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:/J3Lb<.S^

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Boston Public Library

Do
pencil.

not write In this book or mark

Penalties

for

so

It

with pen or

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THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH FUND OF

1919

VIKING ANTIQUITIES
IN

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND

EDITED BY

HAAKON SHETELIG

PART

IV

VIKING ANTIQUITIES IN ENGLAND

WITH A SUPPLEMENT OF VIKING ANTIQUITIES
ON THE CONTINENT OF WESTERN EUROPE
BY

ANATHON BJ0RN AND HAAKON SHETELIG

OSLO
H.

1940

ASCHEHOUG
(\V.

NYGAARD)

6?

CO-

VIKING ANTIQUITIES
IN

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND

PART

IV

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in

2009 with funding from

Boston Public Library

http://www.archive.org/details/vikingantiquitie04scie

THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH FUND OF

1919

VIKING ANTIQUITIES
IN

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND

EDITED BY

HAAKON SHETELIG

PART

IV

VIKING ANTIQUITIES IN ENGLAND

WITH A SUPPLEMENT OF VIKING ANTIQUITIES
ON THE CONTINENT OF WESTERN EUROPE
BY

ANATHON BJ0RN AND HAAKON SHETELIG

OSLO
H.

1940

ASCHEHOUG
(W.

NYGAARD)

& CO-

S/nru.

Hi

\'f ^4 Q

Printed

in

Norway

AS JOHN GRIEGS BOKTRYKKERI. BERGEN

CONTENTS.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

Page

PREFACE

GRAVE FINDS

GOLD AND SILVER

27

SINGLE ANTIQUITIES

55

FINDS FROM OLD CITIES

75

(LONDON. YORK. LINCOLN).

I.

II.

VIKING ANTIQUITIES ON THE CONTINENT

OF WESTERN EUROPE

101

GRAVE FINDS

105

SINGLE ANTIQUITIES

115

ABBREVIATIONS

132

INDEX OF PLACE-NAMES

133

PREFACE.
The following records

of English Viking an,tiquitie.s

were collected by the

undersiigned Anathon Bjorn during a voyage in England in the months May to

July 1925, after a preparatory review of archaeological literature and periodi-

Further the undersigned Shetelig, having

collected inforaiiations of Viking antiquities during his previous visits to England, was charged with the task to revise and amplify the notes for publication. We here express our most sincere thanks for all the kindness shown
to us during our studies in English museums and collections, and we are
cals connected with the

extremely indebted

to

subject.

English archaeologists for most valuable and active

assistance.

Mr. Reginald A. Smith, then Keeper of British and Medieval Antiquities at

the British Musieum^ took an' interest in our enterprise from the

first,

and

oontinually gave us the assistance of his rich experience and teaming. Mr. T.

most liberal way

given us access to his own collections of notes on Viking Antiquities found
in England. Equally we are indebted to Dr. R. E. Mortimer Wheeler of the
London Museum, and to Mr. Quintin Waddington of the London Guildhall
Museum. Mr. E. Thw'low Leeds has called our attention to Norse antiquities
D. Kendrick, his successor at the British

Museum has

in the

Museum, Oxford, while Mr. Louis C. G. Clark, then

The University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge,
and Professor Ellis H. Minns, president of the board of that museum, have
in

the Ashmolean

Director of

given us

all

possible facilities to study their collections.

Dr. Walter E. Col-

Keeper of the Yorkshire Museum, York, has been most helpful to us

in providing materials from among the antiquities found in York, and the
same was done for the Isle of' Man by Mr. Basil R. S. Megaw, Curator of the
Manx Museum, Douglas. Our special thanks are also due to Miss M. O'Reilhj,
assistent keeper of the Cambridge Museum, and Mr. T. C. Lethbridge of Cambridge, for providing us with much valuable informations.
Occasional contributions have, of course, been brought us from many sources besides those mentioned above. To all friends of our enterprise we
express our deep sense of indebtedness and gratitude.
linge,

Anathon Bjorn.

Haakon

Shetelig.

T.

GR

AVE FINDS

GRAVE

FINDS.

West Ham, near Basingstoke. Hants.

grave generally described as Anglo Saxon, but in the author's opinion
more probably dating from the Viking Period. It is described by Reginald A.

Smith as follows:
Interment discovered 1899 in a cutting of the Alton Light Railway. The
skeleton was extended but probably not orientated, and with it were found
portions of a bronze bowl about 9 inches in diameter, an iron vessel (bowl
with hamdle) a knife, spear and lance-heads, and several draughtsmen stained
greem by contact with bronze.
The bronze bowl retains in one place
the rivet marks and outline of a birdshaped escutcheon, a second having been
found but subsequently lost. The enamel is nearly perfect, but the colours
are indistinguishable.

Inside the bowl, the base

is

engraved with a rosette

pattern formed by intersecting circles struck from 19 centres. Mr. Smith also
points to the resemblance of this bowl to specimens found from the Viking

Amiong the other antiquities found, the iron bowl with

handle is a type well known in Norwegian Viking burials (V. J. G. fig. 440).
The spear-heiadis are less distinct, but the knife presents the form of the
Merovingian scramiasaxa, which in Norway survived into the 9th century.
Literature: Proc. S. A. L. 2 S. XII pp. 7980.
period in Norway.

Reading

Berkshire.

Burial discovered in the bank of the Tliames, and thus described by

J.

Y.

Akerman:

>A sword was found

Reading about a
of Ihe engine-sheds, about two to three feet below
the surface of the ground. When found it was bent into the curve of the ribs
of a horse the skeleton of which was upon it, just as if the fall of the horse
had bent it. The sword wais double-edgied, and the point was central; when
found the hilt, which was of ivory, was in a very good condition; but the
greater part almost immediately crumbled away. The bones of both man and
horse were quite perfect.
The pommel and guard of the sword are formed of a metal resembling
pale copper, inlaid with silver, the former being omameoited with what appear
to be imperfectly executed figures of men and animals.
in

hundred yards from the end

June 1831,

in the ballast pit at

Grave Finds

12

Judging fram the

illuistna'tLcp,

the omiamenit

may

miost

probably be claEsed

as a typical spyecimen of the Norse-Carolingian gripping-beast style of the

sword-guard of cast silver and partly gilt shows a decoraand style. It was found in Halland, Sweden (Stockholm
Mus. Inv. nr. 6214). The sword seems to be lost. The association of the sword
with skeletons of man and horse is best explained on the theory of a
Scandinavian interment.

early 9th century.

tion of similar design

Literature:

Proc. S. A. L. Ill (186467) p. 461.

Magdalen Bridge, Oxford. (Ashmolean Museum 1886. 443

A pair of

spear-head, shield-boss, spur, bones of

men and

the river Cherwell at Magdalen Bridge.

The date of the

and the

47).

stirrups with imlaid decoration of scrollwork, a horseshoe, shears,

association,

Literature:

if

reliable,

Archaeologia

may

vol. 71

indiicate a

(192021)

horses, were found 1884 in

stirrups

is

9th century;

Scandinavian interment.
p. 253.

Walthamstow, Essex (British Museum).

of iron rivets from a vessel.
Mr. Kendrick of the British Museum; has kindly supplied the following
itaiformaticn: A Viking ship was foimd in ICOO in the Lea valley between
Tottenham and Walthamistow measuring about 40 feet in length. It is said
to have been overturned with a skeleton lying beneath her, this accompanied
by a well-known Viking sword figured by Sir Guy Laking, European Arms
and Armour I, fig. 20; and by R. E. Mortimer Wheeler, London and the
Vikings, fig. 15. Here the locality is given as Enfield in the river Lea, near
London. The sword is now in the Prince Ladislaus Odescalchi Collection at
Rome. The blade is two-edged, the handle of Jan Petersen type C (Wheeler
type II), dating from the first half of the 9th century.
The peculiar arrangement of the burial, with the vessel overturned over
the body, is known from a small number of graves in Norway, see Shetelig
Osebergfundet I, p. 238, cf. Undset in Foreningen til norske Fortidsmindesmerkers Bevaring, Aarsberetning 1872, p. 8 9.

Some fragments

Santon Doionham, Norfolk (British Museum).

Sword of the form Rygh 505, Jan Petersen type L (Wheeler type V),
the guard and the pommiel both curving outwards fromi thai grip, amd the lobes
of the pommel being distinct. No traces of silver decoration are now left.
The blade is tapering. Fig. 1.
b) A pair of tortoise bronze brooches of the type Rygh 652 654, being
a)

the ordinary Scandinavian form of the 10th century.

Grave Finds

13

Fig.

Sword from
at

1.

a grave

Santon Downham.
Norfolk.

The swoind is Anglo-Saxon, but 14 specimeins of this

type have been found in graves in Norway, where they are
staited to diate from the seoonid hialf of the 9th oenlury.
The aissociaftioiru suggests la double interment of a man
ainld ai

woimiain in onei grave.

Literature: Archaeologia, vol. L., p. 531; B. M. Guide

to

Anglo-Saxon Antiquities,

p. 94.

Pembroke, Wales.
Ship fo'unid at the miouth of Uie Usk, described by
Octavius Morgan, F. S. A.
Between Dhie mouths of the rivens Usk and Ebbw
the

workmen

'eingaged in excavaiting pondis at a dock

of the side of an ancient ship,

which waisi retaiined in an upright posiition by shiarpened
rough oak stakes driven into the soil beneath. The
vessel found was clinker-built with Orak planks, of no

dfeooveiried a portion

'gnneiat

thickness,

inani mails,

fastened together with

which

hiad all perished, the

broad-headled

metal having

There were also occasional

Between the planks
lainge holes to receive trenaiills.
some of the caulking was found, which was of diark
wool. Nothing like pitch ajjpears to have been found.
A shipbuilder lanid the miaster of the dock, who examined
the remains, stated that there were traces of ribs oni the
inner side of the planking, which were evidently about
two anid a half inches in width. The vessel may have
been about taevemty feet long, aind from seventeen to
twenty feet broad; and apparently it was constructed
mioire for spaed than strength as it must have been only
isililghtly put together.
The wood was what is termed
Dantzic timber, the Bngilish oak being closer, harder
and more compact; and the vessel conisequently must
have been of foreign build.

beien ooiniverted into oxide.

Grave Finds

14

Fig. 2.

Axe-head from the churchyard

oi Repton.

Derbyshire.

Mr. Morgan conclud&d from all these circumstainces that it was most
probably a vessel which formed part of one of the Danish fleets which invaded
that part of the country on several occasions. The excavation took place in a
portion of the coiastlaind containing a number of Scandinavian place-names.

The spot is now more than half a mile distant from the river Ebbw, and more
than a mile from the Usk.
The fragments of the boiat seem to be lost, and no other antiquities are
reported as found on the same occasion. It is not unlikely however that the
discovery represents the scanty remains of a Norse burial arranged in a ship,
that had been long ago robbed of its other equipment. Tlie workmen assumed
that the ship

bad been brought

into position

to

form a kind of dam or

embankment.
Literature:

Proc. Royal Archaeological Institute, June 1878.

Repton, Derbyshire.

Viking axe-head, probably from a grave, found at Repton.

Large axe-head of the type Rygh fig. 561, Jan Petersen, type E (Wheeler
type V) found October 1923 at the Saxon church of Repton. The late Professor
Baldwin Brown gave the following report of the discovery. At Repton there
is a late Saxon church which replaces an earlier one that is said to have
been destroyed by the Danes when they wintered at Repton in 874. Cloise to
the comer of the present Saxon chancel, which has below it a crypt that
embraces remains of the older church, there came to light an iron axe-head
at a

depth of five feet below the ground. Fig

2.

Gr av e F ind
The

iron

is

badly corroded and the socket

ini

covers the second half of the 9th century.

No

were

broken, but the type

is

recognizable, exactly like the illuistration

15

Rygh's

aitlas.

is

clearly

The type

chiefly

definite indications of a burial

noticed' at the discovery, but a certaih

number

of similar cases give

reason to believe that burials in the churchyards were not unknown to the

Norsemen

settling in Britain.

Nottingham (British Museum Tr. 158).

a) Sword of Jan Peterisen type X, badly corroded and

pioint

of blade

misising.

The poimmel of another sword.

Unusually large spear-head of the winged Carolingian type (Jam Petersen type C D). The point and the ediges are damaged by corrosion, but the
length is still 62.2 cms. Spears of this type are very common in Norwegian
graves of the 9th century. Fig. 3.
b)
c)

Literature: Archaeological Journal, VIII, p. 425. Here, the spear

ded as found together with sworfs

in

two burials

at

is

recor-

Nottingham. The associa-

tion of the three items is given according to thfe catalo'gue of the

museum.

Camphill near Bedale, Yorkshire (British Musieum 1875, 4 3 169).

Sword of the Wallimigford type, Jan Petersen type L, Rygh, fig. 505. The
blade is fragmentary and the pommel is missing. Spear-head of the long

and slender form characteristic of the later Viking period. The two pieces
were acquired as found together, though with no further information about
the discovery. The aissooiation, if reliable, may suggest a Nonse grave of the
late 9th century.

Fig. 4.

Northallerton,
I.

M.

Yorkshire

(National

Museum

of

Antiquities,

Edinburgh

1).

One

of a pair of bronze tortoise brooches of the type

by 5 cms. wide. Four of the

kiniobs

are

miisising,

Rygh

652, 8 cms. long

but otherwise, the brooch

is

in

a perfect state of preservation. Tlie brooches were reported as found with a

skeleton near Northallierton, but mo further information is available. Fig. 5.

Claughton Hall, near Garstang, Lancashire (Claughton Hall),

Grave discovered 1822.
a) Pair of bronze-gilt tortoise-brooches of the type Rygh 652, the normal
Scandinavian type of the 10th century. Fig. 6.

and nielloed ornamented mount that measures IV, inches

converted into a brooch by the addition of a hinged pin. It is
oval in shape, has a projection at one end for the reception of two fastening
b)

silver-gilt

in length,

now

16

Grave Finds
Fig. 3.

Sword and spear-head,

found in two burials
at Nottdngiham.

Grave Finds
Fig. 4.

Sword and spear-head

found together

at Cainphil

near Bedale.
Yorkshire,

Viking Antiquities IV.

17

Gr av

18

F ind s

and two other rivet-holes, one of which has been mutilated, in the
middle of the slightly waisted sides. It is hollowed underneath, while the
upper surface bears a cast ornament consisting of three pairs of flower-like
scrolls and a pair of curving leaves, all tied by heavy bindings on to a central
stem, the whole being in relief against a sunken field. Probably of Carolingian metal work.
rivets,

Two

c)

glass beads.

The site was a low mound of sand about half a mile to the east of the main
road between Preston and Lancaster, 10 miles north of Preston. The mound
in all probability was a Bronze Age barrow, since the finds included a stone
axe-hammer of a well-known Bronze Age type, and a cinerary um (now lost)
containing burnt bones. Tlie Viking Period remains, described above, were
found in a wooden chest at a depth of two or three feet below the surface,
and certainly belonged to a secondary burial in the mound. An iron axe,
an iron hammer, a sword, and a spear-head are said to have been found on
the same occasion, but are now missing.
Literature: T. D. Kendrick, The Clauigthon Hall Brooches, Saga Book of
the Viking Society, vol. XI. part II (1935) p. 117.

Rampside, Lancashire (Municipal Museum, Barrow-in-Furness).

sword of the simplest form, having the hilit with straight cross-pieces
and no capping to the pommel, Rygh, fig. 489, Jan Petersen type M (Wheeler

type

I).

The sword was

founjd

iini

Rampside churchyard, and probably repreThe type

sents an instance of a Norse burial in a then existing churchyard.

of the

sword

Ormside

assigned to the second half of the 9th century.

is

Literature:

Year Book

near

of the Viking Club

Ajjpleby,

Westmoreland

2498) The Ormside Burial.

Sword of the simple form Rygh,

I,

1909, p. 57.

(The

Tullie

House

Museum,

Carlisle.

a)

ler type

I), haivinig

fig.

489, Jan Petersen type M.

the hilt with two straight cross-pieces.

is 35V'2 inches,

the blade 31 inches, two'-edged,

by the sexton

in getting

it

The

(Whee-

total length

somewhat corroded and broken

out.

6%

inches in diameter by BVa inches high, of marked conical form rising directly from a plain flanige, IV^ inches wide, irregularly
b) Shield-boss,

pierced for attachment to the shield.

c)

Fragment of an iron

Three nails remain.

rod, IIV'2 inches long, semitubular in section,

pierced with four rivets at regular intervals of

d) Small iron knife, now lost.

The grave was found

digging 1898.

It

in the

churchyard

at

21/2

Ormside

and

inches.

in the course of grave-

contained a skeleton, which wais not disturbed, accompanied

Grave Finds

Fig.

5.

19

Tortoise brooch from Northallerton, Yorkshire.

by the antiquities described above. The nature of the site precluded a full
examination, but the grave does not seem to have been more richly furnished.
The date, as given by the sword, should be the second half of the 9lh century.
This is not contradicted by the form of the shield-boss. The same type of
shield-boss is predominant at Kilmainham, and is known also from Norse
graves in Coloinisay and Islay. Most probably it is an Irish type adopted
by the Norse settlers in these regions.
Literature: A Catalogue of Objects of the Viking Period in the Tullie
House Museum, Carliisle. By Dr. J. D. Cowen. The Cumberland and Westmioreland Antiquarian and Archaeological Soc. Transactions, vol. XXXIV,

New

Series, 1934.

Proc. S. A. L.

XVII

(1898), p. 194.

Hesket-in-Forest, near Carlisle, Cumberland (The Tullie

Oarliisle

RF 389420) The Hesket

House Museum,

Burial.

Sword, 36i4 inches long, the blade broken in two and the point missing. The guard is encased in silver plating engraved with a ring-chain pattern: a similar casing appears to have melted from the pommel-bar. The
pommel-knob is missing. Jan Petersen^ type 0, with the five-lobed pommel.
Rygh, fig. 507 (Wheeler type IV).
b) Spear-head, \TU inches long, the tip missing. Down the socket, which
a)

Grave Finds

20
is

closed and unortnamented, are at least seven pairs of rivet-holes.

Several

bronze rivets reimiain insiide the socket. Jan Petensen type I, Rygh, fig. 521.
c) Spear-head 11 inches long, bent in the niiididile. Spaced at intervals
along the closed socket are at least six groups of close-set rings in low relief,
each group pierced by a pair of rivet-holes. A single bronze rivet correctly
centred projects on each side of the socket. Jan Petersen type F.
diiaimeter, broken in two and diaimatged
d) Shields-boss c. Si^ inches
by fire.
e) Axe-head TU inches long of the type Rygh, fig. 561. Jan Petersen

type

E (Wheeler

f)

type V).

