
k=0
r=0
Trong : - ak = ak(n)
- br = br(n)
- N, M l cc s nguyn dng.
- N: l bc ca phng trnh sai phn.
Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh c vit di dng khc nh sau:
y(n) =
(br/a0).x(n - r) -
r=0
(ak/a0).y(n k)
k=0
V d: Cho h thng c c trng bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh sau:
(1) y(n) + y(n - 1) = x(n) + 2.x(n - 1) + x(n - 3)

(2) y(n) = x(n) + x(n - 3)
(3) y(n) = n.x(n)
Xc nh : bc, cc h s ak, br ca hai h thng trn.
Gii :
(1) C bc l 1, cc h s a0 = 1, a1 = 1, b0 = 1, b1 = 2, b2 = 1
(2) C bc l 0, cc h s a0 = 1, b0 = 1, b1 = 1
(3) C bc l 0, h s a0 = n
*) Nhn xt:
H thng (1), (2), (3) u l h thng tuyn tnh, nhng (3) khng phi l h
thng bt bin v h s ca n khng phi l hng s, v phng trnh y(n) khng
phi l phng trnh sai phn h s hng. Cn h thng (1), (2) l bt bin v h s
ca n l hng s, v cc phng trnh (1), (2) l phng trnh sai phn h s hng.
31
1.4.2 Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng

N
k=0
r=0
Dng tng qut:
Vi ak, br l cc hng s.
*) Cch gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng: Gm 4 bc:
- Bc 1: Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht (l phng trnh ch
c mt thnh phn):
ak.y(n - k) = 0
k=0
Nghim ny k hiu l y0(n), y0(n) c dng l hm m n

Tm ri ta s tnh c y0(n)
tm c , ta thay y(n) = n vo phng trnh thun nht
ak.y(n - k) = 0
k=0
a0. + a1.
n-1
+ a2. n-2 ++ aN. n-N = 0
n-N
(a0. n + a1. n-1 ++ aN) = 0

n
a0. + a1.
n-1
++ aN = 0 (y l phng trnh c trng ca h thng).
Phng trnh ny s c N nghim: thc, n, phc.

+ Nu tt c cc nghim u l nghim n ( 1, 2, , N )
n
y0(n) = A1. 1 + A2. 2 ++ n =
Ak. k
k=1
Da vo iu kin ban u ta s tm c Ak
+ Nu c nghim bi
Gi s 2 l nghim bi bc l, cc nghim khc l n (N - l)
n
l-1
y0(n) = A1. 1 +(A20. 2 + A21. n. 2 + A22. n . 2 ++A2.(l -1). n . 2 )
+ AN. Nn
- Bc 2: Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh y hai thnh phn
Phng trnh y hai thnh phn l phng trnh ng vi u vo x(n) 0, c
dng tng qut nh sau :
k=0
r=0
Nghim ring ny, ta k hiu l yp(n)

Thng thng dng ca xp(n) c chn ging dng ca x(n).
32
- Bc 3: Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh

K hiu : y(n) = y0(n) + yp(n)
- Bc 4: Tm cc h s bng cch da vo iu kin ban u
*) Ch : Nu tm c yp(n) l mt thnh phn ca y0(n) th ta s x l ging nh
trng hp gp nghim bi.
V d 1: Gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng sau:
y(n) = x(n) +2.y(n - 1)

vi kch thch x(n) = u(n) v iu kin ban u y(-1) = 1
Gii:
- Bc 1: Phng trnh thun nht c dng: y(n) 2.y(n-1) = 0 (1)
Chn dng y0(n) l n (0), thay vo phng trnh (1) ta c:
n 2. n-1 = 0
n-1
( - 2) = 0 = 2
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht l: y(n) = A1.2n

- Bc 2: Tm nghim ring yp(n)
Ta s cho yp(n) ging dng x(n)
yp(n) = B.u(n) + C
tm B, C ta thay y(n) = yp(n), x(n) = u(n) vo phng trnh sai phn
B.u(n) + C = u(n) + 2.(B.u( n - 1 ) + C)

B.u(n) + C = u(n) + 2.B.u(n - 1) +2.C
(2)
ng nht hai v ca phng trnh (2) ta c:
B=1
C = 2.B.u(n - 1) +2.C = -2.u(n - 1)
yp(n) = u(n) - 2.u(n - 1)
- Bc 3: Tm nghim tng qut:

y(n) = y0(n) + yp(n) = A1.2n + u(n) - 2.u(n - 1)
- Bc 4: Tm hng s A1
Ta c: y(-1) = 1 A1.2-1 + u(-1) - 2.u(-2) = 1 A1 = 2
Vy: y(n) = 2.2n + u(n) + 2.u(n - 1)
33
V d 2: Hy gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng sau y:

y(n) 3.y(n - 1) + 2.y(n - 2) = x(n) x(n-1) (1)
vi iu kin u: y(n) = 0 (n < 0), x(n) = 4n
Gii:
-Bc 1: Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh ca phng trnh thun nht
y(n) 3.y(n - 1) + 2.y(n - 2) = 0 (2)
Chn dng nghim ca phng trnh thun nht l: y0(n) = n (0)
Thay y0(n) = n vo phng trnh 2 ta c:
n 3. n-1 + 2. n-2 = 0
n-2
.( 3. + 2) = 0
1 = 1
2
3. + 2 = 0
2 = 2
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht l: y0(n) = A1 + A2.2n

-Bc 2: Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh c y 2 thnh phn yp(n)
y(n) 3.y(n - 1) + 2.y(n - 2) = x(n) x(n-1)
Chn dng nghim ca yp(n) c dng ging x(n), tc l: y(n) = B.4n
Thay y(n) = B.4n vo (1) ta c:
B.4n 3.B.4n-1 +2.B.4n-2 = 4n 4n-1
3 2
1
n
B.4 1 + = 4 n 1
4 16
4
3
3
B.4 n. = 4 n.
8
4
ng nht h s ta c: B = 2
Nn nghim ring ca phng trnh (1) l: y(n) = 2.4n

-Bc 3: Tm nghim tng qut y(n) ca phng trnh (1)
y(n) = y0(n) + yp(n) = A1 + A2.2n + 2.4n
-Bc 4: Tm cc h s da vo iu kin ban u
A2 2
y ( 1) = A1 + 2 + 4 = 0
y(-1) = y(-2) = 0
y ( 2) = A + A2 + 2 = 0
1
4 16
34
A1 = 4
A = 3
2
2
1 3 n
n
.2 + 2.4
Vy nghim ca phng trnh sai phn l: y (n) = 4 2
0
n0
n
1.4.3 H thng s quy(trong li ra c cc li ra)

L h thng m li ra ca n ph thuc vo li vo hin ti, qu kh, v cc
li ra qu kh.
y(n) = F[x(n); x(n - 1);; x(n M); y(n - 1);; y(n - N))]
Hoc y(n) =
br.x(n - r) -
r=0
ak.y(n - k)
(N > 0)
k =1
H thng s quy l h thng m phng trnh sai phn c trng cho n c
b c N > 0
V d: y(n) = y(n - 1) + x(n) l h thng quy (c bc l 1)
*) Nhn xt:
- H thng quy c p ng xung c chiu di v hn.
- Ta lun phi xt tnh n nh ca h thng ny.
- H thng cn c tn gi l IIR (Infinite duration Impulse Response System H
thng p ng xung chiu di v hn ).
1.4.4 H thng s khng quy

L h thng m li ra ca n khng ph thuc vo cc li ra qu kh.
y(n) = F[x(n), x(n - 1),, x(n - M)]
H thng s khng quy c c trng bi phng trnh sai phn c bc N= 0
y(n) =
br.x(n - r)
r =0
*) Nhn xt:
Gi s, h thng c p ng xung l h(n)
y(n) = x(n) * h(n) = h(n) * x(n) =
h(k ).x(n k )
k =
35
M y(n) =
r =0
k =0
br.x(n - r) =
bk.x(n - k)
bk
v i 0 k M
vi k cn li
h(k) =
L[h(k)] = L[h(n)] = M + 1 <

H thng khng quy c p ng xung chiu di hu hn. N cn c tn goi
khc l h thng FIR (Finite Duration Impulse Response System H thng p

ng xung chiu di hu hn).
1.4.5 Cc phn t thc hin h thng bt bin

1.4.5.1 Phn t cng : Phn t cng dng cng hai hay nhiu tn hiu s, n l
phn t khng nh v c k hiu nh trn hnh 1.14:

x1(n)
x1(n)
y(n)
x2(n)
y(n)
xi(n)
x2(n)
xM(n)
y(n) = x1(n) + x2(n)
y(n) =
xi(n)
i =1
Hnh 1.14 K hiu phn t cng

1.4.5.2 Phn t nhn : Phn t nhn dng nhn hai hay nhiu tn hiu s, n l
phn t khng nh v c k hiu nh trn hnh 1.15.
x1(n)
x1(n)
y(n)
x2(n)
xi(n)
x2(n)
xM(n)
y(n) = x1(n) * x2(n)
y(n) =
xi(n)
i=1
Hnh 1.15 K hiu phn t nhn.
36
y(n)
1.4.5.3 Phn t nhn vi hng s : Phn t nhn vi hng s dng nhn mt tn
hiu s vi mt hng s, n l phn t khng nh v c k hiu nh trn hnh

1.16.
x(n)
y(n) = a.x(n)
a
Hnh 1.16 K hiu mt phn t nhn vi hng s.

nhn tn hiu s x(n) vi hng s a, s dng b nhn hai s vi mt u vo l
tn hiu s x(n), cn u vo kia l gi tr m ca a.

1.4.5.4 Phn t tr n v : Phn t tr n v dng gi tr tn hiu s x(n) mt
mu, n l phn t c nh v c k hiu nh hnh 1.17

D
x(n)
y(n) = x(n - 1)
Hnh 1.17 K hiu phn t tr.

i vi mch phn cng, thc hin gi tr tn hiu s x(n), ngi ta s dng
b ghi dch, thanh ghi cht hoc b nh, chng thng c sn xut di dng vi
mch s 4 bit hoc 8 bit.
V d: V s thc hin h thng c phng trnh sai phn nh sau:
y(n) =2.x(n) + 3.x(n - 1)

Gii:
2.x(n)
x(n)
y(n)
x(n - 1)
3.x(n
- 1)
Hnh 1.18 S thc hin h thng y(n) =2.x(n) + 3.x(n - 1).
37
1.5 Tng quan cho ca cc tn hiu

1.5.1 Tng quan cho
Hm tng quan cho ca hai dy tn hiu x(n), y(n) l mt dy c xc nh
nh sau:
x(m). y(m n)
rxy(n) =
(n l s nguyn)
m =
*) Ch : Mt trong hai dy x(n) hoc y(n) phi c nng lng hu hn.

V d: Cho x(n) = (1
n
).rect3(n), y(n) = rect3(n)
2
Tm rxy(n) = ?
Gii:
Ta c:
1- n/2
vi 0 n 2
vi n cn li
x(n) = (1 n/2).rect3(n) =
1
V:
v i 0 n 2
y(n) =
0
vi n cn li
Ta c:
rxy(n) =
m =
m =0
x(m). y (m n) = x(m). y (m n)
m
1
2
0
(do x(m) =
rxy(0) =
0m2
x(m). y(m) = x(0).y(0) + x(1)y(1) + x(2).y(2)

m =0
= 1 + 1/2 + 0 =3/2
rxy(1) =
x(m). y (m 1) = x(0).y(-1) + x(1).y(0) +x(2).y(1)

m =0
= 0 + 1/2 + 0 = 1/2
38
rxy(2) =
x(m). y(m 2)
= x(0).y(-2) + x(1).y(-1) + x(2).y(0)
m =0
=0+0+0=0
Vi n th rxy(n) = 0
Vy rxy(n) = (3/2). (n) + (1 / 2). (n 1)
1.5.2 Hm t tng quan

Trong nh ngha tng quan cho, nu ta c x(n) y(n) th ta c nh ngha t
tng quan.
Vy hm t tng quan c nh ngha nh sau:
rxx =
x(m).x(m n)
m =
rxx(n) l hm t tng quan ca dy x(n).
39
BI TP CHNG 1
Bi tp 1.1:
Tm quan h gia dy xung n v v dy nhy n v.
Bi tp 1.2:
Hy tm quan h gia dy nhy n v v dy ch nht.
Bi tp 1.3:
Biu din cc dy tn hiu sau bng cch lit k cc phn t ca dy:
a. x1 (n) = 0,5. (n 1) + 0,2.u (n) 0,1.rect3 (n 1)
b. x2 (n) = 0,5.rect3 (n + 1) + 0,2.u (n) 0,1.rect3 (n 1) 0,2.u (n 3)
Bi tp 1.4
Tnh nng lng v cng sut trung bnh ca cc dy tn hiu sau:
a. x1 (n) = rect4 (n 1)
n
1
b. x2 (n) = .u (n)
2
c. x3 (n) = 2.3n.u (n 1)
Bi tp 1.5
Kim tra tnh cht tuyn tnh, bt bin ca cc h thng sau:
a. T [ x(n)] = (n 1).x(n 1)
b. T [ x(n)] = 2.x(n 2) 3
Bi tp 1.6
Mt h thng tuyn tnh c cho bi s sau:
x(n)
y(n)
h(n)
Tm p ng ra y(n) ca h thng vi:

a. x(n) = rect3(n), h(n) = rect5(n)
n
1
b. x(n) = .u (n), h(n) = rect4 (n)
2
40
Bi tp 1.7
Hy v s thc hin ca cc h thng c cho bi cc phng trnh sai phn
sau:
a.y(n) 3.y(n-1) + 4y(n-2) = x(n) x(n-1)
b.5.y(n) + 3.y(n-2) = -x(n) -3.x(n-2)
Cc h thng ny c phi l cc h thng quy khng? Ti sao?
Bi tp 1.8
Hy tm p ng xung ca h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c p ng ra l:
m
1
1
y (n) = x(n) + .x(n 1) + ... + .x(n m) + ...
2
2
Nhn xt tnh nhn qu v tnh n nh.

