PHN MM X LY BANG TNH MICROSOFT EXCEL

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PHN MM X LY BANG TNH

MICROSOFT EXCEL
ThS. L ANH TUN
--- oOo ---

I. CAC KHAI NIM C BAN TRONG EXCEL

1. M ta man hnh giao tip
2. Thao tac trn tp tin
3. Thoat khoi Excel

Trang
3
3
5
5

II. LP BANG TNH

1. Cach nhp d liu vao mt
2. Cac kiu d liu trong mt
3. Chon hang, ct, vung
4. Thay i kch thc hang, ct
5. Chen thm hang, ct, trng
6. Xoa hang, ct,
7. Thao tac d liu

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5
5
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8
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9

III. NH DANG BANG TNH

1. nh dang hin th s
2. nh v tr d liu trong
3. Chon hang, ct, vung
4. Ke khung cho bang tnh
5. T mau cho bang tnh
6. Sp xp d liu

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IV. MT S HAM C BAN TRONG EXCEL

1. Khai nim ham
2. Mt s ham thng dung

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V. C S D LIU
1. Khai nim
2. Khai nim v vung c s d liu, vung tiu chun, vung rut trch
3. Cac ham c s d liu
4. Thao tac tm kim, rut trch

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PHN MM X LY BANG TNH MICROSOFT EXCEL

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VI. TAO RA MT BIU TRN EXCEL

1. Gii thiu
2. Cac bc tao ra mt biu

25
25
26

VII. CAC X LY CHI TIT

1. t cac thng s cho bang tnh
2. In n trn Excel

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PHN MM X LY BANG TNH MICROSOFT EXCEL

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PHN MM X LY BANG TNH MICROSOFT EXCEL

ThS. L ANH TUN
--- oOo ---

I. CAC KHAI NIM C BAN TRONG EXCEL

EXCEL la mt phn mm bang tnh chay trong mi trng Windows do hang
Microsoft san xut. Excel c s dung kha ph bin va c cai t trong hu ht
nhom chng trnh Microsoft Office.
Giao trnh nay tp trung vao vic gii thiu ba chc nng c ban nht cua
EXCEL la bang tnh, biu va quan ly d liu.
vao phn mm, di chuyn mui tn cua chut (mouse)
tm biu tng (icon) cua Microsoft Excel nh hnh bn va
nhp i chut.
Trong chng trnh Excel, nut Help se tr giup ban hiu thm cac chi tit s dung cac
lnh va cac thao tac cn thit.
1. M ta man hnh giao tip
Title Bar
Menu Control
MenuBar
ToolBar
Formula Bar

Con tro
( hin hanh)
Fill handle

Worksheet

Scroll Bar

Man hnh giao tip cua Excel

Status Bar
Trn man hnh co cac thanh phn sau:

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PHN MM X LY BANG TNH MICROSOFT EXCEL

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Title Bar (Thanh tiu ): cho bit tn cua ng dung (Microsoft Excel) va tn cua
bang tnh hin hanh (SOLVEREX.XLS, Book1,...).
Menu Control (Hp ban chon/menu iu khin): cha cac lnh iu khin Excel
(Restore, Move, Size, Minimize, Maximize, Close).
Menu Bar (Thanh ban chon/ thc n): cha cac lnh cua Excel, gm:
File

Edit

View Insert

Format Tools

Data Window

Help

Mun thm nhp vao cac menu nay th kch chut vao menu tng ng hoc
nhn t hp phm Alt-ky t gach di cua mi menu hoc nhn phm F10.
Standard ToolBar (Thanh cng cu chun): cho cac thao tac thng dung, s dung
thng xuyn nh trong WinWord.
Formatting ToolBar (Thanh cng cu nh dang): Mun bt/tt s hin din cua cac
thanh cng cu nay trn man hnh, vao menu View/ Toolbars.
Formula Bar (Thanh cng thc): dung nhp d liu vao hin hanh. Mun
bt/tt thanh cng cu nay, vao menu View/ Formula Bar.
Worksheet (Bang tnh): la phn chnh cua man hnh Excel, gm:
Cac hang (Row) c anh s t 1 n 16834.
va 256 ct (Column) c ky hiu t A, B, C, n IV.
(cell) : la im giao cua ct va hang, mi co mt a ch c ch nh
bng tn cua ct va s th t hang, v du C9 ngha la ct C va hang th 9.
Trong bang tnh co cac ng li (Gridline) dung phn cach gia cac .
Thng th cac ng li nay se c in ra cung vi bang tnh. Mun bt/
tt Gridline, vao menu Tools/ Options/ View. Kch chut vao muc Gridline
bt/ tt ng li.
Vung (Range) : gm nhiu k cn nhau theo dang hnh ch nht, mi vung
co mt a ch c goi la a ch vung. a ch vung c anh du bng a
ch cua 2 u va cui cheo goc cua vung cach nhau bng du hai chm (:), v
du C5:F10 la mt vung ch nht nh v bng u tin la C5 va cui la F10.
Con tro : la mt khung net i bao quanh , cha con tro c goi la
hin hanh. Cach di chuyn con tro trong bang tnh:
Nut trn ban phm :
Tac dung :

Di ln 1 hang

Xung 1 hang

Qua phai 1

Qua trai 1
PageUp
Ln 1 trang man hnh
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PageDown
Xung 1 trang man hnh
Ctrl + PageUp
Sang trai 1 trang man hnh
Ctrl + PageDown
Sang phai 1 trang man hnh
Ctrl + Home
V A1
Ghi chu: Nu s dung chut th ch cn nhp chut vao mun di chuyn con tro ti.
Scroll Bar (Thanh trt): cho phep trt trn tai liu hin hanh co th xem nhng
phn khac nhau cua tai liu.
Status Line (Dong trang thai): Cho bit ch lam vic hin hanh cua bang tnh:
Ready
: sn sang nhn d liu.
Enter
: ang nhp d liu vao hin hanh.
Point
: ang ghi cng thc tham chiu n 1 a ch khac.
Edit
: ang iu chnh d liu hin hanh.
2. Thao tac trn tp tin
Mun lu tr d liu trn bang tnh th phai ghi bang tnh ln a di dang tp
tin. Tn tp tin bang tnh cua Excel co phn m rng mc nhin la .XLS
Cac thao tac lu bang tnh, m tp tin bang tnh co sn trn a, m tp tin bang
tnh mi, ong ca s bang tnh ang lam vic,... tng t nh thao tac trn WinWord.
3. Thoat khoi Excel
Vao menu File/ Exit hoc nhn t hp phm Alt-F4 hoc kch i chut vao hp
Menu Control.