Bit 2 inches

over

all,

of iron formerly plated with bronze,

been dissolved by the action

which has

of fire.

g) Buckle 2 inches wide, rectangular, wanting the tongue, with a small

angular projection from the centre of one of the longer sides.
h) Buckle 2^U inches long over all, circular, wantitig the tongue. The

buckle-plate to hold the end of the strap

i)

is

still

attached.

Sickle Sli inches long.

k) Whetstone

4:V-2

inches long, with square section.

Bone comb and comb-case fragmentary, the largest piece, Wg inches

when complete. The back and case carry
bands of angular interlacing, and spandrels at the ends are filled with
1)

long, probably about 10 inches long

crosshatching.

m)

pair of spurs,

now

lost.

This burial was uncovered 1822 in the course of road widening operations
within a mile of Hesket-in-the-Forest. The grave had been cov^ered by a cairn
of stones about 22 feet in diameter, and among the stones uncovered by the

roadmen were fragments

of several querns.

The

cairn provided evidence

of careful construction, the burial deposit being covered by large stones set
close

together,

disposed.

and these

in

turn covered

The remains were found

by smaller stones, regularly

lying within a circle

some 14

feet

in

diameter, in a layer of burnt matter which contained charcoal, bone? and

ashes, and which rested directly upon an apparently untouched bed of very
fine dry sand.

The

precise disposition, however, of the several objects

was

clear that most of the objects have passed through great

from the condition of the iron and the silver plating of the hilt
of the sword. In places the silver has run into small pellets, and on the
pommel-bar it has almost entirely disappeared. Possibly the same applies
to the bronze plating of the bit. In addition some of the objects have been
intentionally damaged before burial. The sword was bent nearly flat, once
across the middle of the blade, and again near the point; one of the spears

not noticed.

heat, as seen

It is

Grave Finds

Fig. 6.

Pair of tortoise brooches from

was purposely
custom

is

very

21

tlie C'laiisjliton

Hall burial, Lancashire.

had received a fierce dint. This

Norwegian Viking graves after cremation (0. Rygh,

bent, amid the shield-boss

oommon

Om

in

den jTigre Jemalder

Norge, Aarb. f. nord. Oldk. 1877 pp. 181 190,
1-10).
The comb alone had not been exposed to the heat of the pyre, a feature
which is known from similar graves in Western Norway, especially in Nordfjord (e. g. the ship burial of Myklebostad, Eid, Lorange, Samlingen av
Nonisfce Oldsaiger
Bergens Museum, p. 155 and a grave at Bo, Ereim, B. 6688).
Literature: Dr. J. D. Cowen. A Catalogue of Objects of the Viking Period
in the Tullie House Mutseum, Carlisle, The Cumberland and Westmoreland,
Antiquarian and Archaeological Society's Transactions, vol. XXXIV, New
i

fig.

Series, 1934.

Workingtov, Lake

Sword 31
still

District,

Cumberland.

inches long, bent and broken.

The pommel, tang and guard

The pommel is

remiain pretty complete and continous with the blade.

Grave Finds

22

dome-shaped, and the guard

WX

is

straight,

5^4

inches long.

Jan Petersen's

Remains of the scabbard are rusted on to

the blade. The sword was found in making a road about 80 yards north of
the Derwent, on a gravel bank called Oysterbanks. No further information
types

of the 10th century.

about the circumstances of the find

miakes

it

is

available, but the character of the site

most likely that the sword had been deposited with a Viking

in-

terment.
Literature:

Saga Book

of the

Viking Club

III, p. 302.

Cambois, Bedlington, Northumberland (British Museum).

a) A circular brooch with bronze border
relief and the centre of sunk
enamel having the figure of a bird with a branch in its beak.
b) A bone comb of Scandinavian type, with whiphandle. Found together
in a barrow near Bedlington.
Literature: Brit. Mus. Anglo-Saxon, Guide, p. 101, fig. 121.

Ballaugh,

Isle

of

Man

(National

Museum

of

Antiquities,

Edinburgh

L. B. 5).

fragment of a sword consisting of the hilt and part of the blade, dug up
from a depth of six or seven feet in gravel in the village of Ballaugh.
The type is Jan Petersen L (Wheeler V) the pommel-knob now missing.
The sword is badly corroded, the blade broken and defective. Length of the
fragment 29.5 cms. the guard 9 cms.
An iron Sipeiar-head was associated with the sword, and very likely the
deposit repreisents a burial in a low biarrow. The spear-heiad cannot now
be traced.
in 1824

Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot. X, p. 567;

The Journal

of the

Manx Museum

III, p. 235.

Jurby, Isle of Man.

Part of a Viking sword with straight guards and a three-lobed

was found

in digging a grave in the parish churchyard.

the vicar, but the type

Literature:

is

clear from a sketch

The Journal

Kirk Michael,

Isle of

of the

Manx Mus.

Man (The Manx

made

It

pommel

was re-interred by

at the time.

Ill, s. 235.

Museiun, Douglas, Reg. No. 3743).

slender iron socketed spear-head, belonging to Jan Petersen type K.

The surface has been much damaged; and the base of the socket, the edges

and point of the blade are wanting.

It was found when digging a grave
Literature:

The Journal

of the

in

Michael Churchyard, April 1885.

Manx Museum.

Vol. Ill, p. 235.

G r av

F ind

23

Old Kirk Braddan, Isle of Man (The Manx Museum).

of a Viking sword with guard and pommel missing
out of a grave on the north side of Kirk Braddaii churchyard.

The upper part

dug

Literature:

St.

The Journal

Maughold,

of the

Man

Isle of

Manx Museum

(National

III, p. 235.

Museum

of Antiquities,

Edinburgh

L. B. 6).

A
of

St.

portion of the hilt end of a sword which was dug up in the churchyard
Maughold in September 1824. The type is Jan Petersen L (Wheeler V).

Leuigth of the fnaigment

pommel knob

raisising.

ais

now preserved

The

16.3 cms., the

guard 10 cms. The

find very likely represenits an

example of a

Viking burial in a Christian Churchyard.

Literature: Proc. S. A. Scot, X, p. 569.

The Journal

of the

Manx Museum^

Vol. Ill, p. 235, ibid.

Knoc-y-doonee, Atjre, Isle of

Man (The Manx Museum, Douglas

Reg.

No. 2774)'.

mound on Knoc-y-doonee.
over 36 inches long, with remains of decayed wood of
the scabbard. The blade is two-edged, the hajidle of the type Jan Petersen X,
Rygh 501, the pommel dome-shaped and straight guard. It is much rusted
Grave-find from a

a)

Sword, a

little

and broken in several places.

18 inches long, badly rusted and now fragmentary.

Axe-head, 7Y2 inches long by 5 inches across the cutting edge, witii
remains of its wooden handle in the socket. The type is Jan Petersen G,
Rygh 565, the .symmetrical axe, Wheeler IV. The blade is mioderately
b) Spear-head, 17
c)

expanded, and there have been spur-projections at the socket.

d) Fragments of a shield-boss, sufficient: to show that it was plain of cup
form, measuring 7 inches by S^i, with a flat rim 1 inch wide and having

wood adhering. Type Rygh 562.

e) Bowl of iron, 15 inches by 5 inches deep, with rounded base. The sand
adhering with the rust showed distinct impressions of canvas round the
mouth. Rygh 731.
f)

Hammer

of cross-plane type, 5 inches long

Rygh 394 but

high.

g) Smith's tongs.

h)

Rygh,
i)

Two
fig.

iron

3''^4

by

1 inch

wide and IVi inch

more dumpy.

15' j inches long, of a type

still

in use.

Rygh

390.

knives with bone handles, measuring 7^4 inches and 5 inches.

407.

remains of leather straps: two D-shaped

triangular link 2'
inches by 3I4; Y-shaped
inches by 3; a broken piece of iron 3' by 2^ j.

Harness links

links, 21

the present specimen

of iron, with

inches high by

l'/;

G r av

24

F ind

k) Fingheaded pin of bronze, the rimg IVo inch diameter.

ring is broken off and the pin

though
1)

it

is

broken

at the hinge.

One side of the

The ring looks as

had been omament-ed with enamel.

Two

pairs of bronze strap protectors, each pair connected by a ring,

and ornamented with a simple engraved pattern of

and short strokes.

Two foldied strap-protectors about 3 inches long.
Three plain strap-ends.
Two plain studs, set in leather, ^4 inch diameter.
All of bronze and evidently
a set of belt 'mountings. A siomewhait sionilair set wais f ounid imi a Viking grave
at Kilorain Bay, Colonsay (p^art II, fig. 30), tliough of more elaborate work.
m) Very small bronze-fragments, possibly from the bridle.
n) Lead weight for a fishing line, 4 inches long by IVs inch across the
squane base. It is pierced' at the top for euspiension on the line, anid diagonally below for attachment of a mood.
o) About 300 iron rivets from a boat, most of them having decayed wood
attached. They measure from lH inch to 21/2 inches long; one was 3 inches,
and a few were 3^4, 4 and 5 inches.
The round grass-covered moimd on Knoc-y-doonee was 51 ft. diameter,
the height above the level of the field between 7 and 8 ft.; of this however
12 inches to 24 inches was due to removal of the sand around the base.

Above

the original surface

stones at 2 to 3

ft.

was revealed a layer 6

lines

ft.

8 inches thick, of small

below the grassy surface of the mound. This proved

to be

the edge of a vaulted covering, rising gradually to the centre and protecting

the contents buried under this part of the mound. This roofing of small stones
had been sprinkled with pieces of broken white shore-pebbles from the size
of a walnut to that of a goose's egg, possibly to bind and consolidate the
material before heaping the sand over

it.

The iron rivets were found scattered in a high brown layer of decayed
wood at the base of the mound. To judge from the position of the rivets the
boat had been some 28 to 30 ft. long by 6 to 8 ft. wide; its height, as indicated
by the rivet first found which was in the covering layer of small stones, might
have been about 3 ft. It was placed roughly in the centre of the mound, the
stem pointing towards siouth-west. The weapons, the bronze pin and buckles,
fraigments of a leather strap with bronze mountings (1) were found close
together in the middle of the boat. The brown layer here was coated with
flakes of a black finely-powdered substance, possibly decayed animal matter;

two small fragments of a human skull were recovered. At a

point 5 ft. south-west of these was the ironi bowl with one of the knives
alongside of it. A foot farther forward was the hammer, the smith's tongs,
another knife and the weight for a fishing line. Close to the stem a number
of small boulders had been piled into a little heap, 20 inches in diameter and
15 inches high. At the other end close to the stem, were found some greatly
and from

this

Grave Finds

25

decayed fragments of horse's bones, as well as some iron buckles, links, and
fragments of harness. To north-west, outside the boat, was a patch about 15
inches in diameter of flakes of soft decayed animal matter en a iloor of
pebbles intentionailly arranged. All the finds were on the original surface.
In every respect the grave was arranged according to normal Norwegian
customs of the unburnt boat-buriais (e.g. Johs. Boe: En batgraiv fra Sogn.
Sma meddelelser fra Bergensidiistriktet II, Berg. Mus. Arbok 1930).
Literature: P. M. C. Kermode. Ship-burial in the Isle of Man, The Antiquaries Journal,

(1930), p. 126.

Ballachrink, Jurby, Isle of

Man (The

Mainix Museiumi,

Douglas Reg. No.

3741_42).
a)

The upper part

ward curving)

hilt

of the blade of

an iron sword, with a cresoentic (down-

guard.

b) Base of a socketed

irioin

spear-head with wings on the socket.

in a now destroyed barrow,

The two fragments were found about 1880

one of a pair side by side on the ridge of Ballachrink. A note by the late
S. Tellet, of Ramsey, states that they were found in a flagged cist
in the barrow, and that a perforated stone disc was also found with them.
Literature: B. R. S. Megaw, Weapons of the Viking Age found in Man.

Dr. F.

The Journal

of the

Manx Museum,

vol. Ill (1937), p. 234.

Ballelby, Kirk Patrick, Isle of Man.

Oswald noties (Manx Socilety, vol. V, pp. 77 78) that ~^^Mr. Evan Gell, of
Ballelby, Dalby informs me that on digging into a mound of earth on his
(i.e. about 1850) a complete human skeleton
with a halberd or battle-axe by its side, was found and distinct traces of its
haft visible, which he forbore to disturb.

farm, about eight or ten years ago

Literature:

The Joumial of

Megaw, Weapons of the Viking Age found

Manx Museum, vol. Ill, p. 235.

B. R. S.

the

Malew Parish Churchyard, Isle

J. G. Cumming notes (A Guide
short time prior to that date (1854)
in a grave in

Literature:

of

in

Man,

Man.

to the Isle of

Man

1861, p. 87) that a

two Soandiniavlan swords were discovered

Malew Churchyard.
B. R. S. Megaw, The Journal

of the

Manx Museum,

Vol.

IV, p. 13.

John's Kirk German, The Isle of Man.

Oswald notes (Manx Society, Vol. V, p. 198) that Mr. Frank Metthews, of
Glen Moar, opened a cist on the Peel side of the well-known megalithic cist
St.

Grave Finds

26
in the roiadside at

Tynwald

Hill.

than the megalithic one, and that

He
it

states that the cist

was much smaller

a battle-axe, a stirrup and a

contained

handful of beads of various colours, shapes and sizes

The find is lost.
It appears that a fraigmentary Viking sword in the Manx Museum was
.

found

in the

same

field.

The sword has

a slightly curved guard, but in the

present state of preservation tlie type is not clear, though probably related
to Jan Petersen type P, with traces of silver ornament on pommel and guard.
Literature:

Journal of the

Balladoyne

Megaw, Weapons
Manx Museum, Vol. Ill, p.
B.

R. S.

Churchyard,

St.

John's,

of the Viking

Age found

in

Man,

235.

Isle

of

Man (The Manx Museum,

Douglas).
a) Iron

sword with straight guard and pommelbar

of similar form, all

without ornament as far ais can be judged in its present condition. Part of
the wooden grip remains. The sword is now 32 inches in lenigth, but roughly
4 inches of the blaidie are missing. Jan Petersen type M., Wheeler type I.
b) A slender spear-head, Jan Petersen type K, very rusty and broken
across the socket: 20 25 inches in length. A thin iron disc is attached to the

and inside the socket are fragments of some fine-woven linen fabric
which has been bound twice round the point of the wooden spear-shaft.
Traces of a coarser fabric adhere to the face of the blade and the exterior
socket,

of the socket.
c)

Shield boss, low and bowl-shaped, 6 inches in diameter across the

flange.

The

were founid in a cemetery comprising some 32 Christian

burials, all of them lined and roofed by slate flags and containing extended
skeletons, but no other relics. The iron objects were found on the same
general level as the slab-lined graves, but with no trace of slabs or coffin.
The sword and the shield-boiss were found within two or three feet of the
spear-head, but their precise relationship cannot be ascertained. The find
no doubt represents a burial in a grave excavated in the sand, without
aide- or oover^slabs. Posisibly the grave was originally pirovided with a
wooden coffin, as was often the case with similar graves in Norway.
Literature: B. B. B. Megaw, The Journal of the Manx Museum, Vol. IV,
objects

p. 12, pi. 125.

II.

GOLD AND SILVER

GOLD AND SILVER.

Soberton, Hants (British
a)

b)

Museum

51, 3

13).

Mus. Anglo-Saxon Guide, pi. Ill, 5.

plain gold finger-ring ornamented with stamped circles, ill. ibid,

plaited gold finger-ring,

Brit.

ill.

pi. Ill, 4.

The two

rings

the period of

were found together

Edward

the oonfessior

in association with coins dating

till

from

William, and thus deposited during

the latter half of the 11th cent. Tlie first ring with double twisting

is

typical

Scandinavian.

Hamsaij churchyard, Sussex (British Museum).

A plaited gold finger-ring, like the specimen from Soberton.
Borner, near Falmer, Sussex (British Museum).

plaited gold finger-ring, like the specimen

Literature:

The Archaeological Journal,

from Soberton.

Vol. XIX, p. 28, with illustration.

Witley, Surrey.

Ring of gold formed by the twisting together of thick and thin strands
of gold.

Weight 65 grains.

Literature:

Proc. S. A. L. Vol.

II, p.

88

cf.

The

Archaeiologioal Journal.

Vol. VI, p. 58.

Aldgate

Str.

opposite Christ Church, Oxford (British

Museum).

plaited gold finger-ring, like the specimen from Sobsrton.

The ring was found as a labourer working in a field struck a lump of

and upon the lump breaking in half the ring appeared. There was
nothing except the gold riing there, and no other object of antiquity in the
clay,

neighbourhoud.
Literature: Proc. S. A. L.

Weston Turville, Bucks

Vol.

(British

plaited gold finger-ring.

XIV,

p. 221.

Museum).

30

d a n d S

V e r

Thaxted, Essex (British Museum).

plain gold finger-ring, resembling the second from Soberton.

Literature:

The Archaeological Journal, Vol. XI,

p. 57.

Harwich, Essex (British Museum).

gold finger-ring plain and thick, with ornamenit of stamped lozenges.

West BergJwlt, Essex

(British

Museum).

plaited gold finger-ring.

Literature:

Proc. S. A. L.

Vol.

II, p.

247.

Wendover, Essex (British Museum).

plaited gold bracelet, formed by twisting together thick and thin strands
of gold, ill. Brit. Mus. Anglo-Saxon Guide, pi. Ill, 7.

Red Wharf Bay, Anglesey (In private pO'Ssession).

Three of them bear a decoration formed
by mietal stamps, two or three stamps having been used in each instance.
The forth shows a simple design produced by one serrated stamp, while the
fifth has merely been cross-stamped with a chisel-shaped tool. The ends of
the first three have been blunted, but those of the others are tapered.
The armlets were found in the courise of operations when limestone was
being quarried on the north ooaist of Anglesey for the works of the Manchester Ship Carnal, towards 1900. The cliff at this spot is about 50 ft. high.
Dinorben quarry,

at

Five penannular silver armlets.

Authentic details of the discovery are not available.

Literature:

The Antiquaries Journal, Vol. VIII,

p. 359.

Chester (Chester Museum).

plaited gold finger-ring, like the specimen from Soberton.

Goldsborough Church, near Knaresborough, W. R. Yorkshire (British

Museum). Fig. 7.
a) A perfect example of the thistle brooch of silver with pin-head and
hoop-terminials brambled.

b) The hoop of a penannular brooch of silver with disc terminals and

animal formis on the edge.
c)

Fragment of the

terminial

from a penannular brooch

of

silver

of

Viking date.
d)

A number

of pieces of scrap-silver, including fragments of brooches,

bracelets, ingots etc.

Gold and Silver

Fig.

7.

Silver brooches

31

and fragments from hoard, Goldsborough, Yorlishire.

The deposit is dated about 925 by Cufic coinis struck at Samarkand and
Tashkent by the first four princes of the Samanid dynasty, half an offeringpenny of King Alfred aind a coin of his son Edward.
Literature: Brit. Mus. Anglo-Saxon Guide p. 108, fig. 133. V. C. H. Yorks.
II, pi. I.