Bi tp 1.9
Hy gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng say y:
y(n) 4.y(n-1) = x(n)
a.Vi iu kin u: y(-1) = 0;
x(n) = n2 + n + 2
b.Vi iu kin u: y(n) = 0 (n < 0);
x(n) = 4n
Bi tp 1.10
Tnh tng quan cho ca cc dy tn hiu sau y:
x(n) = 1,1, 2, 3,1
y (n) = 1,1,1, 2, 3
41
CHNG 2: BIU DIN H THNG V

TN HIU RI RC TRONG MIN Z
2.1 M u
- C nhiu cch th hin mt tn hiu:
+ Biu din n trong min thi gian n
+ Biu din n trong min s phc (z)
+ Biu din n trong min tn s lin tc (w)
+ Biu din n trong min tn s ri rc (k)
- Mi mt cch biu din c u, nhc im. Biu din tn hiu trong min z thun
li cho vic kho st s n nh ca h thng v trin khai h thng (hnh 2.1).
ZT
Min n
Min Z
IZT
Hnh 2.1 Biu din tn hiu t min n sang min Z v ngc li.
Trong :
+ ZT: Z-Transform: Bin i Z
+ IZT: Inverse Z-Transform: Bin i Z ngc.
2.2 Bin i Z (ZT)

2.2.1 nh ngha
2.2.1.1 Bin i Z hai pha, thng ni l bin i Z
Bin i Z hai pha ca dy x(n) c nh ngha nh sau:

K hiu: X(z) = ZT[x(n)] =
x(n).z
-n
(z l bin phc)
n=
V d: Tm bin i Z ca cc dy sau:
a.x1(n) = (n 1) + (n) + (n + 1)
42
b. x(n) = en/2.u(n)
Gii:
-n
x1(n).z
a. Ta c: X1(z) = ZT[x1(n)] =
n=
1
= ( (n 1) + (n) + (n + 1) ).z-n
n=1
= 1.z1 + 1.z0 +1.z-1 = z + 1 +
x2(n).z
b. Ta c: X2(z) = ZT[x2(n)] =
-n
(e
n/2
.z-n
n=0
n=
1
(vi mi z 0)
z
1/2
.z-1)n = 1/(1 e1/2.z-1) = z/(z e1/2)
n=0
chui hi t th |e1/2.z-1| < 1 z > e1/2
*) Nhn xt: Bin i z hai pha X(z) =
-n
x(n).z
l mt chui ly tha v hn, n
n=
tn ti ch i vi cc gi tr ca z m ti chui ny hi t.
2.2.1.2 Bin i z mt pha (dng gii phng trnh sai phn)
Bin i z mt pha ca dy x(n) l:

X1(z) = ZT[x(n)] =
x(n).z
-n
n=0
*)Tnh cht tr ca bin i Z 1 pha

Gi s tn ti bin i z mt pha i vi dy tn hiu x(n),
ZT1[x(n)] =X1(z), ta c:
ZT1[x(n-k)] = z-k
x(l ).z
-k
+ z . X (z)
l = k
2.2.2 S tn ti ca bin i z
2.2.2.1 Mt phng Z
- Ta c th s dng mt phng Z biu din min hi t ca bin i Z

- Z l mt bin phc z = Re(z) + j.Im(z)
- Ta c th biu din bin i z trn mt phng gm c hai trc (hnh 2.2):
Trc thc biu din Re(z)
43
Trc o biu din Im(z)

Im
z
Im(z)
z
w
Re
Re(z)
Hnh 2.2 Biu din bin i Z trn mt phng Z

Re[z] = r.cos(w)
Im[z] = r.sin(w)
r = (Re(z) + Im(z))1/2
z = r.cos(w) + j.r.sin(w)
= r.(cos(w) + j.sin(w)) = r.ej.w
*) Ch : Trong mt phng Z, c ng trn tm O bn knh R = 1, z = r.ej.w
c gi l vng trn n v, vng trn ny c vai tr quan trng trong vic nh
gi mt s tnh cht ca h thng nh tnh n nh ca h thng.

2.2.2.2 Tiu chun hi t Cauchy
Dng xt s hi t ca mt chui (chui ly tha). Mt chui c dng l:
x (n)
l hi t nu lim |x(n)|1/n < 1
n=0
n
V d: Xt s hi t ca cc dy sau:
(1)
u (n) = 1 + 1 ++ 1
n=0
(2)
(2)
n=0
=1+
1
1
++ ( )n +
2
2
Gii:
(1) Ta c: lim |u(n)|1/n = lim |1|1/n = 1 vi mi n Chui khng hi t.
44
n
1
2
1
2
(2) Ta c: lim |x(n)|1/n = lim |( )n|1/n = lim | | =

n
1
< 1 vi mi n Chui hi t.
2
2.2.2.3 p dng tiu chun Cauchy tm min hi t ca bin i Z
Min hi t ca bin i Z l tt c cc gi tr ca z chui X(z) hi t.
X(z) = ZT[x(n)] =
x(n).z-n =
n=
t: X2z) =
-n
x(n).z +
x(n).z
n=
n=0
-n
x(n).z v X1z) =
x(n).z
n=
n=0
-n
-n
- Tm min hi t ca X1z)
X1z) hi t khi lim |x(n).z-n|1/n < 1
n
1/n
-n 1/n
lim |x(n)| .|z |
<1
n
1/n
|z| > lim |x(n)|
= Rx-
n
- Tm min hi t ca X2z)
X2z) =
-n
x(n).z =
x(n).z
n=
n=
-n
x(0)
t l =-n, ta c:
X2z) =
x(-l).z
x(0)
l=0
Gi s x(0) l hu hn
l 1/l
X2 (z) ch hi t khi v ch khi lim |x(-l).z |
<1
l
1/l
1/l
lim |x(-l)| .z < 1 z < 1/(lim |x(-l)| ) = Rx
*) Kt lun v min hi t (Region Convergence - RC)

+ Nu Rx- Rx+ th min hi t RC[X(z)] =
45
+ Nu Rx- < Rx+ th RC[X(z)] = RC[X1(z)] RC[X2(z)]

*) Ch : Min hi t ca X(z) c th rng ra hay thu hp li khi xut hin cc
im khng, cc im khng trit tiu cc im cc trong qu trnh t hp tuyn
tnh.
Thng thng X(z) thng c dng nh sau:
X(z) =
N ( z)
, trong : N(z), D(z) l cc a thc ca z.
D( z )
- im khng : l nhng im ti X(z) = 0, k hiu l Zor

im khng chnh l nghim ca N(z)
- im cc: l nhng im m ti X(z) = , k hiu l Zpk

im cc chnh l nghim ca D(z)
V d 1: Tm min hi t X(z) ca x(n) = ( 2 )|n| vi mi n.

3
Gii:
1
-n
x(n).z =
n=
n=
Ta c: X(z) =
+) t X1z) =
x(n).z-n +
x(n).z-n
( 2 )|n|.z-n = [ 2 .z-1]n
n=0
n=0
x(n).z-n =
n=0
n=0
X1(z) hi t khi v ch khi lim |[( 2 ).z-1]n|1/n < 1

3
n
-1
lim |( 2 ).z | < 1 |z| > 2
n
+) t X2(z) =
x(n).z-n =
n=
t l = -n X2(z) =
n =
l =0
( 2 )|n|.z-n =
3
n =
( 2 )|n|.z-n 1
3
( 2 )l.zl 1
3
X2(z) hi t lim |( 2 )l.zl|1/l < 1 lim |( 2 ).z| < 1 z <

3
46
3
2
X(z) = X1(z) + X2(z) =
Vi
2
3
<|z| <
2
3. z
.+
1
2 .z
1
3
3
2
Min hi t ca X(z) l hnh vnh khn vi bn knh trong l 2 v bn knh

3
ngoi l
3
3
mt phng Z, Rx- = 2 , Rx+ = .
2
2
3
V d 2: Tm bin i Z v min hi t ca bin i Z ca dy tn hiu x(n) nh sau:

3
x( n ) =
4
Gii:
x(n).z n =
Ta c: X(z) = ZT[x(n)] =
n =
.z n
n = 4
3
3
= .z n + .z n = X 2 ( z ) + X 1 ( z )
n = 4
n =0 4
3
n =0 4
1
3. z
4
4
4
=
,
<1 z >
=
4
3. z 4 3. z
3
n = 0 3. z
1
3. z
+) X 1 ( z ) = .z n =
1
3
3
4. z
+ ) X 2 ( z ) = .z n = .z n 1 =
1
1 =
4. z
n = 4
n = 4
m =0 3
1
3
3
4. z
4. z
3
=
1 =
,
< 1 z <
3 4. z
3 4. z 3
4
V ROC[ X ( z )] = ROC[ X 1 ( z )] ROC[ X 2 ( z )] = nn khng tn ti bin i z.
47
2.2.3 Mt vi bin i Z thng dng

Ta c mt vi bin i Z thng dng c cung cp trong bng di y (hnh 2.3):
Min n
Min z
Min hi t
(n)
z (n 0)
(n n0)
z-no
u(n)
z/(z - 1)
|z| > 1
-u(-n - 1)
z/(z - 1)
|z| < 1
an.u(n)
z/(z - a)
|z| > |a|
n.u(n)
z/(z -1)2
|z| > 1
(cos w0n).u(n)
z 0 hoc z
(1 z-1cos w0)/
|z| > 1
(1 2.z-1.cos w0 + z-2)
Hnh 2.3: Bng lit k mt vi bin i Z thng dng
2.3 Bin i Z ngc

L qu trnh tm li x(n) t X(z) v min hi t ca n.
Cng thc tnh bin i Z ngc nh sau:
x(n) =
1
zn -1.x(z)dz
2. j C
(2.6)
C: l ng cong khp kn v n nm trong min hi t bao quanh gc ta ,

ngc chiu kim ng h.
*) Cc phng php tm bin i Z ngc
- Tnh trc tip tch phn bng l thuyt thng d
- Phng php khai trin thnh chui ly tha

- Phng php khai trin thnh tng cc phn thc ti gin
2.3.1 Tnh trc tip tch phn bng l thuyt thng d

*) Ni dung ca phng php
Bin x(n) =
1
zn -1.X(z)dz thnh tng
2. j C
Res[X(z).zn - 1]
K
Trong : Res[X(z).zn - 1] c gi l thng d ca X(z).zn 1

X(z).zn 1 c bao nhiu im cc (khng k n, bi) th c by nhiu thng d.
48
Ta s i tm Res[X(z).zn - 1] ti im cc z = zpk c bc s (trong trng hp c

nghim n th s = 1)
t ( z ) = X(z).zn 1(z - zpk)s
Khi : Res[X(z).zn - 1]
z=zpk
1
(ds 1/dzs 1)[ ( z ) ]
( s 1)!
z=zpk
Sau khi tnh c tt c cc thng d, em cng li th ta c x(n)

y th ds 1/dzs 1 l o hm bc (s - 1) theo bin z.
Nu s = 1 th Res[X(z).zn - 1] ( z = zpk) = ( z ) ( z = zpk) = (zpk)

z
V d: Tnh bin i Z ngc ca X(z) =
,|z| > 1
1
2
Gii:
p dng cng thc (2.6) : x(n) =
1
zn -1.x(z)dz
2. j C
C l vng trn n v (C thuc mn hi t)

Ta s i tm cc thng d ca X(z).zn 1 =
zn
1
z
2
, ta xt cc trng hp ca n
*)Vi n 0
1
), c im cc l z = 1
2
Ta c: X(z).zn 1 = zn/(z -
1(z) = zn(z - 1)/(z - 1) = zn

n-1
x1(n) = Res[X(z).z
z=
1
2
= 1(zpk)
z=
1
2
1
=
2
*) Vi n < 0
t: m = -n, ta i tm x(m)
x(m) =
1
1
z m
1
.dz =
.dz
1
1
2.. j C
2.. j C m
z z
z
2
2
Nh vy: X(z).z-m-1 =
1
1
z z
2
c hai cc l:
49
1
(nghim n).
2
zp1 = 0 (nghim bi) v zp2 =
Ta s i tm hai thng d ng vi hai cc trn

- Vi cc l z = 1, ta c: 2(z) = 1/zm
Res[X(z).z-m-1]
1
2
z=
= 2(z)|
z=
1
2
= 2m
- Vi cc l z = 0, ta c: 3(z) = 1/(z m
Res[1/[z .(z - 1)]] z = 0 =
1
)
2
1
.dm 1/dzm 1[
(m 1)!
1
1
z
2
] z=0
1
1
(-1)m-1(m - 1)!.(z - )-m z = 0
2
(m 1)!
= -2m
-m-1
x(m) = Res[X(z).z
z=
1
2
+ Res[1/[zm.(z - 1)]]
z=
1
2
=2m 2m = 0
1
Vy: x(n) = x1(n) + x(m) = .u(n)
2
2.3.2 Phng php khai trin thnh chui ly tha

*) tng: Xut pht t X(z) =
x(n).z-n
n=
Ta s khai trin X(z) =
x(n).z-n bng cch ly a thc t chia cho a thc
n=
mu ca X(z), ri tm ra quy lut ca dy kt qu.

Cn bng cc h s th ta suy ra c x(n) = an
V d: Cho X(z) =
z
z+2
Tm x(n) bit: a. |z| > 2 (dy nhn qu)

b. |z| < 2 (dy phn nhn qu)
50
Gii:
a.
|z| > 2
Vi dy nhn qu, ta trin khai X(z) thnh chui ly tha ca z-1
( ly z chia cho z - 2), ta c:
X(z) =
2 .z
n
-n
n=0
x(n) = 2 .u(n)
b. |z| < 2
Vi dy phn nhn qu, ta khai trin X(z) thnh chui ly tha ca Z
( Ly z chia cho -2 + z), ta c:
1
X(z) = - 2n.z-n
n=
x(n) = -2 .u(-n - 1)
2.3.3 Phng php khai trin thnh tng ca cc phn thc ti gin
*) tng: Khai trin X(z) thnh tng ca cc phn thc ti gin. Sau tm bin
i Z ngc ca cc phn thc ti gin, ri em cng chng li ta c x(n).
Mt s bin i Z ngc ca cc phn thc ti gin (hnh 2.4):

Min Z
Min hi t
Min n
an.u(n)
z/(z a)
|z| > |a|
z/(z a)
|z| < |a|
-an.u(-n - 1)
1/(z a)
|z| > |a|
an 1.u(n - 1)
z
( z a) m+1
|z| > |a|
z
( z a) m+1
n(n 1)...(n m + 1).a nmu (n)

m!
|z| < |a|
n( n 1)...(n m + 1).a nmu ( n 1)

m!
Hnh 2.4 Mt s bin i Z ngc ca cc phn thc ti gin
51
*) Ni dung phng php

Biu din X(z) di dng: X(z) =
N ( z)
, trong : N(z) l a thc bc M ca z, cn
D( z )
D(z) l a thc bc N ca a thc.

Ta xt hai trng hp lin quan n bc ca a thc:
(1) Nu M > N th X(z) = S(z) +
P( z )
Q( z )
Trong : S(z) l a thc bc M N, Q(z) = D(z) c bc ln hn P(z)

(2) Nu M N th ta c:
Ta s khai trin
P( z ) N ( z )
=
Q ( z ) D( z )
P( z)
thnh tng ca cc phn thc ti gin tng ng vi cc
Q( z )
trng hp sau:
*) Trng hp 1: Q(z) c N nghim n l z1, z2,, zN
P( z )
A1
A2
AN
=
+
+ ... +
=
Q( z ) ( z z1 ) ( z z 2 )
(z zN )
Ak =
Ak
zz
k =1
, trong :
k
P( z )
( z zk ) z = z pk
Q( z )
*)Trng hp 2: Q(z) c nghim bi

Gi s Q(z) c mt nghim bi, nghim l nghim th l c bc l s
Cn li N s nghim n
s
Cj
P( z) N s Ak
=
+
Q( z) k =1,k l z z pk j=1 ( z z pl ) j
Ta s i tm Ak, Cj
Ak =
P( z )
( z z pk ) Z = Z pk
Q( z )
Cj =
1
d s j
( s j )! d z s j
P( z )
s
Q( z ) (z z pl )
z = z pl
V d 1 : Tm bin i Z ngc ca X(z), vi X(z) =
z
( z 1).( z 2)
Gii:
Ta khai trin X(z) thnh cc phn thc ti gin nh sau:
52
|z| > 2
X(z) =
z
1
2
=+
( z 1).( z 2)
( z 1) ( z 2)
n
x(n) = -u(n - 1) + 2 .u(n - 1)
V d 2: Tm bin i Z ngc ca X(z) sau:

X ( z) =
2.z
( z 1) 2 .( z 2)
, z >1
Gii:
Ta c:
X ( z)
2
A
C
C2
=
=
+ 1 +
2
z
( z 1) .( z 2) z 2 z 1 ( z 1) 2
A=
Vi: C1 =
2
2
( z 2) z = 2 =
( z 1) .( z 2)
( z 1) 2
2
z=2
1
2
d 21
.( z 1) 2
21
2
( 2 1)! d z ( z 1) .( z 2)
=2
2
z =1 =
z 2
'
z =1
2
( z 2) 2
2
C2 =
z =1 = 2
z 2
X ( z)
2
2
2
z
z
z
=
X ( z ) = 2.
2.
2.
2
z
z 2 z 1 ( z 1)
z 2
z 1
( z 1) 2
z
z
z
x(n) = IZT [ X ( z )] = 2.IZT
2.IZT
2.IZT
2
z 2
z 1
( z 1)
M:
n
z 2 .u (n)
IZT
=
z 2 2 n.u (n 1)
z .u ( n)
IZT
=
z 1 u ( n 1)
z >2
z <2
z >1
z <1
z n.u (n)
IZT
=
2
( z 1) n.u ( n 1)
z >1
z <1
Vi z > 1 , ta xt 2 trng hp sau:

+)Trng hp 1: 1 < z < 2
x(n) = 2.2 n.u (n 1) 2.u (n) 2.n.u (n)
+)Trng hp 2: z > 2
x(n) = 2.2 n.u (n) 2.u (n) 2.n.u (n)
53
z =1
= 2
2.4 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Z

2.4.1 Tnh cht tuyn tnh
Gi s ta c dy: x(n) = a.x1(n) + b.x2(n) (x(n) l t hp tuyn tnh ca nhiu
dy) v ZT[x1(n)] = X1(z) vi Rx1- < |z| < Rx1+
, ZT[x2(n)] = X2(z) vi Rx2- < |z| < Rx2+
, ZT[x(n)] = X(z) vi Rx- < |z| < Rx+
Th ta c: X(z) = a.X1(z) + b.X2(z) vi Rx- < |z| < Rx+, trong :
Rx- = max(Rx1- , Rx2-), Rx+ = min(Rx1+ , Rx2+)
V d: Cho x1(n) = u(n), x2(n) = u(n - 1), x3(n) = u(n) + 2.u(n - 1)
Tm bin i z v min hi t ca cc dy trn.