II. LP BANG TNH

1. Cach nhp d liu vao mt
a con tro n cn nhp.
Nhp d liu vao.
Kt thuc qua trnh nhp bng phm ENTER, huy bo d liu ang nhp bng
phm Esc.
Ghi chu : Mun hiu chnh d liu a nhp ta chuyn con tro n cn hiu chnh ri
nhn phm F2 hoc kch i chut vao cn hiu chnh.
2. Cac kiu d liu trong mt
D liu nhp vao trong se co mt kiu nao o. Excel co 3 kiu d liu chnh:
D liu kiu s: bao gm cac con s thun tuy, mc nhin c canh v bn
phai .
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D liu kiu chui: bao gm cac ky t (ch va s), nu la s ma mun Excel

hiu la ky t s th phai nhp du nhay n ( ) trc khi nhp d liu. Mc nhin
d liu kiu chui se c canh v bn trai . Khi chui xut hin trong cng thc
th chui phai c t trong du ngoc kep .
D liu kiu ngay:
Trong Excel, d liu kiu ngay co th nhp theo nhiu dang khac nhau:
20/2/76, 02/20/76, Feb/20/76, 20/Feb/76,.... hoc co th s dung ky hiu
- hay khoang trng thay v du /.
Excel xem d liu kiu ngay nh la mt d liu kiu s, do o mc nhin se
canh v bn phai . S nay c tnh bng s ngay t ngay u cua th ky
(1/1/1900) cho n ngay c nhp vao trong .
Nu Excel khng nhn ra c d liu kiu ngay th no se x ly d liu nay
nh la d liu kiu chui.
D liu kiu ngay phai nhp theo ung dang quy nh trong Control Panel.
Mun thay i dang quy nh nay, nhn t hp phm Alt-Tab (co th
nhiu ln) tr v ca s Program Manager, chon muc Control Panel/
International/Date Format, xut hin hp thoai sau:

Cng thc: phai bt u bng du =. Cng thc la s kt hp gia a ch cac

, a ch vung, cac ham, cac hng, cac toan t,... Kt qua trnh bay trong khng
phai la cng thc ma la gia tr cua cng thc.
Cac loai a ch trong cng thc:
a ch tng i: co dang ct hang, v du A1, B2, ... Trong qua trnh
chep cng thc th cac a ch nay se thay i theo phng chiu nhng
khoang cach se khng thay i.
a ch tuyt i: co dang $ct$hang, v du $A$1, $B$2, ... Trong qua
trnh chep cng thc th cac a ch nay se khng thay i.

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PHN MM X LY BANG TNH MICROSOFT EXCEL

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a ch ban tuyt i: co dang $ct hang hoc ct$hang, v du $A1, B$2,

C$4, $D5, ... Trong qua trnh chep cng thc th thanh phn tng i se
thay i theo phng chiu con thanh phn tuyt i se khng thay i.
Ghi chu : Co th s dung phm F4 lun chuyn gia cac loai a ch trn.
Cac toan t s dung trong cng thc:
Toan t s:
Toan t

Y ngha

V du

M ta v du

Cng

= A1 + B2

Cng 2 gia tr A1 va B2

Tr

= C8 - D3

Tr C8 tr tr D3

Nhn

= B3 * C6

Tch cua 2 tr B3 va C6

Chia

= C5/D8

Chia tr C5 cho tr D8

Luy tha

= E4 ^ 2

Luy tha tr E4 cho 2

Nguyn tc u tin tnh toan t trn xung di nh sau:

- luy tha
- nhn, chia
- cng, tr
thay i u tin thc hin cac phep toan, ta s dung cac cp du ngoc ( )
Toan t chui:
& (Ni chui).
Toan t so sanh: > (Ln hn); < (Nho hn); = (Bng); <= (Nho hn
hoc bng); >= (Ln ho8n hoc bng); <> (Khac nhau).
Cac thng bao li thng gp trong Excel:
Khi Excel khng tnh c mt cng thc th chng trnh se bao li sai, bt
u bng du #. Sau y la cac li thng gp:
Li bao

Nguyn nhn

# DIV/0!

Trong cng thc co phep tnh chia cho s khng (0)

#N/A

Cng thc tham chiu n co muc nhp #N/A hoc go mt s ham

khng co i s

#NAME?

Trong cng thc co mt tn ma Excel khng hiu c

#NULL!

Xay ra khi xac nh giao gia 2 vung nhng trong thc t 2 vung o
khng giao nhau

#NUM!

Xay ra khi d liu s co sai sot

#REF!

Xay ra khi trong cng thc tham chiu n mt a ch khng hp l

#VALUE!

Trong cng thc co cac toan hang va toan t sai kiu

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3. Chon hang, ct, vung

Chon hang (ct)
+ Mt hang (ct): nhp chut trn s th t hang (tn ct)
+ Nhiu hang (ct) lin tip: nhp chut ln hang (ct) u tin ng thi nhn
gi keo chut n hang (ct) cui.
Chon vung: co 3 cach
+ Nhn gi keo chut t u n cui cua vung.
+ a con tro v u, nhn gi Shift khi kch chut vao cui cua vung.
+ a con tro v u, nhn gi phm Shift kt hp vi cac phm mui tn.
Ghi chu: Nu vung la toan b bang tnh th ch cn kch chut vao nut u tin giao
gia thanh cha tn ct va thanh cha s cua hang.
4. Thay i kch thc hang, ct
Mt hang, mt ct: co 2 cach:
+ R chut vao ng ke gia 2 hang (2 ct) cho n khi chut co hnh mui tn
hai u th nhn gi chut keo thay i.
+ Kch i chut trn ng ke di hang (bn phai ct) cn thay i. Excel
se t ng iu chnh kch thc cho phu hp vi d liu ln nht trong hang (ct).
Nhiu hang, nhiu ct: co 2 cach:
+ Chon cac hang (ct) cn thay i. Tro chut vao bt ky ng ke nao gia cac
hang (cac ct) a c chon cho n khi chut co hnh mui tn hai u th hoc nhn
gi chut keo i thay i kch thc hoc kch i chut thay i t ng.
+ Chon mt s cua cac hang (ct) cn thay i. Vao menu Format/Height
(Format/Width) co hp thoai Row Height(Column Width). Nhp vao kch thc
chiu cao (chiu rng) mi vao Row Height (Column Width), xong nhn nut <OK>
hay go Enter.