Hungate, York (The Yorkshire Museum).

plaited gold finger-ring.

York (The Yorkshire Museum).

Broad silver armlet with convex front and hallow back, the tapering ends
united in a knot. The omiament of the front consists of a moulded string of
beads alomg the middle and, on each side, a double row of impressions made
by a special punch. Fig. 8.
Beeston Tor cave, Staffordshire (British Museum).

Two

late

Saxon nielloed disc-brooches.

Gold and Silver

32

few pieces of gold.

About 50 silver coins.
The deposit dates about 871

74.

Literature: Kendrick, Viking Period Antiquities in England. Transactions

of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, 1933,

p. 47.

Cuerdale, near Preston, Lancashire (British Museum).

Hoard of nearly 1000 oz. of sihier lamid about lOCCO silver coins. Fig. 9 12.
a) The silver ingots of which ten specimens are illustrated by Haic-

kins, are of very different forimis

3I4 inches long, IVs wide, and

ainid diimiensiioras.

thick, they

Sotnie

have been cast

are oblong, about

in a mould, prob-

ably of metal, but perhaps of baked clay, as traces of cracks appear on the

under-side of siome of them, which provies also that sieveral ingots have been
cast in the same mould; the surface of others shows that some of the moulds

were marked with a

cross.

These ingots are not adjusted

to

any particular

same mould varying much in weight, some

weighing between 3900 and 4000 grains. For the ingots of smaller size also
metal moulds seem to have been used, but by far the greater number of
these have been cast in rude hallows formed in sand by the finger, or perhaps
a stick; these vary in weight from upwards of 2000 grains to less than 100,
and in size from 4^2 inches long to 1 2 inch. There are also mere humps of
silver dropped upon a flat surface, and weighing from about 12 to 70 grains.
weight, those cast eveni in the

In many instances these ingots and drops have been hammered on two sides,
some times on four. The ingots have frequently been cut into pieces of

various dimensions and weights.

b) Small silver armlet probably not quite finished, having been merely

hammered

into form, the edges

traces of the

hammer,

it

is

and sides

still

rough and sharp, and retaining

also entirely without ornament.

It

is

perfectly

broad in the middle, becoming gradually narrower towards the extremities, where it terminates in blunt roimd ends.
c) 32 fragments of similar flat silver armlets. The armlets of this description vary in breadth at the middle from ^4 of an inch to IM and
perhaps more; it is probable that they did not quite encircle the arm, the
ends being, when wo'mi, at some distance from each other. But sometimes
the ends were elongated, and rounded into the form of a thick wire, and
twisted together into various forms. These armlets are generally ornamented,
and it miay be observed that all most all the ornamients, upion the various
articles discovered in this find, are produced by punching with tools of
various forms. The patterns are numerous, but the forms of the punches
are very few, the variations being prc-duced by combining the forms of more
punches than one, or by placing the same oir differently formed punches at
flat,

G
Fig.

ol d

and

i I

33

V e r

8.

Silver armlet,

found in York.

a greater or less distance from each other, or by varying their directions.

Tlie foillowinig fragments are discribed

by Hawkins:

The ornament consists of straight lines, made by a punch resiemblimg

very blunt chisel. The centre part of the armlet is a square blank filled with
c.

1)

diagonal lines placed crosswise, the rest of the surface bearing a dense series
of lines which pass directly across the piece.
c.

2)

The decoration

sisting of straight lines

is

of the

same

paittem as

with holes intersperred,

on the

first

fragment, con-

struck by a round-poin-

ted punch.
c.

3)

The

desigrt oonisists of diouble lines along the

edges of the piece, and

a zigzag pattern of double lines filling the space between them.

The

chisel-

shaped punch which has been used, has had one side of the edge cremated,
the other smooth.
c. 4)
The punch used on this piece has had a triangular point; and,
trianigles conjoined at their bases having been' struck side by side, parallel
rows of sunk lozenges have been produced.
c. 5)
The ornament has been made by a similarly shaped punch, but the
parallel rows of triangles are not placed base to base so as to form lozenges,
being separated by a narrow strip of metal; the opposed angles of these sunk
triangles form parallel raised zigzags alternating with the narrow lines.
c. 6)
This fragment has been decorated in a mianner similar to the preceding, but by a slight change in the position of the punch marks, a series of
lozenges or a zigzag line is produced in the ornament, and the straight line
between the patterns has been separated into two by the blow of a chiselshaped punch.
c.

7,

c.

9)

8)

Two

fragments, both decorated by a punch curved like a gouge.

Complete armlet, broad and

Viking Antiquities IV.

flat,

having the ends rounded like a

Gold and Silver

34

thick wire and twisted togetlier into a double knot.

small square end, and the orniament

verse or oblique lines.

is

formed by a

The punch has had

series of

blows

in trans-

Armlet formed of a narrow ribbon, closed by a double knot and

c. 10)
ornamented by annular punches, the circles being dispersed without much
regard to order.
c. 11)
Small fragment of ain armlet decorated by a similar punch, but of
smaller size. The circles have been so disposed as to produce a somewhat
regularly arranged pattern, consisting of a series of lozenges with groups of

four circles in the centre of each.

c.

12)

Small fragment of an armlet ornamented by annular and heart-

shaped punches.
Small fragment. The punch is only heart-shaped.
c. 14)
Small fragment. The pattern is rather confused, but it seems to
have been formed by a punch having a smiall hole in the centre of a rather
broad angular area, the blows having been struck so near together that the
c.

13)

pattern forms parallel sunk lines, with irregular indented edges, and a row
of raised circular spots along the middle.
c.

15)

Fragment. The punch has had four holes, which gives the pattern

the appearance of a series of ovals, with four raised points in the centre
of each.
c.

16) Small fragment.

The punch

is

eggshaped, with a dot in the centre;

ais to form a kind of quatrefoil

four of these have been struck close together, so

pattern inclosing four dots.
c.

17)

Small fragment bearing a pattern formed by the use of three

punches, one like a blunt chisel, one small triangular, and one triangular
inclosing three circular holes; these larger triangles are placed point to
point so as to leave between them plain lozenge-shaped spaces.
c.

18) Small fraigment.

The only punch used

is

triangular, with one hole

in the centre.
c.

19) Small fragment.

The punch

is

lozengenshaped, witli one large hole

in the centre.
c.

20)

Fragment comprising the one half of an armlet with blimt rounded

end, ornamented with two double series of sunk triangles separated by a

formed by a triiainigular punch including three

holes, and the central line by repeated blows from a small square punch.
c. 21)
Small fragment, the ornament produced by a punch of an irregular
crescent form; the impriessioms have been joined at the ends, producing rudely
waved lines, not very graceful.
c. 22) Fragment oompriising nearly the one half of an armlet with tapering,
pointed ends. Along the centre rums a line oompoised of triangles, inclosing
dotted line.

Tlie pattern

is

Gold and Silver

Fig. 9.

Selection from silver hoard, Cuerdale, Lancashire.

35

Gold and Silver

36

form a series of hourglaiSiS-S'liaped forms. Along the edge runs a line of small circles. The narrow
end is ornamented by a row of lozenges formed by the spaces left between
the pointed ends of the triangular punches.
c. 23) Small fragment of an armlet decorated by an irregularly quatrefoil
three pioinls, arranigied in pains,

laipex

to-

apex, so

ais

to

punch, with a hole in the centre.

Fragment of armlet. The pattern is partly formed by triangnlar

punches inclosing three points, and by lines of net-work, the meshes of
which are lozenge-shaped, formed by well-arranged impressiions of small
c.

24)

plain triangular punches.

c.

25)

Fragmient of armlet.

The pattern

is

formed by a double row of

impresisions by a punch of irregular shape, inclosing one hole at the rounded

end, the other end of the form being shaped like a crescent.
c. 26)
Fragment comprising the tapering end of an armlet, terminating
a small hook. The pattern is formed by a double row of conical punches,
the apices placed inwards, so as to leave a raised zigzag ribbon between the

in

impressions.
c.

by

27) Small fragment.

The pattern is formed by two rows of impressions

combined with a circle, and placed at a

a punch, in the shape of a lozenge

distance one row below the other.

c. 28) Fragment of armlet.
The pattern is formed by a pmich of similar
shape to the preceding, placed so as to produce a raised zigzag ornament, at
each point of which is an anulet. A simall border runis along the edige of the
armlet, formed by a series of contiguoiis blows from a blunt-pointed punch.
c. 29) Small fragment, presenting a rather complicated pattern, formed
by small square, triangular, and circular punches, combined to build a zigzag
ornament resembling that noticed in the preceding.
c. 30)
Small fragment of a narrow armlet, stamped with a small sharpish
chisel, with an ornament called the pseudo-meander.
c. 31) Fragment of armlet.
The pattern is formed by two punches, a
circular and a semicircular one, so arranged as to form something like a

flower.
c.

32)

Flat fragment, possibly

not

by small
have somewhat the appearance

of an

blunt chiselshaped punches, so arranged as to

armlet, decorated

of foliage, dlisposeid cross-wise, land formiiinig a lozenge-shaped pattern.

d)

Tliree

fragments

of

silver-armlets,

much thinner than the preceding

type,

ribbon-shaped,

but

hammered

and miade concave towards the arm,

convex of course to the outside; the erndB of these terminate in thick wires
twisted or hooked together.
d. 1) Fragment comprising the one half of an armlet, the end terminating
in a small hook. The pattern is formed by a triangular punch, inclosing four

Gold and Silver

<j^

tMK

V
Fig. 10.

Selection from silver hoard, Cuerdale, Lancashire.

37

Gold and Silver

38

by a chisel-like punch forming a triple continuouis line between the

rows of triangular punches; and, in some places a row of lozeniges, formed
by a double row of smaill triangular punches, is introduced to fill up vacant

pellets,

space.
d. 2)

Small fragment. Along the middle

triangular pimches; on each side

is

is

row

of lozenges

formed by

a row of peculiar punches, within which

the sharp point of a chisel has been used, to give a kind of richness to the

up the surface by a series of angular strokes, and along

the edge of the armlet, a row of quadrangular punches inclosing a pellet.
d. 3)
Fragmient of an armlet. Alomg the middle is a row of lozenges
formed by a triangular punch, along the edges a row of half lozenges, formed
by the same punch; between them is a broad pattern conisisting of a zigzag
pattern by breaking

ornament, each point termimating in three pellets. Altogether it forms a

pattern of very great elegance, much more elaborate, and in much deeper
relief than in any of the otliers.
e) Tliree armlets of quadrangidar section, thickest in the middle, tapering
towards the ends which terminate in thick wires twisted together. Two of
them are plain, witliout any ornament. In the third one the three sides have
each a row of lozenges formed by a triangular punch.

Two

f)

fragments of armlets.

Part of an armlet which has been quadrangular, but has been spirally
twisted; the wirelike end has been cut off.
f.

f.

1)

it is ornamented with a
by the hammer, so as to give the ap-

2) Part of an armlet apparently unfinished;

series of spiral grooves, produced

pearance of having beem twisted (possibly of the same type as m.).

g)

Two

armlets of circular section, thick in the middle, tapering towards

Upon one of them

on the same principle as the armlets, quite

the ends which are twisted together.

is

ring formed

flat,

strung a finger-

tapering to a

point at the ends, wliich are tied together.

h) Fragment of silver, possibly part of an armlet,

hammered round, but

unfinished.
i) Armlet of circular section, the ends being hammered flat into expanded
and decorated terminals.
k) Armlet oomsisting of two strands of silver, spirally twisted, hammered
nearly round, thick in the middle, tapering towards the ends, which are united

into a spiral knot.

A number

and armlets of plaited silver wire, the ends hamby a hook and
eye. A complex and remarkable specimen is a tore made up of two similar
rings, each of them consisting of six wires, hammered round; two of these
have been twisted together thus forming three cords, and these cords again
1)

mered

of tores

into four-sid'ed tapering terminations to be fastened

Gold and Silver

Fig. 11.

Selection from silver hoard, Cuerdale, Lancashire.

39

Gold and Silver

40

are twisted together into a rope forming the hoop. The ends of both ropes
are hammered together into a common termination. Other tores and armlets
of similar construction (in Mr. Assheton's collection) are formed of only a
single rope, the threads of which are of much larger diameter, but terminating

fragment of a similarly constructed armlet consists of four wires the ends of which unite into
in the siame miaininer

and fastened by

hook and

eye.

a fine point.

m)

'ooiie end of a spiral armlet terarmlet being of octangular section and orna-

Friagiment of silver representiinlg the

minating

in

mented by

a facetted knot,
row of raised lozenges produced by a triangular punch inclosing
tlie

Ame, La Suede et I'Orient, fig. 306307.

one pellet (Muller, Ordning 638.
B. M. Tilvekst 1926, fig. 4).
n) Armlet of octagonal section, tapering from the middle towards the
ends; all the angles except the two interior, are omamented by a row of small
trianigular punches along each side, the whole length of the ring.
o) Three fragments of thistle-brooches.
o. 1) The upper half of the pin including the globular terminal presenting

the typical cross-hatched decoration.

o.

2)

Fragment of

a similar terminal, the decoration being here

somewhat

less elaborate.
o.

3)

The one end

of a thistle-brooch including about one half of the

globular terminal. Tlie cross-hatched decoration is formed by stamped lines

diagonally intersecting, and the squares they enclose are made round by a
circular punch.

p) A cut-off fragment of an armlet similar to

three external sides have been orinajnented with a

also octangular;

the

row of lozenges formed

by a double row of impressions from a triangular punch inclosing three
pellets.

q)

Fragment of

silver cut off

from some object the exact form

of

which

can not be ascertaimed. Decorated by impressions from circular and triangular punches.
r) Finger-rings.
In some of these a piece of silver, flat or rounded,

has been hammereid and bent into the form of a ring, the enids lapping over,
Two fimger-rings are formied exactly in the
but without any fastening.
A small ring consists of a four-sided bar, spirally twisted,,
same mianinier.
and bent into a ring, the ends of which meet, but have not been united.
Two finger-rings are formed each of two roundish wires twisted together in

a mamner similar to the armilets 1.

s) Fragments of wires of various dimensions which have been used in
the formation of different objects. The larger wires almost always bear
marks of the tiammer by which they have been' rounded, but the smaller

Gold and Silver

41

mMI

lo
^[QUiniiiii

wmm

(Jgjjjgo)

ss^sxsss^
Fit;.

12.

Selection

troiii

^^vrnf*^.

silver hoard, Cuerdale, Lancashire.

G old and

42

Sil V

e r

ones muit have been formed by drawing in some manner not very different
The fodlowing fragments are described
from Uiat in use at the present day.

by Hawkins:
s.

1) Portion of a cord consisting of

three wires twisted together, each

wire having been indented transversally, so that, when the three are twisted
together, each has the appearance of having been previously twisted; and
ihe

whole together exactly resembles a common rope.

2) A portion of a ring formed of two cords like the preceding, soldered

s.

longitudinally together.
s.

3)

piece of ribbed wire, such as those of which the preceding have

been formed.

is

s.

4)

s.

5)

s.

6)

A portion of a ring formed to resemble a string of very small beads.

A piece of plain wire, coiled spirally, possibly part of an armlet.
A specimen) of fine wire, tied into an elaborate knot, but the motive

not apparent.

Cf. the soounge of Trewhiddle, the

tails of

which terminate

in similar knots.

fragment of some ornament consisting of double silver wire forends of which are united into one piece of silver; but
the termination has been cut, and its form can scarcely be conjectured.
s. 8)
A fragment of a silver chain in the collection of Mr. Assheton; it consists of a series of rings, oompresised together in the middle, and bent so
that the two loops thus formed are brought close to each other, the whole
then forms two loops presenting openings in opposite directions, through
each of which two other loops are passeid, forming a kind of double chain
one interlinked with the other, each link being immiediately dependent upon
the next but onie to its'olf. (cf. Friis-Joihiamisen Tertsilev-Fundet Arb. f. n.
s.

7)

ming three

loops, the

Oldk. 1912,

pi.

s.

9)

composed

I II).

small fragment of a chain in the collection of Mr. Assheton;

of small wires,

and

is

it

is

constructed in a mianner similar to the

preceding.
s.

links,

10)

part of a chain rather rudely formeid of wire,

it

consists of long

each link provided with two loops, and the middle part of

it

spun

in a

coil of wire.
s. 11)
A fragment of a chain in th colleotion of Mr. Assheton; it appears
have been oomposeid of links of a form simitar to 8 and 9 above, but
differently put together, so that when completed the chain is correctly foursided and hollow.
s. 12)
A fragment in the collection of mr. Assheton is probably a portion
of an armlet (or a collar); it is composed of fine wire knitted precisely in
the same manner as a modem stocking, it is hollow, so that a large pencil
may be easely passed inside it, one end is inserted into a flat piece of silver.

to

Gold and Silver

Fig. 13.
of

43

Silver-gilt cup from the hoard

Halton Moor, Lancashire.

bent, the sides rivetted together, to contain the silver ring by wliich the two
enids
t)

u)

were united

A
A

(cf. Montelius, Sveriges Fomtid, Atlas, p. 175, fig. 628).

Thor's hammer'!^, the handle furnished with a loop for suspension.
solid pin of silver, now bent into the appearance of a hook, but moist

probably it was originally the tomgue of a fibula. The one end is furnished
with a loop to fit into the hinge.
v) Two objects of silver, both of the same form, consisting of a heavy
squared bar spreading into a flat triangular termination. They are formed
entirely by the hammer, very rudely, and are apparently unfinished.
w) Strap-end of silver, ornamented with niello, a good example of AngloSaxon design, towards the end of the 9th century with a cross in the middle

forming four panels filled with foliage.

Two

small fragments of similar

strap-ends.
x) Fragments of penannular brooches.

1.

Fragmient representing the one broad terminal of a brooch similar to

G old and Silv er

44

the one illustrated by Salin, Thierornamentik,

fig.

715.

The

central boss

is

missing.
X. 2)

ches, pi.

fragment of a Viking brooch- (Reginald A. Smith, Irish Broo1) representing the one terminal still retaining two of the

XXVIII,

strongly raised bosses.

X. 3)

Seveiral small fnaigments of the terminails of siimilar brooches.