Gii:
Ta c: X1(z) = ZT[x1(n)] =
z-n =
n=0
X2(z) = ZT[x2(n)] =
z-n =
n=1
1
z
=
1 1/ z
z 1
z-n 1 =
n=0
vi |z| > 1
z
z +1
1=
, |z| > 1
z 1
z 1
Ta li c: x3(n) = x1(n) + 2.x2(n), nn theo tnh cht tuyn tnh ta c:

X(z) = X1(z) + 2.X2(z) =
z
z +1
3. z + 2
+ 2.
=
z 1
z 1
z 1
vi |z| > 1
2.4.2 Tnh cht tr

Khi dch tr dy x(n) i k mu th hm nh Z ca n c nhn thm tha s z k .
v i
N u :
ZT [ x (n)] = X ( z )
Th :
Y ( z ) = ZT [ y ( n) = x ( n k )] = z k X ( z )
ROC[Y ( z )]
vi
RC[ X ( z )] : R x < | z | < R x +
= ROC[ X ( z )] , tr im z = 0 nu k > 0 v im z = nu k < 0
Chng minh : Theo biu thc bin i Z ta c :
Y ( z) =
x(n k ).z
n =
= z k
x(n k ).z
( n k )
= z k X ( z)
n =
Tnh cht tr thng c s dng tm bin i Z ca cc dy tr.
54
V d : Tm : X(z) = ZT[rectN(n)]
Gii :
rectN(n) = u(n) u(n -N)
z
( z 1)
Ta c : ZT [ u (n)] =
vi
ROC
:|z| >1
S dng tnh cht tuyn tnh v tnh cht tr nhn c :

ZT[rectN(n)] = ZT[u(n)] ZT[u(n - N)] =
Vy : ZT[rectN(n)] =
z
z
- z-N.
z 1
z 1
z
z
- z-N.
z 1
z 1
v i
ROC
:|z| >1
2.4.3 Tnh cht nhn vi hm m an

Ta c dy x(n) v X(z) = ZT[x(n)], ROC[X(z)]: Rx- < |z| <Rx+, nhn dy x(n) ny
vi dy hm m an ta c:
y(n) = an.x(n)
Ly bin i z ca y(n) ta c:
y(n).z
Y(z) = ZT[y(n)] =
-n
n=
a .x(n).z
n
-n
n=
x(n).( a )
-n
z
a
= X( )
n=
z
a
Vy: ZT[an.x(n)] = X( )
z
a
v ROC[X( )]: |a|.Rx- < |z| < |a|.Rx+

V d: Cho cc dy sau y:
1
2
a. x1(n) = ( )n.u(n)
b. x2(n) = 2n.3n.u(n)
Hy tm bin i Z, min hi t ca bin i Z, cc im cc, cc im khng.
Gii:
1
2
a. Ta c: X1(z) = ZT[( )n.u(n)] =
( 2 ) .u(n).z
n
n=
55
-n
n=0
1
2
( .z-1)n =
1
1
1
2 .z
1
2
Vi | .z-1| > 1 |z| <
1
1
, im khng l z = 0, im cc l z =
2
2
2 .3 .u(n).z
b. Ta c: X2(z) = ZT[2n.3n.u(n)] =
-n
n=
2n.3n.z-n =
n =0
(6.z-1)n =
1
1
n =0
6
z
Vi |6.z-1| > 1 |z| < 6, im khng l z = 0, im cc l z = 6
2.4.4 o hm ca bin i Z ( tnh o hm ca n.x(n) )

Ta c: X(z) =
x(n).z
-n
(2.1)
,vi ROC[X(z)]: Rx < z <Rx+
n=
o hm hai v ca (2.1) ta c:
dX ( z )
=
dZ
(-n).x(n).z
-n-1
(2.2)
n=
Nhn hai v ca (2.2) vi (-z), ta c:

(-z).
dX ( z )
= (-z). (-n).x(n).z-n-1 = n.x(n).z-n = ZT[n.x(n)]
dZ
n=
n=
Vy: Y(z) = ZT[n.x(n)] = (-z).
dX ( z )
(Vi y(n) = n.x(n))
dZ
vi ROC[Y(z)]: Rx < z <Rx+

V d: Tm bin i Z v min hi t ca dy s: x(n) = n.u(n)
Gii:
Theo cng thc (2.3) ta c: X(z) = ZT[n.u(n)] = (-z).(
=(
z
)
z 1
z
), vi |z | > 1
(z - 1)(z - 1)
2.4.5 Tch chp ca hai dy

Gi s ta c: y(n) = x1(n) * x2(n)
Ta c th tm Y(z), X1(z), X2(z) theo x1(n), x2(n) nh sau :
Ta c: X1(z) =
x1(n).z
-n
vi Rx1- < |z| < Rx1+
n=
56
(2.3)
x2(n).z
X2(z) =
-n
vi Rx2- < |z| < Rx2+
n=
y(n).z
Y(z) =
-n
n=
[
n=
[ x1(n) * x2(n)].z
-n
n=
k=
n=
x(k ).x(n k ) ].z =

-n
k =
-n
x1(k). x2(n - k).z
t: l = n k n = l + k
Khi n th l
Y(z) =
k=
l=
x1(k). x2(l).z
-(k + l)
x1(k).z . x2(l).z
-k
k=
-l
l=
= X1(z). X2(z)
vi Ry- < |z| < Ry+
Vy Y(z) = X1(z).X2(z)
(2.4)
Trong : Ry- = max(Rx1- , Rx2-), Ry+ = min(Rx1+ , Rx2+)

*) Ch : Min hi t c th m rng ra khi xut hin cc im cc, im khng.
V d: Cho hai dy s x(n) v x(n) nh sau:
x1(n) = u(n) v x2(n) = n.u(n)

Hy tm dy x3(n) = x1(n) * x2(n) thng qua cc tnh cht ca bin i Z
Gii:
Ta c: X1(z) = ZT[u(n)] =
X2(z) = ZT[n.u(n)] =
z
vi |z| > 1
z 1
z
( z 1).( z 1)
X3(z) = X1(z).X2(z) = z2/(z - 1)3 =
1
2
1
+
+
z 1 ( z 1).( z 1)
( z 1).( z 1).( z 1)
S dng bin i Z ngc ta tnh c x3(n)

x3(n) = IZT [ X 3 ( z )] = u(n - 1 ) + 2.(n-1). u(n-1) +
57
(n 1).(n 2).u (n 1)
2
2.4.6 Tng quan ca hai tn hiu

Tng quan ca hai tn hiu c nh ngha nh sau: rxy(n) =
x(m). y(m n) .
m =
Ta c: Rxy(z) = ZT[rxy(n)] =
rxy(n).z-n =
n=
x( m). y ( m n) .z
m =
n=
m =
-n
x(m). y (m n) .z
-n
n =
t: l = m n n = m l
Khi n th l
Nn ta c: Rxy(z) =
=
n=
l=
x(m) y(l).z
x(m).z-m.
n=
-(m-l)
y(l).z
l=
1
z
= X(z).Y( )
1
z
Vy Rxy(z) = X(z).Y( )
(2.5)
By gi ta xt min hi t:
RC[X(z)]: Rx- < |z| < Rx+
1
z
RC[Y( )]: 1/Ry- < |z| < 1/Ry+

1
z
RC[Rxy(z)] = RC[X(z)] RC[Y( )]: max[Rx-, 1/Ry-] < |z| < min[Rx+, 1/Ry+]
V d:
Cho dy x(n) nh sau: x(n) = rect3(n)

Hy s dng quan h (2.5) tnh hm t tng quan rxx(n)
Gii:
Ta c: X(z) = ZT[x(n)] =
rect3(n).z
-n
n=0
n=
1
z
X( ) =
= z-n = 1 + z-1 + z-2 , z 0
= 1 + z + z2
n=0
1
-1
-2
2
Rxx(z) = X(z).X( ) = (1 + z + z ).(1 + z + z )
z
58
= 3 + 2.z + 2.z-1 + z-2 + z2

p dng cng thc tnh bin i z ngc ta tnh c rxx(n):
rxx(n) = 3. (n) + 2. (n 1) + 2. (n + 1) + (n 2) + (n + 2)
2.4.7 Dy lin hp phc

Gi s chng ta c hai dy sau: x(n) v x*(n), du * y c ngha l lin hp
phc. Ly bin i Z c hai dy ny ta c:
ZT[x(n)] = X(z) =
-n
x(n).z
n=
x (n).z
ZT[x*(n)] =
-n
n=
M ta c: [X(z)]* = [ x(n).z-n]*
n=
X*(z) =
x (n).(z )
*
* -n
n=
X (z ) =
x*(n).[(z*)*]-n =
n=
x (n).z
*
-n
(v (z*)*) = z)
n=
Vy ta c: ZT[x*(n)] = X*(z*) vi min hi t: Rx- < |z| < Rx+
2.4.8 nh l gi tr ban u
nh l gi tr ban u c pht biu di dng biu thc nh sau:
x(0) = lim X(z)

z
vi X(z) =
x(n).z
-n
= x(0) + x(1).z-1 + x(2).z-2 ++x(n).z-n
n=0
Nu X(z) hi t khi |z| > Rx- v nu chng ta c: lim z-n0.X(z) = A <

z
(vi n0 l s nguyn) th ta thu c : x(n0) = A v x(n) = 0 vi n < n0
*) Ch : nh l ny ch c gi tr i vi dy nhn qu v nh l ny cho php
a ra gi tr ti gc ta ca mt dy khi chng ta bit bin i Z ca n.
59
2.4.9 Tch ca hai dy

Gi s trong min n ta c: x3(n) = x1(n).x2(n) , th trong min Z ta c:
X(z) =
1
z
X1(v).X2( ).v-1dv
2.. j C
v
Vi min hi t: RC[X1(z)]: Rx1- < |z| < Rx1+

RC[X2(z)]: Rx2- < |z| < Rx2+
RC[X3(z)] = RC[X1(z)] RC[X2(z)]
2.5 Biu din h thng ri rc trong min Z

2.5.1 Hm truyn t ca h thng ri rc
Trong min n ta c h thng:
x(n)
y(n)
h(n)
H thng tuyn tnh bt bin c c trng bi p ng xung h(n).

V u ra y(n) = x(n) * h(n).
(2.7)
Trong min Z, ta thc hin bin i Z ca hai v ca (2.7) ta c:

ZT[y(n)] = ZT[x(n) * h(n)] = ZT[x(n)].ZT[h(n)]
Y(z) = X(z).H(z)
H(z) =
Y ( z)
= ZT[h(n)]: c gi l hm truyn t ca h thng.
X ( z)
2.5.2 Hm truyn t ca mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c c

trng bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng.
Gi s ta c h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c biu din bi phng trnh sai
phn tuyn tnh h s hng.
N
k =0
r=0
(2.8)
Bin i Z c hai v phng trnh (2.8) ta c:

N
k =0
r=0
ZT[ ak.y(n - k)] = ZT[ br.x(n - r)]
60
k =0
r=0
ak.ZT[y(n - k)] = br.ZT[x(n - r)]
(2.11)
Gi s: ZT[y(n)] = Y(z) ZT[y(n - k)] = z-k.Y(z)

ZT[x(n)] = X(z) ZT[x(n - r)] = z-r.X(z)
(2.11)
ak.z-k.Y(z) =
k =0
br.z
-r
.X(z)
r=0
H(z) =
Y ( z)
=
X ( z)
br.z / ak.z
-r
r=0
-k
k =0
V d: Cho h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c c trng bi phng trnh sai phn
tuyn tnh h s hng :

y(n) 2.y(n - 1) = x(n) 3.x(n - 1) (1)
Tm hm truyn t ca h thng.
Gii:
Thc hin bin i Z c hai v ca phng trnh (1), ta c:
ZT[y(n)] 2.ZT[y(n - 1)] = ZT[x(n)] 3.ZT[x(n - 1)]
-1
-1
Y(z) 2.z .Y(z) = X(z) 3.z .X(z)

-1
-1
Y(z).(1 2.z ) = X(z).(1 3.z )

H(z) =
Y ( z)
1 3/ z
z 3
=
=
1 2 / z
z2
X ( z)
2.5.3 Cc phn t thc hin h thng tuyn tnh bt bin

2.5.3.1 Phn t cng
Trong min Z c s dng cng hai hay nhiu hm nh Xi(z) v c k hiu

nh trn hnh 2.5
X1(z)
X1(z)
Y(z)
X2(z)
Y(z)
Xi(z)
X2(z)
XM(z)
M
b. Y ( z ) = X i ( z )
a. Y(z) = X1(z) + X2(z)
i =1
Hnh 2.5 : K hiu phn t cng trong min Z.
61
2.5.3.2 Phn t tr n v
Theo tnh cht tr ca bin i Z th : Y ( z ) = ZT [ x( n 1)] = z 1 X ( z )

do phn t tr n v trong min z c hm h thng
H ( z ) = z 1
v n c k
hiu nh trn hnh 2.6.

X(z)
z 1
Y(z)
Hnh 2.6 : K hiu phn t tr n v trong min z : Y ( z ) = z 1 X ( z ) .

2.5.3.3 Phn t nhn vi hng s
Phn t nhn vi hng s dng nhn hm nh X(z) vi hng s a, n c k

hiu nh trn hnh 2.7.
X(z)
Y(z)
Hnh 2.7 : K hiu phn t nhn vi hng s trong min z :

V d : Hy xy dng s cu trc trong min Z ca h s l s c quan h vo ra
y (n) = 2 x(n) + 3 x(n 1) 0,5 y (n 1)
Gii :
Ly bin i Z c hai v ca phng trnh trn nhn c :
Y ( z ) = 2 X ( z ) + 3 z 1 X ( z ) 0,5 z 1Y ( z )
(2)
T xy dng c s cu trc trong min Z ca h trn hnh 2.8.
X(z)
z 1
Y(z)
+
- 0,5
z 1
Hnh 2.8 : S cu trc ca h x l s cho (2)
62
2.5.4 Phn tch h thng trong min Z

*) Nguyn tc chung:
- Phn tch h thng thnh cc thnh phn nh
- Tm quan h gia cc thnh phn.
- Tm hm truyn t ca cc thnh phn ny.
- Tng hp li theo mi quan h tm thy trn.
2.5.4.1 Hm h thng H(z) ca cc khi lin kt ni tip
Xt h thng gm m khi lin kt ni tip trn hnh 2.9.

Khi p ng ca h s c xc nh theo biu thc :
Y ( z ) = X ( z ).H 1 ( z ).H 2 ( z )......H m ( z ) = X ( z ).H ( z )
m
T suy ra :
H ( z) =
(1)
H ( z)
i
i =1
Hm h thng H(z) ca cc khi lin kt ni tip bng tch cc hm h thng

Hi(z) thnh phn
H1(z)
X(z)
H2(z)
Y(z)
Hm(z)
Hnh 2.9 : S cc khi Hi(z) lin kt ni tip.