5. Chen thm hang, ct, trng

* Chen hang, ct:
- Chon cac hang (ct) hoc a con tro n hang (ct) ma tai o mun chen
thm hang (ct) trng vao.
- Vao menu Insert/ Rows (Insert/ Columns).

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* Chen :
- Chon cac hoc a con tro n ma tai o mun chen thm cac trng vao.
- Vao menu Insert/ Cells, xut hin hp thoai sau:
Chon mt trong cac muc:
Shift Cells Right : y d liu
hin hanh vung chen sang phai
Shift Cell Down : y xung di
Entire Row : chen ca hang
Entire Column : Chen ca ct
Xong nhn OK hoc go Enter
6. Xoa hang, ct,
- Chon cac hang, ct, cn xoa.
+ Xoa hang, ct : Vao menu Edit / Delete Rows (Columns).
+ Xoa : Vao menu Edit / Delete, xut hin hp thoai sau:
Chon mt trong cac muc:
Shift Cells Left : y d liu cac
bn phai sang trai
Shift Cell Up : y ln trn.
Entire Row : xoa ca hang.
Entire Column : xoa ca ct .
Xong nhn OK hoc go Enter.

7. Thao tac d liu

Chep d liu
Cach 1 : Chon vung d liu ngun cn sao chep,
Vao menu Edit/ Copy hoc nhn CtrlC hoc kch chut vao nut
trn thanh Standard.
Di chuyn con tro n u tin cua vung ch.
Vao menu Edit/ Paste hoc nhn CtrlV hoc kch chut vao nut
trn thanh Standard
Cach 2: Ap dung trong trng hp vung ch va vung ngun nm gn nhau
Chon vung d liu gm ca vung ngun va vung ch.
Vao menu Edit/ Fill.
Chon hng mun chep.

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chep xung di
Chep sang phai
Chep ln trn
Chep sang trai

Cach 3: Ap dung trong trng hp vung ch va vung ngun nm gn nhau

Chon vung d liu ngun cn chep
Tro chut vao Fill Handle cho n khi chut co hnh ch thp (+)
Nhn gi chut keo v hng mun chep
Di chuyn d liu
Cach 1: Chon vung d liu mun di chuyn.
Vao menu Edit/ Cut hoc nhn CtrlX hoc kch chut vao nut
trn thanh Standard.
Di chuyn con tro n u tin cua vung ch.
Vao menu Edit/Paste hoc nhn CtrlV hoc kch chut vao nut
trn thanh Standard.
Cach 2: Chon vung d liu mun di chuyn
Tro chut vao cac canh cua vung cho n khi chut co hnh mui tn
th nhn gi chut keo i di chuyn
Xoa d liu
Cach 1: Chon vung d liu mun xoa.
Nhn phm Delete xoa d liu hoc vao menu Edit/ Clear
Xoa tt ca (nh dang, ni dung, ghi chu)
Xoa nh dang (khng xoa ni dung)
Xoa ni dung (khng xoa nh dang)
Xoa ghi chu
Cach 2: Chon vung d liu mun xoa.
Di chuyn con tro chut vao Fill handle cho n khi chut i hnh
thanh du ch thp (+) th nhn gi keo chut vao pha trong vung
d liu mun xoa.

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III. NH DANG BANG TNH

Mun nh dang bang tnh, trc ht phai anh du khi chon vung cn nh
dang, sau o vao menu Format/Cells...
1. nh dang hin th s
Cho phep quy nh cach th hin s trong bang tnh. Mt s khi nhp vao mt
trn bang tnh se phu thuc vao 2 thanh phn: Loai (Category) va Ma nh dang
(Format code). Mt s co th hin th theo nhiu loai nh Number, Date, Percentage,...
Trong mi loai lai co nhiu cach chon ma nh dang.
Chon muc Number, xut hin hp thoai sau:

Chon loai th hin khung Category, chon ma nh dang khung Format

Codes. Xong nhn OK.
Cac loai nh dang chnh gm co :
+ All
: dung cho tt ca cac loai.
+ Number
: dang s.
+ Currency
: dang tin t (v du 250$).
+ Text
: dang chui ky t.
+ Date
: dang ngay thang(v du 6-Sep-1996).
+ Time
: dang thi gian (v du 15:30:20).
+ Percentage : dang s phn trm (v du 40%).
+ Fraction
: dang phn s (v du 12/37).
+ Scientific
: dang s khoa hoc (v du 0.00E+7).
Ghi chu : Co th t nh ngha mt ma nh dang mi bng cach go ma vao Code,
xong nhn OK.
2. nh v tr d liu trong
S phn b d liu trong mt phu thuc vao 3 thanh phn: phn b ngang
(Horizontal), phn b doc (Vertical) va hng th hin d liu (Orientation).
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+ Chon muc Alignment, xut hin hp thoai sau:

+ Vung Horizontal : Chon phn b ngang

General
: dang mc nhin.
Left
: canh d liu v bn trai .
Center
: canh d liu gia .
Right
: canh d liu v bn phai .
Fill
: lp d liu y .
Justify
: canh l trai, phai d liu trong .
Center across selection : canh d liu nm gia vung c chon.
+ Vung Vertical : Chon phn b doc
Top
: canh d liu sat canh trn .
Center
: canh d liu nm gia .
Bottom
: canh d liu sat canh di .
Justify
: canh l trn, l di d liu trong .
+ Vung Orientation : Chon hng th hin.
+ Wrap Text : ch s dung cho kiu chui dung cho xung hang (trong cung
1 ) cac chui vt qua chiu rng .
+ Nhn nut <OK> hay go Enter.
3. nh dang ky t
D liu trong co th nh dang ky t theo 3 thanh phn: Font (kiu ch), Style
(loai nghing, m, gach di ...) va Size (kch c ch).
Cach 1: Chon muc Font, xut hin hp thoai sau:

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+ Font : chon kiu ch.

+ Font Style: chon cach
th hin ch.
+ Size: chon ln cua
ch.
+ Underline: chon kiu
gach di.
+ Color : chon mau ch.
+ Effects: chon ng
gach ngang ch
(Strikethrough), ch
theo dang ch s trn
(Superscript) hay ch s di (Subscript)
+ Normal Font: dung Font, Font Style, Size chun
+ Quan sat kiu ch hin th trong Preview.
Cach 2: S dung cac nut trn thanh cng cu Formatting.
4. Ke khung cho bang tnh
Cach 1: Chon muc Border, xut hin hp thoai sau:

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+ Style : chon kiu ng ve.

