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The term "euthanasia" means literally "good death". It usually refers to the inducement of a painless
death for a chronically or terminally ill individual who would otherwise suffer. In the Nazi context,
however, "euthanasia" was a euphemistic term for a clandestine murder program. The program
targetedfor systematic killingmentally and physically disabled patients living in institutional
settings in Germany and German-annexed territories.
The "euthanasia" program was Nazi Germany's first program of mass murder. It predated the
genocide of European Jewry (the Holocaust) by approximately two years. The program was one of
many radical eugenic measures which aimed to restore the racial "integrity" of the German nation. It
endeavored to eliminate what eugenicists and their supporters considered "life unworthy of life":
those individuals whothey believedbecause of severe psychiatric, neurological, or physical
disabilities represented both a genetic and a financial burden on German society and the state.
CHILD "EUTHANASIA" PROGRAM
In the spring and summer months of 1939, a number of planners began to organize a secret killing
operation targeting disabled children. They were led by Philipp Bouhler, the director of Hitler's
private chancellery, and Karl Brandt, Hitler's attending physician.
On August 18, 1939, the Reich Ministry of the Interior circulated a decree requiring all physicians,
nurses, and midwives to report newborn infants and children under the age of three who showed
signs of severe mental or physical disability.
Beginning in October 1939, public health authorities began to encourage parents of children with
disabilities to admit their young children to one of a number of specially designated pediatric clinics
throughout Germany and Austria. The clinics were in reality children's killing wards. There,
specially recruited medical staff murdered their young charges by lethal overdoses of medication or
by starvation.
At first, medical professionals and clinic administrators incorporated only infants and toddlers in the
operation. As the scope of the measure widened, they included youths up to 17 years of age.
Conservative estimates suggest that at least 5,000 physically and mentally disabled German children
perished as a result of the child "euthanasia" program during the war years.

EXTENDING THE "EUTHANASIA" PROGRAM

Euthanasia planners quickly envisioned extending the killing program to adult disabled patients
living in institutional settings. In the autumn of 1939, Adolf Hitler signed a secret authorization in
order to protect participating physicians, medical staff, and administrators from prosecution. This
authorization was backdated to September 1, 1939, to suggest that the effort was related to wartime
measures.
The Fhrer Chancellery was compact and separate from state, government, or Nazi Party
apparatuses. For these reasons, Hitler chose it to serve as the engine for the "euthanasia" campaign.
The program's functionaries called their secret enterprise "T4." This code-name came from the street
address of the program's coordinating office in Berlin: Tiergartenstrasse 4.
According to Hitler's directive, Fhrer Chancellery director Phillip Bouhler and physician Karl
Brandt undertook leadership of the killing operation. Under their auspices, T4 operatives established
six gassing installations for adults as part of the "euthanasia" action. These were: Brandenburg, on
the Havel River near Berlin; Grafeneck in southwestern Germany; Bernburg and Sonnenstein, both in
Saxony; Hartheim, near Linz on the Danube in Austria, and Hadamarin Hessen.
Using a practice developed for the child "euthanasia" program, in the autumn of 1939 T4 planners
began to distribute carefully formulated questionnaires to all public health officials, public and
private hospitals, mental institutions, and nursing homes for the chronically ill and aged. The limited
space and wording on the forms, as well as the instructions in the accompanying cover letter,
combined to give the impression that the survey was intended to gather statistical data.
The form's sinister purpose was suggested only by the emphasis placed upon the patient's capacity
to work and by the categories of patients which the inquiry required health authorities to identify.
The categories of patients were:
-those suffering from schizophrenia, epilepsy, dementia, encephalitis, and other chronic psychiatric
or neurological disorders;
-those not of German or "related" blood;
-the criminally insane or those committed on criminal grounds; and
-those who had been confined to the institution in question for more than five years.
Secretly recruited "medical experts," physiciansmany of them of significant reputationworked in
teams of three to evaluate the forms. On the basis of their decisions beginning in January 1940, T4