2.5.4.2 Hm h thng H(z) ca cc khi lin kt song song
Xt h x l s gm m khi lin kt song song trn hnh 2.10.
X(z)
H1(z)
H2(z)
Y(z)
Hm(z)
Hnh 2.10 : S cc khi Hi(z) lin kt song song.

Khi phn ng ca h s c xc nh theo biu thc :
63
Y ( z ) = X ( z ).H 1 ( z ) + X ( z ).H 2 ( z ) + ... + X ( z ).H m ( z )
Hay :
Y ( z ) = X ( z ).[H 1 ( z ) + H 2 ( z ) + ... + H m ( z ) ] = X ( z ).H ( z )

m
T suy ra :
H ( z) =
H ( z)
(2)
i =1
Hm h thng H(z) ca cc khi lin kt song song bng tng cc hm h thng

Hi(z) thnh phn.
2.5.4.3 Hm h thng H(z) ca vng phn hi
Xt h x l s c vng phn hi trn hnh 2.11, theo s khi c :

X 2 ( z ) = Y ( z ).H 2 ( z )
v :
X 1 ( z ) = X ( z ) + X 2 ( z ) = X ( z ) + Y ( z ).H 2 ( z )
Y ( z ) = X 1 ( z ).H 1 ( z ) = [ X ( z ) + Y ( z ).H 2 ( z )].H 1 ( z )
Y ( z ) = X ( z ).H 1 ( z ) + Y ( z ).H 1 ( z ).H 2 ( z )
Y ( z )[1 H 1 ( z ).H 2 ( z ) ] = X ( z ).H 1 ( z )
T suy ra :
H ( z) =
X(z)
X1(z)
Y ( z)
X ( z)
H1 (z)
H1(z)
X2(z)
(3)
1 H 1 ( z ).H 2 ( z )
Y(z)
H2(z)
Hnh 2.11 : S khi ca vng phn hi.

Hm h thng H(z) ca vng phn hi trn hnh 2.11 c tnh theo biu thc (3)
2.5.5 Gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng nh bin i Z
Dng bin i Z mt pha gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng.
Trc tin, chng ta s tm hiu tnh cht tr ca bin i Z mt pha.
2.5.5.1 Tnh cht tr ca bin i Z mt pha
Ta c: ZT1[x(n)] = X1(z) =
x(n).z-n
n=0
64
Ta s tm ZT1[x(n - k)] theo X1(z)
ZT1[x(n - k)] =
x(n - k).z-n
n=0
t: l = n k n = l + k
Khi n 0 th l k , khi n th l
-(l + k)
x(l).z
ZT [x(n - k)] =
= z-k. x(l).z-l
l=k
l=k
l=k
l =0
= z-k. x(l).z-l + z-k. x(l).z-l

1
= z-k. x(l).z-l + z-k.X1(z)

l=k
Vy ZT1[x(n-k)] = z-k. x(l).z-l + z-k.X1(z)

l=k
2.5.5.2 tng
Xut pht t phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng, ta s tnh c bin
i Z mt pha Y1(z). Ri t bin i Z mt pha, p dng bin i Z ngc ta s
tm c y(n).
V d: Cho 2.y(n) 3.y(n - 1) + y(n - 2) = x(n)
(1),
vi iu kin ban u l: x(n) = u(n), y(-1) = 1, y(-2) = 0.

Da vo bin i Z, hy gii phng trnh ny.
Gii:
Thc hin bin i Z mt pha c hai v ca phng trnh (1) ta c:
1
2.Y1(z) 3.z-1[ y(l).z-l +

l =1
-l
-2
-l
y(l).z ] + z .[ y(l).z +
l=0
-1
l=2
-1
-2
-l
-1
2.Y (z) 3.z .y(-1).z 3.Y (z).z + z .y(-2).z + z .y(-1).z
-1
+ z-2.Y1(z) + Y1(z) =
z
z 1
-1
-2
2.Y (z) 3.y(-1) -3.Y (z) +y(-2) + z .y(-1) + z .Y(z) +Y (z) =

1
-1
Y (z) = (3.y(-1) y(-2) z .y(-1) +
65
l=0
y(l).z ] + Y (z)= z 1
z
1
).z2 = 4.z2 + 1 +
z 1
z 1
z
z 1
y(n) = 4. (n +2) + (n) + u(n - 1)
2.6 n nh ca h thng
mt h thng c th trin khai c v mt vt l th h thng phi l h
thng tuyn tnh, bt bin, nhn qu v n nh.
2.6.1 S n nh ca mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin

Trong min n, ta da vo p ng xung h(n) xt s n nh ca h thng. Mt
h thng l n nh nu S =
|h(n)| < .
n=
Trong min Z, ta cn kho st H(z)

H(z) =
h(n).z
-n
n=
So snh iu kin n nh trong min n vi cng thc H(z), ta thy rng mun
iu kin trong min n c tha mn th hm truyn t H(z) phi hi t vi |z| = 1
(tc l trn vng trn n v trong mt phng Z), v th min hi t ca H(z) nht
thit phi cha vng trn n v.
Nh vy: Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin l n nh khi v ch khi vng trn
n v nm trong min hi t ca hm truyn t ca h thng.
2.6.2 S n nh ca mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin v nhn qu

Trong thc t, chng ta ch gp nhng h thng nhn qu. V vy, chng ta s
nghin cu iu kin n nh i vi h thng nhn qu.
Hm truyn t ca mt h thng nhn qu c cho bi cng thc di y:
H(z) =
h(n).z
-n
n=0
Min hi t ca H(z) nm ngoi vng trn c bn knh l R, trong :

R = lim |h(n)|1/n < 1
n
iu kin ca mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin v nhn qu c pht biu nh
sau:
66
Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin nhn qu l n nh nu v ch nu tt c cc

im cc ca hm truyn t H(z) nm bn trong vng trn n v.
V d:
Cho mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c c trng bi phng trnh sai phn
sau: y(n) 3.y(n - 1) = 2.x(n -1).
(1)
Xt s n nh ca h thng trn.
Gii:
Thc hin bin i Z hai v ca (1) ta c:
Y(z) 3.z-1.Y(z) = 2.z-1.X(z)
-1
-1
(1 3.z ).Y(z) = 2.z .X(z)

H(z) =
h(n) = 2.3
2/ z
2
Y ( z)
=
=
X ( z)
1 3/ z
z 3
vi |z| >3
n-1
. u(n - 1)
H(z) c im cc l z = 3 > 1, nm ngoi vng trn n v, do : h thng l

khng n nh.
2.6.3 Tiu chun n nh Jury

Trong phn 2.6.2, ta thy rng mun bit mt h thng c n nh hay khng,
chng ta phi tm cc im cc ca hm truyn t H(z). Nhng khi bc ca mu s
ca H(z) ln th vic tm cc im cc s gp nhiu kh khn. trnh tm cc
im cc m vn bit c h thng c n nh hay khng, chng ta c th dng
tiu chun n nh Jury.

Gi s ta c mt h thng m hm truyn t H(z) ca n c dng sau y:
H(z) =
Gi D(z) =
-r
br.z /
-k
ak.z =
Nr
br.z /
ak.z
r=0
k=0
r=0
k=0
Nk
ak.z
Nk
k=0
Chng ta s dng cc h s ak xy dng mt bng gm 2.N 3 hng nh

di y:
67
Hng
H s
a0
a1
a2
...
aN
aN
aN- 1
aN-2
a0
c0
c1
c2
cN-1
cN-1
cN-2
cN-3
c0
d0
d1
d2
dN-2
dN-2
dN-3
dN-4
d0
..
..
..
..
..
r1
r2
2.N - 3
r0
..
..
Tiu chun n nh Jury c pht biu nh sau:

Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin l n nh nu v ch nu hm truyn t H(z)
ca n tha mn 3 iu kin sau y:
(1)
D(z)|
(2)
D(z)| Z =1 > 0
vi N chn
D(z)| Z =1 < 0
vi N l
Z =1
>0
1 > |aN|
(3)
|c0| > |cN-1|

|d0| > |dN-1|
....
|r0| > |r2|
Trong : ci = a0.ai aN.aN-i
(vi i = 0, 1, 2,., N - 1)
di = c0.ci cN-1-i.cN-1 (vi i= 0, 1, 2,
, N - 2)
N: L bc D(z)
V d: Cho mt h thng c hm truyn t nh sau:
H(z) = (1 z-1 + z-2)/(2 z-1 + z-2/3) = (z2 - z + 1)/(2.z2 .z + 1/3)

Hy dng tiu chun n nh Jury xt s n nh ca h thng ny.
Gii:
Ta c D(z) = 2.z2 z + 1/3, N = 2: l s chn, 2.N 3 =1 hng
68
Ta s ln lt kim tra 3 iu kin ca tiu chun Jury

(1) D(z)| Z =1 = 2 1 + 1/3 = 4/3 > 0
(2) D(z)|
Z =1
= 2 + 1 + 1/3 = 10/3 > 0 (N chn)
(3) Ta c: aN = a2 = 1/3, do s hng ch l 1 nn ta ch xt n aN m khng xt

n cc ci, di.
1 > |aN|
Nh vy, c ba iu kin ca tiu chun Jury u c tha mn. Do , y l

h thng n nh.
69
BI TP CHNG 2
Bi tp 2.1
Tm bin i z v min hi t ca cc dy tn hiu sau:
2
a. x1(n) =
3
n 1
1
b. x2 (n) =
3
n 1
n
1 .u(n)
x
(
n
)
=
n
.
c. 3
2

d. x4 (n) = (1 n).3 .u(n 1)

Bi tp 2.2
Tm bin i Z ngc ca cc X(z) sau y:
a. X 1 ( z ) =
4. z 2
4. z 2 5. z + 1
4.z
1
+ 3.z
b. X 2 ( z) =
2
z 3.z + 2
c. X 3 ( z) =
d. X 4 ( z) =
3.z
(z 2)2.(2.z 1)
2
3
(z 1)
+ 3.z
, z >0
, z >1
,0 < z <1
Bi tp 2.3
Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c cho bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh
h s hng sau:
y(n) 4.y(n-1) + 3.y(n-2) = x(n) 2.x(n-1)
a.Tm hm truyn t H(z) ca h thng, xt s n nh ca h thng
b. Tm p ng xung h(n)
70
Bi tp 2.4
Cho h thng c hm truyn t H ( z ) =
1 2.z 1
4 + 3.z 1 + 2.z 2 + z 3
a.V s thc hin h thng ny

b.Xt s n nh ca h thng
Bi tp 2.5
Gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng sau:
2
a. y(n) = .y(n 1) + x(n)
3
n
1
Vi iu kin u: x(n) = .u (n) , y (1) = 1
2
1
b. y(n) = . y(n 2) + x(n)
2
Vi iu kin u: x(n) = .u(n) , y(1) = y(2) = 0

Bi tp 2.6
Cho
X (z) =
z 1
1 2 .z 1 + z 2
Hy tm bin i Z ngc bng phng php khai trin thnh chui ly tha.
Bi tp 2.7
Cho 2 dy tn hiu x1(n) v x2(n) nh sau:
x (n) = rect (n + 2)
1
4
x (n) = rect (n 2)
2
4
Tnh x(n) = x1(n)*x2(n) thng qua bin i Z.
71
CHNG 3: BIU DIN H THNG V TN HIU RI RC

TRONG MIN TN S LIN TC
3.1 Bin i Fourier ca cc tn hiu ri rc
Bin i Fourier l mt trong cc cng c ton hc chuyn vic biu din tn
hiu v h thng ri rc t min bin s c lp n sang min tn s lin tc w.
3.1.1 nh ngha bin i Fourier (FT: Fourier Transform )

3.1.1.1 nh ngha
Bin i Fourier ca mt tn hiu ri rc x(n) c nh ngha nh sau:

X(ejw) =
x(n).e
-jw.n
(3.1)
n=
Nh vy, bin i Fourier chuyn vic biu din tn hiu x(n) trong min bin
s c lp n thnh vic biu din tn hiu X(ejw) trong min tn s w, tc l trn trc
o jw, v jw l bin o. Nh vy, X(ejw) l hm phc ca bin s w.
FT[x(n)] = X(ejw)
3.1.1.2 Cc phng php th hin X(ejw)
Ta c ba phng php th hin sau:

+ Th hin di dng phn thc v phn o
Bi v X(ejw) l hm bin s phc nn ta c th biu din X(ejw) trong min tn
s w di dng phn thc v phn o nh biu thc (3.2) sau y:
X(ejw) = Re[X(ejw)] + j.Im[X(ejw)]
(3.2)
Trong :
Re[X(ejw)]: phn thc ca X(ejw)
Im[X(ejw)]: phn o ca X(ejw)
+ Th hin di dng modun v argument
X(ejw) l hm bin s phc nn ta c th th hin n di dng modun v
argument nh biu thc di y:
X(ejw) = |X(ejw)|.ej.arg[X(ejw)]
(3.3)
Trong :
||: L modun
arg: L argument
72
|X(ejw)|: gi l ph bin ca x(n)

arg[X(ejw)]: gi l ph pha ca x(n)
Quan h gia ph bin , ph pha v phn thc, phn o c th hin thng
qua biu thc sau:
|X(ejw)|2 = Re2[X(ejw)] + Im2[X(ejw)]
arg[X(ejw)] = arctg
[
[
Im X (e jw )
Re X (e jw )
(3.4)
]
]
(3.5)
t: (w) = arg[X(ejw)]
jw
jw
j. (w)
X(e ) = |X(e )|.e
(3.6)
+ Th hin di dng ln v pha

Gi s, X(ejw) c dng: X(ejw) = A(ejw).ej. (w)
(3.7)
Trong : A(ejw) l thc v |A(ejw)| = |X(ejw)|

2k Khi A(e j ) 0
arg[ A(e j )] =
(2k + 1)
Khi A(e j ) < 0
Mt cch tng qut, ta c th vit :
A(e )
1
1
j
arg[ A(e )] = 2k + [1
] = 2k + [1 Sign A(e ) ]
2
2
A(e )
Vi hm du Sign[A(ejw)] = A(ejw)/ |A(ejw)|

Mt khc, ta li c: arg[X(ejw)] = arg[A(ejw)] + (w) = (w)
jw
(w) = (w) - arg[A(e )]
V d 3.1: Cho X(e-jw) = e-jw.sin 2w
(3.8)
Hy tm: a) Re[X(ejw)] v Im[X(ejw)]

b) A(ejw) v (w)
c) |X(ejw)| v (w)
Gii:
a) Ta c: X(e-jw) = e-jw.sin 2w = (cos w j.sin w).sin 2w
= cos w.sin 2w j.sin w.sin 2w
73
Do vy: Re[X(ejw)] = cos w.sin 2w

Im[X(ejw)] = sin w.sin 2w
b) T (3.7), i chiu vi (3.8) ta c: A(ejw) = sin 2w v (w) = -w
c) Ta c: |X(e-jw)| = |sin 2w| (t biu thc 3.6)
sin 2 w
1
] (k nguyn)
(w) = (w) + arg[A(ejw)] = w + 2k + [1
2
sin 2 w
V d 3.2: Hy tm bin i Fourier ca cc dy sau y:
a. x1(n) = (n-1) + (n) + (n+1)

b. x2(n) = 3n.u(n-1)
Gii:
a.Ta c: X1(ejw) = FT[x1(n)] =
x1(n).e
-jwn
n=
e-jwn = ejw + 1 + e-jw = 2.cos(w)+ 1
n=1
3 .u(n-1).e
b.Ta c: X2(ejw) =
-iwn
-jwn
n=1
n=
3 .e
(3.e
-jw n
(*)
n=0
V |3.e-jw| = 3 > 1 nn chui (*) khng hi t