Fragments of two brooches both of the same form, with plain hoop
and circular terminals; the junction of hoop and terminal is formed as an
animal head with gaping jaws.
X. 5) A fragment of one terminal of a brooch identical with a complete
specimen illustrated by Johs. Boe in the Antiquaries Journal, Vol. XIV,
pi. XIX.
X. 4)

Two

fragments of coarse filigree work. The larger piece consists of a

under side of which has two broad grooves, into which
probably some other object had been fitted. The upper side is decorated
with circular knobs, of various sizes, encircled by one, two or three wires,
indented transversely so as to give the appearance of beads, or diagonally
to look like oord. Similar wires are also used across or along the object.
The smaller fraigmient is of similar workmanship; a wire transversely marked
z)

plate of silver, the

been soldered along the edge of the object, round the

small pellets composing a rosette, and round a circular setting now empty.
aa) The hoop of a buckle and a square frame belonging to a belt. Both
have been oast, chaised with a graving tool, and gilt. The ornament on the
buckle consists of four birds feeding; the frame is decorated with four projecting lions' heads at the corners.
The hoard was found in 1840 within a leaden chest near a ford across the
Kibble, two miles above Preston, at a distance of about forty yards from the
river bank. It comprised about 10000 silver coins of English, Northumbrian
(Danish), continental, and oriental mints, and nearly 1000 oz. of silver ingots
and scrap metal as described above. Mr. W. J. Andrew, F. S. A., has suggested
that this was the treasure chest of the :.Danish host that was overtaken
in its retreat to Northumbria in 911 after the battle of Tettenhall, see our
historical introduction (part I, p. 97) and deistroyeid at the ford, the date
agreeing with that deduced from the coins. The army beaten at that occasion
was oomimamded by miembers of the royal family of Dublin, the descendants of
Ivar, and no doubt principally consisted of Norsemen from Ireland. The
miany fraigments of thistle brooches and other penannular brooches are also
of Norse-Irish types, but these were equally current among the Norse Viking
to imitate a twist, has

Settlers of Lancashire.

Literature: Edward Hawkins: The Archaeological Journal. Vol. IV, pp.

Brit.
Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. 18.
110130, 189199, 200203.

Gold and Silver

Fig. 14.

45

Silver tore from the hoard of Halton Moor. Laiirashire.

Mils. Amiglo-Saxon Guide, p. 107.

The above description

is

borrowed from

Edward Hawkins.
Halton Moor, near Lancaster, Lancashire (British Museum).
a) A silver-gilt cup, alloyed with copper, weighing over 10 oz. The decoration consists of four medallions of grotesque animals, and of foliage filling
the intervals and the border along the edge of the cup. The animal panels
are reminiscent of Sassanian work, while the foliage is analogous to the
Carolingian acanthus. The cup is most likely an example of Frankish
melalwork. Fig. 13.
b) Six pendants of stamped gold, one of them a debased bracteate embossed with a human head.
c)

large

siilver tore

of plaited wire.

Fig. 14.

Gold and Silver

46

d) 860 silver pennies, mostly of Canute 1016

The hoard was found

Literature:

Brit.

35.

1815.

Mus. Anglo-Saxon Guide,

p. 108.

Or ton Scar, Westmoreland (Society of Antiquaries of London).

a) Large penanmdar brooch of silver, of the
Viking type
Reginald A.
Smith, Irish brooches of five centuries; pi. XXVIIL 1. Adolf Mahr, Christian
Art in Ancient Ireland, pi. 39; Salin, Thieromamentik, fig. 714.
,

b)

large silver tore of plaited wire.

Literature:

Archaeologia

XXXIV,

p.

446 with illustrations.

Casterton, near Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmoreland (Private possession?)

Large penannular brooch of silver, of the thistle-type with plain, spherical
terminals of thistle form. The pim is missing.
Found 1846. Formerly in the possession of C. Cams Wilson, Esq.

Literature:
J.

D. Cowen,

Museum,

The Archaeological Journal, Vol. VI,

p. 69,

with illustration.

Cataloigne of Objects of the Vikimg Period in the Tullie

Carlisle 1934, p. 183, pi. IV,

House

2.

Newbiggin Moor, near Dacre, Cumberland (British Museum).

on the
The pin has been soldered just below the head, and is
now 2014 inches long, but was originally 22 inches according to an account
given 1789. The miaximum diameter of the hoop is 7i-.> inches. The weight
Maignificent thistle-brooch of silver with cross-hatched decoration

spherical terminals.

brooch is now 50 gr. short of 24 oz. Fig. 15.

The brooch was found in Silver Field, near Fluskew

of the

Moor, between Dacre

aind

Greystoke, Cumberland in April 1785.

Literature: Gentleman's Magazine 1785, part

Journal, Vol. VI, p. 70.

Penrith,

Proc.

Cumberland

Pike, Newbiggin

S.

I,

347.

The Archaeological

A. L. 2 S. Vol. XXI, 1906, p. 63.

Museum).
of silver. The spherical terminals are orna-

(British

remarkable thistle-brooch

mented on

tlie front with cross-hatching, and are of thistle form, while the
engraved with interlacing bands enclosed in a circle and divided
into quadrants. The hoop is 7% inches in diameter and the pin is 20
inches long. Tlie brooch has lost one of its terminals but is otherwise in
perfect condition. It wals complete when exhibited at Carlisle in 1859. Fig. 16.
The brooch was found in a field near Penrith in 1830. The site is not
further specified, but must have been within a mile or two of Fluskew Pike,
near Silver Field, where the other thistle-brooch was found in 1785. The two
brooches are almost a pair, and one might be tempted to guess that they

back

is

Gold and Silver

Fig. 15.

Thietle-broocli

Fig. 16.

of silver

from Newbijig'in Moor, Cumbprland.

Thislle-broofh of silver from Penrith, Cumberland.

47

48

Gold and Silver

Fig. 17.

The Douglas hoard.

Fragment of thistle-brooch.

Fig. 18.

The Douglas hoard.

Fragment of silver tore.

Gold and Silver

Fig. 19.

4.

Viking Antiquities IV.

Selection

froiii

the Douglas hoard.

49

Gold and Silver

50

Fig. 20.

Selection

froiiii

tiie

Douglas hoard.

were originally part of the same hoard. The name Silver Field, as recorded
may perhaps relate to previous discoveries on the same site.
Literature: Proc. S. A. L. 2 S. Vol. XXI, 1906, p. 63.

in 1785,

Cumberland (British Museum).

Trefoil brooch of silver. The front bears four spherical bosses, two
Kirko.nva'ld,

now

of

them

coveied with a filigree pattern of spirals sprung from a

cruciform centre and bound together with collars like ornamented ironwork.
The four bosses were originally set with single garnets. The brooch is
Frankiish work of the Carolingian* period, but most probably it was brought
lost,

and

is

France by Norse settlers

was found with coins dating between 796 and 854.
Literature: Brjt. Mus. Anglo-Saxon Guide, p. 102.

to Britain

from an expedition

to

in

Cumberland.

It

Gold and Silver

Fig. 21.

51

Selection from the Douglas hoard.

Douglas, Isle of Man (British Museum and The Manx Museum, Douglas).
A long silver pin with separate head engraved in quadrants, that must

a)

have belonged

to

large penannular

without the croisis-hatching.

b)

Half of a tore of

brooch of the

thistle

type,

though

Fig. 17.

silver,

composed

of

two separate rings, each of them

intertwined of thick and thin strands and the ends of both haimmered together
to

form a tapering plate with

c)

3^/4

termmal hook.

Fig. 18.

plaited gold armlet of thick and thin strands closed by a spiral knot.

inches diameter.
d)

Penamnular silver armlet, quadrangular

section, plain.

e) Similar armlet with ends linked.

f) Large penannular ring of silver, quadrangular section, with one end
funnelshaped to receive the point of the other end.

Gold and Silver

52

Fie. 22.

g)

Silver tore from Ballacaniaish, the Isle of Man.

Penannular silver armlet, octagonal section.

h) Finger-ring, plain, penannular (These 8 items are preserved in the

Museum).
Fragment of thistle-headed pin
lightly engraved on one face.

British
i)

j)

of penannular brooch

with hexafoil

Plaited armlet of silver, annular, 37, inches diameter.

k) Plaited penannular armlet of silver.

1)

Quadrangular

sectioned

armlet

of

silver,

diameter.

m) Armlet

similar to last, but ends

now

overlap.

open

ends,

2^4

inches

G old and Silv er

53

Fig. 23.

Silver armlet

from Ballacamaish, the

Isle of

Man.

n) Similar armlet, open ends.

o) Armlet,

silver,

octagonal

section,

penannular,

about

234

inches

diameter.
p) Armlet silver, roimd section, plain and penannular.
q) Fragments of quadrangular-section armlets of silver.

Fragments of roumd-section armlets of silver.

Small "run''< of silver from open mould.
t) 78 silver coins and fragments of others of Athelstan, Edmund, Eadred,
Eadwig, Edgar and Anlef of Northumbria, covering the period about 925 975
(The item it are preserved in The Manx Museum, Douglas).
The Douglas Hoard, otherwise known as the Woodboume Hoard or the
Ballaquayle Hoard, was found 1894 on the site now marked by No. 66 Derby
Road, Douglas, and it was in the excavation for foundations of this house
r)

s)

workmen

that the

discovered the hoard, in a very small cist-like pocket

surrounded by slate flags.

Literature: P. M. C. Kermode, Proc. Isle of Man Natural History and
Antiquarian Society, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 437440.
Ballacamaish, Kirk Andreas, Isle of Man. (British Museum).
a) A plaited tore of silver. 1^4 inches greatest diameter. Fig. 22.
b) Am armlet of the same technique with knob terminals, about 3 inches
diaaneter.

Found

Fig. 23.
in the

course of marl-digging at Ballacamaish 1868, and acquired!

by the British Museum

Literature:

Vol.

1,

No.

1,

Clarke's,

in

1870.

Proc. Isle of

Man

Natural History and Antiquarian Society,

p. 438.

The Nappin, Jurby,

Isle of

Man (The Manx Museum,

Douglas).

Isolated find of a penannular silver armlet of plain round section.

III.

SINGLE ANTIQUITIES

SINGLE ANTIQUITIES.
River Frame at Wareham, Dorset (Dorchester Museum).
Sword of the Viking period. The hilt and about half the blade have survived. The blade is comcave along the middle on both faces, with a bevel
1/2 inch deep on both sides, the extreme breadth next the guard being 214
inches. There are no clear traces of lettering on the blade. Most of the wooden grip is still in position. The guard and poftimel are decorated with thin
plates of silver and copper in a pattern presenting a row of spindle-shaped
mjeimbers with vertical lines at each end. The semicircular part of the pommel is much rusted, and bears only a trace of ornament.
The sword was found during the rebuilding of the South Wareham bridge
in 1927, in a bed of gravel several feet below the present bed of the river.
Nothing else was found in close connexion with the sword, but some iron
bars were recovered neaV it at a somewhat higher level.
Literature: The Antiquaries Journal, Vol. VIII (1928), p. 361.

Pitney Churchyard, Somersetshire (British Museum).

Round bronze trinket, brightly gilt, with open work animal ornamentation.
The design is characteristic of the Umes style of the late lltli century. Fig. 24.
Literature:

Brondsted, Early English Omiament,

p.

145.

Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire (In the Cathedral).

strip of engraved bronze, slightly damaged, measures 10.8 inches in
length. 1.6 inches in breadth, and is about the thickness of a halfpenny.
The rivet-holes consist of two groups of seven at the end and a simple hole

which is the centre both of the panel and of the design. The front
engraved with interlacing scroll-work forming a strongly conventionalized
animal figure and a snake. The ornament is characteristic of the Scandinavian
Ringerike style of the first half of the 11th century.
Reginald A. Smith has suggested that the mount may have been attache'd
to a book-cover or possibly to a coffin. A. W. Br agger makeis it part of the
border of a bronze vane, of the well known Norse type of the same period.
Found in the course of repairing the foundations of Winchester Cathedral.
at a point
is

SingleAntiquities

58
Literature:

Reginald A. Smith, Proc.

S.

A. L. 25. XXXIII, p. 397.

A.

W.

Brogger og Anders Bugge. Bponisiefleiene fra Heigigen og Timigelstad kirker.

Norske Oldfund V (1925), p. 9.

Romsey, Hampshire (In private possession 1887).

Bronze
At the top there is a quadrangular
plate, pierced with four holes by means of which the strap was attached to
The only decoration of the stirrup is on the front of this plate, and conit.
sists of two interlacing amimal figures facing each other. The silver wire
with which the design was traced has now almost entirely disappeared, and
only the empty lines remain. The omiament is of the Uniies style, of the
Mottisfont,

stirrup, 6 inches in length.

11th c/entury.

late

The

stirrup

was found

in

peat bog at Mottisfont, near

Romsey

in

Hampshire.
Literature:

C.

H. Read in Archaeologia, Vol. 50, p. 532,

cf.

Holger Arbw.an,

Vikingetidsgravar vid Ulunda Vad, Upplands Fornminnesfor.

XLV,

Tidskr. Vol.

p. 268.

Tllehurst station, Berkshire (Reading Museum).

Two-edged sword, fragmentary and badly worn, point missing. Now some
23 inches long. Guard slightly curved with ends bent towards the point.

Pommel curved upwards, cap apparently not separate. No fuller now apparent.
The blaide has been bent and has snapped at one of the bends. There does
not seem enough bending to ascribe the damage to a ceremonial rite. It is
sufficiently acccounted for

type

by accidental pressure

in the soil.

Jan Petersi&n

10th century.

Found when widening the Oxford Road some 800 yards SE of Tilehurst
station, about September 1917.
Literature: L. R. A. Grove. The Antiquaries Journal, Vol. XVIII, p. 250.
River Kennet at Reading, Berkshire (Reading Museum).
Two-edged sword, fragmentary, point missing. Now 25Vo inches long.
Guard straight, sub-rectangular in plan. Pommel-bar straight, oval in plan,
rivet-holes showing, cap missing. Fuller wide and fairly prominent. On the
handle are fragments of what seems to be an oak grip. Some wood also

remains on the top of the blade and probably is part of an oak scabbard.
Jan Petersen type 0. Ill, i.e. the later 10th century Norse-English descendant
of the Frankish type (Wheeler type IV, J. P. type K), where the guard and
pommel bar are distinctly thicker than here.
Dredged from the mouth of the river Kennet at an unknown date.
Literature: L. R. A. Grove, The Antiquaries Journal, Vol. XVIII, p. 250.

Single Antiquities

59

Fig. 24.
Gilt

bronze ornament

from Pitney Churchyard,

Somersetshire.

Berkshire (?) (British Museum).

A fragment of an engraved bronze plate with traces of gilding. The ornament shows the general features of the Ringerike style of decoratioii, though
not of the most typical form.
Literature: Reginald A. Smith, Proc.
Early English Ornament, p. 295.

S.

A. L.

XXVI,

p. 71.

Brondsted,

Canterbury (?) Kent (Royal Museum, Canterbury, No. 1091).

Large stirrup of the type R. 590. No report, but most probably found
Canterbury.

in

Oxford (Ashmolean Museum).

Stirrup of the type R. 587 (1887 3070) Similar stirrup inlaid with silver
(1911
0. C. XLI).
Spur of the type R. 586, found in Queen Street, Oxford. Similar spur found
ini the Thames at Oxford (1914
455).
Small spear-head of the type R. 529 found in the Thames at Oxford

(1914

457).

Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire (British Museum).

Axe of the type R. 560.

Found in the Thames at
Stratford,

Axe

Stanton.

Essex (Newbury Museum).

of the type R. 560.

Literature:

Wheeler, London and the Vikings,

p. 51.

Single Antiquities

60

Edmonton, Essex (British Museum).

Sword, 391 2 incheis in toliail lemgth, wi*h a stnaigiht twoHsiidied bl'aidte slightly
more than 2 inches in width at the broadest part; the pommel is semicircular
in general outline and the guard is straight and shuttlenshaped; down the
middle of the blade is a faint channel. Tlie pommel and the guard are inlaid
with a kind of chequer design in brass, and the pommel is cut into three
sections by two diaigonal lines. Fig. 25.
The sword was foimd about 1910 11 in the old bed of the river Lea at

Edmonton.
Literature:

Proc. S. A. L., 2 S.

XXVII,

p. 215.

Biver Lea at Enfield, Middelsex (Prince Laddislanis Odtescalchi Collection,

Rome).

Sword

Viking form, Jan Petersen type C.

Wheeler, London and the Vikings, p. 32.

of the early

Literature:

Colchester, Essex.

Brooch decorated

in the

Umes

style of

ornament.

Mildenhall, Suffolk (Ashmolean Museum).

Cast bronze ornament, possibly a bookclasp, with good and typical decoration of the Ringerike style.

Fig. 26.

Found near Mildenhall.

Literature:

Cyril Fox, Archaeioilogy of the Catmbridlge Region, p. 301.

Ipswich, Suffolk (British Museum).

Early Viking axe of the -bearded

ween blade amd

socket.

The

foinm

type ornamented with cross-lines betis

eviiidlently

related

to

some

of

the

Frankish-Merovingian axes, but most closely resembles the Norse type of the
early 9th century.
Ipswich, Suffolk (British Museum).
Bearded axe of the early Viking type with

vertical giroioves

on each side

of the siQcket.

Icklingham, Suffolk (British Museum).

Bronze key of the type R. 456.

West Stow Heath, Suffolk (Ashmolean Museum).

Small quadrangular bronze ornament decorated with the figure of
of the Jellinge style.

Literature:

a bird

Fag. 27.

Cyril Fox, Archaeology of the

Cambridge Region,

p. 299.

Single Antiquities

61

Lakenheath Warren, Suffolk (University Museum of Archaeology and

Ethnology, Cambridge).
Trefoil bronze brooch, decorated with cast scroll ornaments and three
animal heads as terminals of the central triangle, the whole much the same
pattern as Jan Petersen, Vikingetidenis Smykker, fig. 89. Fig. 28.
Norwich, Norfolk (Norwich Castle Museum).
Bronze-gilt sword pommel consisting of a heavy but partly hallow casting
of bronze, originally with five lobes, one end having been lost. The divisions
between the lobes are deep, and over each junction passes a stout silver cord
of

two strands.

In sunk panels on both faces of the lobes, are imitation

and really part of the casting, both

panel and design being gilt in every case. The pommel is probably of
Frankish make, at least it is evidently dependent on Carolingian models. It
may well have been brought to East Anglia by the Danish invaders.
There is no report of the find, but it has certainly come from the neighbourhood of Norwich.
Literature: Reginald A. Smith,, Proc. S. A. L., 2 S. Vol. XXVIII, p. 302.
filigree designs all in the

same

style

Wisbech, Norfolk (Wisbech Museum).

Round bronze brooch with open-work ornament

inches in diameter.

of the

Umes

style.

1.6

when digging the foundations

for

Fig. 29.

Foimd in the Castle

the Wisbech Museum in

Ditch, Wisbech,

1846.

East Anglia (British Museum).

Irregular bone cylinder, 4.3 inches long with rough carvings cut in low
merely engraved at random. Round the middle is a frieze of three

relief or

flowers connected by slightly curv'ed ribbons, typical of the Scandinavian

Ringerike style of the early 11th century. Beside these are a human head
and a large asp-like monster, both of the same style, two small snakes, a step-

ped

cross, etc.