+ Border : chon v tr ve.
Outline : ng ke xung quanh vung.
Left
: ng ke ng bn trai cac ct trong vung.
Right
: ng ke ng bn phai cac ct trong vung.
Top
: ng ke ngang pha trn cac hang trong vung.
Bottom
: ng ke ngang pha di cac hang trong vung.
+ Color: mau ng ke.
Cach 2: S dung nut Border
trn thanh Standard.

Ghi chu : Mun bo ng ke th cung phai chon vung cn bo ng ke, sau o

Cach 1 : Vao menu Format/Cells/Border, nhp chut vao v tr co ng ke cn bo.
Cach 2 : Nhp chut vao

trn nut Border.

5. T mau cho bang tnh

Cach 1: Chon Patterns, xut hin hp thoai sau:

+ Color : chon mau nn.

+ Pattern : chon mu t.
Xem kt qua Sample.
Cach 2: S dung nut

trn thanh Standard.

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6. Sp xp d liu
Chc nng nay cho phep sp xp cac hang hoc cac ct trong bang tnh theo th
t tng dn (th t ABC i vi chui hoc s tng dn) hay th t giam dn (th t
CBA i vi chui hoc s giam dn).
+ Chon vung d liu cn sp xp.
+ Vao menu Data/ Sort, xut hin hp thoai sau:

. My List Has
Header Row : khi vung d liu chon co cha dong tiu .
No Header Row : khi khng cha dong tiu .
. Sort By : chon khoa sp xp chnh.
Then By : chon khoa sp xp th hai khi cac gia tr cua khoa chnh trung nhau.
Then By : chon khoa sp xp th ba khi cac gia tr cua khoa chnh trung nhau
va cac gia tr cua khoa th hai cung trung nhau.
Trong mi khoa chon :
Ascending : sp xp theo th t tng dn.
Descending : sp xp theo th t giam dn.
+ Nhn nut OK hay go Enter.
Mc nhin bang tnh se c sp xp theo hang, d liu kiu chui th khng
phn bit hoa thng . Nu mun thay i th nhn chut vao nut Options..., xut hin
hp thoai sau:
Case Sensitive :
phn bit hoa thng.
khng phn bit hoa thng.
Orientation :
Sort Top to Bottom : sp xp theo hang.
Sort Left to Right : sp xp theo ct.

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IV. MT S HAM C BAN TRONG EXCEL

1. Khai nim ham
- Ham la nhng cng thc tnh toan c Excel tao sn giup cho ngi s
dung d dang trong vic tao s liu trong bang tnh.
- Dang tng quat cua ham trong Excel:
<tn_ham> ([i s])
Nguyn tc:
Tn ham: Phai ung tn ham do Excel nh ngha. Tn ham co th c go vao t

trn
ban phm hoc bng cach vao menu Insert/ Function hoc s dung nut
thanh cng thc.
a s cac ham cua Excel u co i s nhng cung co nhng ham khng co i s.
Nu ham co nhiu i s th gia cac i s phai c phn cach bng ky hiu
phn cach c quy nh trong Control Panel/ International/ List Separator
(thng s dung du phy), v du: =SUM(A1,B2,C3). i s cua ham co th la cac
gia tr s, a ch , a ch vung, chui ky t, mt biu thc logic hay cung co th la
mt ham khac,...
S ngoc n m ra bao nhiu th s ngoc n ong lai cung phai by nhiu.

2. Mt s ham thng dung

a. Ham toan hoc
ABS(x) : ly gia tr tuyt i cua x(x la s thc)
=ABS(-8)
8
V du
COS(x)

: tnh cosin cua goc x (x c o theo n v radian)

EXP(x)

: tnh ham ex

FACT(x)

: tnh giai tha cua s x (x 0)

INT(x)
V du

: tra v s nguyn ln nht khng vt qua x

=INT(7.6)
7

LN(x)

: tnh logarit t nhin cua s x (x > 0)

LOG(x,cs)
V du

: tnh logarit c s cs cua s x (x>0)

=LOG(64,2) 6

LOG10(x)

: tnh logarit c s 10 cua s x (x>0)

MOD(n,t)
: tra v s d cua phep chia n/t (n,t la cac s nguyn)
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V du

=MOD(10,3)

PI( )

: tra v gia tr cua s

POWER(x,n) : tnh xn
PRODUCT(x1,x2,...): tnh tch cua cac gia tr s x1,x2,...
RAND( )
: tra v mt s ngu nhin trong khoang t 0 n 1.
ROUND(x,n) : lam tron s x vi chnh xac n n ch s thp phn.
SIN(x)

: tnh sin cua goc x(x tnh theo n v radian).

SQRT(x)

: tnh cn bc 2 cua s x (x 0).

SUM(x1,x2,..) : tnh tng cua cac gia tr s x1, x2, ...

TRUNC(x)

: ct ly phn nguyn cua s x.

b. Ham Logic
AND(logic1,logic2,..) : tra v gia tr TRUE nu cac thanh phn u la TRUE.
V du
=AND(3>2,5<8)
TRUE
FALSE( )

: tra v gia tr logic FALSE.

IF(test, vtrue, vfalse)

V du

: tra v gia tr vtrue nu test (biu thc logic) la TRUE va

vfalse nu test la FALSE.
=IF(A1 >=5, u,Rt)
Nu gia tr A1 ln hn hoc bng 5 th kt qua cua ham la u.
Nhng ngc lai nu gia tr A1 <5 th kt qua la Rt.

NOT(logic)
V du

: ao ngc gia tr logic.

= NOT(2>3) TRUE

OR(logic1, logic2, ..) : tra v gia tr TRUE nu mt trong cac thanh phn la TRUE.
V du
=OR(2>3,5<8) TRUE
TRUE( )

: tra v gia tr logic TRUE.

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c. Ham thng k
AVERAGE(x1,x2, ..) : tra v gia tr trung bnh cua cac s x1,x2, ...
=AVERAGE(1,2,3,5) 2.75
V du
COUNT(DC) : m s cac gia tr s (khng m ky t va cac trng) trong vung DC.
COUNTA(DC) : m s cac khng rng (ch m cac co gia tr s hoc ch)
trong vung DC.
LARGE(DC,k) : tra v phn t ln th k trong vung DC.

