Ti liu tham kho

Phn IV
H thc quy

[1] TS. Trn Ngc Hi, Ton ri rc

[2] GS.TS. Nguyn Hu Anh, Ton ri rc,
Nh xut bn gio dc.
[3] Nguyn Vit Hngs Slides

Bin son:
TS.Nguyn Vit ng
1

nh ngha

nh ngha

Mot he thc e qui tuyen tnh cap k la mot

he thc co dang:
xn = a1xn-1 + + akxn-k + fn
(1)

Trng hp day fn= 0 vi moi n th (1) tr

thanh:
xn = a1xn-1 + +akxn-k (2)

trong o :

Ta noi (2) la mot he thc e qui tuyen tnh

thuan nhat cap k

ak 0, a1,, ak-1 la cac he so thc

{fn} la mot day so thc cho trc
{xn} la day an nhan cac gia tr thc.

Nghim tng qut

Nghim ring

Moi day {xn} thoa (1) c goi la mot

nghiem cua (1).
Nhan xet rang moi nghiem {xn} cua (1) c
hoan toan xac nh bi k gia tr ban au x0,
x1,, xk-1.

Ho day so { xn = xn(C1, C2,,Ck)} phu

thuoc vao k ho tham so C1, C2,,Ck c
goi la nghiem tong quat cua (1) neu moi
day cua ho nay eu la nghiem cua (1)

Cho {xn} l nghim tng qut ca (1) v vi moi k

gia tr ban au y0, y1,, yk-1, ton tai duy nhat cac
gia tr cua k tham so C1, C2,,Ck sao cho nghiem
{xn} tng ng thoa:
x0 = y0, x1 = y1,, xk-1 = yk-1

(*)

Khi o, nghiem {xn} tng ng c goi nghiem

rieng ng vi ieu kien ban au (*).

Mc ch gii h thc qui

Giai mot he thc e qui la i tm

nghiem tong quat cua no.

Neu he thc e qui co kem theo ieu

kien ban au, ta phai tm nghiem rieng
thoa ieu kien ban au o.
Fibonacci (1170-1250)
7

Mt s v d

Mt s v d

V d 1(Dy Fibonacci)
Bi ton:Mt i th(gm mt th c v mt
th ci)c mi thng c mt i th
con(cng gm mt c v mt ci), mi i
th con, khi trn hai thng tui, li mi
thng ra mt i th con v qu trnh
sinh n c th tip din.Tnh Fn l s i th
c thng n?

Gii:
Thng u tin v thng th 2 ch c mtith.Sang
thng th 3 i th ny s ra mt i th, v th
thng ny s c hai i th .Vi n3 ta c
Fn = Fn-1+S i th c sinh ra thng th n.
Do cc i th c sinh ra thng th n-1 cha
con thng th n , v thng ny mi i th
c thng n-2 s ra c mt i th con nn s
i th c sinh ra thng th n chnh bng Fn-2

10

Mt s v d

Mt s v d
V d2: Mot cau thang co n bac. Moi bc i
gom 1 hoac 2 bac. Goi xn la so cach i het
cau thang. Tm mot he thc e qui cho xn

Nh vy vic gii bi ton Fobonacci dn ta

ti vic kho st dy s (Fn), xc nh bi
F1 = 1
F2 =1
Fn = Fn-1+Fn-2 vi n >2.

11

12

Mt s v d

V d

Vi n = 1, ta co x1 = 1.
Vi n = 2, ta co x2 = 2
Vi n > 2, e khao sat xn ta chia thanh hai trng hp loai
tr lan nhau:
Trng hp 1: Bc au tien gom 1 bac.
Khi o, cau thang con n-1 bac nen so cach i het cau thang
trong trng hp nay la x n-1.

13

Trng hp 2: Bc au tien gom 2 bac.

Khi o, cau thang con n-2 bac nen so cach i het
cau thang trong trng hp nay la xn-2.
Theo nguyen ly cong, so cach i het cau thang la
xn-1 + xn-2 . Do o ta co:
xn = xn-1 + xn-2

14

Example3: The tower of Hanoi puzzle consists of three

pegs mounted on a board and disks with different sizes.

Mt s v d
Vay ta co he thc e qui tuyen tnh thuan
nhat cap 2:

xn xn1 xn2

x1 1, x2 2.