There

is

no report

Literature:

of the find, and the locality not recorded.

Reginald A. Smith, The Antiquaries Journal, Vol.

II, p.

102.

Raven's Willow, parish of Stanground, Peterborough (Wisbech Museum).

Sword of Jan Petersen's type N, dating from the latter half of the 9th
century. The pommel and guard show traces of silver and copper inlay, but
no definite design remains. On the blade are found the following inscriptions
in inlaid iron in the fuller, on one side
+ V F L B E R H T II + on the other side I N L E F L R II

Single Antiquities

62
Fig. 25.

Sword from
at

the river Lea,

Edmoniton, Essex.

Bronze ornament
from Mildenhall, Suffolk.

Fig. 26.

Bronze ornament
from West Sfow Heath,

Fig. 27.

Suffolk.

Single Antiquities
Fig. 30.

Sword from

the bed of the Old Nene,

Raven's Willow, Peterborough.

Fig. 28.
froaii

Trefoil bronze brooch

Lakenheath Warren, Suffolk.

Fig. 29. Bronze brooch

from Wisbech, Norfolk.

63

Single Antiquities

64

who

Mr. H. D. Collings
beautifully

made and

cleaned the sword has observeid

well tempered, but that the hilt

is

of

tliiat

the blade

is

much poorer work-

probably the blade bad been imiported into the Noirth, and
there providted with a hilt of native work. To*al length 36 inches, blade
30 inches. Fig. 30.
The sword was fomid in Noivember' 1825 in the bed of the Old Nene, near
Raven's Willow, anid piresenited to the Wisbech Museum in February 1860
mianship.

Moist

by Mr. Richard Orton of March.

The River Ouse, Braham's Farm, Cambridgeshire (University Museum of

Archaeology and Ethnology Cambridge).
A fine specimen of the Carol ingiian winged spear-head, in a remiarkably
good state of preservationi. The blade is damiascened, and the socket richly
o^mamenteid with silver, copper and

friagimentts

of gold.

Fig. 31-

32.

The spearhead was dredged from the River Ouse at Braham's Farm.
Literature: The Cambridge Antiquarian Society's Communications, Vol.
XXXI, 1931, p. 154, pi. VII VIII.
Soham, Cambridgeshire (University Museum of Archaeoloigy and Ethnology, Cambridge,

AEAS.

0115).

Fine spear-head of the

of the blade.

late

Viking type R. 528, with a moulding

at the

base

Fig. 33.

Ely (?), Cambridgeshire (University Museum of Archaeology and EthnoCambridge).

A liange axe of the type R. 560 about 1000 A. D. Fig. 34.
Spear-head of the type R. 523, of the same date. Fig. 35.
The two weapons are single finds said to have come from the neighbour-

logy,

hood of Ely.
Ely, Cambridgeshire

(UnirvieTi9iity

Museom

of Archaeology

emd Ethnology.

22. 730).

A
Ely.

graceful axe of the typei R. 523, abouit 1000 A. D.

From

the

Fens near

Fig. 36.

Ely, Cambridgeshire (University

Museum

of Archaeology

and Ethnology

22.821).

Four-pronged grappling-iron of the same description as the specimen

fbund associated with Viking weapons at Old London Bridge. Wheeler, fig. 1,
16. From the Fens near Ely. Fig. 37.

Single Antiquities

Spear-head dredged from the river

Ouse at Braham's Farm,
Cambridgeshire.
Fig. 31.

Fig. 33.

Spear-head from Soham,

Cambridgeshire.
5.

Viking Antiquities IV.

65

66

Single Antiquities

Fig. 32.

Detail of the spear-head

I'ig.

31.

Single Antiquities

67

Fig. 34.

Axe-hcad found
dn the neighbourhood
of Ely, Cambridgeshire.

Ely, Cambridgeshire (University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology,

Cambridge, 22.810).
Slender spear-head, like Wheeler, London and the Vikings, fig. 1, 11, and
fig. 5 A, except tliat the socket has no silver inlay. From tl?e Fens near Ely.
Fig. 38.

Ely, Cambridgeshire (University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology,

Cambridge. 22.895 A).
Whale's bone plaque with confronted animals heads carved at the top,
of the type Gustafson, Norges Oldtid (Kriistiania 1906), fig. 477 or R. 419.
Measures 33 to 19.4 cm. The specimen differs from the ordinary type in
havimig a kind of projecting handle between the animals heads, which are
slightly indioaited by incised lines. Apparently the piece is not quite finished.
Fig. 39.

Single Antiquities

68

Fig. 35.

Spear-head found
in the neighbourhood
Cambridaeshire.

Cambridge (University Museum

bridge, August

Fragment

6.

of

of Ely.

Archaeology and Ethnology, Cam-

1914).

of a bronze plaque presenting in outline an animal's

head with

strongly curved neck, and details indicating the Ringerike style of ornament.

Has been

part of the isjdepiece of a horse's

Hitchin(?), Hertfordshire (University

logy, No. R. C. 23. 1157).

An

unusually large stirrup.

bit.

Museum

Fig. 40.

of Archaeology

and Ethno-

Single Antiquities

69

Fig. 36.

Axe from
the

Fens near

Ely,

Caiinbridgeshiire.

Dimmock's Cote, River Cam near Upware, Cambridgeshire (University

of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge).
Spear-head of the late Viking type R. 523 with a moulding at the base of
the blade. About 1000 A. D. Fig. 41.
The spear was dredged from the River Cam at Dimmock's Cote. From
the same site was also dredged a large scramasax with a groove along the
back of the blade, dating about 800 A. D., and other spear-heaidis, clinch-nails

Museum

etc. reseanblinig

Literature:

XXIX,

Viking types.

The Cambridge Antiquarian

Society's Communications, Vol.

p. 114.

Lode, Cambrigdeshire (Ashmolean Museum).

Small circular brooch of bronze, with cast plaited ornament of the Scandiinaviian Borre istyle from about 900 A. D. Fig. 42.
Chester.

(Groisvenor

Museum^ A. Withaim's

hemispherical implement of dark

glass,

Collection No. 100).

used for pressing seams of

70

Single Antiquities

Fig. 37.

Fig. 38.

Grappling-iron from the Fens

Spear-head from the Fens

near Ely, Cambridgeshire.

near Ely, Camibridgeeihire.

Single Antiquities

71

Fig. 39.

Whale's bone plaque

found near Ely.
Cambridgeshire.

linen. R. 446.

Implements of

this

kind are not

uncommon

in

Norwegian graves

of the Viking period.

Farndon Church, Newark, Nottinghamshire

(British

Museum, presented

1906).

Viking sword of Jan Petersen type X, a Norse type of the 10th century.
Fig. 43.

River

Sword

Witham

Monk's Abbey, Lincolnshire (British Museum).

cf. Jan Petersen, pp. 124125, dating from the
The blade bears a damascened inscription; guard and pomat

of the type R. 49.5,

late 9th ce:ntury.

mel are decorated

Literature:

in a

Laking,

lozenge pattern of inlaid copper.

Arms and Armour,

I,

fig.

1.5

b.

72

Single Antiquities

Fig. 40.

Fragiment of bronze ornament,

Canibridsjeehire.

Fig. 41.

Spear-head from Dimmooli's Cole,

River Cam, near Upware,
Cambridgeshire.

Single Antiquities

IB

Fig. 42.

Bronze ornament
found at Lode,
Cambridgeshire.

Fig. 43.

Viking sword,
found at Farndon Church,
Newark, Nottinghamshire.

SingleAntiquities

74

Wither slack, North-Lancashire.

Sword

The pommel and part

of Viking type with slightly curved guard.

of the blade are missing.

Literature: Saga

Book

of the Viking Club, Vol. V, pp.

Harbuck, Lanchester, Durham (British Museum).

A small axe of Viking type, well preserved. Found
Literature:

112113.

in a stream.

Archaeoloigia Aeliana, Vol. V, p. 159.

Cass ny Hawin, Kirk Malew, Isle of Man (The Manx Museum, Douglas.
Reg.No. 3833).
Jet arm-ring of roumd section, 2i- inches max. diameter, V, inch thick.
Isle of

Man (The Manx Museum-,

Fragment

Douglas. Reg. No. 4397).

of similar jet arm-ring, 2^

inches max. diameter,

The fragment was

Locality not recorded.

in the

Govemtment

*4

inch depth.

Office Collec-

tion 1897.
Isle of Man (The Manx Museum, Douglas).
complete jet armlet and another fragmentary, two smaller jet rings in
an unfinished state. From settlement-site and cemetery excavated 1935 37,
which produced beside the jet rings, a few iron tools and weapons some of
which are certainly Viking, a penannular finger-ring with alternately hatched

Ronaldsivay, Kirk Malew,

ornament, bone combs and pins.

Kindly communicated by Mr. B. R. S. Megaw.
Literature: The Antiquaries Journal, Vol. XX,

p.

72.

ENGLAND?
Some Viking
localities not

are preserved in English

antiquities

on record.

London Museum.

Tlie following are noted im

Two

museums, but the

our register.

fragmentary swords of Jan Petersen type

(225859).
Sword. Jan Petersen type

in perfect condition.

(2260).

Similar sword, most part of the blade missing (24413).

The

Pitt

Rivers Collection, Oxford.

Axe, Jan Petersen type G.

University Museum, Cambridge, Spur of the type R. 586 (No. 23. 1133).

IV.

FINDS FROM OLD CITIES.

(LONDON, YORK, LINCOLN)

FINDS FROM OLD CITIES.

(LONDON. YORK. LINCOLN).

Old London Bridge (London Museum A 2333953 and 23506).

a) 7 battle-axes of Jan Petersen type L. R. 560. The examples show minor
variations in form which do not call for comment, but two of them preserve
the very vmusual feature of a socket of brass bearing decoration. One of these

shows on each

sidle

a simple pattern of two lines converging towards a hori-

zontal lower border, all indicated by impressed dots.

The other bears an

incized pattern in the Ringerike style, consisting of a frieze of interlaced

knots of ribbons with triangular leaves pointing upwards.

b) A small axe, thick and narrow, probably a carpenter's
c) 6 spear-heads, all of the

them has

tool.

slender form, Jan Petersen's type K. One of

down each side of the central

slight traces of a zigzag strip of inlay

Another has the socket decorated with an elaborate interlacing pattern,

above this tlie neck of the spear has eight facets, each
bearing an inlaid key paititern. A strikingly similar spear-head has come
from Hyllestad in Setesdal, southern Norway (Arsberetning 1895, p. 121 fig. 8).
rib.

inlaid in silver;

d)

A
A

pair of fire-tongs.

four-pronged grappling-iron, probably of the kind used, according to

the sagas, in naval engagements to keep close to the enemy's ship.
These weapons and tools were foimd by workmen excavating in the fore)

mer foreshore

of the river, not far

The implemients
it is

all

from the north end of Old London Bridge.

lay in the alluvium within a narrowly restricted erea, and

but certain that they form a single group. Their date must be about

the year 1000; and since they are clearly part of the equipment of

some

Viking ship, it is tempting to associate them with one or other of the attacks
which in those days, centered on the old timiber bridlge. Fig. 44.
Literature: Wheeler. London and the Vikings p, 18, figs. 1 and 3 5.

London near

the Temple(?) (British Museum 1887).

Sword, of Jan Petersen type S, fig. 115, with five-lobed pommel. The
pommel and guard have been entirely plated with silver, and enriched with
ornament, possibly by an inlay of copper, composed of animals of the Jellinge

Finds from Old Cities

78

There are strips of twisted silver wire between and below the lobes
of the pommel. The grip is entirely covered by a binding of plain silver wire,
with a plaited band of similar wire at the top and bottom. The blade is 2
style.

feet 41/2 inches long.

Fig. 45.

The sword was acquired from

story told

is,

that

London, and the

tomb of the Earl of Pembroke in
thus possible that it really had been found some-

the Temp'le Church.

It is

where near the Temple, but the

Literature:

a dealer in the north of

had been found

it

site is

Archaeologia, Vol. L,

The Thames,

off the

Temple

in the

unrecorded.

p. 530.

(British

Museum

1856).

pommel both curving outwards

pommel being rather indistinct.

S^iwrd with tapering blade, the guard and

from the grip, and the three lobes of the

The sword does not exactly correspond to any of the Norse types recorded
by Jan Petersen. Most probably it i(s an Ainglo-Saxon weapon. Fig. 46.
Literature: British Museum, Anglo-Saxon Guide, pp. 93 94.

The Thames at Wandsworth (Loinldion Museum 27. 55).

Sword with slightly curved guard and low three-lobed pommel. The blade
is

broken, but complete.

Literature:

Wheeler, London and the Vikings,

p. 37.

The Thames at Brentford (London Museum 24419).

Sword of the same type as the one next above. The guard and pommel
are curved, and thie latter Low with three lobies. Both are oiverlaid with brass,
which

is

decorated with finely hatched lines.

Literature:

London

Pommel

Blade fragmentary.

Wheeler, London and the Vikings,

(British

Museum

p. 37.

1868).

Jan Petersen type R. Fig. 47.

Wheeler, London and the Vikimigs, p. 53.

of a sword, five-lobed.

Literature:

Near London (London Museum 17923).

Sword with plain curved guard of oblong plan with rounded corners.
Plain straight pommel unlike any regular Viking type, and possibly a
secondary repair-addition. The grip retains part of its wooden covering. Blade
fragmentary.
Literature:

Wheeler, London and the Vikimigs,

The Thames

at

Waterloo Bridge (London

p.

Museum

36.

3670).

Sivord with straight guard of pointed oval plan, striped with brass inlay.

Finds from Old Cities

Fig. 44.

Weapons and tools troni the

at Old London Bridge.

Tliaines

79

Finds from Old Cities

80

Fig. 45.

Sword found
Loidon,
probably near
the Temple.
in

Fig. 46.

Sword found
in the Thames
off

the Temple.

Finds from Old Cities

81

Fig. 47.

The pommel

of

a sword

found

in

London.

Plain straight pommel, apparently complete. Jan Petersen type H. Also in

Norway the cocked-hat upper part of the pommel is very often missing
(J. P., p. 90).

Literature:

Wheeler, London amd the Vikimigs,

p. 36.

The Thames at Vauxhall (London Museum 13591).

Sword with straight guard retaining traces of brass inlay. Pommel missing
and blade fragmentary. Jan Petersen type H.
Literature: Wheeler, London and the Vikimgis, p. 37.

The Thames

at

Vauxhall.

Sword, with low three-lobed pommel.

Literature:

Laking,

Arms and Armour,

I,

fig. 14.

The Thames (The Tullie House Museum, Carlisle).

Sword with curved guard and low three-lobed pommel. On one face

of the

blade is a blundered inscription of four letters, of which the two centre ones
appear to be C. H. Probably the lettering never was intelligible. The whole
weapon is finely preserved. Site unrecorded.
Literature: J. D. Cowen, A Catoilogue of Objects of the Viking Period in
the Tullie House Museum, Carlisle, p. 181. (Kendal 1934).

City of London,

Bank

Two Norse swords

of England.

Viking pieriodl foundl dnrinig digiging oparations

one of the streets close to the Bank of England. It is suggested that the
swords should be incorporated in the Guildhall Museum. The swords did
not oomie to the Guildhiall Museum^ amd the note was, perhaps, founded on
of the

in

some mistake.
Newispaper note:
6

Viking Antiquities IV.

March

9,

1928.

Finds from Old Cities

82

Fig. 48.

Fig. 49.

Spear-head
fooind in London.

Spear-head
from the Thames,
London.

Fig. 52.

Spear-head
found in London.

Finds from Old Cities

83

Fig. 51.

Fig. 50.

Spear-head
found in
London.

Spear-head
frciii

Thames

Dilton,

London.

Finds from Old Cities

84

Fig. 53.

Axe

froin the

Thanies, the
City of London.

City of

London

(Bristish

Museum).

Large spear-head of the winigeid' CaroMngiiani type, fig. 48, the early variety
Jan Petersen, fiig. 9. Spear-head of thie wiogedi OaroMingiain type, of a viariety
approaching Jan Petersen, fig. 11.
Literature: Wheeler, London and the Vikings, p. 53.

The Thames, London

(British

Museum

93. 7

15.2).

slender spear-head of Jan Petersen type K. The socket is covered

with a dense heTring-boine paittem of ailtemate silver land copper inlay. Fig. 49.
Literature: Kendrick, Late Saxon amd Viking Period Weapons in England.
fine,

Eurasia Septenitrionalis Antique, IX,

p. 398, fig. 5.

London

(British

Museum

slendfer

spear-head of Jan Petersen type K, length 24 inches.

fine,

Fig. 50.

56

1376).

Finds from Old Citie

Thames

sileiider

London

(British

Museum

62

82

3).

spear-head of Jav Petersen type K, length 18 inches.

Fig. 51.

291).
55
10
Petersen
type K, lenigth 12 inches.
spear-head
Jan
of
small slender

London

Ditton,

85

(British

Museum

Fig. 52 (p. 82).

The Thames, London (London Museum 1943).

long, sleeider spear-head of a

Possibly a

Norse weapon

fonm recalling the Vendel type Rygh 519.

of the 8th century.

The Thames opposite Tate Galery, London (London Museum

Icmig

14746).

slender spear-head of Jan Petersen type K, though not identical

with the normal type.

Literature:

Wheeler, London and the Vikimgs,

p. 29, fig. 12.5.

The Thames at Hampton Court, London (London Museum 27234).

Large spear-head of Jan Petersen type G, with posisible traces of
moulding at the base of the blade.
Literature: Wheeler, London and the Vikings, p. 28, fig. 12.2.
Walthamstow, London (London Museum C 737).
Spear-head of Jan Petersen type G.
Literature: Wheeler, London and the Vikings, p.

29, fig. 12.3.

The Thames at Putney Bridge, London (London Museum A 24395).

Long and slender spear-head of Jan Petersen type K, but with traces of
a moulding at the base of
Literature:

The Thames

tlie

blade.

Wheeler, London and the Vikings,

at

Kew

bridge,

p. 29, fig. 12.4.

London (Private possession).

Axe of Jan Petersen type E, Bijgh 561, in perfect condition. Found

Thames between Kew bridge and the neighbouring Railway bridge.
Literature:

Wheeler, London and the Vikings,

p. 51, fig. 9.2.

Thames Street, City of London (London Museum 27. 53).

Axe of Jan Petersen type G.
Literature: Wheeler, London and the Vikings, p. 26, fig.
The Thames opposite

Axe

the Tower,

of Jan Petersen type

Literature:

London (London Museum

10.1.

B. 316).

I.

Wheeler, London and the Vikings,

in the

p. 26, fig. 10.3.

Finds from Old Cities

86

Fig. 54.

Axe from
the Thames
near
Whitehall.