MAX(x1, x2,..) : tra v gia tr cc ai cua cac gia tr s x1, x2 ...

V du
=MAX(4,90,5,9) 90
MIN(x1,x2 ...) : tra v gia tr cc tiu cua cac gia tr s x1, x2 ...
MODE(DC)

: tra v gia tr hay gp nht trong vung DC.

SMALL(DC, k) : tra v phn t nho th k trong vung DC.

d. Ham ngay thang
DATEVALUE(datetext) : bin i chui ngay datetext thanh s ngay.
V du
=DATEVALUE("22/8/55")
20323
hoc:
=DATEVALUE("22-AUG-55")
20323
DATE(year, month, day) : tra v dang ngay mc nhin may ang qui nh.
=DATE(98,6,25) 06/25/98 (hin ang nh dang theo mm/dd/yy).
V du
DAY(date)

: tra v gia tr ngay trong thang cua biu thc ngay date.

MONTH(date) : tra v gia tr thang cua biu thc ngay date.

NOW( )

: tra v ngay va gi hin hanh cua may.

TODAY( )

: tra v ngay hin hanh cua may.

WEEKDAY(date) : tra v s th t ngay trong tun cua biu thc ngay date.
YEAR(date)

: tra v gia tr nm cua biu thc ngay date.

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e. Ham ky t
CHAR(number) : tra v ky t tng ng vi ma s number.
CODE(text)

: tra v ma s cua ky t u tin cua text.

EXACT(text1, text2) : tra v gia tr TRUE hay FALSE phu thuc vao hai chui
text1 va text2 co ging nhau hay khng.
FIND(find_text, within_text, start_at_num) : tm v tr xut hin cua find_text trong
within_text bt u tm t v tr Start_at_num.
=FIND("a","Ba Ma Hau Giang")
2
V du
=FIND("a","Ba Ma Hau Giang",6)
8
LEFT(text, number): ly number ky t bn trai cua text.
LEN(text)

: tra v dai cua chui ky t text (s ky t trong chui text).

LOWER(text) : chuyn text thanh ch thng.

MID(text, start_num, num_chars) : Tra lai chui ky t cua text bt u t v tr
start_num va co dai bng num_chars.
PROPER(text): chuyn cac ch cai u tin cua mi t trong text thanh ch vit hoa.
REPLACE(old_text, num_start, num_char, new_text) : Thay th new_text vao
old_text bt u t v tr num_start va co dai num_char
V du
=REPLACE("abcdefghijk", 6, 5, "*") acbde*k
=REPLACE("1996", 3, 2, "97")
1997
REPT(text, number)

: lp lai text lin tip number ln.

RIGHT(text, number) : ly ra number ky t bn phai cua text.

SEARCH(find_text, within_text, start_at_num) : Tng t nh ham Find nhng
khng phn bit ch in hoa hay thng.
SUBSTITUTE(text, old_text, new_text, instance_num) : Thay th new_text vao v
tr old_text trong text ln xut hin instance_num. Nu
khng co i s th 4 nay th se thay th moi v tr.
V du =SUBSTITUTE("ABC1DEF1GHI1","1","*") ABC*DEF*GHI*
=SUBSTITUTE("ABC1DEF1GHI1","1","*",2) ABC1DEF*GHI1
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TRIM(text)

: ct bo cac ky t trng hai pha cua text.

UPPER(text)

: chuyn text thanh ch in hoa.

VALUE(text) : chuyn chui s thanh dang s .

V du
= VALUE(12345) 12345

(la gia tr s 12345)

f. Cac ham tm kim

VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col_index_num,range_lookup) : do tm mt gia tr
lookup_value trn ct bn trai nht trn vung c ch nh bng table_array.
Range_lookup la mt gia tr lun ly (TRUE hoc FALSE). Nu gia tr la TRUE hoc b bo
qua th ct bn trai nht cua table_array phai c sp th t tng dn, nhng nu la
FALSE th khng yu cu sp th t. Kt qua do tm se xay ra 2 trng hp:
Tm thy: tra v gia tr tng ng vi lookup_value ct c ch nh bi
col_index_num.
Tm khng thy :
. Tra v ma li #N/A nu:
+ Range_lookup la FALSE.
+ Range_lookup la TRUE hoc b bo qua va ct bn trai nht cua
table_array khng c sp th t.
+ Range_lookup la TRUE hoc b bo qua va khng tm thy tr do tm
gn ung.
. Tra v gia tr do tm gn ung nu range_lookup la TRUE hoc b bo qua.
HLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,row_index_num,range_lookup): tng t nh
VLOOKUP nhng tm trn hang trn cao nht cua bang.
V du
A

Khng kh 1 atm

Khi lng ring

nht

Nhit

(kg/cubic m)

(kg/m*s)*1E+05

(degree C)

0.457

3.55

500

0.525

3.25

400

0.616

2.93

300

0.675

2.75

250

0.746

2.57

200

0.835

2.38

150

10

0.946

2.17

100

11

1.09

1.95

50

12

129

1.71

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Khi go lnh

=VLOOKUP(1,B4:D12,1,FALSE)
=VLOOKUP(1, B4:D12,1)
=VLOOKUP(1, B4:D12,1,TRUE)
=VLOOKUP(1.09, B4:D12,2,FALSE)
=VLOOKUP(1.1, B4:D12,2,TRUE)

#N/A!
0.946
0.946
1.95
1.95

MATCH(lookup_value,lookup_array,match_type): tra v v tr do tm mt gia tr

lookup_value trong mang lookup_array. Kt qua tra v tuy thuc vao cach do tm
match_type, trong o match_type co cac gia tr la 1 hoc 0 hoc -1.
match_type =1 : do tm tng i, mang lookup_array phai co th t tng dn,
MATCH se tra v gia tr ln nht nhng nho hn hoc bng gia tr lookup_value.
match_type =0 : do tm chnh xac, mang lookup_array khng cn phai co th t,
MATCH se tra v gia tr ung bng gia tr lookup_value.
match_type =-1 : do tm tng i, mang lookup_array phai co th t giam dn,
MATCH se tra v gia tr nho nht nhng ln hn hoc bng gia tr lookup_value.
INDEX(reference,row_num,column_num,area_num) : tra v gia tr trong bang tham chiu
reference tai c xac nh bi toa hang row_num va ct column_num, area_num ch
nh vung cn tham chiu trong bang tham chiu reference.
V du
A