15

How can we move the disks to the 2nd peg, following the
rule: larger disks are never placed on top of smaller ones?
16

How can we move the disks to the 2nd peg, one in a

time,following the rule: larger disks are never placed
on top of smaller ones?

Let Hn be the minimum number of moves to complete the

puzzle. First we must move the top (n 1) disks to the 3rd
peg, using at least Hn 1 moves

17

18

We need one more move to take the largest disk to peg 2

Then carry (n 1) smaller disks from 3rd peg to the 2nd

Modeling with Recurrence

Relations

peg, using at least Hn 1 moves .

First, move the top (n 1) disks to the 3rd peg, using at

least Hn 1 moves

one more move to take the largest disk to peg 2

carry (n 1) smaller disks from 3rd peg to the 2nd peg,
using at least Hn 1 moves .
Thus
Hn = 2Hn 1 + 1
In fact we can prove by induction that
Hn = 2 Hn 1 + 1

19

20

We can prove by induction that

H thc qui tuyn tnh thun nht

Hn = 2 Hn 1 + 1

Xet he thc e qui tuyen tnh thuan nhat

To solve this recurrence relation, we write

Hn + 1 = 2 Hn 1 + 2 = 2(Hn 1+ 1)
This is a geometric progression, so the solution is:
Hn + 1 = C 2n
Since H1 = 1, we have C = 1 and
Hn = 2 n 1
E.g. H64 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,615:
It takes 500 billion years to solve the puzzle !!

xn = a1xn-1 + + akxn-k

(2)

Phng trnh ac trng cua (2) la phng trnh

bac k nh bi:
k - a1k-1 - - ak = 0
(*)
21

H thc qui tuyn tnh thun nht

Trng hp k = 1

22

H thc qui tuyn tnh thun nht

V d: H thc qui

Phng trnh ac trng (*) tr thanh

2 xn 3xn1 0;

x1 1.

- a1 = 0
nen co nghiem la 0 = a1

la mot he thc e qui tuyen tnh thuan nhat cap 1

Khi o, (2) co nghiem tong quat la:

xn C0n
23

24

H thc qui tuyn tnh thun nht

Phng trnh ac trng: 2 - 3 = 0 co nghiem
la 0 = 3/2

H thc qui tuyn tnh thun nht

Trng hp k = 2:
Phng trnh ac trng (*) tr thanh:
- a1 - a2 = 0

3
C 1
2
2
C
3

Do o nghiem cua he thc e qui a cho la:

25

T ieu kien ban au x1 = 1, ta co :

Suy ra:

Do o nghiem tong quat la:

3
xn C
2

H thc qui tuyn tnh thun nht

3
xn
2

n 1

26

H thc qui tuyn tnh thun nht

b) Neu (*) co nghiem kep thc 0 th (2) co
nghiem tong quat la:

(*)

a) Neu (*) co hai nghiem thc phan biet 1 va

2 th (2) co nghiem tong quat la:

xn ( A nB)0n

xn A1n B2n
27

28

V d:

H thc qui tuyn tnh thun nht

c) Neu (*) co hai nghiem phc lien hp c
viet di dang lng giac :

Giai cac he thc e qui sau:

r (cos i sin )

V d 1

2 xn 3xn1 xn2 0

th (2) co nghiem tong quat la:

V d 2

4 xn1 12 xn 9 xn1 0;

x0 2; x1 4.

V d 3

xn2 2 xn1 4 xn 0;

x1 4; x2 4.

xn r n ( A cos n B sin n )
29

Mt s v d
2 xn 3xn1 xn2 0

Mt s v d

4 xn1 12 xn 9 xn1 0

x0 2; x1 4.

Phng trnh ac trng cua (1) la:

22 - 3 + 1 = 0

30

Phng trnh ac trng cua (2) la:

(*)

42 - 12 + 9 = 0

co hai nghiem thc la 1 = 1 va 2 = 1/2.

co nghiem thc kep la 0 = 3/2. Do o

nghiem tong quat cua (2) la:

Do o nghiem tong quat cua (1) la:

xn = (A + nB)(3/2)n

xn = A + B(1/2)n
31

32

Mt s v d

Mt s v d

T ieu kien ban au x0 = 2; x1 = 4 ta suy ra:

A 2

3
( A B) 4

xn2 2 xn1 4 xn 0

x1 4; x2 4
Phng trnh ac trng cua (3) la:

2 - 2 + 4 = 0

Suy raA = 2 va B = 2/3

(*)

co hai nghiem phc lien hp la

Vay nghiem cua (2)

la:
xn = (3 + n)(3/2)n-1

1 i 3

Ta viet hai nghiem tren di dang lng giac:

2(cos
33

i sin )
3
3

34

Do o nghiem tong quat cua (3) la

xn 2n (C1 cos

n
n
C2 sin )
3
3

T ieu kien ban au x1 = 4; x2 = 4 ta suy ra:

1
3
2( C
C )4

2 1 2 2

4( 1 C 3 C ) 4
1
2

2
2
Vy nghim ca (3) l :

Suy ra:

C1 1, C2 3

xn 2n (cos

n
n
3 sin )
3
3
35

36

H thc qui tuyn tnh khng

thun nht

H thc qui tuyn tnh khng

thun nht

Xet he thc e qui tuyen tnh khong thuan nhat

xn = a1xn-1 + + akxn-k + fn (1)
He thc e qui tuyen tnh thuan nhat tng ng
la:
x = a x + + a x
(2)
n

1 n-1

Nghiem tong quat cua (1) =

k n-k

Nghiem tong
quat cua (2)

Mot nghiem
rieng cua (1)

Phng trnh ac trng cua (2) la:

k - a1k-1 - - ak = 0(*)

37

H thc qui tuyn tnh khng

thun nht

H thc qui tuyn tnh khng

thun nht

Cach tm mot nghiem rieng cua (1) khi ve

phai fn cua (1) co dang ac biet nh sau:

Dng 1: fn = nPr(n),

Khi o ta xet 3 trng hp nho:

Dng 1: fn = nPr(n), trong o Pr(n) la mot a

thc bac r theo n; la mot hang so
Dng 2: fn = Pm(n)cosn + Ql(n)sinn, trong
o Pm(n), Ql(n) lan lt la cac a thc bac m, l
theo n; la hang so
( k).
Dng 3 : fn = fn1 + fn2 ++ fns , trong o
cac fn1, fn2,, fns thuoc 2 dang a xet tren

38

Trng hp 1 khong la nghiem cua phng trnh

ac trng
Trng hp 2 la nghiem n cua phng trnh
ac trng
Trng hp 3 la nghiem kp cua phng trnh ac
trng

39

40

10

H thc qui tuyn tnh khng

thun nht

H thc qui tuyn tnh khng

thun nht

Trng hp 1.

Neu khong la nghiem cua phng trnh ac

trng (*) th (1) co mot nghiem rieng dang:

Trng hp 2.

Neu la nghiem n cua phng trnh ac

trng (*) th (1) co mot nghiem rieng dang:

xn = nQr(n)

xn = nnQr(n)
41

H thc qui tuyn tnh khng

thun nht

42

H thc qui tuyn tnh khng

thun nht
Ch :

Trng hp 3.

Neu la nghiem kep cua phng trnh ac

trng (*) th (1) co mot nghiem rieng dang:

Qr(n) = Arnr + Ar-1nr-1 ++ A0 la a thc tong quat

co cung bac r vi Pr(n), trong o Ar, Ar-1,, A0 la
r+1 he so can xac nh.
Cc h s xc
nh nh th no
?

xn = n2nQr(n)
43

e xac nh cac he so tren ta can the xn, xn-1,, xn-k vao

(1) va cho n nhan r + 1 gia tr nguyen

nao o hoac
ong nhat cac he so tng ng hai ve e c mot he
phng trnh. Cac he so tren la nghiem cua he phng
trnh nay

44

11

H thc qui tuyn tnh khng

thun nht

H thc qui tuyn tnh khng

thun nht

Dng 2: fn = Pm(n)cosn + Ql(n)sinn

Trng hp 1.

Khi o ta xet 0 = cos isin. Co 2 trng

hp nho:

Neu 0 = cos isin khong la nghiem cua

phng trnh ac trng (*) th (1) co mot
nghiem rieng dang:

xn = Rk(n)cosn + Sk(n)sinn

Trng hp 1 0 = cos isin khong la

nghiem cua phng trnh ac trng
Trng hp 2 0 = cos isin la nghiem
cua phng trnh ac trng
45

H thc qui tuyn tnh khng

thun nht

46

H thc qui tuyn tnh khng

thun nht
Ghi ch:

Trng hp 2.