London.

Alder sgate Street, London (London Museum A 24969).

Axe of Jan Petersen type J.
Literature: Wheeler, London and the Vikinigs, p. 26,

10.2.

fig.

Austin Friars, London (Guildhall Museum).

Axe

of Jan Petersen type L, almost exactly like his fig. 43.

Literature: Catalogue of the Collection of

hall

Museum, Second Edition

The Thames

off

London Aniquities

in the Guild-

1908, p. 123, 133, pi. LIII, 5.

Somerset House, London (British Museiun 56

7 1

1424).

Axe

of Jan Petersen type M.

Literature:

The Thames,

Axe

Rygh 560.

Wheeler, London and the Vikings,

City of

London

Museum

(British

Jan Petersen type M. Fig. 53.

Literature: Wheeler, London and the Vikings,

38

10
1

2).

of

The Thames

Axe

p. 51.

off

Whitehall,

of Jan Petersen type E.

Literature:

London

(British

p. 51.

Museum 56

Fig. 54.

Wheeler, London and the Vikings,

p. 51.

7 23).
1

Finds from Old Cities

87

Fig. 55.

Axe from
Thames

the

at Hanimersiiiith,

London.

The Thames

Axe

at

Hammersmith, London

of Jan Petersen type M.

The Thames opposite

Axe

Fiig.

the Tower,

(British

Museum

26

8).

London (London Museum A 1351).

of Jan Petersen type M.

Wheeler, London and the Vikings,

European Arms amd Armour, fig. 82.
Literature:

The Thames

Axe

1909

55.

at

Chelsea, London (London

of Jan Petersen type

p. 26,

Museum A

fig.

9.3,

Laking,

15338).

M, with brass socket and lower border of

impressed dots.
Literature:

The Thames

Axe

Wheeler, London and the Vikings,

at Battersea,

p. 26, fig.

London (London Museum

10.4.

27. 54).

of Jan Petersen type M, the blade decorated with linear pattern of

impressed

dots.

Literature:

Wheeler, London and the Vikings,

p. 26, fig. 11.

Finds from Old Cities

88

Fig. 56.

Stirrup Ironi the

at Battersea,

Thames

London.

at Carron's Wharf, City of London (Guildhall Museum).

Petersen
ty{>e M.
Axe of Jan
Literature: Wheeler, London and the Vikings, p. 51.

The Thames

The Thames at Battersea, London (British Museum A S 10.10).

Large iron stirrup of the type R. 590, inlaid with brass in running scrolls,
Literature: British Museiun', Anglo-Saxon Guide, p. 91, fig. 110. Fig. 56.

The Thames, London

Two

(British

Museum

1845 and 1891).

plain iron stirrups of the type R. 590.

Literature:

British

Museum, Anglo-Saxon Guide,

The Thames oposite

the Tower,

p. 91.

London (London Museum

B. 327).

Iron stirrup of the type R. 590, decorated with brass inlay in running
scrolls.

Literature:

Wheeler, London and the Vikings,

p. 38, fig. 17.

Finds from Old Cities

89

Fig. 57.

Bronze ornament

from the Thames

at

Barnes,

London.

Canning Town, London (London Museum C. 794).

Iron prick-spur of the type R. 586, decorated with brass inlay; on the
upper side with scroll-work, and on the lower side with criss-cross pattern.
Literature: Wheeler, London and the Vikings, p. 42, fig. 19. Laking,

European Arms and Armour,

I,

fig. 38.

The Thames, London (London Museum 10480).

Iron prick-spur ol the type R. 586, though with very short point, and the
arms terminating in hooks for fastening the strap.
Literature:

Laking, European

Arms and Armour,

Moorfields, London (London Museum

Iron prick-spur of the type R. 586.
Literature:

Laking, European

London (London Museum

I,

fig. 36.

I,

fig. 86.

13531).

Arms and Armour,

1354).

Iron prick-spur of the type R. 586.

London (London Museum).

Horse's

bit

of iron, of the type R. 570.

London (Guildhall Museum).

Three fragments of silver, each of them part
City of

of a small cylinder provided

with holes for rivets, to be fastened as a decoration on

On

the polished surface of the silver the cylinders

incised lines representinig the characteristic

animial

all

some kind

of staff.

bear a pattern of

figures of the Scandi-

Finds from Old Cities

90

Umes

navian

the objects

is

style of the late eleventh century.

original destination of

Guildhall Catalogue, 1908, p. 120, pi. LIV,

Literature:

Antiquaries Journal,
Smithfield,

Two

The

not clear.

XV,

1935, p.

22

fig.

1779. The

s.

London (London Museum

1346

47).

copper with incised decoration. Both strips are

wood or other material, and two or three of the

strips of gold-plated

pierced for nailing on to

iron nail-heads remain in position. The decoration

Ringerike style in the first half of the 11th century.

Literature:

The Thames

Wheeler, London and the Vikings,

at

Hammersmith, London

(British

is

characteristic of the

p. 42, fig. 21,

Museum),

piece of cast bronze described as a model of a grave-stone. The front

panel is decorated with a highly conventionalized animal figure of the Ringerike style,

and the top bears the characteristic union-knot resembling a

fleur-de-lis.

Literature:

British

Museum, Anglo-Saxon Guide,

p. 113, fig. 141.

The Thames at Barnes, London (British Museum).

A cast brome object, possibly part of a buckle, the hoop

of which is modelled
two animal figures of the Ringerike style with the heads turned downwards so as to bite over the ends of the bar. The top of the hoop bears a

like

triquetna knot.

Fig. 57.

Leadenhall Street, London (British Museum).

Bronze key of padlock of the type R. 456 like the specimen
Guide, fig. 21*8.

in

Anglo-Saxon

The Thames, City of London (British Museum).

Bone disc with bar at back as if for use as a toggle. On the convex front
is carved the figure of a mian. The head, now broken off, formed a projectiooii from the edge of the disc, the face having a forked beaixl.
The legs
are turned upwards and connected with the trunk and arms by two serpents,
the heads of which are just within the mangin. The design is characteristic
of the Jeliinge style of the 10th century.

Fig. 58.

Proc. Soc. Antiq. Lond. 2 Series, Vol. Ill, p. 225.

Anglo-Saxon Guide, p. 113, fig. 139.
Literature:

St.

Brit.

Mus.

Martin' s-le-Gr and, London (Guildhall Museum).

bone object, decorated with incised design of animal and

snake of the Ringerike style witli interlaced work.
Cylindrical

Finds from Old Cities

91

,:#;i>,^*"K

,^sm>
jijz:.:_^_,^
Fig. 58.

Bone disc from

tlie

City of

Thames,
London.

Fig. 59.

Bone pin from the Thames.

Loudon

'

Finds ^rom Old Cities

92
Literaliire:

Lx)ndon Vol.

I,

Guildhall Catalogue 1908,

p. 125, nr. 174, pi.

XCIX,

4.

V. C. H.

p. 169.

Museum

The Thames, London

(British

Pin

and decorated with incised foliage ornament

of bone, pierced,

Ringeriike style.

Literature:

1893).
in the

Fig. 59.

Brit.

Mus. Anglo-Saxon Guide,

p.

113, fig. 140.

London (Guildhall Museum).

Portion of bone pin, pierced and engraved with an interlaced ornament
forming a kind of union knot.
Literature: Guildhall Catalogue 1908, p. 122, nr. 118, pi. LII, 1.

Leadenhall Street, London (London Museum 13556).

Pin of bone, pierced and enigraved with a somewhat rough but characteristic floral design in the Ringerike style.
Literature: Wheeler, London and the Vikings, p. 49, fig. 27.

Abchurch Lane, London (London Museum 14527).

Pin of bone, pierced and engraved with simplified form of the union knot.
Literature: Wheeler, London and the Vikings, p. 49, fig. 28.2.

London (London Museum 1666).

bone, pierced and engraved with a typical union knot resembling

Bell Alley,

Pin of

a fleur-de-lis.

Literature:

Wheeler, London and the Vikings

p. 50, fig. 28.3.

London (Guildhall Museum 3901).

Comb of bone, of the Norse Viking type, with single row of teeth, the bar
ornamented with incised diagonal lines, imperfect.
Literature: Guild'hall Catalogue 1906, p. 122, nr. 106, pi. LV, 14.
London

(British

Museum).

Comb

of bone, with incised interlacing pattern, fraigmentary.

Literature: Wheeler, London and the Vikings, p. 52.

Liverpool Street, London (Lordcn

Mu?eum

Bone comb-case of the saime type as

The Thames

at

1670).

fig. 62.

Fiilham, London (London

Museum A

weaver's reed of the usual Viking type.

24367).

Finds from Old Cities

Fiig.

93

60.

Part of Viking sword,

found

York

(British

Comb

of

bone

Museum, A.
witii single

in

York.

S. 2. 19).

row

of teeth, in case of bone, the

whole cam-

piete in perfect condition. Fig. 62.

York (The Yorkshire Museum).

Two swords
Fig. 60.

of the type R. 509. Jan Petersen type

A winged

Caroliinigian spear-head.

of the 10th century.

Finds from Old Cities

94

Fig. 61.

Weight

for a

CUHord

Street. York.

line,

fisliin:,'

York (The Yorkshire Museum).

Bronze chape of a sword scabbard, with an open, zoomorphic design,
termimiating in a conventionalized animal head, which attached the chape to
the niateria4 of the scabbard. The pattern is of the Jellings style, 10th
century, and presents the well known subject of an animal and serpent
interlaced, like Manadisblad 19035, p. 206. Viking, vol. I, Oslo 1937, p3.
XXVIII, fig. 1.
b) Axe-head approaching the type R 554, Jan Petersen type K, of the 10th
a)

century.
c)

Fragiments of a bone casket with ornamentation of dots and concen-

tric rings.

d) Small strip of bone with a simple ring-and^ot pattern, possibly be-

longing to the casket.

Found 1906 with

number

of

more

indefinite objects during exravaticns

for buildinig purposes in the city of York, a

few yards from the

teft

bank

of

the Ouse.

Literature:
S.

Dr. G. A. Auden, Man., 1907, No. 94.

Reginald Smith, Proc.

A. L. 2 Series, XXII.

York (The Yorkshire Museum).

Ring-headed bronze pin of the same types as several specimens found
in Viking graveis in Scotland and Norway.
b) Slender arrow-head of good Viking type R. 539.
c) Bronze bowl of the type R. 726.
d) Iron knife with bone handle. The handle is diecorated with incised
lines forming cross-hatching, triangles, and swastika friezes. 5 iron knives
without handle.
Clifford Street,

a)

e)

Two

stycas of the kings

Eadred and Ethelred.

Finds from Old Cities

Fig. 62.

f)

Comb

of

95

bone, York.

small leaden cross with the impression of a styca in the centre.

g) About 30 combs of bone, all of the long and slender type with a single
row of teeth, and some 15 bone plates for similar combs in unfinished state
of manufacture.

h) About 120 pins and bodkins of bone.

The

miajority of the pins terminate

and in some cases with carved

Four of the pins have the head shaped like a faceted knob.

in a flat triangular head, with a perforation'

omaiments.

Five coarse piercers of bone.

k) 13 bone-skates of the type commonly found in the old cities of Norway,
Sigurd Grieg, Middelalderske Byfund fra Bergen og Oslo, 1933, p. 264.
1) 6 points of stag's horn worked in a shape that would possibly lerve as
i)

branches for horse's

bits.

m) A considerable quantity of pieces

ked like refuse or raw miateriail from

of stag's horn, roughly cut

worikishops.

A number

ml

wor-

of coarse,

pointed implements of stag's horn and bone.

n) Part of the handle of a wooden spoon with ornament of incissd lines

forming a plaited pattern.

o) Fragment of a hemispherical implement of dark glass, used for pressing

seems of linen R. 446.

p) Different glass beads of the kind commonly found in Norse graves of
the Viking period. Lumps of glass, apparently from other objects destroyed

by

fire.

q)

beads
r)
s)

raw material, and partly as

an unfinished state of manufacture.
About 30 spinning whorls of bone and stone.
A fine draugthsman of dark stone.
in

oonsidtenable quantity of amber, partly as

98

n d

m Old

it

e s

Fig. 63.

Brooch
York.

t)

Heavy weight

of inciiiod lines.

of silver,

for a fishing line, of black stone with plaited

ornamant

Fig. 61.

These miscellaneous series

of antiquities

were

operations in Clifford Street in the years 1883

collected during digging

85.

Most of the pifcss ara

not of distinct Scandinavian types, but evidently the find as a whole goes back
to the 10th century

when York was

a centre of Viking

dcminaUon.

York (The Yorkshire Museum).

Ring-headed pin of bronze of the commcn Viking type.

'Nessgate,
a)

b)

A number

of

c)

Chess-man

of jet with cleft top, decorated with a simple rlrg-ard d

bone bodkins.
t

pattern.

Found on

the site of the Coach

&

Horses Hotel, Nessgate, 1904.

Coppergate, York (The Yorkshire Museum).

About 30 combs of bone. One of them, of the same type as

bears an unfinished runiic inscription.
b) A bone plaque with ornaments of Anglo-Saxon style.
c) A number of various bone objects.
The antiquities were collected durimg exoavatiians 14 feet deep
a)

fig. 62,

in

Cop-

pergate.

York (The Yorkshire Museum).

Circular brooch of silver with amimial omiamient of the Jellinge style.
Fig. 63. A sword-guard of whale's bone, resemiblimg Jan Petersen type M.

Chess-man of bone.

Finds from Old Cities

t,T.

Fig. 64.

Viking Antiquities IV.

Implement

of stag's

liorn,

York.

97

98

Finds from Old Cities

Fig. 65.

Bronze book-dasp,
Lincoln.

Fig. 66.

Sword from Canwich Common,

Lincoln.

Finds from Old Cities

99

York (Private possession).

Sculptured implement of stag's horn, the broad end terminating in an
animal's iiead and tlie surface decorated with different designs of lozenges,
twist and ring, and key pattern, recalling the ornament of the older runic
crosiseis

of the Isle of Mian.

Fig. 64.

Lincoln (British Museum).

a)

Bone case

b)

for a comb, bearing a rtmic inscription:

similar hone case for a comb.

pieces were found in Lincoln 1851 in fenny

The two

Great Northern Railway now

Literature: George Stephens,

Brit.

soil, just

where the

stands.

Mus. Aniglo-Saxom Guide,

The Old-Nothem Runic Monuments

I,

p. 223.

p. 117.

Lincoln (British Museum).

Bronze book-clasp with open-work
11th century.

and

ornament of the Urnes slyle, late

Similar clasps are recorded from Milton-next-Sittingboume

Petetrborougih.

Literature:

Brit.

Fig. 65.

Mus. Anglo-Saxon Guide,

p. 104.

Canwich Common, Lincoln (Britiish Museum).

Sword of Jan Petersen type Q, but pommel different. The blade has an
illegible inscriptioini

River

Witham

Large iron

at

oif

silver inliay.

Fig. 66.

Lincoln (British Museum).

stirrup.

River Witham at Lincoln (City and County Museum of Lincoln).

Small spear-head, the form related to the type R. 523, thoiigh not very
distinctive. Very large stirrup with inlaid scroll ornament.
These pieces were found 1787 during dredging operations in the river
between Kirkstead and Lincoln, together with a niimt>er of otlier objects
dating from different ages.

VIKING ANTIQUITIES

ON THE
CONTINENT OF WESTERN EUROPE

VIKING ANTIQUITIES ON THE CONTINENT OF

WESTERN EUROPE.
As a supplemient

to the recondis of Engliish

Viking

amitiquities

oomplled by

Herr Anathon Bjern in 1925, the Committee decideid to add a survey of

adiacent ooumitries of the Continent. The task was
confined within the frontiems of Holiianid, Beiligium, Noirmiandy and Brittany,
and the districts along the watercourses of the rivers of NoTthem Franoe,
cairespioodinig fimdis

in

as being the -sceine of Viking activity most intiimateily connected with cantemporary events in the British Lsles. The regions further south and east,
such as Aquitaine and the Rhine country, were thus not included! in the plain.
pnovidte thfe informiations desired, the imdensigned Shetelig miade a
voyaige in Frawoe 1927, visiting the local museumis and collections of anti-

To

museumi at Saint-Germain
At the same time Dr. Johs. Boe searched
the muiseums of Holland and Belgium for Vikimg relics. Dr. Sigurd Grieg
placed at the Committee's disposal the notes from his previous travels in
North Germany, which, however were not found to comprise materials within

quities in the said pTOvinces, besides the national

and the

prinoipail

museums

in Paris.

the scope of the present review.

As we had

to expect, the continental amitiquities of interest to

our research

pro'ved to be few and scattered, and the following record does in no

way

pretend to completeness. We only hope that

list will be supplied from other hanidis and, in all oases, that the survey
obtained may be found a contribution of some value to the study of Viking
ocoasiional

additions to our

archaeology.

We wamrt very gratefully to acknowledge the valuaible help we have

recei^^d from oiur colleaigues in charge of the different museumis. We are
especially indebted to Dr. J. H. Holwerda of the Rijksmuseum at Leiden,
Dr. A. E. van Giffen of the Gronlingen Museumi, M. Jaques Breuer of the Royal
at Brussels, M. Louis Deglatigny president of the Antiquarian Commission at Rouen, M. Salomon Reinach of the Natioinal Museiun at Saint-Germain, Capitadne R. Villemin of the Army Museum in Paris.

Museums

Haakon

Shetelig.

GRAVE FINDS

GRAVE

FINDS.

Antum, Gem. Ezinge, Groningen, Holland (Museum

a)

sword of

point of the
c)

Groningen 1906

Diamiascened sword with short guand, and oorrespomdiing cross-piece

of the triiangular pommigl, Jan Petensen type H,

b)

of

blaidie

simi'lair

formi,

much

fig.

83.

Fig. 67.

daimiaiged, part of the

pommel and

missing.

Lange and bnoad spear-head, 46,5 cms. long. The blade bears a dama-

scened herriing-bione pattern.

d) A pointed spear socket (?) 17,6
e)

Stirrup of the type R. 588.

f)

Spear-head,

g)

Shield-boss,

now
now

omis. long.

lost.
Lost.

Found in asisiociation with skeletons of man and horse in the warf Antum,
between Gannwerd and Aduiarderzijl.
The find is illustrated by Holger Arhman, Schwedten und das Karolingische
Reich, Stockholm 1937, pi. 69. The sword there presented as the second sword
of Antum (to the right in the plate) is, by Dr. van Giffen, stated to be the sword
of Jutwerd, Gm. Zandtt, our fig. 77. The same mistake is repeated by Herbert
Jankuhn, Eine Scihwertfomm aus Karolingischer Zeit, in Offa Band 4. II,
Kiel, p. 160, fig. 1.
I

(Eure) France (Musee des Anitiquites, Rouen, 1870, nr. 1251).