Do vy: x2(n) khng c bin i Fourier
3.1.2 S tn ti ca bin i Fourier

Qua cc v d 3.1 v 3.2 ta thy rng : bin i Fourier ch tn ti nu chui
trong biu thc (3.1) hi t. M chui (3.1) hi t nu v ch nu x(n) tha mn iu
kin sau y:
|x(n)| <
(3.9)
n=
Nu (3.9) c tha mn th chui (3.1) s hi t tuyt i v mt hm lin tc

ca w.
74
Ta c cng thc tnh nng lng l: Ex =
|x(n)|
[ |x(n)|] nu (3.9)
n=
n=
c tha mn hay nu Ex hu hn th (3.9) tha mn. Nh vy, chng ta c th ni
rng: Bin i Fourier ca tn hiu c nng lng hu hn l lun lun lun tn ti.
V d: Hy xt s tn ti ca bin i Fourier v tnh nng lng Ex ca cc dy
x(n) sau y:
a) x1(n) = (n-1) + (n)
b) x2(n) = u(n)
Gii:
a) Ta c: |x1(n)|=
n=0
n=
Ex =
|1| = 1 + 1 = 2
|1|
=1+1=2<
n=0
Vy X1(ejw) tn ti
b) Ta c:
|x2(n)| =
|1| =
n=0
n=
Ex =
|1|
n=0
Vy khng tn ti X2(ejw)
3.1.3 Bin i Fourier ngc (IFT: Inverse Fourier Transform)

Xut pht t cng thc tnh ca bin i Fourier:
X(ejw) =
x(n).e
-jw.n
n=
jwm
Nhn c hai v ca n vi e
, ri ly tch phn theo bin w trong khong
[- , ], ta c:
n=
n=
jw
jwm
-jw.n
jwm
jw.(m-n)
] dw
X(e ).e dw = [ x(n).e ].e dw = [ x(n).e
n=
x(n).
ejw.(m-n) dw
75
M:
j ( m n )
2
d =
0
jw
jwm
dw =
X(e ).e
khi m = n
khi m n
n=
x(n).
ejw.(m-n) dw = 2. .x(m)
x(m) =
1
. X(ejw).ejwm dw
2.
Vy ta c cp bin i Fourier sau y:
1
. X(ejw).ejwn dw
2.
x(n) = IFT[X(ejw)] =
X(ejw) = FT[x(n)] =
x(n).e
-jw.n
n=
V d:
e-j4w
jw
Cho X(e ) =
|w|
w cn li
Hy tm x(n)
Gii:
Ta c: x(n) = IFT[X(ejw)] =
1
=
2.
/ 2
j(n-4)w
/ 2
1
1
. X(ejw).ejwn dw =
2.
2.
/2
1
1
j(n-4)w
dw =
e
/2
2. j (n 4)
/2
1
1
.
[cos(n-4)w + j.sin(n-4)] / 2
2. j (n 4)
1
1
1
=
.
2j.sin(n-4). =
2. j (n 4)
2
2
76
sin(n 4)
( n 4)
/ 2
-j4w
/2
.ejwn dw
3.2 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Fourier

Bin i Fourier X(ejw) c chu k 2 , v vy chng ta ch cn nghin cu ph
trong khong ( , ) hoc (0,2 ), khong tn s ny ta gi l khong c bn. Bin
i Fourier c cc tnh cht nh sau:
3.2.1 Tnh cht tuyn tnh

Gi s ta c hai tn hiu x1(n) v x2(n) v bin i Fourier ca chng l:
X1(ejw) = FT[x1(n)]
X2(ejw) = FT[x2(n)]
Chng ta coi x(n) l t hp tuyn tnh ca x1(n) v x2(n) nh biu thc di y:
x(n) = a.x1(n) + b.x2(n) (a, b l hng s)
(3.10)
Bin i Fourier ca x(n) c cho bi:

X(ejw) = FT[x(n)] =
-jwn
(a.x1(n) + b.x2(n)).e
n=
a. x1(n).e-jwn + b.
n=
x2(n).e
n=
jw
jw
= a.X1(e ) + b.X2(e )
V d: Cho x(n) = x1(n) + 2.x2(n)
1
2
( )n
n0
Cho: x1(n) =
0
n cn li
1
4
n0
n cn li
( )n
-jwn
X2(n) =
Hy tnh bin i Fourier ca tn hiu trn.

Gii:
Theo tnh cht tuyn tnh ca bin i Fourier ta c:
X(ejw) = X1(ejw) + 2.X2(ejw)
77
(3.11)
M: X1(ejw) =
( 2 ) .e
n
-jwn
n=0
X2(ejw) =
jw
X(e ) =
-jw n
-jw n
n=0
1
2
=
1 jw
2 e jw
1 .e
2
1
4
( )n.e-jwn =
n=0
( 2 .e
( 4 .e
n=0
4
1
=
1 jw
4 e jw
1 .e
4
16 6.e jw
2
4
+
=
2 e jw
4 e jw
8 6.e jw + e j 2 w
3.2.2 Tnh cht tr

Gi s ta c: y(n) = x(n n0) th Y(ejw) = e-jwn0.X(ejw)
V d:
Cho x(n) = rect3(n), x1(n) = rect3(n - 2), tnh |X(ejw)|, |X1(ejw)|

Gii:
Ta c: X(ejw) =
-jwn
e =
n=
n=0
j 3w
2
.(e
jw
2
j 3w
2
.(e
j 3w
2
jw
2
e
e
j 3w
2
jw
2
1 e j 3w
1 e jw
3w
3w
sin
-jw
2
2 = e .
jw
w
w
sin
e 2 .2 j. sin
2
2
-jwn
x(n).e =
.2 j. sin
3w
3w
3w
sin
sin
jw
-jw
2 | = | e-jw |.|
2 | = |
2 |
|X(e )| =| e .
w
w
w
sin
sin
sin
2
2
2
sin
3w
2
X1(ejw) = e-jw2.X(ejw) = e-j3w.
w
sin
2
sin
78
3w
3w
sin
jw
-j3w
2 | = | e-j3w |.|
2 | = | sin 3w / 2 |
|X1(e )| = | e .
w
w
sin w / 2
sin
sin
2
2
sin
3.2.3 Tnh cht tr tn s

Gi s ta c: y(n) = ejw 0 n.x(n)
jw
Y(e ) =
y(n).e
-jwn
n=
jw 0 n
.x(n).e-jwn =
n=
-jn(w-w 0 )
.x(n)
n=
= X(ej(w-w0))
Nh vy, ta thy rng vic nhn dy x(n) vi ejw0n trong min bin s n s tng
ng vi vic dch chuyn tn s ca ph X(ejw) i mt lng l w0.
V d: cho x(n) c |X(ejw)| nh sau (hnh 3.1):
X(ejw)
-5 /2
-3 /2
- /2
/2
3 /2
5 /2
Hnh 3.1 th biu din ph bin ca tn hiu x(n)

V |Y(ejw)| bit y(n) = cos
.x(n)
Gii:
Ta c: cos
y(n) =
jw
n
= [e
2
1
e
2
Y(e ) =
j .n
2
j .n
2
+e
.x(n) +
1
2
j .n
2
j .n
2
]/2
.x(n)
j ( w )
j ( w+ )
1
1
X(e 2 ) + X(e 2 )
2
2
j ( w )
j ( w+ )
1
1
2
) | + | X(e 2 )|
|Y(e )| = | X(e
2
2
jw
79
jw
|Y(e )| c biu din nh di th di y (hnh 3.2):
|Y(ejw)|
w
-2
Hnh 3.2 th biu din ph bin ca tn hiu y(n)
3.2.4 Tch chp ca hai dy

Gi s ta c: x(n) = x1(n) * x2(n)
jw
jw
jw
X(e ) = X1(e ). X2(e )
V d: Cho hai dy s: x1(n) = rect4(n) v x2(n) = (1
n
).rect4(n)
2
Hy tm x(n) = x1(n) * x2(n) = ?

Gii:
Ta c: X(ejw) = X1(ejw). X2(ejw)
M: X1(ejw) =
x1(n).e-jwn =
e-jwn =
n=0
n=
1 e j 4w
1 e jw
= 1 + e-jw + e-j2w + e-j3w
X2(ejw) =
x2(n).e-jwn =
n=
n=0
=1+
1 -jw 1 -j3w
.e - e
2
2
jw
-jw
X(e ) = (1 + e
=1+
=
(1
n -jwn
).e
2
+ e-j2w + e-j3w).( 1 +
1 -jw 1 -j3w
.e - e )
2
2
3 -jw 3 -j2w
1
1
.e + . e + e-j3w - e-j5w- e-j6w
2
2
2
2
x(n).e-jwn
n=0
1 1
3 3
x(n) = 1, , ,1, , (vi x(0) = 1)
2 2
0 2 2
80
3.2.5 Tnh cht i xng
Gi s dy x(n) c dng x(n) = Re[x(n)] + j.Im[x(n)]

Vy dy lin hp ca x(n) l x*(n) c dng nh sau:
x*(n) = Re[x(n)] j.Im[x(n)]
Chng ta s tm quan h gia FT[x*(n)] v FT[x(n)]
Ta c: FT[x(n)] = X(ejw) =
x(n)e
-jwn
n=
FT[x*(n)] =
x*(n).e-jwn = {[ x*(n).e-jwn]*}*
n=
n =
= { x(n).ejwn}* = {X(e-jw)}* = X*(e-jw)

n =
FT[x*(n)] = X*(e-jw)
Vy:
Nu x(n) l thc th x*(n) x(n) v FT[x*(n)] = FT[x(n)].

Vy i vi tn hiu thc th ta c: X*(e-jw) = X(ejw) hay ph ca tn hiu c tnh
cht i xng.
3.2.6 Tng quan gia hai tn hiu

Gi s ta c: x(n), y(n), v rxy(n) =
x(m).y(m - n)
m=
jw
jw
jw
Rxy(e ) = X(e ). Y(e )
Nu x(n) = y(n), x(n) thc th:

Rxy(ejw) = Rxx(ejw) = X(ejw). X(e-jw)
= X(ejw). X*(ejw) = |X(ejw)|2 (v X*(ejw) = X(e-jw))
3.2.7 Quan h Parseval

Gi s, ta c hai dy x1(n) v x2(n), v:
X1(ejw) = FT[x1(n)]
X2(ejw) = FT[x2(n)]
Th ta c:
x1(n).x2*(n) =
n=
1
2
jw
X1(e
Nu x1(n) = x2(n) = x(n) th:
81
). X2*(ejw)dw
n=
|x(n)|2 =
n=
1
2
x(n).x*(n) =
). X*(ejw)dw
1
2
jw
X(e
|X(e
jw 2
)| dw
|X(ejw)|2 gi l ph mt nng lng ca x(n), n th hin s phn b nng

lng theo hm ca tn s. Ta k hiu n l Sxx(ejw)
Vy ta c: Sxx(ejw) = |X(ejw)|2
Mt khc, ta li c cng thc tnh nng lng nh sau:
Ex =
|x(n)|2
n=
Nh vy, quan h Parseval chnh l quan h gia nng lng ca tn hiu v ph

mt nng lng ca tn hiu .
V d: Cho x(n) = (1/2)n.u(n), tnh ph mt nng lng ca x(n).
Gii:
Ta c:
|x(n)| =
( 2 )n =
n=
n=0
1
1
1
2
=2<
Vy: FT[x(n)] tn ti
M: X(ejw) =
=
-jwn
x(n).e =
n=
n =0
1
2
( )n.e-jwn =
( 2 .e
-jw n
n=0
1
1
1 e jw
2
3.2.8 Tch ca hai dy

Gi s, ta c hai dy x1(n), x2(n) v x(n) = x1(n).x2(n)
Th: X(ejw) =
1
2
(e jw1 ). X 2 (e j ( w w1 ) )dw1
82
Chng minh:
jw
-jwn
x1(n).x2(n).e
Ta c: X(e ) =
n=
1
2
=
=
1
2
1
= [
n= 2
-jwn
(e jw1 ).e jw1n .dw1 ].x2(n).e
(n).e j ( w w1 ) n . X 1 (e jw ).dw1
n =
X 1 (e jw ). X 2 (e j ( w w1 ) ).dw1
1
Vy ta c: X(e ) =
2
jw
jw
jw
X 1 (e jw ). X 2 (e j ( w w1 ) ).dw1 = X1(e ) * X2(e ) (3.12)
Quan h (3.12) c gi l tch chp lin tc v tun hon vi chu k 2 .
3.2.9 Vi phn trong min tn s

Gi s ta c: y(n) = n.x(n) v
FT[x(n)] = X(ejw) =
x(n).e-jwn
(3.13)
n=
Ly vi phn hai v ca (3.13) ta c:
dX (e jw )
d
d jwn
jwn
=
x
(
n
).
e
=
x
(
n
).
e
=
j
n.x (n).e jwn
dw
dw n =
dw
n =
n =
dX (e jw )
= n.x(n).e jwn = FT [nx(n)]
dw
n =
Vy: FT[nx(n)] = j
dX (e jw )
dw
3.2.10 Tnh cht o bin s

Gi s ta c: y(n) = x(-n), thc hin bin i Fourier hai v ca n ta c:
FT[y(n)] = FT[x(-n)] =
x(n).e
jwn
n =
t: m = -n, th ta c: FT[x(m)] =
x(m).e
m =
Vy: FT[x(n)] = X(e-jw)
83
( jwm )
= X (e jw )
3.3 So snh bin i Fourier v bin i Z

3.3.1 Quan h gia bin i Fourier v bin i Z
Bin i Z ca dy x(n) c nh ngha nh sau:
X(z) = ZT[x(n)] =
x(n).z
(3.14)
n =
Min hi t: Rx- < |z| < Rx+

Z c th c biu din di dng ta cc: z = r.ejw, trong :
|z| = r v arg[z] = w, thay vo (3.14) ta c:
X(z) = ZT[x(n)] =
x(n).r
x(n).(r.e jw ) n =
n =
.e jwn = FT [ x(n).r n ]
n =
-n
Do : FT[x(n).r ] = ZT[x(n)]
Nu X(z) hi t ti |z| = 1, th X (z ) | z =e =
jw
x(n).e
jwn
= FT [ x(n)]
n =
Nh vy: Bin i Fourier chnh l bin i Z c nh gi trn vng trn n

v trong mt phng Z.
1
2
V d: Cho cc dy s: x1(n) = ( )n.u(n), x2(n) = 2n.u(n)
Hy tm: X1(z), X2(z), X1(ejw), X2(ejw)

Gii:
Ta c: X1(z) =
1 n n 1 1 n
n
x
(
n
).
z
=
(
) .z = ( .z ) =
1
n =
n =0 2
n=0 2
Vi: RC[X1(z)]: |z| >

X2(z) =
1
, cha vng trn n v.
2
n=0
n =0
(n).z n = (2) n .z n = (2.z 1 ) n =
n =
1
1
1 .z 1
2
1
1 2.z 1
Vi: RC[X2(z)]: |z| > 2, khng cha vng trn n v.

jw
Khng tn ti X2(e )
X1(ejw) = X1(z)
z = e jw
1
1 2.(e jw ) 1
84
3.3.2 nh gi hnh hc X(ejw) trn mt phng Z

Gi s X(z) c biu din di dng cc v khng nh sau:
M
X(z) = C.
(z z
0r
(z z
pl
r =1
N
l =1
V bin i Fourier chnh l bin i Z c nh gi trn vng trn n v, c

|z| = 1 hay z = ejw, do :
M
X(z)
z = e jw
= X(ejw) = C.
(e jw z 0 r )
= C.
r =1
N
(e
jw
z pl )
l =1
| e
jw
z 0 r | .e j arg[ e
| e
jw
z pl |.e
r =1
N
jw
X(e ) = C.
| e
jw
z 0 r | .e
j[
z ]
j arg[ e jw z pl ]
l =1
Nu C l hng s thc, th ta c: X(ejw) = |x(ejw)|.ej.arg[X(e