Neu 0 = cos isin la nghiem cua phng

trnh ac trng (*) th (1) co mot nghiem rieng
dang:

xn = n(Rk(n)cosn + Sk(n)sinn)

Rk(n), Sk(n) la cac a thc tong quat theo n co

bac k = max{m,l} vi 2k+2 he so can xac nh:

Rk(n) = Aknk + Ak-1nk-1 ++ A0

Sk(n) = Bknk + Bk-1nk-1 ++ B0

47

48

12

V d:

H thc qui tuyn tnh khng

thun nht

a)

2 xn 3xn1 xn2 4n 1.
xn1 6 xn 9 xn1 (18n 12)3n ;

x0 2; x1 0.

Dng 3 : fn = fn1 + fn2 ++ fns

b)

Bang cach nh tren ta tm c nghiem rieng

xni (1 i s) cua he thc e qui:

c)

4 xn1 12 xn 9 xn1 (2n 2 29n 56)2n1 ;

x0 1; x1 2.

d)

xn2 3xn1 2 xn cos

e)

xn 4 xn1 3xn2 20 (2 n)2n2 3.4n

a0xn + a1xn-1 + + akxn-k = fni

Khi o xn = xn1 + xn2++ xns la mot nghiem rieng cua (1)

n
n
(3 3 2)sin
4
4

49

50

V D 1

2 xn 3xn1 xn2 4n 1

Bay gi ta tm mot nghiem rieng cua (1).

(1)

Ve phai ca (1) la fn = 4n+1 co dang Pr(n) la a thc bac r = 1 theo n.

He thc e qui tuyen tnh thuan nhat la:

2 xn 3xn1 xn2 0

V = 1 la nghiem n cua phng trnh ac trng (*) nen (1) co mot

nghiem rieng dang:

(2)

Phng trnh ac trng cua (2) la:

xn = n(an + b)

(4)

The (4) vao (1) ta c:

22 - 3 + 1 = 0

(*)

2n(an+b) -3(n-1)[a(n-1)+b] + (n-2)[a(n-2) + b] = 4n + 1.

co hai nghiem thc la 1 = 1 va 2 = 1/2

Cho n lan lt nhan hai gia tr n = 0; n = 1 ta c he:

Do o nghiem tong quat cua (2) la:

xn = C1 + C2(1/2)n

51

a b 1;

3a b 5.

52

13

Giai he tren ta c a = 2; b = -1. The vao (4) ta tm c mot nghiem

rieng cua (1) la:

xn = n(2n - 1)

(5)

T (3) va (5) ta suy ra nghiem tong quat cua (1) la:

xn = C1 + C2(1/2)n + n(2n - 1)

53

54

55

56

V D 2

xn1 6 xn 9 xn1 (18n 12)3n ;

x0 2; x1 0.

14

V D 3

4 xn1 12 xn 9 xn1 (2n 2 29n 56)2n1

x0 1; x1 2
Xet he thc e qui:

4 xn1 12 xn 9 xn1 (2n2 29n 56)2n1

He thc e qui tuyen tnh thuan nhat la:

4 xn1 12 xn 9 xn1 0
Phng trnh ac trng cua (2) la:
42 - 12 + 9 = 0

(*)

co mot nghiem thc kep la = 3/2.

Do o nghiem tong quat cua (2) la
xn = (C1 + nC2)(3/2)n.

(3)

57

Bay gi ta tm mot nghiem rieng cua (1).

Ve phai ca (1) la

Cho n lan lt nhan ba gia tr n = -1; n = 0; n = 1 ta c he:

3
1
29

3a 2 b 4 c 4 ;

7
1
25
a b c 28;
2
2
2
40a 8b c 87.

f n (2n2 29n 56)2n1

co dang nPr(n) vi = 2 va Pr(n) la a thc bac r = 2 theo n.
V = 2 khong la nghiem cua phng trnh ac trng (*) nen (1) co mot
nghiem rieng dang:
xn = (an2 + bn + c)2n

58

(4)
Giai he tren ta c a = 2; b = 1; c = -1. The vao (4) ta tm c mot nghiem
rieng cua (1) la

The (4) vao (1) ta c :