A pair of bronze tortoise brooches, like Jan Petensen, Vikin'getidens Smykker,
fig. 41, a type dating from about the middle of the 9th century. Fig. 68.
Found 1865 at Pitres, where the Andelle meets the Seine, close to tlie
east of the Gallo-Roman crypte of La Pierre de Saint-Martin. Tlie brooches
Pttres

by a workman extractimg gravel, in association witli human

bones and fragments of ancient pottery. The brooches were presented to
the museum by M. Luzurier de la Martel.
Literature:
Bulletin de la Commission des Antiquites de la SeineInferieurei, tome II. Dieppe 1871, pp. 28
30. Leon Coutil, Armes et Parures
Soandinaives trouvees a Rouen, Oissel (Seine Inferieiure) et Pitres (Eure).
Extnait de Millenaire de la Normandiie 911
1911, Rouen 1913.

weire diisoovered

Grave Finds

108

Fig. 68.

Tortoise brooch

found

Fig.

at Pitres.

67.

Two ewords from

Groningen.

the grave at Antuni,

Grave Finds
L'lle
to the

de Groix (Morbihan) France (Musee

Musee des Antiquites

Contents of

tlie

Naitioiniales,

shiip-burial of L'lle

109
die

Kemuz,

later tnansiferred

Saiiiit-Germiain-en-Laye).

de Groix.

The guard and

the cross-piece of the poimmtiel of a sword, of the fivePetersen

0. Both pieceis lare of iron plated with silver and
lobed type Jam
decorated with a peculiar scroll patterini, ooimposeid of ribbons filled with
dots, resemWinig Jan Peterisen fig. 105 (an alimost identioal ornaiment has
a)

been disolosed on the sword V.

Scanty
b)

fraigmnentis

Fragment

J.

G.

fig.

419).

Fig. 69.

only of the blade are extant.

of the

guard of a sword of

iron, with plain

bronze inlay,

and three-lobed poimimel of the saime sword, Jan Petersen type R.

c) The ferrule of a sword's scabbard, of bronze, with opein-work omament
preisisnting the fi)gTire of a bird with wings spread. Fig. 70. See T. J. Ame,
Einige Schwert-Ortbander axis dbr Wiikimgerzeit, figg. 15 17, Opmscula Mon-

telio dioata 1913.

d) Simiall fragmients of three siyear-heads, one of them of Jan Petersen

type I. R. 522.
e) Fragments of two axes, both of them apparently of Jan Petersen type G.

Fragments of 8 arrow-heads of iron, R. 539.

g) Fragments of 21 shield-bosses all of them badly broken and defective.
The majority are of the regular Norse type R. 562, hemaspherical, with a
flat rim fasteineid to thie board by four rivets, and with a slight contraction
between the boss and' the rim. Fig. 71. Four of the biosses present forms never
found in Soandiinavia. The bioiss itself iis plain and ronnided, somewhat steeper
than the hemisphere. In two of them the rim is provideid with six pointed
projections, each of them with three rivets, while two others have the rim
proviided with eight rounded projeotionis, each of them likewise bearing
three rivets. Fig. 72. One fragment of a rim shows a densely set series of
rivet-holes and the border finiely indented.
and the border fineiy indented.
h) Fragment of the blade of an iron knife.
f)

i)

k)
j)

Small iron anvil, R. 393.

Hammer-head

of iron.

Pair of smith's tongs, R. 391.

Iron auger, R. 418, and fragment of a larger rod, possibly another auger.
m) Implement for wire-drawing, R. 398, or perhaps more likely for
miaking mails, viz. a flat piece of iron pierced by a series of holes of
1)

different size.
n)
o)

Fragment of two iron awls.

Fragment of a socketed celt

(?) of iron, R. 401.

p) Small buckle of bronze, resembling R. 605. Fig. 73.

Grave Finds

no

Fig. 69.

Fragments

of

sword.

L'lle

de Groix.

Grave Finds

Fig. 71.

Shield-bosses of Scandinavian type.

L'lle

Fig.

111

de Groix.

70.

Bronze ferrule

of

a scabbard.
L'lle

de Groix.

Fig. 73.

Buckle
L'lle

of bronze.

de Groix.

Fig.

72.

Shield-bosses of Contiiieiital (?) types.

L'lle de Groix.

Grave Finds

112
q.

5 plain buckles of iron, 5 onus, wide, profoiably belonging to a horse's

harness.
r)

Whetstone of

schist, 11 cms. long, of regular

square section, with a

hole for suspension at one end.

s) A set of 19 draghtsmen of bone, R. 474, aind 2 dice, R. 475.

Gold finger-ring, maide of a tliick plain string, tapering towards the

which
are joiined by a double kjniot. (Fig. 74).
ends
u) A number of minute pressed gold leaves and fragments of fine gold
filaments that most probably were applied for tlie decoration of a dress.
v) Two silver plaques, in thfe' form of an oblong triangle, the square base
bearing three ismall holes for rivets, and the point terminating in a small
hook. Probably a kind of clasps for the dress. Length 6,4 cms.
w) Friagments of a plaited chain of silver wire, like the chain from
BalMnaby, Islay (Viking Antiquities 11, p. 39, fig. 18. Montelius. Svenska
Fomsaker 628), two beads of silver filigree and otiher small silver beads.
A silver button. Remains of silver plating from some other object.
x) Fragments of a penannular brooch of bronze.
y) Bronze bowl, with slightly oonivex bottom, the side outwards sloping,
aind projecting rim. Close to the boittomi a crack has been repaired by a
small bit of bronze fastiened with a rivet. The bowl is 27 cms. wide, 8
cms. hiigb. A similar bowl has been found in a grave at Glappestad, Norway
(B. 4844), illustratied by Jan Petersen in the present work part V, fig. 110.
z) Fragments of a bronze bowl of about the same size as the preceding
specimien. When see-n in situ it seemed to be provided with e^ars which were,
however, not to be found amiong the fragments after the transport.
aa) Cauldron of iron sheet, 40 cms. higih, 16 cms. wide, with flat bottom
and projecting rim.
bb) Fragments of an irom chain, composed of narrow links, each 5,5 cms.
t)

long.

Possibly for the saispension of the cauldron.

Fragmemtt of a oircular iron mounting, 7,6 cms. wide, possibly for the
edge of a small bucket or a cup.
dd) Fragmienit of bronze, a thick oblong plaque, 2 cms. wide at the
defective lower end, upwards narrowing to 1,5 cms., where it terminates in
a solid string of circular section, sligilitly curved. At the tnamisition between
the plaque and the string, there lare two laiteinal projections and, on the
front side, a projecting animial he^ad. The frcmlt shows traces of a linear
ornament and of enamel. It is most probably a piece of Irish metal-work,
but the destination of the object can not be ascertained. Fig. 75.
ee) A kind of an escutcheon of bronze, 8 cms. high, 7 cms. wide, in the
shape of a broad lozenge, decorated with a central boss surrounded by an
equally raised circle. In the corners three rivets, with convex decorated
cc)

Grave Finds

113

Fig. 74.

Gold finger-ring.
L'lle de Groix.

Fig. 75,

Bronze fragment with enanie!

L'lle de Groix

heads, fasten the apiplique to an inner sheet of bronze, possibly the remains
of siQime kind of vessel.

number <yt inideterminable iron fragments and bits

objects, imoiunitingis on ches-ts anid caskets etc.
dieistroyed
from
of bronze
More than 800 clincher rivets, the origiinal number certainly having
,gg)
exceeded a thouisand, and some 200 nails, beside miany fragments. The
majority of both kinds have oertiaimly come from a Viking ship cremaited
on the pyre. But part of tlie ri.vets are surprisingly small and suggest that
one or raoire boiatis followed the ship, as was the case in the Gokstad burial.
hh) Cremated bones. According to the expert examiination there are fragments of skull and vertebrae which indicate a person of mature age, while
a fragmeinit of a long bone sieemis to belonig to an inidlividual not yet adult.
Beside the human remains, bones of dtog and of some small birds were
ff)

consiidemaible

recognised.

by the naime Cruiguel, was situated on the point

of the cliffs east of ttie little bay of Port-Maria, nea.r the village of Locmairia,
on L'lle die Groix, off the inlet to Lorient in Britanny. The cliffs, consisting
of schist of feeble resistance and facing the open sea, were gradually sliding
dbwn as their base was hollowed by waves and tide. By this process part of
the eastern side of the tumuluis bad already disappeared when M. M. du
Chatellier and Le Ponitois started a complete excavation in the month of
June 1906.
8.

largie tumuluis, called

Viking Antiquities IV.

Grave Finds

114

The notes given here are borrowed from

their copious

and excellent

report of the work.

The tnmuluiS consisted of ooimpact clayey

taining seia-shells, and reposing on an inner

and pebbles.

Under

eiarth,

mixed with sand con-

oaim of

the cainni there appeared a reigular

schist slabs, boulders

pavement of selected
which rested directly

slabs carefully joineid, so ais to formi a continuous floor

upon a thick and extensive layer of burnt matter from the pyre. This layer
was about 10 12 cms. deep, ooivering a space of some 5,40 ms. to 4,50 mis.,
and oorasiisited of burnt earth amd sand and charcoail, all over intermingiled
with rivets and nails from! the ship and bits of cremated bones. In the
same way the shield bosses were scattered in different parts of the area.
Most of the arms, tlie tools, and other iron objects were collected as a compact pile covering the irora cauldfron and situated roughly in the center of
the layer. Tlie cauldron, however, did not serve as a cinenary um as it
contained only Siainid and the same burnt miatter, as the hole stratum. The
same consideration applies to the two bronze vessels which were placed
single, at some distance from the pile of armis.
A great number of minor objects were, equally, dispersed all over the
burial area. In some places the soil seemed to have been ooveired with
sand befoire the arrangement of the burial. It was stated that the cremation
had not taken place on the site covered by the tumulus.
A considerable quantity of charcoal was collecteid for examination. By
far the greater part of it pro'ved to be of oak and pine, and next in order of
frequency, of elm and ash-tree, at last some samples of chestnut and pear-tree.
Tlie ship that was burnt at the funieral, certainly was built of oak, with mast,
oairs, floor-boajnds, and other piarts of pine.
The elm amd the ash apparantly represent the local materials added to
erect the pyre. Several fragments of coal were recognized as parts of wo'oden

utensils or furniture.

At the date of the excavation

all

the mietal objects of the grave were,

already, in a very bad state of pireservation and, afterwards, the process of

disaggregation proceeded rapidly.

Two

years after the discovery the situation

is stated by M. M. du Chatellier and; Le Ponltoiiisi in the followinig words:
>Les miserables restes du mobilier funeraire dn Cruiguel appartiennent
aujourd'hui au musee de Kernuz. lis s'alterent comme a vue d'oeil, dans

quelques annees,

ments were

il

u'ein subetituera

later transferred to the

Litterature:

P.

du

Finistere. T.

Le Pontois: La Sepulture Scandinave

du Bulletini de la Sooiete Archeologique

Chatellier et L.

a Barque de L'lle de Groix, Extrait

du

que peu de chose." The remaining fragmuiseum of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

XXXV, Quimper

1908.

II.

SINGLE ANTIQUITIES

SINGLE ANTIQUITIES.
HOLLAND.
Ferwerd, prov. Frisland, Holland (Fniesch Muiseum, Leeuwardten

nr. 101,

1388).

Spear-head, like R. 517, Jan Petersen

fig. 12,

40

cmis. long.

Fouinid in the terpe of Ferwend.

(Friesch Mutseum, Leeuwardeoi nr. 27,

Hallum, prov. Frisland, Holland.

B. 6.)

Large and heavy sword of Jan Petersen type H. R. 494.

terpe of Hallum.

Found

in the

Waaxens, prov. Frisland, Holland. (Frdesch Museum, Leeuwarden nT.29. 1.)

Sword, practically complete, but badly corroded, and consequently the type
not quite distinct. Most pnobiably of Jan Petersen type H. R. 494.

Found

a terpe at the

in

Prov. Groningen.

villaige

of Waaxenis.

(Museumi of Gronimgen nr. 1884/1

3.)

Sword badly corroded and type not distinct. Most probably Jan Petersen
type H. R. 494. The blade is tapering towards the point. Fig. 76.
Locality not reco>rded.

Jutwerd. Gem. Zandt, Groningen.

Sword

of

(Museum

Jan Petersen type K. R.

.511,

of Groiniingen nr. 1911

with low three-lobed

VI.

I.)

pommel and

Betwean the lobes of the pommel are inlaid strips of bronze

decorated with rows of stamped circleis. The sairoe decoration is applied also
on the guard and the pomimel-bar. Fig. 77.

straight guard.

Found

in a well, in the wainf of

Engelbert,

-L

"De Wierthuigen'

Gem. Norddijk, Groningen.

(Museum

at Jutwerd.

of

Groningen

nr. 1896

2.)

Sword with broaid and heavy blade, short guard and three-lobed pommel,
resembling Jan Petersen fig. 72. Fig. 78.

Single Antiquities

118

Fig. 77.

Fig. 76.

Sword

frojii

Prov.

Groninaen.

Sword found

Fig. 78.
at

Jutwerd. Groiiingen.

Sword found

at

Engelbert, Groniixgen.

Single Antiquities

Fig. 79.

Sword irom

Yssel, Gelderland.

119

Single Antiquities

120

(Muiseum of Assen).

Oosterhesselen, prov. Drente, Holland.

Sword with
(fig.

guard

taperinig blade,

pomimeil of Jan Peitersen type.

asnid

129).

Found

in Oosterhesselen.

(Rijksimuisemn van Oudhedeini, Leiden).

guard amd correspionding cross-piece of the
These parts of the hamidle are deoonated with a pattern of open

Yssel, prov. Gelderland, Holland.

Sword, with short

pommel.
rings of

siilver,

aind thick

looking like

settimgis for inlay

of

some other

the technique of the Meroivingian verroterie olioisionnee.

sword

a Frankiish weapon dating from about 800 A. D.

is

Found^ in Rheden sur

miaterial, recailling

Most probably the

Fig. 79.

Yissel.

Heelsum, prov. Gelderland, Holland. (Rijksmniseuim van Ouidheden, Leiden).

Fragment of a sword with straight guard, no traces of decoration.
Found at Heelsum, possibly in the Rhine.

Wijk

at

Duurstede, prov. Utrecht, Holland. (Nederl. Museum, Amsterdam).

Grold bracelet twisteid of four strandis, the enidls united in a knot.

Found 1880

at

Literature:

Cat. v. h.

museum)

te

Wijk, the ancient Doirestad.

Amsterdam

goud and zilverwerk

no.

eeuw, 'S-Gravenhage 1927,

Wijk

at

I.

in het Nederl.

Museum

P. C. J. A. Boeles, Frieslanid tot

p. 291, pi.

(Rijks-

de

elfte

XLIII.

Duurstede, prov. Utrecht, Holland (Rijksmuseum van Ou/dheden,

Leiden).

Twisted

goM

Literature:

Leiden,

bracelet of the

J.

same

type.

H. Holwerdia, Dorestad and onze vroegste Middeleeuwen,

p. 65, fig. 19.

BELGIUM.
Termonde, river Dendre (Musee
Spear-head 45,5 cms.
fig. 21.

The socket

of animal

die

fig.

piorte

die

Hall nr. 2482.

of the silender graceful type

Brussel).

Jan Petersen

plated with silver bearing an elegant niello desiign

patteims in triianigular frames,

Kristiania 1906,

Found

is

lomig,

562.

cfr.

G. Gustafson, Nonges Oldtid,

Fig. 80.

diurimg oanaliisation operations in the

bed of the river Dendre

at

Termonde.
Literature: Jaques Breuer, Les Vikings en Belgiiquie, Bulletin de la Societe
Royale d'Archeologie de Bruxelles 1935, p. 187.
Peter Paulsen, La pointe dte lance de Termonde, ibid. 1936, p. 107.

Single Antiquities

Fig. 80.

Dendre

Spear-head from the river

Termonde, Belgium.

at

121

Single Antiquities

122

Fig. 81.

Sword from

the river Escaut at Teniionde, Belgium.

Single Antiquities

Fig. 82.

Sword from

the river I'^eaut at lleiisdeii,

123

I^elLriiiiii.

Single Antiquities

124

River Dendre (Museum of Aloist).

Winiged Carolimgian spear-head, illustrated by E. Raihir, Les Musees de

nos

provinceis, p. 11, fig. 3, nr. 3.

Found

in the river

Dendre.

Termonde, river Escaut (Musee de Porte

formerly in the

Two

museum

Hall, nr. 4350

and 4351,

wingeid Carolingian spear-heads.

Found 1898
Literature:
1898, p. 162.

in the riveir Eisoaut.

Bulletin de
Aruiiailes

VII, 189899, p.

is

die

of Termionde).

rAoademiie Royale d'Archeologie de Belgique

du Cercle Archeoilogique de Termonde. 2mei

393, and

serie

t.

IX. 1901, p. 394.

t.

Termonde, river Escaut. (Musee ds Porte dte Hall, nr. 2420).

Fine double-ediged sword in excellent state of preiservation. The blade
beautifully daimaisoenisd. The^ iguard and the piommel-har are covered with

plaques of bright bronze decorated with inciised double-scroll figures between

broad tramisverse biandis of bronze inlay. The pommiel is three-lobed, with
stnands of bronze between the lobeis. Fiig. 81.
Found in Hie raiver Eisoaut, at Termomde, 1898, during digging operations
for the construction of a

Literature:

de

la Societe

E.

new

de Prelle

bridge.

die la

Nieppe,

d'Archeologie de Bruxelles

Epee Carlovingiienne, Annales

XXI, 1907, p. 81.

Uniei
t.

Appels near Termonde, river Escaut. (Collection Basse, Antwerp).

Battle-axe of the late Vikdng Type Jan Petersen fig. 45, R. 560.
Dredged from the river Esoaut at Appels, 1928.
Melle near Gent, river Escaut.

(Collection Hasse, Antwerp).

Sicord of a form apparently related to Jajn Petersen

soimiewhat longer guard.

The

poimimel

iis

fig.

92, thongih with

of one piece (without separate cross-

piece) amd the outline slightly pointe'd upwards.

Dredged from the river Esoaut

at Melle, 1934.

Schoonande near Wickelen, river Escaut. (Collection Emgels, Antwerp).

Axe of Jam Petersen type E, of the broaid variety fig. 35.
Found in the river Escaut at Schoonamde, between Gent and Termonde 1925.

Hensden near Gent, river Escaut. (Musee Historique die la Ville de Gand).
Pine Anglo-Saxon sword of Jan Petersen type L. The blade is damiascenied,
the

pommel undoubtedly intended

for a silver inlay which

Fig. 82.

Foun'd in the river Esoaut at Heinsden, 1884.

is

now

miissing.

Single Antiquities
Melle, Flandre orientate.