TNH

SAN LUNG LUA

Cn th

1555

An giang

1777

Kin giang

1005

ng thap

1200

Bac Liu

1111

=INDEX(A2:B3,1,1) Cn th
Hoc =INDEX(A2:B3,1,1,1) Cn th
=INDEX(A2:B3,1,1,2) #REF!
=INDEX(A2:B3,1,1,0) #VALUE!
=INDEX((A2:B3,A5),1,2) 1555
=INDEX(A2:B3,2,1) An giang
=INDEX((A2:B3,A5:A7),1,1,2) Kin giang
=INDEX((A2:B3,A5:B7),3,2,2) 1111
g. Cac ham thng tin (ISfunction)
Cac ham nay dung kim tra xem kiu cua mt gia tr hay cua mt co thoa
man mt iu kin nao o khng?, chng han: d liu co phai la gia tr s khng?, co
phai la s le khng ?,... Cac ham nay lun tra v mt trong hai gia tr TRUE hoc
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FALSE. Nh vy cac ham ISfunction co th ap ng c trong cac trng hp ma co

mt s d liu ngoai l trong mt bang d liu cn tnh toan.
ISBLANK(value): tra v gia tr TRUE nu value la gia tr trng (blank), ngc lai th tra
v gia tr FALSE.
ISERROR(value): tra v gia tr TRUE nu value la mt li bt ky, ngc lai th tra v gia
tr FALSE.
ISLOGICAL(value) : tra v gia tr TRUE nu value la mt gia tr logic, ngc lai th tra
v gia tr FALSE.
ISNA(value): tra v gia tr TRUE nu value la li #N/A!, ngc lai th tra v gia tr
FALSE.
ISNUMBER(value): tra v gia tr TRUE nu value la gia tr s, ngc lai th tra v gia tr
FALSE.
ISTEXT(value): tra v gia tr TRUE nu value la mt mt chui, ngc lai th tra v gia
tr FALSE.
V du
A

MACB

LCB

111

333

112

444

113

555

Khi ta go lnh:
=ISBLANK(C1) TRUE
=ISBLANK(A1) FALSE
=ISERROR(VLOOKUP(114,A2:B4,2,FALSE)) TRUE
=ISERROR(MOD(114,0)) TRUE
=ISERROR(MOD(114,3)) FALSE
=ISLOGICAL(2>3) TRUE
=ISLOGICAL(FALSE()) TRUE
=ISNA(MOD(114,0)) FALSE
=ISNA(VLOOKUP(114,A2:B4,2,FALSE)) TRUE
=ISNUMBER(12345) TRUE
=ISNUMBER(12345) FALSE
=ISTEXT(A1) TRUE
=ISTEXT(VALUE(12345)) FALSE

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V. C S D LIU
1. Khai nim
Trong Excel, c s d liu (database) co dang nh mt danh sach, v du nh
danh sach nhn vin, danh sach a ch, danh sach hang hoa,... Mi danh sach co th
gm co mt hay nhiu ct. V du danh sach nhn vin co th gm cac ct ho tn, ma
nhn vin, phai, nm sinh, ni sinh, a ch, lng, chc vu,... Mi ct nh vy c goi la
mt trng (field) cua c s d liu, tn cua ct se c goi la tn trng. Cac gia tr
mi ct nhng trong cung mt hang se cho bit thng tin cua mt nhn vin nao o,
mi hang nh vy c goi la mt mu tin (record) cua c s d liu. Hang u tin
trong danh sach (c s d liu) cha cac tn trng c goi la hang tiu . Excel co
th sp xp theo th t cac thng tin trong c s d liu, tm kim thng tin trong c s
d liu thoa mt s yu cu nao o, rut trch thng tin t c s d liu,...
2. Khai nim v vung c s d liu, vung tiu chun, vung rut trch
Vung c s d liu (database range): la vung cha toan b d liu, co t nht 2
dong. Dong u cha cac tn trng va cac dong con lai cha d liu la cac mu
tin.
Vung tiu chun (criteria range): la vung cha iu kin cn tm kim. Vung nay ti
thiu gm co 2 hang, hang u la hang tiu cua vung tiu chun (ging nh tn
trng), cac hang khac dung m ta iu kin. Cac iu kin ghi trn cung mt
hang la cac iu kin thoa man ng thi, con nhng iu kin ghi trn cac hang
khac nhau la nhng iu kin thoa man khng ng thi. Excel phn bit hai loai
iu kin:
+ iu kin so sanh : c go trc tip vao trong vung tiu chun ngay di
tiu trung tn vi tn trng cua CSDL va khng cn a ch . V du >=2,
Cantho?
+ iu kin cng thc: c go vao bt ky v tr nao trong vung tiu chun co
tn tiu khng trung vi tn trng cua c s d liu.
Vung rut trch (extract range): la vung cha cac mu tin cua vung c s d liu thoa
iu kin cua vung tiu chun

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3. Cac ham c s d liu

Gia s co bang tnh sau:
A

BANG LNG N V XYZ

1
2

STT

HO TN

NGAY CNG

LNG

L Vn Xoai

50.000

NGAY CNG

Nguyn Th i

46.000

Trn Vn Mt

32.000

Ly Th Cam

40.000

NGAY CNG

ng Vn Mn

24.000

Trong bang tnh nay:

Vung A2:D7
: Vung c s d liu (Database)
Cac ct STT, HO TN, NGAY CNG, LNG c goi la cac trng (Field)
vi tn tng ng la tn trng.
Cac hang trong vung c s d liu (tr hang tn trng) c goi la cac mu tin.
Vung E3:E4
: Vung tiu chun (Criteria)
Vung E6:E7
Tt ca cac ham c s d liu u co cac i s la database, field, criteria trong o :
database: vung d liu cua bang tnh.
field : d liu trng cn tnh toan.
criteria : vung tiu chun.
Y ngha : Thc hin ham ch i vi cac mu tin trong vung database co field thoa iu
kin cua vung criteria.
DAVERAGE(database, field, criteria): tnh trung bnh.
V du Tnh mc lng trung bnh cua nhng ngi co 4 ngay cng
=DAVERAGE(A2:D7,LNG,E3:E4)
43
hoc:
=DAVERAGE(A2:D7,4,E3:E4)
43
hoc:
=DAVERAGE(A2:D7,D2,E3:E4)
43
DCOUNT(database, field, criteria):

m cac gia tr la s

DCOUNTA(database, field, criteria):

m cac gia tr khac rng.