4[a(n+1)2 + b(n+1) + c)2n+1 -12[an2 + bn + c] 2n + 9[a(n-1)2 + b(n-1) + c] 2n-1 =

(2n2 + 29n +56)2n-1

59

xn = (2n2 + n - 1)2n

(5)

60

15

V D 4
T (3) va (5) ta suy ra nghiem tong quat cua (1) la:
xn = (C1 + nC2)(3/2)n + (2n2+ n -1) 2n

xn2 3xn1 2 xn cos

(6)

He thc e qui tuyen tnh thuan nhat la:

Thay ieu kien x0 = 1; x1 = -2 vao (6) ta c:

xn2 3xn1 2 xn 0
Phng trnh ac trng cua (2) la:

C1 1 1;

3
3
C1 C2 4 2.

2
2
T o ta co:

n
n
(3 3 2)sin
4
4

2 - 3 + 2 = 0

(*)

co hai nghiem thc phan biet la 1 = 1; 2 = 2.

Do o nghiem tong quat cua (2) la:

C1= 2; C2 = - 6.

The vao (6) ta co nghiem rieng can tm cua (1) la:

xn = C1 + C2.2n.

(3)

xn = (2 - 6n)(3/2)n + (2n2+ n -1) 2n

61

Bay gi ta tm mot nghiem rieng cua (1).

The (4) vao (1) ta c:

Ve phai ca (1) la

(n 2)
(n 2)
(n 1)
( n 1)
b sin
3[ a cos
b sin
]
4
4
4
4
n
n
n
n
2(a cos
b sin
) cos
(3 3 2)sin
4
4
4
4
a cos

n
n
f n cos
(3 3 2)sin
4
4
co dang cosn + sinn vi = /4
V

0 cos

i sin

Cho n lan lt nhan hai gia tr n = 0; n = -1; ta c he:

2
2
(2 3
) a (1 3
)b 1;

2
2

(3 2 3)a 2 b 2 2 3.

2
2

khong la nghiem cua phng trnh ac trng (*) nen (1) co mot nghiem
rieng dang:

xn a cos

n
n
b sin
4
4

62

Giai he tren ta c a = 1; b = -1. The vao (4) ta tm c mot nghiem rieng

cua (1) la

xn cos
63

n
n
sin
4
4

5
64

16

V D 5

xn 4 xn1 3xn2 20 (2 n)2n2 3.4n

T (3) va (5) ta suy ra nghiem tong quat cua (1) la:

xn C1 C2 .2n cos

He thc e qui tuyen tnh thuan nhat la:

n
n
sin
4
4

xn 4 xn1 3xn2 0
Phng trnh ac trng cua (2) la:
2 - 4 + 3 = 0

(*)

co hai nghiem thc phan biet la 1 = 1; 2 = 3.

Do o nghiem tong quat cua (2) la:
xn = C1 + C2. 3n.

(3)

65

Bay gi ta tm mot nghiem rieng cua (1).

66

Ly luan tng t nh tren ta tm c:

Ve phai ca (1) la

Mot nghiem rieng cua (1) la xn1 = -10n

f n 20 (2 n)2n2 3.4n
co dang Trng hp 4.

Mot nghiem rieng cua (1) la xn2 = n2n

Xet cac he thc e qui:

Mot nghiem rieng cua (1) la xn3 = 4n+2

xn 4 xn1 3xn2 20

xn 4 xn1 3xn2 (2 n)2

xn 4 xn1 3xn2 3.4n

n2

1
1

Suy ra mot nghiem rieng cua (1) la:

xn1 = -10n + n2n + 4n+2

(4)

T (3) va (4) ta suy ra nghiem tong quat cua (1) la:

xn = C1 + C2.3n - 10n + n2n + 4n+2

67

68

17

Vd(Bi 4 thi2007)

a) Tm nghim tng qut ca h thc qui:

an = an- 1 + 6 an-2
b) Tm nghim tha iu kin u a 0 = 1,
a1 = 5 ca h thc qui:
an = a n 1 + 6 a n 2 + 50n 3 n 1

69

Vd(thi2006). Cho X= 0,1, 2. Mi chui k t

c dng a1a2...an vi a1, a2,..,an X (n nguyn
dng)c gi l mt t c chiu di n trn X.
Gi Ln l s cc t c chiu di n trn X khng
cha 2 s 2 lin tip.
a) Tm mt cng thc truy hi cho Ln.
b)Tm biu thc ca Ln theo n.