M
jw
jw
)]
arg[ e jw z ]
r =1
arg[ e jw z pl ]]
l =1
r =1
| e
jw
z pl |
l =1
jw
|X(e )| = C.
| e
jw
z 0r |
| e
jw
z pl |
r =1
N
l =1
arg[X(ejw)] =
r =1
l =1
arg[e jw z 0r ] arg[e jw z pl ]
nh gi bin v pha ca X(ejw) c th c thc hin trc tip trong mt
phng Z, cc gi tr Mor (vi Mor = |ejw z0r|) v Mpl (vi Mpl = |ejw - zpl| ) l modun
ca cc vc t ni cc im cc v cc im khng ca X(z) vi mt im M cn
nh gi nm trong vng trn n v (z = ejw), cc gi tr argument 0 r v pl l cc
gc to bi cc vc t trn vi hng song song vi trc thc.
85
3.4 Biu din h thng ri rc trong min tn s lin tc

3.4.1 p ng tn s
3.4.1.1 nh ngha
Trong min n, th h thng c c trng bi p ng xung h(n),

v y(n) = x(n) * h(n) = h(n) * x(n)
Nu x(n) = ejwn (vi w l tn s) th p ng ra ca h thng s l:
y(n) =
h(k ).x (n k ) =
k =
t H(ejw) =
h(k ).e
h(k ).e jw( n k ) = [ h(k ).e jwk .]e jwn
k =
k =
(3.15)
jwk
k =
jw
y(n) = H(e ).e
jwn
H(ejw) c gi l p ng tn s ca h thng. T (3.15) ta thy H(ejw) chnh l

bin i Fourier ca h(n). Ngc li, ta cng tnh c h(n) khi ta bit trc H(ejw)
theo cng thc sau:
h(n) = IFT[H(ejw)] =
1
2
H (e
jw
).e jwn dw
3.4.1.2 Biu din H(ejw)
Ta thy H(ejw) l hm bin s phc ca tn s w v c th c biu din nh

sau:
hoc:
H(ejw) = Re[H(ejw)] + j.Im[H(ejw)]

H(ejw) = |H(ejw)|.ej (w)
( ( w) = arg[ H (e jw )] )
Trong :
-
|H(ejw)| gi l p ng tn s ca bin hay gi tt l p ng bin ca

h thng.
(w) gi l p ng tn s ca pha hay gi tt l p ng pha ca h thng.
Quan h gia p ng bin v p ng pha c th hin qua biu thc sau:

( w) = arctg
Im[H (e jw )]
Re[ H (e jw )]
86
3.4.2 Cc b lc s l tng
Mt ng dng quan trng nht ca x l tn hiu l lc s. Cc b lc s dn dn
thay th cc b lc tng t.
Vic thit k cc b lc s thc t u i t l thuyt cc b lc s l tng, v

vy cn phi nghin cu cc b lc s l tng. Chng ta s nghin cu bn loi b
lc s l tng tiu biu l:
-
B lc s thng thp
B lc s thng cao.
B lc s thng di.
B lc s chn di.
Lc y chng ta hiu l lc tn s chnh, v vy m tt c cc c trng ca

lc tn s u c o theo p ng bin .
3.4.2.1 B lc s thng thp
B lc thng thp l tng c nh ngha theo p ng bin . p ng bin

ca b lc s thng thp l tng c nh ngha nh sau:
1
H (e jw ) =
0
wc w wc
w khc
(- w )
Cc on khc th lp li.
|H(ejw)|
-wc
wc
Hnh 3.3 th ca p ng bin ca b lc s thng thp l tng.

Ta thy |H(ejw)| l i xng, tc l chng ta nh ngha b lc s thng thp
l tng vi h(n) l thc, v sau ny nu |H(ejw)| l i xng th ta ch cn xt mt
87
na chu k (0 w ) l . Nu ch xt mt na chu k th cc tham s ca b lc

thng thp l tng s nh sau :
-
Wc : tn s ct
0 w wc : di thng
wc w : di chn
V d: Hy tm h(n) ca b lc s thng thp l tng, vi p ng bin cho nh
1
| H (e ) | =
0
sau:
jw
2
w khc
Gii:
1
Ta c: h(n) = IFT[H(e )] =
2
jw
jwn
e dw =
1 e jwn / 2
2 jn / 2
.2 j. sin n =
. sin n
2 . jn
2
2
2
3.4.2.2 B lc s thng cao l tng
B lc s thng cao l tng c nh ngha theo p ng bin . p ng

bin ca b lc s thng cao l tng c nh ngha nh sau:
1
H (e ) =
0
w wc
wc w
w khc
|H(ejw)|
jw
(- w )
w
-
-wc
wc
Hnh 3.4 th ca p ng bin ca b lc s thng cao l tng.
88
Ta c nhn xt sau:
|H(ejw)| l i xng, th h(n) l thc v nh vy trong min tn s w, ta ch cn
xt |H(ejw)| trong mt na chu k (0 w ) l . Nu xt trong mt na chu k
th cc tham s ca b lc thng cao l tng s nh sau:
-
Wc : tn s ct
0 w wc : di chn
Wc w : di thng
V d: Cho b lc thng cao l tng pha khng ( ( w) = 0 ) nh sau:
1
H (e jw ) =
w 2
w
2
w khc
(vi w )
Tm h(n) ca h thng.
Gii:
Ta c: h(n) =
1
2
jwn
e dw
1
2
jwn
dw
sin n
1 2j
1 2j
2
=
. . sin n
. . sin n = (n)
2 jn
2 jn
2
.n
*) Nhn xt:
- B lc s thng cao l tng c h(n) i xng v tm i xng nm ti mu n = 0
bi v (w) l tuyn tnh v (w) = 0
- Nu ta k hiu b lc s thng thp l tng l Hlp(ejw) v hlp(n); b lc thng cao
l tng l Hhp(ejw) v hhp(n) th ta thy rng i vi cc b lc pha khng ta c
quan h sau y:
1 h ( 0)
lp
hhp (n) =
hlp ( n)
n=0
n0
89
- Nu cc b lc s thng thp, thng cao c cng p ng pha ta s c cc quan h

hhp(n) = 1 hlp(n) v Hhp(ejw) = 1 - Hlp (ejw)
sau y:
3.4.2.3 B lc s thng di l tng (ideal band pass filter)

p ng bin ca b lc s thng di l tng c nh ngha nh sau:
1
| H (e ) | =
0
jw
wc 2 w wc1
wc1 w wc 2
w khc
(- w )
H(ejw)
-wc2
-wc1
wc1
wc2
Hnh 3.5 th ca p ng bin ca b lc s thng di l tng.

*) Nhn xt:
p ng bin |H(ejw)| l i xng trong mt chu k (- w ). V vy
chng ta ch cn xt trong mt na chu k (0 w ). Trong mt na chu k ny,

b lc thng di ch cho thng qua cc thnh phn tn s t wc1 n wc2.
Cc tham s ca b lc thng di l tng nh sau:
- Wc1 : tn s ct di
- Wc2 : tn s ct trn.
- wc1 w wc 2 : di thng.
- 0 w wc1 , wc2 w : di chn.
90
3.4.2.4 B lc s chn di l tng (ideal band stop filter)

p ng bin ca b lc s chn di l tng c nh ngha nh sau:
1
| H (e jw ) | =
w wc 2
wc1 w wc1
w w
c2
w khc
(vi w )
-wc2
-wc1
wc1
wc2
Hnh 3.6 th ca p ng bin ca b lc s chn di l tng.
3.5 Ly mu tn hiu
3.5.1 nh l ly mu
Gi s, chng ta c mt tn hiu tng t c nng lng hu hn xa(t), tc l tn
hiu tng t ny phi tha mn iu kin:
(t ) dt <
Khi mt tn hiu tng t c nng lng hu hn th tn hiu c b rng ph hu

hn:
Xa(wa) = 0 vi |wa| > a

hay: Xa(wa) 0 vi |wa| < a
(3.16)
Trong : a l mt tn s hu hn.
Bi v ph Xa(wa) l hu hn nn ta c:
Xa(wa) =
a .e
jwa n .
(3.17)
n =
Trong : an =
1
2 a
X a (wa ).e
jwa n .
dwa
91
2.an. a =
( wa ).e
jwa n .
(3.18)
dwa
Theo nh ngha v bin i Fourier ta c:

1
2
xa(t) =
( wa ).e jwa .t dwa
1
2
( wa ).e jwa .t dwa (t 3.16)
(3.19)
Chng ta gii hn vic tnh xa(t) ti cc thi im ri rc t = n

a
1
)=
xa(n
2
a
2 .xa(n
)=
dwa
( wa ).e
jw a .n
(3.20)
dwa
2.an. a = 2 .xa(n
an =
a
a
T (3.18) v (3.20) ta c:
V xa(n
( wa ).e
jw a . n
.x a (n
)
(3.21)
) khng cn l tn hiu lin tc na nn ta thay n bng x(n
Vn t ra y l chng ta tm li tn hiu tng t t cc gi tr ri rc

x(n
).
Thay th gi tr ca an (3.21) vo (3.17), ta c:

Xa(wa) =
n =
.x(n.
a
wa
).e
jwa n.
Thay th Xa(wa) vo (3.19) ta c:
1
xa(t) =
2
a n =
x(n
a
).e jwa .t e jwat dwa
92
(3.22)
1
a jwa .(t n a )
jw
=
x(n
) e
dwa (3.17 hi t do X(e ) hu hn).
a a
n = 2 a
1
x (n
).
a
n = 2 a
n =
x(n
a
Vy ta c: xa(t) =
).
j (t n
.e
jwa .( t
n
)
a
a
a

. sin a (t n
)
(t n
)
a
x(n
n =
sin[ a (t n
).
a
a (t n
)]
(3.23)
Biu thc (3.23) c gi l cng thc ni suy, bi v theo biu thc ny xa(t)
c ni suy mt cch hon chnh xc t tp hp cc gi tr ri rc x(n
). Nh
vy th biu thc (3.23) chnh l ni dung ca nh l ly mu.

nh l ly mu trong min tn s c pht biu nh sau:
Mt tn hiu tng t c b rng ph hu hn trong khong [-Fa, Fa] c xc

nh mt cch hon ton chnh xc bi tp hp cc mu x(nTs) ca n nu tn s ly
mu Fs tha mn iu kin sau y : Fs Fa

Trong nh l trn, th Fa =
, Fs = a
2
3.5.2 Tn s Nyquist
Tn s ly mu ly gi tr 2.Fa c gi l tn s Nyquist, k hiu l FaNy
FaNy = 2.Fa, aNy = 2 a , TaNy =
1
1
=
FaNy 2 Fa
93
BI TP CHNG 3
Bi tp 3.1
Tm bin i Fourier (FT) ca cc dy tn hiu sau:
n
1
a. x1 (n) = .u (n 1)
3
b. x2 (n) = n.2 n.u (n 1)

Bi tp 3.2
Tm bin i Fourier ngc ca cc bin i Fourier sau:
j .3.w
e
a. X 1 (e ) =
0
jw
b. X 2 (e j.w ) = 2. cos(2w)
w<
Bi tp 3.3
Cho phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng sau y:
1
1
1
y (n) = .x(n) + .x(n 1) + .x(n 2)
2
4
3
Hy tm H (e jw ), A(e jw ), ( w), H (e jw ) , ( w)
Bi tp 3.4
Hy tm p ng ra y(n) ca mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin vi p ng xung
n
1
h(n) = n .u (n) v tc ng vo:
2
j2w
a. x1 ( n ) = e
b. x 2 ( n ) = cos( 2 w)
Bi tp 3.5
Cho hai dy tn hiu x1(n) v x2(n) nh sau:
x1(n) = rect3(n-1) v x2(n) = rect3(n+1)
Tnh x(n) = x1(n)*x2(n) thng qua bin i Fourier
94
CHNG 4: BIU DIN T N HIU V H THNG RI RC

TRONG MIN TN S RI RC (K)
4.1 M u
Trong chng 3, chng ta nghin cu cch biu din tn hiu v h thng ri
rc trong min tn s lin tc w. Vic nghin cu trong min w rt thun li cho
vic phn tch v tng hp cc h thng s. Trong chng 4 ny, chng ta s nghin
cu cch biu din tn hiu v h thng ri rc trong min tn s ri rc wk hay ni
gn li l min k. Thc cht ca cch biu din ny l ta ly tng im ri rc trn
vng trn n v trong mt phng Z biu din. chuyn cch biu din tn hiu
v h thng ri rc sang min tn s ri rc, chng ta s dng mt cng c ton hc
gi l bin i Fourier ri rc (Discrete Fourier Transform : DFT). Vic biu din
trong min tn s ri rc c bit hiu qu khi xut hin cc thut ton tnh nhanh
DFT, ta gi l bin i Fourier nhanh (Fast Fourier Transform: FFT).
4.2 Bin i Fourier ri rc i vi cc tn hiu tun hon c chu k N

4.2.1 Cc nh ngha
4.2.1.1 nh ngha bin i Fourier ri rc
~
Gi s chng ta c dy tun hon c chu k N l x (n),

~
tc l: x (n) = x (n + l.N)
~
Bin i Fourier ri rc ca cc dy tun hon x (n) c chu k N c nh

ngha nh sau:
~
N 1 ~
X (k ) = x(n).e
j.
2
. k .n
N
(4.1)
n=0
V d: Cho dy tun hon x (n) nh sau:

~
1
x (n) =
0
0n3
4n6
~
Vi chu k N = 5, hy tm X (k )
95
Gii:
2
Ta c: X (k ) = x(n).e
2
. k .n
n
= e
n =0
2
kn
5
n=0
sin
t:
A(k ) = 3
1 e
1 e
2
3k
5
2
k
5
3
k
2
5 e j 5 k
=
sin k
5
sin
3
k
5
sin k
3
5
k.
5
k
5
~
Do ta c: X (k ) = A(k ).e
2
k
5
V: Sgn[ A(k )] =
A(k )
~
= X (k ) .e j arg[ X ( k )] = X (k ) .e j ( k )
~
(Do A(k ) l thc)
A(k )
~
Nh vy th: X (k ) = A(k ) v (k ) =
k + {1 Sgn[A(k )]}
5
2
4.2.1.2 nh ngha bin i Fourier ri rc ngc
Bin i Fourier ri rc ngc c nh ngha nh sau:

1
x (n) =
N
~
N 1 ~
X (k ).e
2
kn
N
(4.2)
n =0
Nh vy, ta ly cch biu din dy tun hon x(n) c chu k N bi tng cc

dy hm m lm nh ngha cho bin i Fourier ri rc ngc.
K hiu: IDFT (Inverse Decrete Fourier Transform )
4.2.1.3 Bn cht ca DFT
N 1 ~
Ta c: X (k ) = x(n).e
j.
n=0
N 1
n=0
N 1
N 1
= x(n)(cos
n=0
= x(n). cos
t: A =
2
. k .n
N
x(n). cos N
2
2
kn j sin
kn)
N
N
N 1
2
2
kn - j x(n). sin
kn
N
N
n=0
kn : Gi l bin i cosin
n=0
96
N 1
B = - x(n). sin
n =0
2
kn : Gi l bin i sin
N
4.2.2 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Fourier ri rc i vi cc dy tun hon

c chu k N
4.2.2.1 Tnh cht tuyn tnh
~
Gi s ta c: x 3 (n) = a x1 (n) + b x 2 (n) th:

~
DFT[ x 3 (n) ] = X 3 (k ) = a X 1 (k ) + b X 2 (k )
(4.3)
y, tt c cc dy u tun hon vi chu k N.