DMAX(database, field, criteria ):

gia tr s ln nht.

DMIN(database, field, criteria ) :

gia tr s nho nht.

DSUM(database, field, criteria ):

tnh tng cac gia tr.

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4. Thao tac tm kim, rut trch

Cach thc hin:
1. Tao vung tiu chun
+ Chep hang tiu n mt v tr khac trn bang tnh.
+ Nhp iu kin tm kim vao cac di tn trng tng ng.
2. Vao menu Data/ Filter/ Advanced Filter, xut hin hp thoai sau:

Chon vung d liu

Chon vung tiu chun
Chon vung rut trch
3. Ch nh vung d liu cn tm kim
+ Ch nh vung tiu chun.
+ Ch nh vung rut trch.
+ Nu chon [x] Unique Records Only: ly 1 mu tin chung nu co nhiu mu
tin ging nhau. Nu khng chon [ ] Unique Records Only, th ly ht cac mu tin thoa
iu kin cua vung tiu chun.
4. Nhn nut OK.

VI. TAO RA MT BIU TRN EXCEL

1. Gii thiu
Vi Excel, ban co th tao ra nhiu kiu th nh hnh ve minh hoa di. Mi
kiu th co th dc dung cho nhng muc ch khac nhau. Mt s loai th chnh
thng dung:

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+ Area ( th din tch)

+ Bar ( th hnh thanh)

: nhn manh n s lng s thay i cac gia tr.

: loai nay dung so sanh gia tr nhng thi
im khac nhau.
+ Column ( th hnh ct) : s dung xem s khac bit gia cac thanh phn.
+ Line ( th hnh gay khuc): nhn manh khuynh hng phat trin va s
thay i gia tr theo thi gian.
+ Pie ( th hnh banh)
: dung trnh bay mi lin quan gia cac thanh
phn trong toan th.
+ Doughnut ( th banh cong): ging nh Pie nhng co hnh vanh khuyn.
+ Radar ( th hnh radar) : cac d liu b tr dang kt tua t tm im.
+ XY ( th ham s)
: th hin quan h hoc mc quan h gia cac
gia tr s trong cac nhom d liu khac nhau.
+ Combination ( th lin kt): ni kt cac loai th, thng dung khi d liu
cac cac n v khac nhau.
Ngoai cac kiu th chnh trn, Excel con cho chung di dang 3 chiu, giup
ngi xem d phn bit s khac nhau gia cac nhom d liu. Mt s thut ng thng
gp trong ve biu :

Data Series (day s liu): la b phn quan trong nht cua biu . S liu c hin
th theo hang hoc ct cua bang tnh. Chui s liu cua th co s lng phn t
nh nhau va c so sanh vi nhau theo ca 2 chiu. Trng hp co mt day th cac
s trong day so sanh c vi nhau.
Axis (truc): cac canh cua th. Trong th 2 chiu, X ch truc hoanh
(horizontal) va Y cho truc tung (vertical). Trong th 3 chiu, truc Z th hin chiu
thng ng, X cho khoang cach va Y cho b rng th hin cho 2 canh cua th.
Legends (chu giai): la cac chu thch cho cac thanh phn s. Thng th mi day s
co mt chu giai ring. Day s liu chu giai thng la hang u hoc ct u cua
vung s liu.
Title (tiu ): gm tiu chung cho ca th va tiu cho cac truc.
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2. Cac bc tao ra mt biu

+ Chon vung d liu mun ve.
+ Thc hin lnh Insert/Chart/ On This Sheet (nu mun ve trong cung mt
bang tnh) hoc Click trong nut ky hiu Chart hoc As New Sheet (nu mun ve trong
mt bang -sheet- ring bit).
+ Drag Mouse trn mt vung cua bang tnh hin hanh cha biu .
+ Thao tac qua 5 hp thoai ChartWizard cua Excel:
- Bc 1/5 (Chart Wizard - Step 1 of 5): xac nh ly d liu vung nao mun ve.
Go a ch vung d liu trong hp Range (ch cn iu chnh lai a ch nay nu cha
co hoc sai vi y nh).

Cac nut trong cac hp thoai ChartWizard gm:

Help (giup ),
Cancel (huy bo ChartWizard),
< Back (quay tr lai bc trc no), Next > (i tip bc k), Finish (hoan tt).
- Bc 2/5 (ChartWizard - Step 2 of 5): xac nh kiu th (chart type).

- Bc 3/5 (ChartWizard - Step 3 of 5): xac nh dang (format) th cua kiu a

chon trong bc 2.

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- Bc 4/5 (ChartWizard - Step 4 of 5): xac nh ve th theo dong hay theo ct.
Xac nh co chon vung d liu nao lam tiu cua truc hoanh va chu thch cua biu
.

Data Series in:

Rows: day s liu nm trn cac hang cua vung d liu.
Columns: day s liu nm trn cac ct cua vung d liu.
Use first Row(s):
for Category [X] Axis Labels: dung dong u tin lam nhan cho truc X.
First Data Series:dung dong u tin lam day s liu u tin.
Use first Column(s):
for Legend Text: s dung ct u tin lam nhan cho day s liu.
First Data Point: s dung ct u tin lam day s liu.

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- Bc 5/5 (ChartWizard - Step 5 of 5): xac nh chu thch va tiu truc hoanh, truc
tung.

Add a legend:
Yes: co b xung chu giai cua cac day s liu.
No: khng cn b sung chu giai.
Chart Title: tiu chung cua th.
Axis Titles
- Category [X]: tiu cho truc X.
- Value [Y]: tiu cho truc Y.
Click vao Finish khi a hoan tt. Sau 5 bc trn, th se c a vao bang
tnh tai v tr qui nh. ta co th phong to, thu nho biu bng ky thut iu khin r
va keo Mouse.
Nu ta lam ng tac Double-click Mouse trong khu vc biu , Excel se tao c
hi cho ban lam ep biu theo y thch thng qua cac hp thoai Gallery ( thay i
kiu, dang cua th), Chart ( b sung, thay i, xoa d liu), Patterns (sau khi chon
Object ke khung, t mau, chnh rng), ...

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VII. CAC X LY CHI TIT

1. t cac thng s cho bang tnh
Cac thng s cua bang tnh c thc hin bng lnh Tools/Options/View. Sau
o anh du cac thng s tng ng trong hp thoai.