71

p n: 1,5
a) Phng trnh c trng r 2 r 6 = 0 c 2 nghim r 1 = 3,
r2 = 2 nn nghim tng qut c dng: an = c 3n + d (2)n
(0,5)
b) Ta tm nghim c bit c dng n(An+B)3n :
(An2 +Bn) 3n = (A(n1)2 + B(n1)) 3n -1 + 6 (A(n2)2 + B(n
2)) 3n - 2 + 50n 3n-1
10An 50 n + 5B 9A = 0 hay A = 5 , B = 9 (0,5)
Do nghim tng qut c dng: an = c 3n + d (2) n + (5n2
+ 9n) 3n
Cc iu kin ban u cho:
a 0 = c + d = 1,
a1 = 3c 2 d + 42 = 5
gii h phng trnh trn ta c c = 7, d = 8 (0,5)
70

pn. (2 im)
a)1 im
_ S cc t c chiu di n m a1 = 0 l Ln-1
_ S cc t c chiu di n m a1 = 1 l Ln-1
_ S cc t c chiu di n m a1 = 2 :
+ C Ln-2 t m a2 = 0
+ C Ln-2 t m a2 = 1
Vy Ln = 2Ln-1 + 2Ln-2 (n > 3)
b)1 im
Cc t c chiu di 1 l : 0,1,2. L1 = 3;
Cc t c chiu di 2 l : 00,01,02,10,11,12,20,21 . L2 = 8;
Ta quy c L0 = 1 th h thc quy tho vi n >1
2
Phng trnh c trng x 2 x 2 0 x 1 3
72

18

thi2006
Nghim tng qut :
Ln A(1 3) B(1 3)
n

a)Tm nghim tng qut ca h thc qui :

an= 4an-1- 4 an-2
b)Tm nghim ca h thc qui:
an= 4an-1- 4 an-2+3. 2n+1
tho iu kin u:a0=4,a1=4

2 3
A
A B 1
2 3

2 3
(1 3) A (1 3) B 3
B 2 3
Ln

2 3
2 3
(1 3) n (
)(1 3) n
2 3
2 3
73

thi2006

74

thi2006

p n
a) Phng trnh c trng x2-4x+4 = 0 c nghim
kp x = 2nn nghim tng qut c dng
an = (A+nB) 2n (0,5)
b) V =2 l nghim kp ca phng trnh c trng
nn ta tm nghim ring di dng Cn22n.
Ta c Cn22n =4C(n-1)22n-1-4C(n-2)22n-2+3.2n+1
C = 3 (0,5)
75

Do nghim tng qut c dng

an =A 2n +Bn2n +3n22n
S dng K
a0 = A = 4
a1 =2A+2B +6 = 4 .Nn B = -5

76

19

thi 2006

thi 2006
Cho X={0,1,2}.Gi an l s cc t c chiu
di n trn X trong s 1 khng xut hin
lin tip v s 2 khng xut hin lin tip.
a) Chng minh rng an tho h thc qui:
an= 2an-1+an-2 vi n>2.
b)Tm biu thc ca an theo n.

p n (2,5 im)
a)1 im
Gi bn,cn,dn ln lt l s t x1x2xn ng vi
x1= 0, x1=1, x1= 2.
Ta c bn = an-1 ; cn = bn-1 +dn-1 ;dn= bn-1+cn-1
Do an = bn + cn +dn = an-1 +bn-1+dn-1+bn-1+cn-1
= an-1+an-2+(dn-1+bn-1+cn-1) = an-1+an-2+an-1
= 2an-1+an-2

77

78

thi 2006

thi 2006

b)1,5 im.
Cc t c chiu di 1 l 0,1,2 nn a1 =3.
Cc t c chiu di 2 tho yu cu l:
00,01,02,10,12,20,21 nn a2 =7.Ta qui c a0=1th
h thc qui tho vi n >1. Phng trnh c trng
x2 2x 1 = 0 c hai nghim l

Do nghim tng qut l

an A(1 2)n B(1 2)n

Trong A v B xc nh bi
A B 1

x 1 2

A(1 2) B(1 2) 3

79

80

20

thi 2006

thi 2008
Tm s cc chui k t chiu di n cha chui
con 11 hay 22, trong cc k t c chn
trong {0, 1, 2}.
Cch gii 1.(Phng php i lp).
Gi an l s chui khng cha chui con 11 v 22.
Gii nh 2006 ta c