4.2.2.2 Tnh cht tr
~
Gi s ta c dy x(n n0 ) l dy tr ca dy x(n) cng c chu k tun hon l N

~
nh x(n) , th: DFT[ x(n n0 ) ] = e

V : IDFT X (k + k 0 ) = e
2
kn0
N
. X (k )
2
.kk0 ~
N
. x ( n)
4.2.2.3 Tnh i xng

~
Nu ta c dy x(n) tun hon vi chu k N v X (k ) = DFT [ x] th:

DFT x (n) = X (k ) v DFT x (n) = X (k ) (* l du lin hp phc)
~*
~*
Ta cng c cc cng thc tnh bin i Fourier ri rc ca phn thc v phn o

~
ca x(n) .
1
DFT{Re x(n) } = X (k ) + X ( k )
2
~*
~
~ j ~
DFT Im x(n) = X (k ) X (k )
2
4.2.2.4 Tch chp tun hon

~
Tch chp tun hon ca hai dy tun hon x1 (n) v x 2 (n) c chu k N l mt
~
dy x 3 (n) tun hon c chu k N:
97
x 3 ( n) =
N 1 ~
x1 (m). x2 (n m)
n=0
X 3 (k ) = X 1 ( k ) * X 2 ( k )
V d: Cho 2 dy tn hiu x1(n) v x2(n) tun hon vi chu k N = 6 nh sau:

1
x1 ( n ) =
0
0n3
n
0n2
1
x2 (n) =
4
0
n
~
Tm ~
x (n) = ~
x1 ( n ) * 6 ~
x2 (n)
()
Gii:
5
~
Ta c: ~x (n) = ~x1 (n) * ~x2 (n) = ~x1 (m).~x2 (n m)
()
m =0
1
M: ~x1 (m) =
0n3
n
~
x ( n) = ~
x2 ( n m) = ~
x2 ( n ) + ~
x2 (n 1) + ~
x 2 ( n 2) + ~
x2 (n 3)
m =0
V x1(n) v x2(n) u tun hon vi chu k l 6 nn x(n) cng tun hon vi chu
k N = 6. Do vy, ta ch cn tnh x(n) vi 0 n 5 , cc on khc th lp li.
+Vi n = 0
Ta c: ~
x ( 0) = ~
x 2 ( 0) + ~
x2 (1) + ~
x2 (2) + ~
x2 (3) = 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 1
+Vi n = 1
3
7
x (1) = ~
x2 (1) + ~
x 2 ( 0) + ~
x2 (1) + ~
x 2 ( 2) = + 1 + 0 + 0 =
Ta c: ~
4
4
+Vi n = 2
1 3
9
Ta c: ~
x ( 2) = ~
x 2 ( 2) + ~
x2 (1) + ~
x 2 ( 0) + ~
x2 (1) = + + 1 + 0 =
2 4
4
+Vi n = 3
1 3
9
Ta c: ~
x (3) = ~
x2 (3) + ~
x 2 ( 2) + ~
x2 (1) + ~
x 2 ( 0) = 0 + + + 1 =
2 4
4
+Vi n = 4
1 3 5
Ta c: ~
x ( 4) = ~
x 2 ( 4) + ~
x2 (3) + ~
x 2 ( 2) + ~
x2 (1) = 0 + 0 + + =
2 4 4
98
+Vi n = 5
1 1
Ta c: ~
x (5) = ~
x2 (5) + ~
x 2 ( 4) + ~
x2 (3) + ~
x 2 ( 2) = 0 + 0 + 0 + =
2 2
7 9 9 5 1
Vy ~x (n) = 1, , , , ,
( Xt trong mt chu k)
0 4 4 4 4 2
4.2.2.5 Tch ca hai dy

~
Gi s chng ta c: x3 (n) = x 1 (n). x 2 (n) , trong cc dy u tun hon vi chu

k N. Khi ta c:
~
X 3 (k ) =
1
N
N 1 ~
(m). X 2 (k m)
m =0
4.2.2.6 Tng quan tun hon

~
Nu chng ta c hai dy tun hon x1 (n) v x 2 (n) c chu k N, th hm tng

quan cho ca hai dy s c tnh ton trn mt chu k:
~
N 1 ~
r12 = x 1 (m). x 2 (m n)
m =0
~
N 1 ~
N 1 ~
m =0
n =0
R12 = x1 (m). x 2 (m n).e
2
kn
N
4.3 Bin i Fourier ri rc i vi cc dy khng tun hon c chiu di

hu hn
4.3.1 Cc nh ngha
Cp bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT) i vi cc dy khng tun hon c chiu di
hu hn c nh ngha nh sau:
Bin i Fourier thun:
DFT[x(n)] = X (k ) =
N 1
x ( n).e
n=0
0
99
2
kn
N
0 k N 1
Bin i Fourier ngc:

2
1 N 1 X ( k ).e j N kn
IDFT[X(k)] = x(n) = N
k=0
0
n
2 n
0 n N 1
V d: Cho x(n) =
0 n N 1
, hy tm DFT[x(n)]
Gii:
Ta c: DFT[x(n)] = X(k) =
N 1
2ne
2
kn
N
N 1
= (2.e
n=0
2
k
N
)n =
1 (2.e
n=0
1 2.e
2
k
N
)N
2
k
N
4.3.2 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Fourier ri rc i vi cc dy c chiu

di hu hn
4.3.2.1 Tnh tuyn tnh
Gi s ta c hai dy x1(n) v x2(n) c chiu di ln lt l N1 v N2 v

x(n) =a.x1(n) + b.x2(n), th ta c:
X(k) =
N 1
x(n).e
2
kn
N
(vi N = max(N1, N2))
n=0
4.3.2.2 Tr vng
Gi s ta c: x1(n) = x(n n0) v DFT[x(n)] = X(k)N, N l chiu di ca x(n)

Th: DFT[x1(n)] = e
2
kn
N
X(k)N
Nu IDFT[X(k)N] = x(n)N th DFT[X(k k0)] = e

1 n
0n4
V d: Cho x(n) 4 =
2
kk0
N
x ( n) N
, hy tnh DFT[x(n - 3)4] = ?
Gii:
Trc tin ta tnh DFT(x(n))4, ri sau mi tnh DFT[x(n-3)4]
Ta c: X(k)4 = DFT[x(n)4] =
N 1
x(n).e
2
kn
N
n=0
X(0)4 =
(1 4 ). = 1 + 4 + 2 + 4 = 2
n=0
100
X(1)4 =
X(2)4 =
(1 4 ).e
jn
n=0
X(3)4 =
n j n
3 j
1
1 j
1
1
(1 ).e 2 = 1 + e 2 + e j + e 2 = j
4
4
2
4
2
2
n=0
1
2
n j n 1
1
(1 ).e 2 = + j
4
2
2
n=0
p dng tnh cht tr ta c:
j 3k
2
X1(k) = DFT[x(n-3)4] = e
X1(0) = X(0)4 =
5
2
X1(1) = e
j 3
2
.X(k)4
1
2
1
2
1
2
X1(2) = e j 3 .X(2)4 = -1( ) =

X1(3) = e
9
2
1
2
.X(1)4 = j( j ) = + j
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
X(3)4 = -j( + j ) =
1
1
j
2
2
4.3.2.4 Tch chp vng
Tch chp vng ca hai dy khng tun hon x1(n)N v x2(n)N c chiu di hu
hn N l mt dy khng tun hon cng c chiu di N x(n)N c cho bi quan h
sau:
x(n)N =
N 1
x ( m)
1
.x 2 (n m) N = x1 (n) N (*) N x 2 (n) N
m =0
(*)N l tch chp vng chiu di N.

Ngc li: Nu x(n)N = x1(n)N (*)N x2(n)N
th: X(k)N = X1(k)N.X2(k)N
4.3.2.5 Quan h Parseval
Gi s ta c tn hiu x(n)N, th:

N 1
n=0
x ( n) N
N 1
N 1
1
= x ( n ) N x * ( n) N = x ( n ) N
n =0
n =0
N
101
N 1
X * ( k ) N .e
k =0
2
kn
N
=
=
N 1
N 1
1
N
k =0
n =0
1
N
X (k ) =
k =0
1
N
2
kn
N
n =0
N 1
1
N
x ( n) =
N 1
X * (k ) N . x(n) N .e
N 1
X (k )
N 1
X (k )
1
N
N 1
( k ) N . X ( k ) N
k =0
k =0
k =0
Nh vy: Nng lng ca tn hiu bng trung bnh cng ca cc bnh phng
ca cc bin i Fourier ri rc.
4.3.3 Khi phc bin i Z v bin i Fourier t DFT

4.3.3.1 Khi phc bin i Z
Gi s ta c mt dy x(n)N c chiu di hu hn N.
Ta c: X(z) =
x ( n)
z n
n =
1
M: x(n)N = IDFT[X(k)N] =
N
1
X ( z) = [
n = N
N 1
X (k )
.e
N 1
X (k )
2
kn
N
( 0 n N 1)
k =0
2
kn
N
].z
k =0
1
=
N
N 1
N 1
X (k ) (e
2
k
N
k =0
.z 1 ) n
n =0
j 2 k
1 e N .z 1
1 N 1
= 1
= X ( k ) N . 2
N k =0
N
j k
1 e N .z 1
Vy: X(z) =
1 z N
N
N 1
X (k ) N .
k =0
X (k ) N
j 2 k
k =0
1 e N .z 1
N 1
1 z N
j 2 k
1 e N .z 1
(4.4)
*) Nhn xt: Ta nhn thy N gi tr ca X(k)N chnh l cc mu ca X(z) c nh

gi trn vng trn n v ti cc im ri rc
cc im z = e
2
k
N
N 1
: X ( z)
z=e
2
j
k
N
2
k . Nh th ta s ly mu X(z) ti
N
= x(n) N .e
2
kn
N
= X (k ) N
n =0
Vy (4.4) chnh l cng thc bin i Z t N mu ca X(z) trn vng trn n v.
102
4.3.3.2 Khi phc bin i Fourier
Ta c: X(ejw) = X(z)
wN
2
N
sin
1
Vy: X(e ) =
N
jw
z=e
jw
1 e jwn
N
X (k ) N
N 1
k =0
1 e
j ( w.
X (k ) N
.e
w
k =0
sin k
2 N
N 1
sin
N 1
X (k ) N
k =0
wN
2
w
sin k
2 N
.e
j(
2
k w)
N
N 1
+ k)
2
N
j ( w.
N 1
+ k)
2
N
(4.5)
Biu thc (4.5) chnh l quan h cho php tm bin i Fourier bng cch ni
suy t cc gi tr X(k)N.
4.4 Bin i nhanh Fourier ri rc (FFT)

4.4.1 M u
Mc ch ca bin i Fourier nhanh l tng kh nng tnh ton ca cc php
DFT. pht trin cc thut ton tnh DFT vi hiu nng tnh ton cao, ngi ta
thng chia nh lin tip s phc tp ca DFT N im (N l di ca dy s biu
din tn hiu) thnh cc DFT cp nh hn v a ra mt lot cc thut ton tnh c
hiu qu c gi l cc thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT Fast Fourier
Transform).
Gi s ta c: N = L.M (L, M l cc s nguyn). Nu N l s nguyn t, th ta c
th thm mt s mu ca dy c gi tr bng khng m bo N lun c th c
phn tch thnh tch ca hai s nguyn.
Dy x(n) c th c lu trong mt mng hai chiu theo cc cch khc nhau ty
theo vic nh x ca ch s n cho cc ch s (l, m)
l l ch s hng 0 l L 1
m l ch s ct 0 m M 1
Gi thit ta chn nh x:
N = Ml + m
(4.6)
103
iu ny dn n mt s sp xp, trong hng u tin cha M phn t u
tin ca dy x(n), hng th hai cha M phn t tip theo ca dy x(n), v c nh

vy, nh c minh ha nh sau (hnh 4.1):
M
L
M-1
X(0)
X(1)
X(2)
X(M-1)
X(M)
X(M+1)
X(M+2)
X(2M-1)
X(2M)
X(2M+1)
X(2M+2)
X(3M-1)
L-1
X((L-1)M)
X((L-1)M+1)
X((L-1)M+2)
X(LM-1)
Hnh 4.1 Bng sp xp cc gi tr ph ri rc ca tn hiu theo mng 2 chiu

Mt s sp xp tng t c th c s dng lu cc ga tr DFT c tnh
ton. Trong thc t, vic nh x c thc hin t ch s k thnh hai ch s (p, q),
trong 0 p L 1 ; 0 q M 1 . Nu chng ta la chn cch nh x: k = Mp+q
th DFT c lu theo kiu hng, trong hng u tin cha M phn t u tin
ca bin i X(k), hng th hai cha M phn t tip sau, v c nh vy. Mt khc,
nu dng nh x: k = qL + P th DFT c lu theo kiu ct, trong L phn t u
tin c cha trong ct u tin, L phn t tip theo c cha trong ct tip theo
v c nh vy. Cch sp xp trn chnh l c s hnh thnh bin i FFT t bin i
DFT. Cn c vo cch sp xp nh trn, ta gi s x(n) c nh x vo trong mt
mng ch nht x(l, m) v X(k) c nh x vo mt ma trn ch nht tng ng
X(p, q). Khi DFT c th c biu din nh mt tng kp ca cc phn t ca
mng ch nht nhn vi h s pha (chnh l h s WN = e
2
N
) tng ng. Khi ta
c:
M1 L1
X( p, q) = x(l, m). W
kn
N
m=0 l=0
M1 L1
= x(l, m). WN
m=0 l=0
104
( Mp+q)(mL+l )
(4.7)
( Mp+q)(mL+l)
WN
M:
Vi:
WN
MLmp
WN
mqL
= WN
= WN
= WN
mq
Nmp
MLmp
=e
= WM
mLq
Mpl
lq
. WN . WN . WN .
mq
2
N .m. p
N
, WN
= e j 2 . m . p = 1
M . p .l
=WN
pl
= WL
pl
l =0
L 1
M 1
m =0
Do : (4.7) X ( p, q ) = WN lq x(l , m ).WM mq .WL lp
(4.8)
Biu thc trong (4.7) lin quan n vic tnh ton cc DFT c chiu di l M v
L. Qu trnh tnh ton nh trn bao gm ba bc sau:
Bc 1: Chng ta tnh L DFT M im:
F (l , q ) =
M 1
x(l , m ).W
mq
M
0 q M 1
(4.8)
m =0
Vi mi hng l = 0, 1, 2,, L 1.
Bc 2: Ta tnh mt mng ch nht mi G(l, q) c xc nh nh sau:
0 l L 1
0 q M 1
G (l , q ) = W N F (l , q )
lq
(4.9)
Bc 3: Tnh ton M DFT L im

L 1
X ( p, q ) = G (l , q )W L
(4.10)
lp
l =0
Vi mi ct q = 0, 1, 2,, M 1 ca mng G(l, q).