Two

(Collection Enigels, Antwerp).

axes, both of Jan Petersen type E. Found at Melle, 1935.

(Collection Hasse, Antwerp).

Malines.

Axe of Jan Petensen

Found at Malines.
Belgium, without

Winged

No

type G.

locality.

Carollragiian

(Muisee

die

Porte de Hal, nr. 2063).

spear-head like Jan Petersen fig. 10.

probably the spear was founid in the

informiationi available, but miost

region of Terniiondte, as other arms in this m'useum.

iron

125

is

it

certain

tliat

the ispear hais been dredged

From

the condition of the

from a riverbed.

FRANCE.
(Musee Clnny nr. 11060).
Sword with guard siightly curved downwards lamd corresponding crosspiece of the pommel. The general outli>ne of the handle recalls Jan Petersen
fig. 96, and the form is to be regarded miost likely, as :an early variety of
Elbeuf, dep. Nord.

an Anglo-Saxon type of the 9th century, Jan

Found

Peterseoi' type R.

at Elbeuf, 1883, diu-ing the construction of the rail-way.

(Musee de Picardiie, Amiens).

Jan Peterseini type M.
Literature:
Holger Arbman, Schweden und das Karolingische Reich.

Amiens.

Sword

of

Stookholm 1937,

p. 228.

Rouen, probably in the Seine.

(Musee des Antiquites, Rouen,

nr. 106).

Sword with straight guard and pommel-bar like Jam Petersen t>pe M,
and fine damasoened blade. Well preserved, the grip restored with modern
leather.

No report

of the discovery.

Rouen, probably in the Seine.

of Jan Petersen type Y

Sword

No

(Bibliotheque Municipale, Rouen).

(fig.

131).

Fig. 83.

report of the discovery.

Rouen, probably

Sword

in the Seine.

(Muisee des Antiquites, Rouen, nr. 102).

in excellent state of preservation, with short

heavy semispherioal pommel with separate cross-piece.

decoration.

No

report of the discovery.

amd thick guard and

No

traces of inlaid

Single Antiquities

126

Eouen, probably in the Seine. (Musee des Antiquites, Rouen, nir. 103).
Sword, in gemerail ohaipacler much like Jan Petersen type H, though the
cap of the pommel is different, thicker, and not pointed upwards. The blade
is damascened. Fig. 84.

No report

of the discovery.

Rouen, probably in the Seine.

Large, spear-head in

(Musee des Antiquites, Rouen).

exce'llenit statei

of preservation, of the early Viking

type, R. 520.

No report

of the disoovery.

Rouen, dredged from the Seine. (Musee des Antiquites, Rouen).

Winged) Carolingilan spear-head, one of the largest specimens of this type
ever fbund. Tlie variety of the form goes to indicate that the spear probably is
of Norse origin.

No report of the
lump of rust on the

disooivery, but river-sand

and shells

still

adhere

to

socket.

Rouen, probably in the Seine. (Musee dies Antiquites, Rouen, nr. 61).
Wingeid Caroilinigiian spear-head, 30,5 cms. long, most probably of Norse

make.

No

In almiost perfect state of preiser-vation.

report of the discovery.

(Musee des Antiquites, Rouen).

Large spear-head of the winged Carotingiian type, possibly of Norse
Part of the socket is miissiinig.
Dredigeid from the Seine near Oissel, 1883.
Oissel, dep. Seine-Inferieure.

Rouen.

origiin.

(Musee des Antiquites, Rouen).

Open armlet of bronze, tiiiok and heaivy, with square-cut ends. Decorated
with incised wavy lines across the outside.
Recorded as found somewhere in the dep. Seine-Inferieure.
The type is Baltic, not properly Scanidiinaiviain:, and like Aspelin, Antiquites
du Nord Finno-Ougrien (Helsingfors 18771884), p. 271, fig. 1351, and p. 302,
fig.

1624.

If relally

been

found

in the regiiion of

Rouen, the armilet must be

Normandy by the Normans. It

miuseum of Rouen piosisesses ailso' a pair

regiardled

should' be noted,
however, that the
of small tortoise
brooohes of late Baltic typie, said to have been acquired from Norway (or
perhaps from Danmiark) in 1840, but the provenance can not be certified.
The same reserviation must then apply ateo to the armlet.
as bavinig

birouight to

ij

ingle Antiquities

127

f
1

Fiff.

Rouen.

83.

Vi"

84.

Rouen.

'

'

.".

2777-

T^V^
/

r
:

Fig.

85.

:.)l

Nantes.

Fig. 80.

From

(Sketches

by the

editor.

Nantes.

Single Antiquities

128

Vernon, dep. Eure. (Musee d'Evreux).

of Jam Petersien type H. of regnlar outline, but pomimel of the
rare variety with blunt top, not pointed. The Swoind is complete amd tolerably

Sword

well preserved.

Found during

and

60,

tlie

construction of the bridge of the Seine at

preiseinted to the

Vernon 1850

muiseum by M. Mezy de Bellegarde 1882.

Port-Villez, near Vernon, dep. Eure. (Formerly in the Collection G. Vedie,

Evreux, Mer in the posisessiiion of M. Lamiray, rue Chiartraine, Evreux, and
still bearing a nr. 325).
Sword of Jaim Petersen type X, ponnmieil rather large and thick with square
top.

The

blaide is

broken 40

Otherwise the sword

omis.

from the guard, and the rest of

it

is

missing.

tolerabiy well preserved.

The number quoted iis said to refer to some

exhibition where the sword had been lent by M. Vedie.

Foumd
siomal

is

at Port-Villez.

Parville, dep. Eure.

occa-

(Musee d'Evreux).

Sword of Jan Petersen type X,

ooraiplete

and well preserved.

M. Fortier's property, by his gardener

(A label attached to the sword gives a reference to: Amalvinus

Fouinid at Parville, in the forest of

M. Aquin.

Andreas canonicus,

p. 69).

Les Andelys, dep. Eure. (Musee des Antiquites

Naitionales, Saint-G'er'miain-

en-Laye, nr. 46357).

Axe

of Jan Petersen type G. R. 555.

a portion of the edge hlas been broken

Dredged from the Seine

at

In good state of preservation^ but

off.

Les Andelys.

Paris, dredged from the Seine. (Collection Orville).

Sword, apparently, to conclude from the description given by M. Orville,
of Jan Petersen type H. R. 494.
Dredged from the Seine, 1868.
Literature: Cte R. de Rochebrime, Une Epee Carlovingienne, Vannes
1908, p. 14. (Extrait de la Revue du Bais Poitou).

(Musee Camavalet).
Sword, dating from the tramisition period abiout 800, Jan Petersen type A.
In Musee Camavalet there are further 7 specimens of the winged
Carolingian spear-heads, two of them^ possibly of Norse origin.
Paris.

Found

in Paris.

Single Antiquities
Paris.

129

(Zeuigbaus, Berlin, 11.91).

Jan Petepsein type X, with wooden scabbard and a silver-gilt

mountnig lor tlie girdle. Found near Paris.
Literature: Holiger Arbman, Schweden and dais Karolinigisohe Reich, Stock-

Sword

holm

of

1937, pp. 173, 228.

Nantes, in the Loire.

(Musee Archeologique, Nantes,

nr. 148).

Sword of Jan Petersen type E. Poiminiel miissing. The guard and the
pommelbar ,are decorated with a lozenige-pattem of simiall circular depressions
and tlie surface is densely grooved for silver platiimg. Of the damascened
blad:e

smiall fragimiemt only survives.

Fig. 85.

Dredgeid fromi the Loire in Nantes, at the confluence of the Chezine, and
presenteid to the museumi by Madame Perdriel.

(Musee Archeologique, Nanites).

Sword of Jan Petersen type H, in good state of preseirvation. The guard
and pomniiel are densely grooved io receive a plating of bronze or silver
Fig. 86.
which hias now dliaappearad, see Jan Peler'sen pi. I, fig. 2.
Dredged from the Loire, at the islanid Bieoe.
Literature: G. Durville. Les epe&s Normiandes de I'lle de la Biece,
Bulletin de la Societe archeologique et historique de Nantes et de la LoireInterieure, 68, 1928, p. 121. Quoted from Holger Arbman, Schweden und das
Kafolingisohe Reich, Stockholm 1937, p. 223.
Nantes.

(Musee Archeologique, Nantes, nr. 149).

Sword-pommel of cast bronze, thick and heavy, with traces of a coating
sioime white metal as an iimitation of silver. The type is three-lobed and
Nantes.

of

zoomorphic, the

The

central lobie

lines.

No

being vigorously modelled as two animal-heads.

decorated with a kind of rimg-and-chain knot of incised

Siiide-lobeis
is

The whole specimen

is typical of the

Norse Borre-style of decoration.

repoil of the discovery.

(Musee Archeologique, Nantes).

Jan Petersen type X, fig. 129, with slightly curved guard ai.d
small piommel, without decoration. The blade is broken and point missing.
The survivimig part of the blade bears a damascened inscription, mow much
damaged. In the calalcgue the letiers are deciphered as I N G E L R D, but
the readiinig is dubious, and the traces now visible miiight, perhaps more
Nantes.

Sword

of

probably, suiggest the naniie

Dredged from the Loire

9

Viking Antiquities IV.

V L F B E R T H.
in

Nantes, off the island Mabon.

Single Antiquities

130
Nantes.

Sword

(Musee Archeologique,
of

Jan

hemisphericail

Petersieii

Nanteis).

type X, with short and straight guard, and nearly

pommel. The blade

is

brokein and the greater part of

it

now

missing.

No report

of the disoo'very, but miosi probably

According to G. Durville,

I.e.

from the Loire

in

Nantes.

9 swords of this type have oomis from the

Loire at the Island Biece.

(Musee Archeologique, Nantes, nr. 151).

Jan Petersen type X. The guard is stnaight and narrow, the
large with flatteinieid sides anid broiad top. The sword is
rather
pommel
certainly a Prankish weapon.
Most probably from the Loire in Nantes.
Nantes.

Sword

Nantes.

of

(Musee Archeologique, Nantes).

Similar sword of Jan Petersen type X.

The pommel

is

with flat sides, and broader at the top than at the base.

unusually large

In excellent state

oi preservation.

Most probably from the Loire

Nantes.

at Nantes.

(Musee Archeologique, Nantes).

Fine spear-head, Jan Peters-en type F. R. 529, 52 cms. long, in excellent

state of preservaitiom.

Dredged from the Loire,

off the port of Nantes.

(Musee Archeologique, Nantes).

Spear-head, Jan Petersen type F. R. 529, 33 cms. long, with damiascened

Nantes.
blade.

Most probably from the Loire in Nantes.

(Musee Archeologique, Nantes).

Spear-head of the type R. 517, 48 cmi3. long. The spear may be of Norse
origin, though the type is originally Fnankish.
In the same museum there are three spear-heads of the wimged Carlovingian type, all certainly of Prankish make.
Nantes.

Loire-Inferieure. (Musee Archeologique, Nantes, nr. 147).

Jan Petersen type X, with narrow straight guard and pominT?!

Saffre, dep.

Sword

of

taperiing to the top.

The sword was

The blade bears the damascened

inscription

dreidged from the river Issac at Saffre.

INGELRD.

Single Antiquities

131

(Collection Rochebrune).
Jan Peterisem type H. The iguiaird and Hie poimmelbiar are plaljed
with a striated ooveiring of 'gold and silver; (?), the pcmimel now miBsing.
The blade is dainiiaiscened.
Found iin the river Sens, a tributary of the Erdne, on the property of the

Lelasseur, dep. Loire-Inferieure.

Sword

farm

oi

Lelaisseur.

Cte R. die Rochebume, Une Epee Oarlovingie'nne. (Extrait

Revue du Bas Poitou). Vannes 1908.
In the Roohebrune Collectiion theT'e iis alsiO' a maignifioeinl Franikisih sword
of Jan Petersen type X, with "silver inlay on ignard and pomimel, and the blade
bearing the inscription Ragondl Com. It was dreidged from the river Chiarenite,
1881, at Tnaillebourig, dep. Oharente-Inferieuiie. See: Collections du Cte R.de
Rochebrune, Les Armies^ Saint-Cyr-en-Talmiondlais (Vendee), Fontenay-MLiterature:

dte la

Comte, 1912,

p. 24.

Vendee, dep. Vendee. (Muisee de FArmee, Paris, J. 3.).

Sword, Jan Petersen type M, exceptiionally well preserved.
Fo'Vmd in a ford, in the river Vendee.

ABBREVIATIONS.

Aarboger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og

Kjobenhavn.
Catalogue of Bergens Museum.
B.
Bergens Museums Arbok,
Berg. Mus. Arb.
Guide to Anglo-Saxon
British Museum.
B. M. Guide
Aarb.

f.

n.

Oldk.

Historic,

Antiquities. 1923.
Jan Petersen De Norske Vikingesverd, Videnskapsselskapets
Kristiania 1919.
Hist.-Filos. Klasse, No.
Skrifter
R. or Rygh O. Rygh, Antiquit^s Norv^giennes, Christiania
1885.
H. Victoria County Histories.
V.
Wheeler R. E. Mortimer Wheeler, London and the Vikings.
1.

II.

C.

London Museum Catalogues: No.

I.

London

1927.

INDEX OF PLACE-NAMES
Abchurch Lane.

Casterton. 46.

Halland. 12.

Aldersgate Street. 86.

Charente. 131.

Amiens. 125.

Chelsea. 87.

Hallum. 117.
Haltan Moor. 45.

Anglesey. 30.

Chester. 30, 69.

Antum.

Claughton Hall.

Appleby.

92.

107.

15.

Clifford Street. 94.

18.

Appels. 124.

Colchester. 60.

Austin Friars. 86.

Colonsay. 19.

Ayre

Coppergate. 96.
Cuerdale. 32.

23.

Harbuck. 74.
Harwich. 30.
Heelsum. 120.
Hensden. 124.
Hesket-in-Forest. 19.

Ballacamaish, 53.
Ballachrink. 25.

Hitchin. 68.

Dacre. 46.
Dendre. 120, 124.

Balladoyne. 26.
Ballaugh. 22.

Hungate.

31.

Derwent. 22.

Dimmock's

Ballelby. 25.

Bank

Hammersmith 87, 90.

Hampton Court. 85.
Hamsay. 29.

of England. 81.

Barnes. 90.
Basingstoke. 11.
Batterseae. 87
88.

74.

Duurstede. 120.

Islay.

19.

Issac.

130.

Jurby. 11. 15, 53.

Jutwcrd. 117.

Bedale. 15.

Bedlington. 22.

Icklingham. 60.
Ipswich. 60.

Dinorben. 30.
Douglas. 51.

Durham.

Cate. 69.

Beeston Tor cave. 31.

Ebbw. 13.
Edmonton.

Bell Alley. 92.

Elbeuf. 125.

Knaresborough.
Kennet. 58.

Bicce. 130.

Ely 6467.

Borner. 29.

Kew

Enfield. 12. 60.

Kilmainham. 19.
Kirk Andreas. 53.
Kirk Braddan. 2i.
Kirkby Lonsdale. 46.
Kirk Malew. 74.
Kirk Michael. 22.

Braham's Farm.

64.

60.

Engelbert. 117.

30.

bridge. 85.

Brentford. 78.
Bo, Breim. 21.

Escaut. 124.

Cambridge. 68.
Cambois. 22.

Palmer.

Camphill. 15.

Ferwerd. 117.

Kirk Patrick.

Frome. 57.
Fulham. 92.

Kirkstead. 99.

Garstang, 15.
Gent. 124.
Goldsborough. 30.

Lake District. 21.

Lakenheath Warren.

Canning Town.

Ezingc. 107.

89.

Canterbury. 59.

Canwich Common.
Carlisle.

2').

Farndan Church.

71.

Kirkoswald. 50.
25.

Knoc-v-dooncc.

1.^.

99.

19.

Carran's Wharf. 88.

Cass ny Hawin. 74.

Lancaster. 18, 45.

61.

Index

134

c e

am e s
Tilehurst. 58.

Oxford. 12, 29, 59.

Oysterbanks. 22.

Lanchester. 74.

Lea

of P

valley. 12, 6U.

Thames
Thames

Leadenhall Street, 9Q, 92.

Ditton. 85.
Street. 85.

Lelasseur, 131.

Paris. 128, 129.

Les Andely.s. 128.

L'lle de Groix. 109.

Parville. 128.

Lincoln. 99.

Penrith. 46.

Thaxted. 30.
The Nappin. 53.
Tottenham. 12.
Tower. 85, 87, 88.

Liverpool Street. 92.

Locmaria. 113.

Pitney. 57.

Traillebourg. 131.

Lode. 69.

Port-Maria. 113.

London.

Pembroke.

Pitres.

13.

107.

Port-Villez.

77, 92.

128.

Putney Bridge.

Mabon.

12.

Melle. 124,125.

Reading.

Mildenhall. 60.

Red Wharf Bay.

Monk's Abbey.

71.

Repton.

58.

Romsey. 58.
Ronaldsway.

Mottisfont. 58.

Rouen. 125,126.

Myklebostad.

30.

14.

Morbihan. 109.

Moorfields. 89.

Santon Downham.
Schoonande. 124.

Nord fjord.

46.

Northallerton. 15.
15.

Soham.

St. Martin's-le-Grand. 90.

Oissel. 126.

Maughold.

23.

Ormside. 18.
Ouse. 64.

46.

78.

West Bergholt. 30.

West Ham. 11.
West Stow Heath. 60.
Weston Turville. 29.

Wijk. 120.
Winchester Cathedral. 57.
Wisbech. 61.

Witham.

71, 99.

Witherslack. 74.
Witley. 29.

Warkington. 21.

Stratford. 59.

Oasterhesselen. 120.

Orton Scar.

57.

Wickelen. 124.

64.

Somerset House. 86.

Stanground. 61.
Stanton Harcourt. 59.
St. John's Kirk German. 25.
St.

85.

Whitehall. 86.

Soberton. 29.

21.

Nottingham.
Norwich. 61.

12.

Smithfield. 90.

Norddijk. 117.

Waaxens. 117.
Walthamstow. 12,
Wandsworth. 78.
Waterloo Bridge.
Wendover. 30.

Saffr6. 130.

Newark. 71.
Newbiggin Moor.

Vendte. 131.
Vernon. 128.

Wareham.
74.

21.

Nantes. 129, 130.

Nessgate. 96.

69.

13.

Vauxhall. 81.

Rampside. 18.
Raven's Willow. 61.
11,

Upware.

26.

85.

129.

Magdalen Bridge.
Malew. 25.

Hill.

Usk.

Preston. 18, 32.

Lorient. 113.

Tynwald

York. 31, 9398.

Tate Galery. 85.

Temple. 77, 78.
Termonde. 120, 124.

Yssel. 120.

Zandt. 117.

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