Suy ra

1 2
1 2
A
,B
2
2
1
1
n 1
an (1 2) (1 2) n 1
2
2

1
1
an (1 2) n 1 (1 2) n 1
2
2
81

thi 2008

82

thi 2008
Tng t :
dn = bn-1 +cn-1+3n-2 . Do :
an = an-1 +bn-1 +3n-2 +dn-1 + bn-1 +cn-1 +3n-2

Nh vy s chui cha chui con 11 hay 22 l

1
1
3n an 3n (1 2)n1 (1 2) n 1
2
2
Cch gii 2 (Trc tip)
Gi bn,cn,dn ln lt l s t x1x2xn ng
vi x1= 0,x1=1,x1=2. Khi :
an = bn +cn +dn .
bn = an-1 .
cn = bn-1 + 3n-2 +dn-1(v khi k t th 2 l 1 th
kt hp vi mi chui n- 2 k t pha sau u tha).

= an-1+2.3n-2 +an-1 +an-2= 2 .an-1+an-2 +2.3n-2.

Vy ta c h thc qui tuyn tnh khng thun
nht
an = 2.an-1 + an-2 + 2.3n-2.
vi a0 = 0 v a1 = 0.Gii h thc qui ny ta c kt
qu nh cch 1.
83

84

21

 thi 2005

thi 2005

a) Tm nghim tng qut ca h thc qui:

an = 6an-1 9an-2
b) Tm nghim ca h thc qui:
an = 6an-1 9an-2+2. 4n
tho iu kin u a0 =12, a1=8

Mt ngi gi 100 triu ng vo mt qu u t

vo ngy u ca mt nm . Ngy cui cng ca
nm ngi c hng hai khon tin li.
Khon th nht l 20% tng s tin c trong ti
khon c nm, khon li th hai l 45% ca tng
s tin c trong ti khon ca nm trc .Gi
Pnl s tin c trong ti khon vo cui nm th
n.
a) Tm cng thc truy hi cho Pn
b) Tm biu thc ca Pntheo n.

85

86

Bi tp

thi 2004
Mt bi gi xe c chia thnh n l cnh
nhau theo hng ngang xp xe p v xe
my. Mi xe p chim mt l cn mi xe
my chim hai l. Gi Ln l s cch xp cho
y n l.
a)Tm mt cng thc qui tho bi Ln
b) Tm biu thc ca Ln theo n.
87

Gii cc h thc qui sau:

1)

2)

3)

2 xn 5 xn1 2 xn2 n 2 2n 3;

x0 1, x1 3.

xn 4 xn1 5 xn2 12n 8;

x0 0, x1 5.
2 xn2 5 xn1 2 xn (35n 51)3n ;

x0 3, x1 0.
88

22

Bi tp

Bi tp

Gii cc h thc qui sau:

Gii cc h thc qui sau:

4)

xn2 2 xn1 xn 2;

x0 1, x1 0.

5)

xn2 16 xn1 64 xn 128.8n ;

x0 2, x1 32.

6)

3
n
3
n
xn2 xn1 xn cos

sin .
2
3
2
3

7)

8)

9)

xn2 8 xn1 15 xn 2.5n1 ;

x0 1, x1 2.
xn2 16 xn1 64 xn 128.8n ;

x0 2, x1 32.

xn 3xn1 2 xn2 20 n2n2 3n

89

90

Bi tp

Bi tp
10) Tm h thc qui cho xn, trong xn
l s min ca mt phng b phn chia bi
n ng thng trong khng c hai ng no
song song v khng c ba ng no ng qui. Tm
xn .
11) thi 2009.
a) Tm nghim tng qut ca h thc qui:
an = 6an-2 9 an-1.
b) Tm nghim tha iu kin u a0 = 1, a1 = 3 ca
h thc qui:
an = 6an-2 9an-1 + n.3n+1

12) thi 2010.

a) Tm nghim tng qut ca h thc qui:
an = 6an-2 + an-1.
b) Tm nghim tha iu kin u a0 = 8,
a1 = 3 ca h thc qui:
an = 6an-2 + an-1 + 10n(- 2) n - 3 ( - 2) n- 1

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92

23