Qu trnh tnh ton phi tri qua cc bc trn, nhn qua c v phc tp hn vic
tnh DFT trc tip. Tuy nhin, ta s i vo nh gi phc tp ca thut ton trong
(4.8). Bc u tin lin quan n vic tnh ton L bin i DFT, mi DFT c
ln c ln M im. Nh vy, bc ny cn LM2 php nhn s phc v LM(M
-1) php cng s phc. Bc th hai cn LM php nhn s phc. Bc ba cn ML2
php nhn s phc v ML(L - 1) php cng s phc. Do , phc tp ca qu
trnh tnh ton trn l:
S php nhn s phc l: LM2 + LM + ML2 = N(M + L + 1)
S php cng s phc l : LM(M - 1) + ML(L - 1) = N(M + L - 2)
Vi cch tnh DFT trc tip th s php nhn s phc l N2 v s php cng l
N(N - 1). Trong khi tnh theo FFT th s php nhn cn thc hin c gim xung
105
cn N(M + L +1) v s php cng l N(M + L - 2). Nh vy, th khi lng tnh
ton theo FFT c gim i rt nhiu.
4.4.2 Thut ton FFT c s 2 phn chia theo thi gian

Gi s chng ta tnh ton DFT vi s im N = 2v bng phng php chia v cc
iu kin nh trong cc bc ng vi cc biu thc (4.8), (4.9) v (4.10). Chng ta
chn M =
N
N
v L = 2, tc l ta s chia dy s liu N im thnh hai dy im l
2
2
f1(n) ng vi cc mu chn (2n) v f2(n) ng vi cc mu l (2n+1).Nh vy ta c:

f1(n) = x(2n)
f2(n) = x(2n + 1)
N 1
X (k ) = x(n ).W N
( N / 2 ) 1
kn
n=0
f 1 (m).W N
k 2m
( N / 2 )1
m =0
( N / 2 1)
f 1 (m ).W N
k 2m
f 2 (m ).WN
k ( 2 m +1)
m =0
+ WN
m =0
( N / 2 )1
f 2 (m ).W N
k 2m
m=0
M: W N k 2 m = e
Nn: X (k ) =
N
1
2
n = 0, 1,...,
2
k 2m
N
( N / 2 )1
=e
2
.km
N /2
f 1 (m ).W N / 2
km
= WN / 2
+ WN
m =0
km
( N / 2 )1
f 2 (m ).W N / 2
km
m =0
= F1(k) + W N k F2(k)
k = 0, 1,, N-1
(4.11)
Trong : F1(k), F2(k) l cc DFT N/2 im tng ng vi cc dy f1(m) v

f2(m). V F1(k) v F2(k) l tun hon vi chu k
F1(k) = F1(k +
M: W N
k+
N
2
=e
N
, nn ta c:
2
N
N
) v F2(k) = F2(k + )
2
2
2
N
k+
N
2
=e
2
k
N
.e
= e
Nn: (4.11) X (k ) = F1 (k ) + W N k F2 (k )
N
k
X k + = F1 (k ) W N F2 (k )
2
106
2
k
N
= WN
k = 0,1, ...,
N
1
2
k = 0,1, ...,
N
1
2
(4.12)
(4.13)
N
N
tnh ton F1(k) cn php nhn s phc v cng cn php nhn
2
2
cho vic tnh F2(k), ngoi ra tnh ton W N k F2 (k ) cn
N
php cng s phc. Do
2
N N2 N
N
+ php nhn s phc. Nh vy,
+ =
2
2
2
2
, vic tnh ton X(k) cn 2
trong bc ny ta gim c s php nhn t N2 xung
N2 N
+ , mc gim ny
2
2
xp x hai ln khi N ln.
Hnh 4.2 Bc u tin trong trong thut ton chia theo thi gian.
t: G1(k) = F1(k)
G2(k) =
W N F2 (k )
k
T (4.12) v (4.13) c vit li nh sau:

X(k) = G1(k) + G2(k)
Xk +
N
= G1(k) G2(k)
2
k = 0, 1, 2,,
Vic tnh ton ny c minh ha trong hnh 4.1.
107
N
1
2
Qu trnh trn thc hin vic chia theo thi gian mt ln, ta c th lp li qu
trnh ny cho hai dy f1(n) v f2(n). Mi dy f1(n) v f2(n) c chia nh thnh hai
dy
N
im l:
4
V11(n) = f1(2n)
n = 0, 1, 2,,
N
1
4
V12(n) = f1(2n + 1)
n = 0, 1, 2,,
N
1
4
V21(n) = f2(2n)
n = 0, 1, 2,,
N
1
4
V22(n) = f2(2n +1)
n = 0, 1, 2,,
N
1
4
Ta s tnh ton DFT
N
N
im, t cc DFT 4 im ta tnh c cc DFT im
4
2
F1(k) v F2(k):
F1 (k ) = V11 (k ) + W N .V12 (k )
k
k = 0,1, 2,...,
k
F1 k + = V11 (k ) W N .V12 (k )
4
N
1
4
k = 0,1, 2,...,
F2 (k ) = V21 (k ) + W N .V22 (k )
k
k = 0,1, 2,...,
N
1
4
k = 0,1, 2,...,
N
1
4
k
F2 k + = V21 (k ) W N .V212 (k )
4
Trong : Vij (k ) =
( N / 4 )1
vij (n )W N
n =0
N
1
4
kn
N
N
php nhn, ta c 4 Vij(k) s cn 4. php
4
4
Mi php tnh Vij(k) cn
nhn. Do vic tnh F1(k) v F2(k) c th thc hin c bng

s phc. tnh ton X(k) t F1(k) v F2(k) ta cn
108
N2 N
+
php nhn
4
2
N
php nhn s phc. Do
2
tnh ton X(k) ta cn
N2
+ N php nhn s phc. Nh vy s php nhn li tip tc
4
c gim xung xp x hai ln na.
Vic chia dy s liu c th li tip tc c lp li cho n khi dy cui cng

gim xung cn mt im. Vi N = 2v , vic chia ny cso th c thc hin v =
log2 N ln. Nh vy tng s php nhn s phc c gim xung cn
N
log 2 N . S
2
php cng gim xung cn N.log2N.

V d: Hy tnh DFT 16 im ca dy x(n)10 bng thut ton FFT c s hai phn
chia theo thi gian.

Gii:
tnh DFT 16 im, trong khi x(n) ch c 10 mu. Do vy, ta cn thm 6 mu
khng vo cui dy x(n)10: {x(0 ) x(1) x(2 ) x(3) x(4 ) x(5) x(6 ) x(7 ) x(8) x(9 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 }
Vi M =
N 16
=
= 8 th L = 2, ngha l mng x(l, m) c 2 hng v 8 ct nh sau:
2
2
x(0 ) x(2 ) x(4 ) x(8) 0 0 0
x(1) x(3) x(5) x(9 ) 0 0 0
Khi chuyn sang ch s mng hai chiu, nhn c mng x(l, m):
x(0,0 ) x(0,1) x(0,2 ) x(0,3) x(0,4) x(0,5) x(0,6 ) x(0,7 )
x(1,0 ) x(1,1) x(1,2 ) x(1,3) x(1,4 ) x(1,5) x(1,6 ) x(1,7 )
Mi hng c ba phn t cui cng bng 0 v hang c ch s l = 0 l cc mu

chn x(2n)16 ; cn hng c ch s l = 1 l cc mu l x(2n + 1)16
- Bc 1: Tnh cc DFT 8 im ng vi hai hng v nhn c mng F(l, q)
7
F (l , q ) = x (l , m).W8
mq
0 q 7 , 0 l 1
m =0
F (0,0 ) F (0,1) F (0,2) F (0,3) F (0,4 ) F (0,5) F (0,6 ) F (0,7 )

F (l , q ) =
F (1,0 ) F (1,1) F (1,2 ) F (1,4 ) F (1,4 ) F (1,5) F (1,6 ) F (1,7 )
- Bc 2: Tnh mng G (l , q ) = F (l , q ).W N = F (l , q ).e

lq
2
lq
N
0 l 1
0 q 7
G (0,0 ) G (0,1) G (0,2) G (0,3) G (0,4 ) G (0,5) G (0,6 ) G (0,7 )

G (l , q ) =
G (1,0 ) G (1,1) G (1,2 ) G (1,4 ) G (1,4 ) G (1,5) G (1,6 ) G (1,7 )
109
- Bc 3: Tnh 8 DFT 2 im ng vi 8 ct ca mng G(l, q) v nhn c

1
mng X(p, q): X ( p, q ) = G (l , q ).W2 lp

l =0
X (0,0) X (0,1) X (0,2 ) X (0,3) X (0,4 ) X (0,5) X (0,6) X (0,7 )

X ( p, q ) =
X (1,0 ) X (1,1) X (1,2 ) X (1,4 ) X (1,4 ) X (1,5) X (1,6 ) X (1,7 )
Cui cng ta chuyn mng X(p, q) thnh dy X(k) sp xp theo hng nh sau:
X (0 ) X (1) X (2 ) X (3) X (4 ) X (5) X (6 ) X (7 )
X (k ) =
X (8) X (9 ) X (10 ) X (11) X (12) X (13) X (14 ) X (15)
4.4.3 Thut ton FFT c s 2 phn chia theo tn s

Trong thut ton FFT c s 2 phn chia theo thi gian, ta thc hin lu dy
tn hiu u vo theo hng. Trong thut ton phn chia theo tn s ny, ta s lu dy
tn hiu u vo theo kiu ct (M = 2 v L = N/2).
to ra thut ton ny, ta bt u bng vic tch cng thc tnh DFT thnh hai
tng. Trong mt tng lin quan n vic tnh tng ca N/2 im s liu u tin
v tng th hai lin quan n vic tnh tng ca N/2 im s liu cn li. Do ta
nhn c:
N 1
X (k ) = x(n ).W N
kn
( N / 2 )1
n =0
( N / 2 )1
WN
X (k ) =
kn
N 1
x(n ).W N
kn
+ WN
=e
( N / 2 )1
n =0
2
N .k / 2
N
kn
N
n= N / 2
N .k / 2
( N / 2 )1
n =0
N .k / 2
x(n ).W
(
)
n=0
n =0
M:
x(n ).W N
kn
x n + .W N
2
= e j .k = ( 1)
(t m = n + N/2).
N kn
k
x(n ) + ( 1) x n + 2 W N
(4.14)
Ta thc hin chia X(k) ra thnh hai dy, mt dy ng vi cc mu chn, mt dy

ng vi cc mu l nh sau:
X (2k ) =
( N / 2 )1
n =0
X (2k + 1) =
kn
x(n ) + x n + 2 W N / 2
k = 0,1, 2,...,
( N / 2 )1
n =0
N n
kn
x(n ) x n + W N W N / 2
2
110
N
1
2
k = 0,1, 2, ...,
N
1
2
y: W N 2 = e
2
2
N
=e
t: g1 (n ) = x(n ) + x n +
2
N /2
= WN / 2
(4.15)
N n
g 2 (n ) = x(n ) x n + W N
2
X (2k ) =
( N / 2 )1
g 1 (n ).W N / 2
n = 0,1, 2, ...
N
1
2
(4.16)
kn
n =0
X (2k + 1) =
( N / 2 )1
g 2 (n ).W N / 2
kn
n =0
Qu trnh tnh ton c lp i lp li qua vic chia nh ca cc DFT N/2 im

ca cc dy X(2k) v X(2k+1). Ton b qu trnh cn v = log2N bc chia nh.
Vic tnh ton DFT N im qua thut ton FFT chia theo tn s cn ( N / 2 ) log2N
php nhn s phc v N.log2N php cng s phc.
4.4.4 Tnh FFT ngc

N 1
N 1
n =0
n =0
FFT c tnh da trn cng thc nh sau: X (k ) = x(n ).WN kn = x(n ).e
Bin i Fourier nhanh ngc c tnh theo cng thc sau:
x(n ) =
1
N
N 1
X (k ).e
2
kn
N
k =0
111
2
kn
N
BI TP CHNG 4
Bi tp 4.1
Cho dy tn hiu tun hon vi chu k N = 8 nh sau:
n2
0n4
1
~
x ( n) =
3
0
n
~
Tm X ( k ) = DFT [~
x ( n) ] = ?
Bi tp 4.2
Cho 2 dy tn hiu x1(n) v x2(n) tun hon vi chu k N = 5
1
~
x1 ( n ) =
0
vi:
n +1
1
~
x2 (n ) =
4
0
0n2
n
0n2
n
~
Tm v v th ca ~x (n) = ~x1 (n) * 5 ~x2 (n)
()
Bi tp 4.3
Cho 2 dy tn hiu x1(n) v x2(n) khng tun hon vi chiu di N = 8
vi:
n 1
x1 ( n ) =
0
n 1
1
x2 (n ) =
3
0
1 n 4
n
0n3
n
Tm v v th ca x(n) = x1 (n)(*)8 x2 (n)
112
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Nguyn Quc Trung, X l tn hiu v lc s, Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut ,
H Ni 2003.
[2] Quch Tun Ngc, X l tn hiu s, Nh xut bn gio dc, H Ni 1999
[3] Dng T Cng, X l tn hiu s, Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut,
H Ni 2001
[4] Alan V. Oppenheim, Ronald W. Schafer and Jhon R. Buck, Discrete Time
Signal Processing , Prentice Hall 1999
[5] Vinay K. Ingle and Jhon G. Proakis Digital Signal Processing, using MATLAB
113

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MC LC

CHNG 1 : TN HIU V H THNG RI RC .......................................................... 4

2.4 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Z............................................................................................ 53

3.2.7 Quan h Parseval...................................................................................................... 81

CHNG 1 : TN HIU V H THNG RI RC

Hnh 1.1 th biu din tn hiu microphone Sa(t)

1.1.1.3 Phn loi tn hiu

Tn hiu lng t ha.

*) Tn hiu c gi l tn hiu tng t nu hm ca tn hiu lin tc l lin tc.

Hnh 1.2 th biu din tn hiu tng t v tn hiu lng t ha

1.1.1.3.2 nh ngha tn hiu ri rc

Tn hiu c gi l tn hiu ly mu nu hm ca tn hiu ri rc l lin tc

Hnh 1.3 th biu din tn hiu ly mu v tn hiu s

1.1.2 X l tn hiu s (DSP- Digital Signal Processing)

Hnh 1.4 S tng qut ca h thng x l tn hiu

LPF: Low Pass Fillter (B lc thng thp).

S&H: Sample And Hold (ly v gi mu)

ADC: Analog Digital Converter (B chuyn i tn hiu tng t - s)

DAC: Digital Analog Converter (B chuyn i tn hiu s tng t)

C ba cch biu din tn hiu ri rc hay dng l :

Vi: n, N1, N2 l nguyn (cn cc gi tr khng nguyn, ta khng xt)

Hnh 1.5 Biu din tn hiu bng th

1.2.1.3 Biu din bng dy s

V d : Biu din (n) (n-5) bng th

Hnh 1.6 Biu din (n) v (n-5) bng th

Trn hnh 1.6 l th ca cc dy xung n v (n - 5)

Dy nhy n v c nh ngha nh sau trong min n :

th ca dy u(n) c dng nh hnh v sau :

Hnh 1.7 biu din u(n) bng th

V d : Biu din u(n-2) v u(n+2) bng th

Hnh 1.8 Biu din u(n-2) v u(n+2) bng th

Trong min n, dy ch nht c nh ngha nh sau:

th ca rectN(n) c dng nh hnh bn :

M rng c dy ch nht rectN(n-k) vi k l s nguyn dng hoc m.

V d : Biu din rectN(n-2) v rectN(n+2) bng th

Hnh 1.9 Biu din rectN(n-2) v rectN(n+2) bng th.

Dy hm m thc c nh ngha nh sau trong min n :

Hnh 1.10 Dy m thc.

Dy hm sin c dng nh sau :

Hnh 1.11 th dy sin(w0n) vi N=10

1.2.3 Cc php ton vi tn hiu ri rc

Mt dy x(n) c gi l tun hon vi chu k N nu :

Hnh 1.11 Biu din dy tun hon bng th.

1.2.3.3 Nng lng v cng sut ca dy

- i vi tn hiu s x(n) hai pha hu hn c di (2N + 1):

- i vi tn hiu s x(n) mt pha v hn:

- i vi tn hiu s x(n) hai pha v hn:

V d 1: Tnh nng lng ca cc dy sau:

1.2.3.3.2 Cng sut trung bnh ca dy

Cng sut trung bnh Px ca tn hiu s x(n) c tnh nh sau:

- i vi tn hiu s x(n) hai pha hu hn c di (2N + 1):

- i vi tn hiu s x(n) mt pha v hn:

- i vi tn hiu s x(n) hai pha v hn:

V d: Tnh nng lng v cng sut trung bnh ca cc dy tn hiu sau:

x (n) = u(n 3) u(n + 3) + rect (n) = rect (n + 3) + rect (n)

Nng lng v cng sut trung bnh ca dy tn hiu x2(n) l:

1.2.3.4 Cc php ton i vi tn hiu ri

Tng ca hai dy thu c l mt dy bng cch cng i mt gi tr mu ca

Hnh 1.12 th biu din cc tn hiu x1(n), x2(n) v x3(n)

Tch ca hai dy thu c l mt dy thu c bng cch em nhn tng ng

Tnh x3(n) = x1(n).x2(n)

Hnh 1.13 th biu din x3(n)

1.2.3.4.3 Php nhn tn hiu vi mt hng s

Tch ca mt dy vi mt hng s l mt dy nhn c bng cch nhn tt c

= x(n) h1(n) + x(n) h2(n)