functionaries began to remove patients selected for the "euthanasia" program from their home
institutions. The patients were transported by bus or by rail to one of the central gassing installations
for killing.
Within hours of their arrival at such centers, the victims perished in gas chambers. The gas
chambers, disguised as shower facilities, used pure carbon monoxide gas. T4 functionaries burned
the bodies in crematoria attached to the gassing facilities. Other workers took the ashes of cremated
victims from a common pile and placed them in urns to send to the relatives of the victims. The
families or guardians of the victims received such an urn, along with a death certificate and other
documentation, listing a fictive cause and date of death.
Because the program was secret, T-4 planners and functionaries took elaborate measures to conceal
its deadly designs. Even though physicians and institutional administrators falsified official records
in every case to indicate that the victims died of natural causes, the "euthanasia" program quickly
become an open secret. In view of widespread public knowledge of the measure and in the wake of
private and public protests concerning the killings, especially from members of the German clergy,
Hitler ordered a halt to the euthanasia program in late August 1941. According to T4's own internal
calculations, the "euthanasia" effort claimed the lives of 70,273 institutionalized mentally and
physically disabled persons at the six gassing facilities between January 1940 and August 1941.
SECOND PHASE
Hitler's call for a halt to the T4 action did not mean an end to the "euthanasia" killing operation. The
child "euthanasia" program continued as before. Moreover, in August 1942, German medical
professionals and healthcare workers resumed the killings, although in a more carefully concealed
manner than before. More decentralized than the initial gassing phase, the renewed effort relied
closely upon regional exigencies, with local authorities determining the pace of the killing.
Using drug overdose and lethal injectionalready successfully used in child euthanasiain this
second phase as a more covert means of killing, the "euthanasia" campaign resumed at a broad range
of institutions throughout the Reich. Many of these institutions also systematically starved adult and
child victims.
The "euthanasia" program continued until the last days of World War II, expanding to include an
ever wider range of victims, including geriatric patients, bombing victims, and foreign forced
laborers. Historians estimate that the "Euthanasia" Program, in all its phases, claimed the lives of
200,000 individuals.

GERMAN-OCCUPIED EAST
Persons with disabilities also fell victim to German violence in the German-occupied east. The
Germans confined the "euthanasia" program, which began as a racial hygiene measure, to the Reich
properthat is, to Germany and to the annexed territories of Austria, Alsace-Lorraine, the
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and the Warthegau in former Poland. However, the Nazi
ideological conviction which labeled these persons "life unworthy of life" also made institutionalized
patients the targets of shooting actions in Poland and the Soviet Union. There, the killings of
disabled patients were the work of SS and police forces, not of the physicians, caretakers, and T4
administrators who implemented the "Euthanasia" Program itself.
In areas of Pomerania, West Prussia, and occupied Poland, SS and police units murdered some
30,000 patients by the autumn of 1941 in order to accommodate ethnic German settlers
(Volksdeutsche) transferred there from the Baltic countries and other areas.
SS and police units also murdered disabled patients in mass shootings and gas vans in occupied
Soviet territories. Thousands more died, murdered in their beds and wards by SS and auxiliary
police units in Poland and the Soviet Union. These murders lacked the ideological component
attributed to the centralized "euthanasia" program. The SS was apparently motivated primarily by
economic and material concerns in killing institutionalized patients in occupied Poland and the
Soviet Union.
The SS and the Wehrmacht quickly made use of the hospitals emptied in these killing operations as
barracks, reserve hospitals, and munitions storage depots. In rare cases, the SS used the empty
facilities as a formal T4 killing site. An example is the "euthanasia" facility Tiegenhof, near Gnesen
(today Gniezno, in west-central Poland).
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE "EUTHANASIA" PROGRAM
The "euthanasia" program represented in many ways a rehearsal for Nazi Germany's subsequent
genocidal policies. The Nazi leadership extended the ideological justification conceived by medical
perpetrators for the destruction of the "unfit" to other categories of perceived biological enemies,
most notably to Jews and Roma (Gypsies).
Planners of the Final Solution later borrowed the gas chamber and accompanying crematoria,
specifically designed for the T4 campaign, to murder Jews in German-occupied Europe. T4
personnel who had shown themselves reliable in this first mass murder program figured

prominently among the German staff stationed at the Operation Reinhard killing centers of Belzec,
Sobibor and Treblinka.
Like those who planned the physical annihilation of the European Jews, the planners of the
"euthanasia" program imagined a racially pure and productive society. They embraced radical
strategies to eliminate those who did not fit within their vision.