Cac la chon cho bang tnh:

Formulas
: hin ro cng thc hay ch ro gia tr cua no.
Gridlines
: hin/n li bang tnh.
Row & Column Headers : hin/n hang va ct tiu .
Zero Values:
hin/n cac s bng 0.
Outline Symbols:
hin/n cac ky t khi m ta bng Outline.
Automatic Page Breaks: t ng ngt trang.
Cac la chon cho hoa trn bang tnh:
Show All:
hin ro tt ca cac object hoa.
Show Placeholder: ch hin khung cua cac object hoa.
Gridline & Heading Color: t mau cho li va tiu cua bang tnh.
2. In n trn Excel
Vic in n trn Excel bao gm mt s phn vic sau:
+ Chun b giy in va cach thc in.
+ Chun b vung d liu cn in.
+ Kim tra trc trn man hnh (Print Preview).
+ Ra lnh in.

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Chun b giy in va cach thc in

Vao lnh File/Page Setup. hp thoai Page, iu chnh cac thng s sau:
Orientation : hng giy in, chon.
Scaling
: ty l in.
Paper size
: kch thc giy.
First Page Number : s trang in.
Ta co th tip tuc vao hp thoai Margins canh l trang in. Header/Footer
co cac tiu u va tiu cui (hnh di), Sheet ra lnh vung cn in, kiu in,
trt t trang in, ....

i khi ta co th khai bao phn tiu trn va di cua trang, cac thng s sau
co th dung khai bao (cn click cac icon hnh trn chen ma in):
A
&P
&N
&D
&T
&F

: nut tao khun ch.

: cai t s trang.
: cai t tng s trang.
: cai t ngay thang cua h thng.
: cai t gi cua h thng.
: cai t tn file cua bang tnh hin hanh.

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32

PHN MM X LY BANG TNH MICROSOFT EXCEL

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Chun b vung d liu cn in

anh du khi vung cn in bng cach dung Mouse hay phm mui tn.
Kim tra trc trn man hnh
Dung lnh File/Print/Preview xem co g sai trc khi cho in.
Ra lnh in

Nu cn thit, nn kim tra may in, vung in, s trang in, phn giai may in,...
trc khi click OK ra lnh may in (sau khi a m may in).
===============================================================

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33

PHN MM X LY BANG TNH MICROSOFT EXCEL

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TAI LIU THAM KHAO

(Theo th t A, B, C tn cua tac gia)
--- oOo --Donal J. Flynn, 1992. Information Systems Requirements: Determination and Analysis,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, USA.
H S am, Nguyn T Thanh, Dng Vit Thng, Nguyn Thanh Tung, 1995. Bai
tp Tin hoc I, NXB Giao duc, Ha Ni.
Francis Scheid, 1982. Theory and Problems of Computers and Programming, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York, USA.
J. Glenn Brookhear, 1991. Computer Science. The Benjamin/ Cummings Publishing
Co., lnc., New York, USA.
Joe Kraynak. 10 minute Guide to Excel 5, Que Corporation, New York, USA
Bui Vit Ha, 1995. Hng dn s dung Norton Commander, Nxb. Giao duc, Ha Ni.
Bui Vit Ha, Vu nh Thnh, Trn Thu Ha, 1995. X ly s liu trn Microsoft Excel,
Nxb. Khoa hoc Ky thut, Ha Ni.
Trn Thu Ha, 1995. Hng dn thc hanh Microsoft Excel, Nxb. Giao duc, Ha Ni.
Harry R. Lewis & Christos H. Paradimition, Elements of the Theory of Computation,
Prentice - Hall International Editions, New York, USA.
Nguyn Vn Hoai, Nguyn Tin, 1995. Tin hoc cn ban, Nxb. Giao duc, Ha Ni.
Nguyn Tin Huy, 1995. TT Tin hoc ai hoc Tng hp TP. H Ch Minh.
Giao trnh Tin hoc c ban, Nxb. ng Nai.
Nguyn Trn Ky, Vng Quang Tin, Nguyn Th Hung, 1994. DOS 6.0 & 6.2,
Nxb. Thng k, Ha Ni.
Nguyn Xun Quc Hng, 1996. Tin hoc A & B, Nxb. Tre, TP. H Ch Minh.
Trn Th L, Hoang Kim, 1995. Tin hoc 10, Nxb. Giao duc, Ha Ni.
Londiwe Masinga and Ellie Rhebergen, 1991. Computer Foundation Course, Version
Jan. University of Swaziland.
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PHN MM X LY BANG TNH MICROSOFT EXCEL

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Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft Excel, Users Giude, Doc. No. AB18638-0291

Pham Thanh Minh, 1995. Giao trnh Tin hoc Vn phong trn Windows : WinWord 6.0 &
Excel 5.0, Nxb. ng nai, ng nai.
Quach Tun Ngoc, 1995. Giao trnh Tin hoc Cn ban, Nxb. Giao duc, Ha Ni.
Vo Hiu Ngha, 1994. T hoc Tin hoc, Nxb. Thng k Ha Ni.
inh Vu Nhn, 1995. Tin hoc cn ban, Nxb. TP. H Ch Minh.
Seymour Lipschutz, 1982, Theory and problems of Essential Computer Mathermatics,
Schaums Outline Series, McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, USA.
Shelley OHara, Janice A. Snyder, Christopher Van Buren. Excel Version 5 for
Windows. Quick Reference, Que Corporation, New York, USA.
Trn Ngoc Tin, Trn Vn Nam, 1995. Tin hoc ai cng, Trng ai Hoc Kin Truc Ha
Ni, Ha Ni.
Bui Vn Thanh, Nguyn Tin, 1994. Hng dn s dung Excel 5 for Windows,
Nxb. Giao duc, Ha Ni.
Nguyn nh Thng - Hoang Minh - Phuc, 1989. MS -DOS 3.30, Trung Tm Tin
hoc CADASA, Trng Cao ng S Pham TP. H Ch Minh.
Dng Quang Thin, 1995. Microsoft Word for Windows Version 6.0,
Tu sach Tin hoc Vn phong dch vu in toan Samis, TP. H Ch Minh.
Lng Vn Thuy, Vo Vn Sn, Nguyn Vn Tra, 1992. in toan cn ban, Trung tm
in toan, UBKHNN, TP. H Ch Minh.
Nguyn Vn Tr, 1995. Hng dn t lam vic bng may vi tnh, Nxb TP. H Ch Minh.
Ng Trung Vit, 1995. Kin thc c ban v lp trnh, Nxb. Giao thng vn tai, Ha Ni.
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